High School Mathematics Extensions

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&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;margin:30px;text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #777;border-bottom:solid 1px #777;font-size:350%;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;High School&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pure Maths  Extensions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Black-hunk&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{featured book|PDF=High School Mathematics Literacy Extensions|platinum}}

== Introduction ==
{{Reading level|Intermediate}}
{{RenderPNG}}
{{Print version}}
This online textbook is intended for, but not limited to, high school students that do not have a rigorous understanding and knowledge of university-level mathematics. Therefore, the text's language reflects the expected mathematical maturity of the intended audience.

This book introduces several interesting topics not covered in the standard high school curriculum of most countries.

The materials presented can be challenging, but at the same time, we strive to make this book readable to all who are a few years from applying to higher education.

''' From the authors '''

It is our firm belief that math textbooks should not just be a collection of mathematical facts carefully laid out for rote memorization and cram sessions.  A math textbook, especially for the youth, should be full of questions, not just exercises.  These questions require some thought to answer and spark curiosity.  After all, the questions keep the students engaged, not the answers.

:''&quot;In mathematics the art of proposing a question must be held of higher value than solving it.&quot;''
:- [[w:Georg_Cantor|Georg Cantor]]

We sincerely hope to interest, stimulate, and challenge all those who may read this book.

==Topics==
{| class=wikitable cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
 ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Table of Contents
 |-
 ! # || Chapter || Status || Pages || Solutions || Commentary
 |-
 | 0
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Supplementary|Supplementary Chapters]]
 |{{decistage|5}}|| 5
 | [[/Supplementary/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Supplementary/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Basic counting. Polynomial division. Partial fractions. Summation. Complex numbers. Differentiation.
 |-
 | 1
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Primes|Primes and Modular Arithmetic]]
 |{{decistage|10}}|| 24
 | [[/Primes/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Primes/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Divisibility/Division, Primes 
|-
 | 2
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Logic/]]
 |{{decistage|7}}|| 18
 | [[/Logic/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Logic/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 3
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Mathematical Proofs/]] 
 |{{decistage|8}}|| 11
 | [[/Mathematical Proofs/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Mathematical Proofs/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 4
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Set Theory and Infinite Processes/]]
 |{{decistage|5}}|| 10
 | [[/Set Theory and Infinite Processes/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Set Theory and Infinite Processes/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 5
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Counting and Generating Functions/]]
 |{{decistage|7}}|| 14
 | [[/Counting and Generating Functions/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Counting and Generating Functions/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 6
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Discrete Probability/]]
 |{{decistage|3}}|| 12
 | [[/Discrete Probability/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Discrete Probability/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 7
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Matrices/]]
 |{{decistage|9}}|| 31
 | [[/Matrices/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Matrices/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 8
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Further Modular Arithmetic/]] 
 |{{decistage|6}}|| 14
 | [[/Further Modular Arithmetic/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Further Modular Arithmetic/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 9
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Mathematical Programming/]] 
 |{{decistage|1}}|| 4
 | [[/Mathematical Programming/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Mathematical Programming/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 10
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Markov Chains/]]
 |{{decistage|0}}|| 1
 | [[/Markov Chains/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Markov Chains/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 11
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Peano's Axioms/]]
 |{{decistage|0}}|| 1
 | [[/Peano's Axioms/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Peano's Axioms/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
|}

==Authors &amp; Contributors==
A number of persons not listed below have also made important contributions to this book. Contributors are encouraged to edit and include themselves in this list.

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
 !Name
 !Role
 !Affiliation
 !Quote
 |-
 |[[User:Xiaodai|Zhuo Jia Dai]] 
 |Author
 |Former Honours Student of University of Sydney
 |''Welcomes any criticism or praise.''
 |-
 |[[User:R3m0t|R3m0t]]
 |Corrections
 |Student of JFS Secondary School
 |''&quot;To iterate is human; to recurse, divine.&quot;''
 |-
 |[[User:Mmartin|Martin Warmer]]
 |Corrections &amp; Solutions
 |Student of HBL High School
 |''Welcomes all corrections and other help.''
 |-
 |[[User:Lemontea~enwikibooks|Tom Lam]]
 |Supplementaries &amp; Solutions
 |Student of Sha Tin Methodist College
 |''&quot;Answer is merely the fuel for more questions.&quot;''
 |}

{{shelves|K-12 mathematics}}
{{alphabetical|H}}
{{Status|50%}}

[[ja:高等学校数学]]</text>
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26209-91|~2026-26209-91]] ([[User talk:~2026-26209-91|talk]]) to last version by JJPMaster</comment>
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&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;margin:30px;text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #777;border-bottom:solid 1px #777;font-size:350%;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;High School&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pure Maths  Extensions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{featured book|PDF=High School Mathematics Literacy Extensions|platinum}}

== Introduction ==
{{Reading level|Intermediate}}
{{RenderPNG}}
{{Print version}}
This online textbook is intended for, but not limited to, high school students that do not have a rigorous understanding and knowledge of university-level mathematics. Therefore, the text's language reflects the expected mathematical maturity of the intended audience.

This book introduces several interesting topics not covered in the standard high school curriculum of most countries.

The materials presented can be challenging, but at the same time, we strive to make this book readable to all who are a few years from applying to higher education.

''' From the authors '''

It is our firm belief that math textbooks should not just be a collection of mathematical facts carefully laid out for rote memorization and cram sessions.  A math textbook, especially for the youth, should be full of questions, not just exercises.  These questions require some thought to answer and spark curiosity.  After all, the questions keep the students engaged, not the answers.

:''&quot;In mathematics the art of proposing a question must be held of higher value than solving it.&quot;''
:- [[w:Georg_Cantor|Georg Cantor]]

We sincerely hope to interest, stimulate, and challenge all those who may read this book.

==Topics==
{| class=wikitable cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
 ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Table of Contents
 |-
 ! # || Chapter || Status || Pages || Solutions || Commentary
 |-
 | 0
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Supplementary|Supplementary Chapters]]
 |{{decistage|5}}|| 5
 | [[/Supplementary/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Supplementary/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Basic counting. Polynomial division. Partial fractions. Summation. Complex numbers. Differentiation.
 |-
 | 1
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Primes|Primes and Modular Arithmetic]]
 |{{decistage|10}}|| 24
 | [[/Primes/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Primes/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Divisibility/Division, Primes 
|-
 | 2
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Logic/]]
 |{{decistage|7}}|| 18
 | [[/Logic/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Logic/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 3
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Mathematical Proofs/]] 
 |{{decistage|8}}|| 11
 | [[/Mathematical Proofs/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Mathematical Proofs/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 4
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Set Theory and Infinite Processes/]]
 |{{decistage|5}}|| 10
 | [[/Set Theory and Infinite Processes/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Set Theory and Infinite Processes/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 5
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Counting and Generating Functions/]]
 |{{decistage|7}}|| 14
 | [[/Counting and Generating Functions/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Counting and Generating Functions/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 6
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Discrete Probability/]]
 |{{decistage|3}}|| 12
 | [[/Discrete Probability/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Discrete Probability/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 7
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Matrices/]]
 |{{decistage|9}}|| 31
 | [[/Matrices/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Matrices/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 8
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Further Modular Arithmetic/]] 
 |{{decistage|6}}|| 14
 | [[/Further Modular Arithmetic/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Further Modular Arithmetic/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 9
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Mathematical Programming/]] 
 |{{decistage|1}}|| 4
 | [[/Mathematical Programming/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Mathematical Programming/Problem Set/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 10
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Markov Chains/]]
 |{{decistage|0}}|| 1
 | [[/Markov Chains/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Markov Chains/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
 | 11
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[/Peano's Axioms/]]
 |{{decistage|0}}|| 1
 | [[/Peano's Axioms/Solutions|ES]] - [[/Peano's Axioms/Solutions|PS]]
 |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
 |-
|}

==Authors &amp; Contributors==
A number of persons not listed below have also made important contributions to this book. Contributors are encouraged to edit and include themselves in this list.

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
 !Name
 !Role
 !Affiliation
 !Quote
 |-
 |[[User:Xiaodai|Zhuo Jia Dai]] 
 |Author
 |Former Honours Student of University of Sydney
 |''Welcomes any criticism or praise.''
 |-
 |[[User:R3m0t|R3m0t]]
 |Corrections
 |Student of JFS Secondary School
 |''&quot;To iterate is human; to recurse, divine.&quot;''
 |-
 |[[User:Mmartin|Martin Warmer]]
 |Corrections &amp; Solutions
 |Student of HBL High School
 |''Welcomes all corrections and other help.''
 |-
 |[[User:Lemontea~enwikibooks|Tom Lam]]
 |Supplementaries &amp; Solutions
 |Student of Sha Tin Methodist College
 |''&quot;Answer is merely the fuel for more questions.&quot;''
 |}

{{shelves|K-12 mathematics}}
{{alphabetical|H}}
{{Status|50%}}

[[ja:高等学校数学]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Oportunitate Directă: Clienți pentru Serviciile Dumneavoastră */ new section</comment>
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'''This page is for discussing [[Wikibooks:Contact us]] only; not for general questions about Wikibooks'''&lt;br/&gt;Please do not make general inquiries here. Instead, look at the [[Wikibooks:Contact us|project page]] to see the various ways of contacting us. If you post here, chances are that nobody will see it.
}}

== Technologically ignorant... ==

Could someone explain to me how to use IRC? Every time I attempt to follow a link, I am met with some sort of error. Thanks, [[User:Neoptolemus|Νεοπτόλεμος]] 02:01, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
: OK, 4 years too late but it may help others.  In most cases you will need a program like [http://www.mirc.com miRC] to use the IRC.  If you use the [http://www.opera.com Opera] web browser then you can simply click on the link because IRC is included within the web browser.--[[User:Xania|ЗAНИA]] [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]][[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:09, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

== http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Physics_(Advancing_Physics)/The_Standard_Model/Worked_Solutions ==

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Physics_(Advancing_Physics)/The_Standard_Model/Worked_Solutions
5. The antiparticle of the electron (e-) is the positron. What is the charge and rest mass of a positron?

Charge: +1.6 x 10-19C

Mass: 0.511 MeV = 8.176 x 10-14 kg
==================================
Is the rest mass actually the same of that of the electron?:
9.10938215(45)×10−31 kg
=======================
as per:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron
{{unsigned|86.17.231.68}}
:This isn't the best place for such a question because nobody will ever read it, certainly not anybody familiar with the A-Level Physics book.  It would be better to post this question on the Talk page of [[A-level_Physics_(Advancing_Physics)]].  I have now copied your question to [[Talk:A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)]] where somebody might be able to help.--[[User:Xania|ЗAНИA]] [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]][[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:14, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

== Help for English version: Youth Guide ==

Hi [[User:QuiteUnusual]]! I’m writing you because we want to translate into English a cooperative book that we put in Viquillibres, the Catalan version of Wikibooks. 
The Youth Guide is a toolbox for professionals who work with youths to promote participation through motivating young people. It consists of a set of sections to facilitate possible lines of work in keeping with the needs or challenges in question. The content of the Guide includes themes related to young people’s participation, planning socio-educational projects and the use of the intervention area, such as centres or public spaces.
Currently, we are working for translate this Guide, but we need some help to move the content into Wikibooks, mainly for the codes and templates. In Catalunya we had [[Usuari:Xavier Dengra|Xavi Dengra]] like our referent. Nowadays, we are working with [[Usuario:Morza|Morza]] in a Spanish version of the Guide. Could you help us for the English version?
Thanks, 
--[[User:Mlopezpa|Mlopezpa]] ([[User talk:Mlopezpa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mlopezpa|contribs]]) 12:11, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
:If you provide a link to the book on the Catalan Wikibooks, I will import it here. That enables you to translate in place and also avoids the copyright issue of lack of attribution. [[User:QuiteUnusual|QuiteUnusual]] ([[User talk:QuiteUnusual|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/QuiteUnusual|contribs]]) 17:35, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

== IRC ==

Most of our movement seems to have moved on from Freenode. Can you confirm this is still a relevant contact channel? If not, you may want to update this page :) [[User:Effeietsanders|Effeietsanders]] ([[User talk:Effeietsanders|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Effeietsanders|contribs]]) 15:57, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

:Came to report this as well. @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]], @[[User:Minorax|Minorax]], is Wikibooks still using freenode? If not, can the page be updated? Thanks, -- [[User:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[User talk:MarcoAurelio|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcoAurelio|contribs]]) 16:55, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

::I think i entered wikibooks freenode a while ago. Found nobody there. How about discord? Doknt we have a discord? If so how have I never found it? {{User:L10nM4st3r/sig.css}} 19:16, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
::#wikibooks-en isn't set up on Liberia as for as i know. --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;&quot;&gt;Minorax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 01:15, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

== Oportunitate Directă: Clienți pentru Serviciile Dumneavoastră ==

Bună ziua,

Am identificat în zona dumneavoastră mai multe firme care ar putea fi interesate de serviciile/produsele dumneavoastră. Practic, clienți potențiali pe care poate nu i-ați luat în calcul până acum.

Ce vă pun la dispoziție, pentru doar cateva sute de lei:
O extragere din Google Maps a tuturor firmelor din aria dumneavoastră (cu telefon, email, site, adresă), sortate pe categorii de activitate. Datele sunt livrate într-un fișier pe care îl păstrați și îl puteți folosi oricând.

Ce puteți face cu aceste date:
Contactați direct firmele (prin email, telefon, SMS, WhatsApp), sau prin formularul de contact, așa cum v-am contactat eu.
Sau le pot contacta eu pentru dumneavoastră.

Ca să vă conving de valoarea informațiilor, vă ofer gratuit câteva unelte pentru a începe:

scripturi de contact prin formular
soft de trimitere e-mailuri
soft de contactare prin WhatsApp
opțional: soft de trimis SMS-uri sau de apeluri telefonice cu AI

Dacă vă place ideea, îmi puteți scrie pe WhatsApp la 0766-465-311 și putem continua discuția.
Mulțumesc pentru timpul acordat.</text>
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== This needs to be updated ==

Now that I'm going to actually publish a book from Wikibooks, I've discovered a whole bunch of problems relating to copyright status that need to be covered.  Essentially, I think we need to take most of the contents regarding hard copy printing and throw them out.

According to U.S. law (and perhaps others), every single author needs to be given attribution, not just the top 5 contributors.  Or perhaps we need to get a second opinion on this.  Is is the top 5 edits by edit count?  What other criteria are we going to use?  What about requirements for nationality and place of residence? (This is for formal copyright registration.)

I'm going to take this discussion to Wikipedia for some wider comment as well, but it needs to be updated and modified here, especially as it relates to Wikibooks. --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 01:45, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

: It would be interesting to get an update to learn if there were any results from this. --[[User:Swift|Swift]] 03:14, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

== Why GFDL instead of GPL? ==

The GFDL looks as though it tries to give the original authors control over derived works by allowing invariant sections.  I have seen mention of one document where the author has specified the whole of the document as an invariant section (I'll try to find a link).  This makes a nonsense of any supposed ability to create derived or improved works.  It seems that Wikibooks has made a deliberate attempt avoid this by stating that there will be no invariant sections, no front matter, etc.  This seems to reduce the GFDL to something approaching the GPL so why not use the GPL instead?

I can imagine circumstances where it would be desirable to include some of these books (if any of them ever attain the necessary quality) in Debian.  But the GFDL is incompatible with the Debian social contract (as interpreted by Debian) so it can't be done; see http://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.html.

:It would have been nice for you to sign this statement with a &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; (four tildas) to let us know who you are and your opinion here.  See the editing help page on Meta for more details.  Going through the history log I can also find this information, but by omitting the sig, it seems as a random comment and hard to seperate out from other content.

:I for one agree that the GFDL does have problems that need to be resolved, and is in need of some major overhaul...much more than the GPL.  If you go to the [http://www.gnu.org/ Free Software Foundation website] you can find some discussion about this issue as well, and be able to help change the GFDL to overcome some of the objections you are talking about.  I will say also, however, that the GPL is missing some key components for textual literary works that are not needed for computer source code or binary distribution, so the GPL is also insufficient to cover everything that you need for a literary work.  Wikibooks, and indeed all Wikimedia Foundation projects actually use a specific subset of the GFDL that cover the GFDL with &quot;with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.&quot;  This is a key distinction that avoid many of the common objections, but there are others to worry about as well, as you've pointed out.{{pbri}}BTW, you might want to do a very careful read of version 1.2 of the GFDL to see that some of the objections have also been dealt with.  It appears as though the Debian position statement was for the GFDL version 1.0, which is different from the 1.2 version (although not apparent from the discussion).  Of particular note is that the transparent vs. opaque discussion IMHO is totally wrong.  Opaque copies  are the literary version of binary distribution.  PDF files are a good example, although this is primarily concerned with printed copies that don't even require computer technology to be able to &quot;read&quot; them.  The attempt in this section is to encourage people recieving printed works that they don't have to go through a Distributed Proofreaders type of OCR conversion (with editing rounds) just to have the ability to reprint the book they are reading.  If you have ever read a manual that was a 6th or 10th generation photocopy of some other document, I hope you appreciate what having the original &quot;source material&quot; as a machine readable text can mean.  The GPL has similar requirement for binary distribution together with the source, and as a matter of policy myself when distributing software (I am a software engineer who has also used the GPL for some projects) I include a copy of the source as well... especially at the download site (which is critical).  Unfortuately when you buy a book in a bookstore, the &quot;download site&quot; into your hands to read the book usually does not have a computer network terminal or other convinent means to get the source material.  The same could be said if you bought a CD-ROM with GPL software (I've done that too), but if you abide with the spirt of the GPL, the source would also be included.  Some of this is also derived from the fights over items like Tivo that are reluctant to release source code for GPL'd software modification that consumers are indirectly using.  This makes it clear that you as an end-user should be able to get raw machine readable source material somehow.  I've also been involved with an unscrupilous supervisor who &quot;GPL'd&quot; some software for one day only, and &quot;copyied&quot; the software for his own personal use when he left the company.  A similar issue happened with the Gnutella network software when it was released by Netscape just before the AOL buyout (or was that right afterward?){{pbri}}There are other legal issues that pertain only to literary works that the GFDL attempts to deal with that are not really covered with any other licese, although Creative Commons does try to do a good job.  The GPL/GFDL incompatability issues are a huge deal, and that is something that IMHO the Free Software Foundation can and should deal with (particularly since they wrote both licenses).  In short, if you want to make a copyleft literary work available, what license would you suggest?  Also keep in mind that this issue has been throughally vetted in other forums, including when [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]], [[w:Nupedia|Nupedia]], and [[w:Gnupedia|Gnupedia]] all were started.  These are essentially the same thing...or at least have similar roots and the projects all merged together at some point.  As far as how this affects Wikibooks, on the other hand, is another issue.  We do, however, have to maintain compatability with other Wikimedia projects, and keep in mind that all existing content on all Wikimedia Foundation servers (slightly over 1 TB of data, from what I've seen, and growing at a rate of about 4-7% per ''month'') is already GFDL'd, so changing licenses is going to be a huge deal, not something done as a casual unsigned comment on an obscure page is going to change.  We treat this issue seriously, however, and invite discussion of what changes can be done to help encourage a copyleft distribution of literary content.  At this point, however, the GFDL may have to be changed than for us to change to something other than the GFDL.... and it may be easier to accomplish as well.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 10:13, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry about the lack of signature, I'm afraid I'm not very competent at editing yet.  [[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 18:57:43, 2005-08-22 (UTC)

I'm afraid I really don't know what license would be best and I'm not really qualified to pronounce on it anyway. What I want is that any content that I provide be available to anyone to use for whatever purpose they wish and for those who distribute derived works to be required to give the same freedoms to everyone else. Additionally I do not want to burden those who might want to create a derived work from a small part of a document with requirements to attach verbose licences (WikiTravel has a discussion on exactly this point explaining why they rejected the GFDL). Any incompatibility between GPL and GFDL would be especially important to me and to many programmers because we write both code and manuals for that code. A substantial program might also have a textbook associated with it. The point is to encourage the free flow of information. I do understand that there are a lot of documents in these Wiki's now that are covered by GFDL but I can't agree that that is a reasonable argument against change, only against careless change. Circumstances change all the time. Anyway how could you change the licence of existing text? Wouldn't you have to contact all the contributors? I'm aware of the clause in both GPL and GFDL that state that the creator of a derived work can follow the rules in 'any later version' but I wonder how that would stand up to a legal challenge if the terms were to change significantly.  Sorry about the mutiple edits, finger trouble on the refresh button. [[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 09:17:47, 2005-08-23 (UTC)

:If you want to get a glimpse at the magnitude of your request, see [[Special:Listusers|User list]], which is a list of all of the registered users here on Wikibooks.  And keep in mind that a substantial number of people also contribute &quot;anonymously&quot;, so technically you would have to dump the entire database and restart the entire project if you decided to switch licenses.  This is currently under discussion at Wikitree (a genealogical website that wants to become a part of Wikimedia sometime in the future... if possible).  The problem there is that the person who started the site made the license CC-by-SA-NC, which made it incompatable with the GFDL and the GPL in a major way (the non-commercial use only clause).  A debate there over what license should be used is occuring, and they are facing the very real possibility of throwing away their entire database and restarting the project.  It is only a couple of months old, so that may be a real possibility, and they do consider that the project proposal is still in beta.  License issues at the beginning of a project are critical.  This debate is also ongoing at Wikinews, and their &quot;solution&quot; to the problem is to simply make all content put into the public domain (no license at all).  That way it is compabatable with all copyleft licenses until they can come to a decision as to what specific copyleft license that they want to use, even if they have to draft that license themselves.  That also misses the legal protections that a copyright license affords to keep people abusing the &quot;commons&quot;, but in the case of Wikinews it was not perceived to be as big of a deal.  The #1 complaint there is the license republishing requirement of the GFDL made it absurd to use GFDL (as would the GPL under similar circumstances) for any short 5-10 paragraph news articles by commercial news outlets (like a small-town newspaper that decided to trash their annual AP wire fee and use Wikinews instead... or even as a suppliment).{{pbri}}Particularly so visible of a project like Wikimedia Foundation projects do indeed get notice from the Free Software Foundation, and it is having a major impact in the future of the GFDL.  There are discussions going on right now (on some mailing lists that I don't know the URL for at the moment) about future changes to the GFDL that has included comments from Wikipedia and other Wikimedia users, and taken very seriously.  Particularly when you note that Wikipedia alone is perhaps close to 50% of current content written using the GFDL (or more...but stats like that would be hard to come by).  Both the GPL and the GFDL are due for an update soon and both have been announced by Richard Stallman.  The GPL update is a bigger concern because Linus Torvald got rid of the &quot;or later update&quot; clause in the GPL for the Linux kernel, which &quot;freezes&quot; the GPL at it current version.  Linus did that for a specific legal reason, and debate over that decision can be found elsewhere on the web. Slashdot has done a particularly good job of covering that specific issue (especially within the user comment areas), but you do have to dig real hard.{{pbri}}If you do want to get involved with this issue and bring it up to a larger audience that includes people who can make a change (at least within the Wikimedia Foundation) I would suggest that you look at [http://mail.wikipedia.org/mailman/listinfo/foundation-l The Wikimedia Foundation mailing list] (also refered to commonly as Foundation-l on Wikimedia projects).  There are a couple of hot-button ideas at the moment, but I'm sure you would get a solid reply as to why the GFDL is being used.  You might want to dig through the archives as well if you might be interested.  There are a couple of computer programming Wikibooks where issues of GPL/GFDL compatability are of importance, so there is some reason to try and hit this issue as well.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 12:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

== Compatible licences ==

Is there a list of licences that are compatible with the GFDL? 

What I mean is: is there an easy way to discover whether a document or an excerpt from a document can be incorporated in a WikiBook without having to read carefully through all the complicated clauses.  For instance, is the OpenOffice Public License compatible (http://www.openoffice.org/licenses/PDL.html). 

A concrete example: I would like to take some information from ''Programming OpenOffice.org with Visual Basic'' (http://www.kalitech.fr/clients/doc/VB_APIOOo_en.html) but it is under the OO public license which looks to me as though it isn't compatible, but I'm not sure. [[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 09:03, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

:I would recommend that you take a look at the [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html GNU License List] that compares several licenses to licenses authored by the Free Software Foundation.  Look toward the bottom of the page for the GFDL compatable licenses as opposed to the GPL.  There are a couple licenses listed there that are compatable, and this list should be expanded.  If you are interested in researching this topic, it would be a good discussion to add to the [[m:|Wikimedia Meta Server]] and adding a list of compatable licenses to the GFDL.  In addition, writing to Richard Stallman or somebody else at the Free Software Foundations with some document licenses that may be compatable with the GFDL would be useful as well.  This is something that Mr. Stallman in particular is interested in and will give you some sort of reply on the matter... especially if the website in incomplete from what you have found out.  I've had contact with Mr. Stallman in the past, and he has been very gracious and reasonable in his replies if you are also reasonable with your request.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 00:15, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

== Orphan works ==

I have found a number of web pages that would make worthwhile
additions to [[Programming:Visual Basic Classic]] but have failed to
make contact with the copyright holders.  It isn't just that the email
isn't answered, sometimes it bounces and even Google fails to turn up
a plausible alternative address.

I wonder if anyone has any suggestions about how to track down the
copyright holders of such orphan works.  It seems to me that there is
a lot of material on the web that is effectively unuseable because it
has neither an explicit license granting free use nor a live contact
who can be asked for permission.  Sadly academic sites seem to be
frequent offenders in this regard, even where they have an email
address specifically noted as the one to use regarding copyright the
mail often goes unanswered. --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 21:25, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

:This is an ugly can of worms that you have just opened up.  Prior to the &quot;internationalization&quot; of U.S. copyright (at least in the USA) that occured in the mid 1970's, all copyrighted works in the USA were required to file a formal registration with the U.S. Copyright Office, which is a part of the Library of Congress.  As a part of the registration process, you needed to list the address of the publisher and other contact information, as well as the complete names and nationalities of all authors for the copyrighted work.  This registration still occurs, but now it is voluntary and is seldom done except for items that are widely published or for people that don't mind paying the registration fee to do the formal paperwork.  By registering the copyrighted work now, you gain statutory damages of $175,000 or more for a single copyright violation... that is above and beyond actual damages which can also be included.  That copyright damage award can even be assessed against copyleft documents like Wikipedia (if somebody copies Wikipedia content, for example, without including the GFDL fine print or if they in turn claim copyright on the content).  If the stuff you are trying to locate has been registered, you can contact the Library of Congress and get the publisher contact information.  You may even be able to get that information on-line without having to actually talk to somebody.

:For internet web pages, you can also try to find the domain registration information.  For example, you can go to:

http://www.internic.org/whois.html

:and look up the '''''whois''''' information about the domain.  Try to type in wikipedia.org in the domain area as an example to find who &quot;owns&quot; wikipedia.org.  Back in the &quot;good old days&quot; this information was rather accurate, but the U.S. Dept. of Commerce has totally screwed up the internet and this registration is now close to meaningless.  Still, you might get a clue as to who might have set up the internet domain, and sometimes people are honest when filling out these domain registrations.  These addresses are usually Snail-Mail but also include sometimes e-mail addresses as well.  I have seen addresses on Mars or Alpha Centari, so you can take those sort of addresses with a grain of salt.  Better than having no contact information, however.  By going through internic, you may have to do a domain search on a ''registrar's'' server, but internic has the names of the secondary registrars that you have to look up the information with, and generally where to go.  The Whois information is supposed to be free to the public, but sometimes a bit of a pain to get to and some registrars don't exactly make it easy to find the &quot;Whois&quot; button on their web page.

:The Library of Congress just had a symposium on what to do with orphaned works, and I believe is still seeking written comments about changes to copyright law.  This issue is also likely to come before some future session of the U.S. Congress in the near future, so make sure you write to your local congressman if you are an American (or even if you aren't but want to weigh in on the issue.)  Orphan works in particular would not be an issue with the old copyright laws, as a copyright which expires in just 20 years would normally be no big deal.  With the current life+75 years, and no legal way to even know when a given author died unless they are incredibly famous, you can consider the current copyright term to be about 200 years.... basically the works of Thomas Jefferson would still be under copyright if the powers that be had their way.

:In general, unless you have explicit permission in the form of something like the GFDL or something written by the author in your possession, consider most written works to be under copyright and untouchable for the purposes of Wikibooks.  If you havn't guessed, I do have some strong political opinions on this subject.--[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 23:33, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

::Quote: 'consider most written works to be under copyright and untouchable for the purposes of Wikibooks'.  That's pretty much what I concluded.  The contact problem is generally not that I can't find out who is likely to be the copyright holder but that I can't get them to answer email even when I can be certain that they have received it.  In one instance I even got an autoreply which said that the recipient was off work sick and I still didn't get a real reply.  I just can't believe that most people get so much email that they can't afford the time to write one line saying yes or no.  I think that I'll just have to admit that large chunks of the Visual Basic Classic book just won't ever get written because I'm too lazy to write the introductory stuff and have failed to get permission to copy anything else and haven't been able to persuade anyone else to contribute either.  (Insert your favourite swear word here!) :-( --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 17:06, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

== Permission Statements ==

What is the correct procedure when one has obtained permission to incorporate a copyrighted work?  Where should that permission be stored?  Is there any way of ensuring that the permission is not accidentally or deliberately overwritten or changed?  See [[Programming:Visual Basic Classic/Coding Standards]] for an example.  I placed the permission on the page where the work will eventually be written simply as a placeholder, I want to move it to a more logical place so that it is not in the middle of the actual text, but where?  The talk page for that module doesn't seem right to me because modules can be radically changed so that the talk page no longer applies.  Neither does the talk page for the main page of the book seem the right place as there is so much else there.  Perhaps there should be a specific repository for such things?  --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 07:10, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

:Update: I've added a separate page in the book for such things. --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 10:30, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

== Non-commercial only distribution of Wikibooks content ==

There is a part of the [[LD]] wikibook (the CAT method in Appendixes) which may only be distributed freely if it is in its entirety and used non-commercially. Do I put the document (which has no official website) in its own page, so that it will be protected from editing? Do I remove the method? Do I replace it with a link to a forum post where he posted it? Do I contact the copyright holder to ask for a more liberal (yes, POV of me) license? [[User:R3m0t|r3m0t]] [[Special:Contributions/r3m0t|(cont)]] [[User talk:r3m0t|(talk)]] 16:54, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

:I'll try to contact you directly on your use page about this issue, but yes, we need to make sure all content added to Wikibooks follows the terms of the GFDL, including the capability of commercial entities redistributing the content.  If there is a non-commercial use only clause, such as the CC-by-SA-NC license, or even explicit non-commercial entities only, it is a copyright violation to have that content on Wikibooks.  There are already several commercial mirrors of Wikibooks, and that is legal to do as long as they abide by the terms of the GFDL.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 17:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

:20  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23542-67|&amp;#126;2026-23542-67]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23542-67|talk]]) 23:44, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Changes to content page ==

This should start with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Copyright © 2003 – {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, which would currently display as &quot;Copyright © 2003 – {{CURRENTYEAR}}&quot;, so that the year automatically gets updated. &amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mxn|Minh Nguyễn]] &lt;small class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([[User talk:Mxn|talk]], [http://mxn.f2o.org/index.html blog])&lt;/small&gt; 22:41, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

*'''Changed''' - Thanks for pointing this out.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 17:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Minor thing: Under Use in hard copies (which is under Publication by third parties), number 5.1 says Provide a floopy disk, which should be changed to Provide a floppy disk [[User:70.59.165.242|70.59.165.242]] 15:12, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
: Fixed, thanks. --[[User:Derbeth|Derbeth]] [[User talk:Derbeth|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 21:03, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

==Wikimedia Foundation licensing==
I anticipate making a change to the page regarding WMF policy for official trademark and logo licensing agreements consistent with my earlier comments on Foundation-L.  I will post the draft langauage here for comment.--[[User:BradPatrick|BradPatrick]] 12:01, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
:It would be nice to know what is a trademark of the WMF (from the viewpoint of the WMF) as well, as the &amp;#153; and &amp;reg; symbols are currently not being used with much of what I would think are legitimate trademarks of the WMF.  BTW, thanks for trying to address this issue. --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 12:49, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

:Great. I presume this will apply across-the-board to all WM-wiki content. [[User:Pfctdayelise|pfctdayelise]] 10:08, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

:I hope you can eventually do the same regarding licensing of any copyrights held by the WMF. -anon

==Interwikis==
[[es:Wikilibros:Copyrights]]

[[ja:Wikibooks:著作権]] --[[User:Wikimi-dhiann|Wikimi-dhiann]] ([[User talk:Wikimi-dhiann|talk]]) 06:19, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

== Books under alternative licenses ==

Currently the project page states:
:''All content is considered to be released under the following terms unless otherwise indicated (for example; a clearly-marked quotation);''
I find this a little ambiguous. How prominent does the licensing statement have to be? Is a it enough to put it on the main page or does every page need to have it as well? What about talk pages? Would a link suffice or would the statement actually have to be there? --[[User:Swift|Swift]] 03:17, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

== Some additions ==

I would like to add text to this policy that indicates the following:
#Once a license has been granted to Wikibooks for material, an author may not remove or alter that license (follows from [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#9._TERMINATION Section 9 of the GFDL]).
#That the page histories count as a [[w:byline]], and serve as legal attribution under the GFDL. Additional lists of authors are completely optional, are not considered &quot;Invariant sections&quot;, and are not binding.
These two points both follow directly from the GFDL, although many people have not completely read the text of that license and there is some confusion. --[[User:Whiteknight|Whiteknight]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Whiteknight|talk]]) ([[User:Whiteknight/Proposed Books|projects]])&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

: '''Support'''. I didn't see this before but I do not object to either of these changes. I'm not sure what you mean by a ''byline'', I think we can just call it a &quot;history&quot; since the GFDL counts that as a legitimate attribution as well in the &quot;combinations&quot; section. [[User:Mattb112885|Mattb112885]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Mattb112885|talk]]) &lt;/small&gt; 18:01, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
: '''Mixed view''' - while certainly something that can give credit to contributors, the page histories of MediaWiki does not really give enough information to effectively credit authors.  I think it is something that can be worked with and derived from most page histories, but we shouldn't be establishing any legally binding opinions here.  Certainly we shouldn't claim that this is legal attribution.  It is a form of attribution that can be used to help determine who the authors really are, and with some work (quite a bit of work, actually) you can obtain the necessary information for proper legal attribution.  I should note that the &quot;invariant sections&quot; of the GFDL is one of those things that causes huge complications when doing legal interpretations of the GFDL, and is one of the more controversial parts of this license.  I could give some suggestions on how to meet the requirements of section 2(b) of the GFDL (author lists), but randomly grabbing five people from the page history is certainly not sufficient.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 19:19, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
::It seems to be sufficient for MediaWiki itself (&quot;''copyright (C) 2001-2007 Magnus Manske, Brion Vibber, Lee Daniel Crocker, Tim Starling, Erik Möller, Gabriel Wicke, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Niklas Laxström, Domas Mituzas, Rob Church and others&quot;''), although that is the GPL. Having said that, full history importing will always be the ideal. [[User:Garrett|Garrett]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Garrett|Talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:03, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
:'''Support''', this is in agreement with what has been stated on Wikipedia (heck, there they say that even a backlink may be sufficient). If these methods were legally insufficient I'm sure someone would have brought it up by now. [[User:Garrett|Garrett]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Garrett|Talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:03, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

::I've gone ahead and added the first point, since it seems to be supported, but I'm not sure how best to address the second point though in the text. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 23:53, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

== Interwiki link to Vietnamese Wikibooks ==

{{tlx|editprotected}}

Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this page:

 &lt;nowiki&gt;[[vi:Wikibooks:Quyền tác giả]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Thanks.

&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mxn|Minh Nguyễn]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Mxn|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Mxn|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 01:10, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
:{{done}} &amp;nbsp;'''&amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;font color=&quot;Indigo&quot;&gt;Mike.lifeguard&lt;/font&gt;]]'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;font color=&quot;Indigo&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:15, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

== Why is this page linking to a rejected policy? ==

From [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]]:
:In some situations you may encounter material on Wikibooks that has been added according to the [[Wikibooks:Fair Use Policy]].
From [[Wikibooks:Fair Use Policy]]:
:#REDIRECT [[Wikibooks:Fair use policy]]
From [[Wikibooks:Fair use policy]]:
:This page documents a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed.

Why does this policy incorporate by reference a policy that has been rejected? Why does it not link to [[Wikibooks:Media]] instead? --[[User:Damian Yerrick|Damian Yerrick]] ([[User talk:Damian Yerrick|talk]]) 19:31, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
: Probably because someone forgot to update it when WB:MEDIA was made policy instead of this. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 19:51, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

== Should Wikibooks also switch to CC-by-SA ==

In June 2009, Wikipedia switched to CC-by-SA.
[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Dual_license_vote_May_2009].
I honestly don't really understand all the implications.
Should Wikibooks also switch to CC-by-SA?
(a) to maintain compatibility with Wikipedia?
(b) for the same reasons, whatever they were, that Wikipedia switched?
--[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|talk]]) 20:13, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
:You seem to have missed that ''all'' Wikimedia projects have made that transition, including Wikibooks. &amp;nbsp;'''&amp;mdash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;Mike.lifeguard&lt;/b&gt;]]'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:26, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

:: According to the history of the [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]] page, it never mentioned CC-by-SA until the change of 6 July 2009. I am sorry I &quot;missed that&quot; change. To avoid a repeat of this problem, please tell me -- how can I see events that happen over a week in the future? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|talk]]) 19:58, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

:::Let's all keep level heads here. Mike just assumed you saw the sitenotice before promoting the vote on the change to CC-BY-SA. I think there was also a sitenotice announcing the results of the vote as well. Today I've added a new notice reiterating the change. Hopefully now everyone will be aware of the licensing change. -- [[User:Adrignola|Adrignola]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Adrignola|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Adrignola|contribs]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:22, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
:::I assumed David had read the link he posted, which explains that all Wikimedia projects were moving to CC-by-sa. &amp;nbsp;'''&amp;mdash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;Mike.lifeguard&lt;/b&gt;]]'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 22:07, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
:::: I hope you can understand how my little brain is confused when I hear one thing and see another -- when I hear that &quot;''all'' Wikimedia projects have made that transition&quot;, but I see that the edit screen links to [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]] which had not yet made that transition.
:::: Now that we all agree that Wikibooks *has* made that transition, and now that the edit screen links to the new [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use Terms of Use], do we still need the old [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]] page? Should we make that page merely a redirect to the new terms of use? Or perhaps a subordinate local copy of those terms? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|talk]]) 19:36, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

::::: The copyright page has made that transition, if you take a look at the [[#Update needed|update needed]] section below. The edit message update reflects what the WMF wanted, so presumably they still see a need for projects to have there own copyright policy. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:33, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

== Update needed ==

With the switch to dual licensing between the GFDL and [[Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License|Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0]], this page needs to be updated. -- [[User:Adrignola|Adrignola]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Adrignola|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Adrignola|contribs]]&lt;/sup&gt; 01:53, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

: I thought that would of been taken care of too when the other things were updated, but I guess not. I used Wikipedia's updated copyright policy to update our own. I think the spirit is still basically the same as before, so it should hopefully not be an issue. I hope it is enough to satisfy any requirements the WMF may have implemented for updating the copyright policy though. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 11:23, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

=== Update needed: book donations ===

The &quot;[[Wikibooks: book donations]]&quot; page currently implies that &quot;All books on Wikibooks must be released under the GFDL.&quot; and that using &quot;CC-BY-SA... can be problematic.&quot;.

It sounds to me like the &quot;book donations&quot; page was written sometime before Wikibooks switched from GFDL to CC-BY-SA in 2009, and no longer reflects the current situation.

Should I simply delete all the stuff on that page about copyrights and replace it with a link to [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]], or would something else be more useful to our readers?
--[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidCary|contribs]]) 02:03, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

== Recipes ==

Greetings, I would like to update [[Cookbook:Berbere]] based upon a recipe published in an actual cookbook ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Berbere#Ingredients some background], if you're interested). My understanding is that a list of ingredients is not protected by copyright (at least, not in the US), although the preparation steps are protected.  I don't think it would be too useful to have one without the other, and I'm not sure it's really possible to reword the preparation and still come up with an original work.  I've looked at [[Cookbook_talk:Table_of_Contents/Archive_6#Copyright_issues]] but it seems inconclusive (while [[Cookbook_talk:Table_of_Contents/Archive_1#Recipes_from_copyright-protected_cookbooks]] suggests an [external site http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=US%20Copyright%20for%20Recipes] for guidance).  Another possible issue, unrelated to copyright, is that the source cookbook is in Amharic, not English (on the other hand I've yet to find an English source that is authoritative).  Any general tips on importing (or not importing) cookbook recipes into Wikibooks?  Thank you, -- [[User:Gyrofrog|Gyrofrog]] ([[User talk:Gyrofrog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gyrofrog|contribs]]) 18:29, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

== Copyright infringement ==

As far as I can tell, [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Networks/UDP&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=632328 this edit] (from 2006) infringes copyright of Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 5th Edition, by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross, {{#isbn:0-13-607967-9}}, pp214-215. (Probably an earlier edition was used, as the 5th edition is copyright 2010.) The book is mentioned as a source but the text, in my opinion, infringes and is in any case not properly attributed. Can anyone advise how to proceed? I know what to do on en.wiki, but not here. Thanks! (PS: courtesy note of any reply on en.wiki, my home wiki, appreciated.) [[User:Frank|Frank]] ([[User talk:Frank|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Frank|contribs]]) 02:42, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

: If you can clearly identify something that was a copyright violation, please mark it with the {{tl|copyvio}} template.  This alerts the site administrators there may be a problem and allows other editors on Wikibooks to try to rework or replace that content.  Copyright violations are usually a high priority item for admins to deal with, and rank pretty close to vandalism in terms of how serious it is treated.  That you found something from an edit several years ago is unfortunate, but I'm glad that you caught it.  Hopefully a current admin will see this comment at some time in the near future.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] ([[User talk:Robert Horning|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert Horning|contribs]]) 13:41, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
: I've tagged it and will look at it soon. The section has been extensively edited so it may no longer be a copyright violation or it may be a copyvio of a different version of the book (as Frank notes) [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt; ]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu]&lt;/font&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:53, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

::Was this forgotten ?  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 06:30, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
:::I can't remember if I forgot! [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:51, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

:::: I agree with your initial statement (after taking a closer look). One question remains, since the copyrighted content continues to exist in the revision history. Is it possible to redact it from these logs ? If so, then the copyvio is resolved, as the infringement can no longer be considered to be published (available).  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 03:28, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
:::::Done. I've deleted all revisions from the history that contain the copyright violation. There are no authors in that history who are not present elsewhere, so there should be no future attribution problem. [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:20, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
:::::: This probably occurs more than we notice. Frank was capable of detecting it because of the source reference and probably by a sprout of activity. People often use copyrighted source material and rewrite it to not only fit their purposes but remove the rights claim and make the content usable, a similar example is when we use wikipedia's content. There we have more content surviving, but wikipedia's articles most of the time go way beyond the simplest encyclopedic format.  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 09:47, 8 April 2012 (UTC)


== Pls add this interwiki link ==
&lt;pre&gt;
[[ta:விக்கிநூல்கள்:காப்புரிமைகள்]]
&lt;/pre&gt;
: {{done}} --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 12:07, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

== Transcribing Audio Books: Fair Use ? ==

* does transcribing Audio Books fall under &quot;Fair Use&quot; ?
* does translating while transcribing Audio Books fall under &quot;Fair Use&quot; ? --[[User:Eternal-Entropy|Eternal-Entropy]] ([[User talk:Eternal-Entropy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eternal-Entropy|contribs]]) 05:06, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

::Not a lawyer. Having said that the fair use is not limited by medium, that is you have the same freedom of the use of protected content than for instance using of a text.
::Translation constitutes a derivation of the original work, it is by itself not related to the fair use. I think you may be confusing fair use with something else, fair use is an exception that permits in some instances the use of part of a protected work.
::See [[wikipedia:Fair use]] for a general overview.  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 06:19, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::: I guess transcribing Audio Books in Full in it's language is not Fair Use. Ok, Let me rephrase the other question...
::: Does Wikibooks allow Audio Books that is translated &amp; transcribed by a Wikibooks editor ? --[[User:Eternal-Entropy|Eternal-Entropy]] ([[User talk:Eternal-Entropy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eternal-Entropy|contribs]]) 07:31, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::::If the content is right for a textbook and the original is under a license compatible with Wikibooks, yes...  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 10:33, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::::And this is the key point - the copyright exists in the original material. You can't just convert it into another format to avoid the copyright. For example, a DVD doesn't become free to use because you convert it into an MPEG-4 video. If the original audio book is copyrighted, then you can't transcribe it here. [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt; ]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:54, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::::: Ok, thanks --[[User:Eternal-Entropy|Eternal-Entropy]] ([[User talk:Eternal-Entropy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eternal-Entropy|contribs]]) 19:11, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

== Compatibility of the ETHZ Oberon license with CC-by-SA. ==

The Oberon license is at ftp://ftp.ethoberon.ethz.ch/ETHOberon/license.txt.  In case it is offline, there is a copy at http://easthope.ca/OberonUsage.html; scroll down a little to see it.  According my elementary understanding, the Oberon license is compatible with CC-by-SA.  Within Wikibooks, is there a formal process to determine  compatibility?  Can anyone offer an opinion?  Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 15:11, 4 October 2016 (UTC)
:The only process I know is to ask on [[w:Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 18:35, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

== Typo ==

{{edit protected|answered=yes}}

Change &quot;the GNU Free Documentation License. unversioned, ...&quot; to &quot;the GNU Free Documentation License, unversioned, ...&quot;.  (This same typo existed on English Wikipedia (and was removed earlier today) and still exists on English Wikispecies currently). --[[User:Pokechu22|Pokechu22]] ([[User talk:Pokechu22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pokechu22|contribs]]) 18:29, 19 March 2021 (UTC)
: {{re|Pokechu22}} {{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:45, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

== Update to CC 4.0 ==

{{edit protected|answered=yes}}
The [[:foundation:Policy:Terms of Use#7. Licensing of Content|license]] has been already updated from CC 3.0 to 4.0. Could you please update this page? Thanks. cc{{re|Leaderboard}} [[User:SCP-2000|SCP-2000]] ([[User talk:SCP-2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SCP-2000|contribs]]) 04:13, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
: {{re|SCP-2000}} {{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:06, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

== Edit request ==

{{edit protected|answered=yes}}

Under &quot;Re-use of text&quot;, please change &quot;{{tq|you must license them under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 or later}}&quot; to &quot;{{tq|you must license them under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0 or later}}&quot;, per [https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/compatible-licenses/]. [[User:ObserveOwl|ObserveOwl]] ([[User talk:ObserveOwl|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ObserveOwl|contribs]]) 19:24, 23 August 2025 (UTC)
:{{done}}. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A1000E&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/span&gt; 02:15, 1 September 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l2xdrrgcsx012dtvomtrabemzu05fa4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633201</id>
      <parentid>4633199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T23:49:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-23542-67</username>
        <id>3576955</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This needs to be updated */ Reply</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45997" sha1="q1t4elo4fknpd1bs83r9d8h8nss8f01" xml:space="preserve">{{metatalk}}
== This needs to be updated ==

Now that I'm going to actually publish a book from Wikibooks, I've discovered a whole bunch of problems relating to copyright status that need to be covered.  Essentially, I think we need to take most of the contents regarding hard copy printing and throw them out.

According to U.S. law (and perhaps others), every single author needs to be given attribution, not just the top 5 contributors.  Or perhaps we need to get a second opinion on this.  Is is the top 5 edits by edit count?  What other criteria are we going to use?  What about requirements for nationality and place of residence? (This is for formal copyright registration.)

I'm going to take this discussion to Wikipedia for some wider comment as well, but it needs to be updated and modified here, especially as it relates to Wikibooks. --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 01:45, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

: It would be interesting to get an update to learn if there were any results from this. --[[User:Swift|Swift]] 03:14, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
::15 [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23542-67|&amp;#126;2026-23542-67]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23542-67|talk]]) 23:49, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Why GFDL instead of GPL? ==

The GFDL looks as though it tries to give the original authors control over derived works by allowing invariant sections.  I have seen mention of one document where the author has specified the whole of the document as an invariant section (I'll try to find a link).  This makes a nonsense of any supposed ability to create derived or improved works.  It seems that Wikibooks has made a deliberate attempt avoid this by stating that there will be no invariant sections, no front matter, etc.  This seems to reduce the GFDL to something approaching the GPL so why not use the GPL instead?

I can imagine circumstances where it would be desirable to include some of these books (if any of them ever attain the necessary quality) in Debian.  But the GFDL is incompatible with the Debian social contract (as interpreted by Debian) so it can't be done; see http://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.html.

:It would have been nice for you to sign this statement with a &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; (four tildas) to let us know who you are and your opinion here.  See the editing help page on Meta for more details.  Going through the history log I can also find this information, but by omitting the sig, it seems as a random comment and hard to seperate out from other content.

:I for one agree that the GFDL does have problems that need to be resolved, and is in need of some major overhaul...much more than the GPL.  If you go to the [http://www.gnu.org/ Free Software Foundation website] you can find some discussion about this issue as well, and be able to help change the GFDL to overcome some of the objections you are talking about.  I will say also, however, that the GPL is missing some key components for textual literary works that are not needed for computer source code or binary distribution, so the GPL is also insufficient to cover everything that you need for a literary work.  Wikibooks, and indeed all Wikimedia Foundation projects actually use a specific subset of the GFDL that cover the GFDL with &quot;with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.&quot;  This is a key distinction that avoid many of the common objections, but there are others to worry about as well, as you've pointed out.{{pbri}}BTW, you might want to do a very careful read of version 1.2 of the GFDL to see that some of the objections have also been dealt with.  It appears as though the Debian position statement was for the GFDL version 1.0, which is different from the 1.2 version (although not apparent from the discussion).  Of particular note is that the transparent vs. opaque discussion IMHO is totally wrong.  Opaque copies  are the literary version of binary distribution.  PDF files are a good example, although this is primarily concerned with printed copies that don't even require computer technology to be able to &quot;read&quot; them.  The attempt in this section is to encourage people recieving printed works that they don't have to go through a Distributed Proofreaders type of OCR conversion (with editing rounds) just to have the ability to reprint the book they are reading.  If you have ever read a manual that was a 6th or 10th generation photocopy of some other document, I hope you appreciate what having the original &quot;source material&quot; as a machine readable text can mean.  The GPL has similar requirement for binary distribution together with the source, and as a matter of policy myself when distributing software (I am a software engineer who has also used the GPL for some projects) I include a copy of the source as well... especially at the download site (which is critical).  Unfortuately when you buy a book in a bookstore, the &quot;download site&quot; into your hands to read the book usually does not have a computer network terminal or other convinent means to get the source material.  The same could be said if you bought a CD-ROM with GPL software (I've done that too), but if you abide with the spirt of the GPL, the source would also be included.  Some of this is also derived from the fights over items like Tivo that are reluctant to release source code for GPL'd software modification that consumers are indirectly using.  This makes it clear that you as an end-user should be able to get raw machine readable source material somehow.  I've also been involved with an unscrupilous supervisor who &quot;GPL'd&quot; some software for one day only, and &quot;copyied&quot; the software for his own personal use when he left the company.  A similar issue happened with the Gnutella network software when it was released by Netscape just before the AOL buyout (or was that right afterward?){{pbri}}There are other legal issues that pertain only to literary works that the GFDL attempts to deal with that are not really covered with any other licese, although Creative Commons does try to do a good job.  The GPL/GFDL incompatability issues are a huge deal, and that is something that IMHO the Free Software Foundation can and should deal with (particularly since they wrote both licenses).  In short, if you want to make a copyleft literary work available, what license would you suggest?  Also keep in mind that this issue has been throughally vetted in other forums, including when [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]], [[w:Nupedia|Nupedia]], and [[w:Gnupedia|Gnupedia]] all were started.  These are essentially the same thing...or at least have similar roots and the projects all merged together at some point.  As far as how this affects Wikibooks, on the other hand, is another issue.  We do, however, have to maintain compatability with other Wikimedia projects, and keep in mind that all existing content on all Wikimedia Foundation servers (slightly over 1 TB of data, from what I've seen, and growing at a rate of about 4-7% per ''month'') is already GFDL'd, so changing licenses is going to be a huge deal, not something done as a casual unsigned comment on an obscure page is going to change.  We treat this issue seriously, however, and invite discussion of what changes can be done to help encourage a copyleft distribution of literary content.  At this point, however, the GFDL may have to be changed than for us to change to something other than the GFDL.... and it may be easier to accomplish as well.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 10:13, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry about the lack of signature, I'm afraid I'm not very competent at editing yet.  [[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 18:57:43, 2005-08-22 (UTC)

I'm afraid I really don't know what license would be best and I'm not really qualified to pronounce on it anyway. What I want is that any content that I provide be available to anyone to use for whatever purpose they wish and for those who distribute derived works to be required to give the same freedoms to everyone else. Additionally I do not want to burden those who might want to create a derived work from a small part of a document with requirements to attach verbose licences (WikiTravel has a discussion on exactly this point explaining why they rejected the GFDL). Any incompatibility between GPL and GFDL would be especially important to me and to many programmers because we write both code and manuals for that code. A substantial program might also have a textbook associated with it. The point is to encourage the free flow of information. I do understand that there are a lot of documents in these Wiki's now that are covered by GFDL but I can't agree that that is a reasonable argument against change, only against careless change. Circumstances change all the time. Anyway how could you change the licence of existing text? Wouldn't you have to contact all the contributors? I'm aware of the clause in both GPL and GFDL that state that the creator of a derived work can follow the rules in 'any later version' but I wonder how that would stand up to a legal challenge if the terms were to change significantly.  Sorry about the mutiple edits, finger trouble on the refresh button. [[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 09:17:47, 2005-08-23 (UTC)

:If you want to get a glimpse at the magnitude of your request, see [[Special:Listusers|User list]], which is a list of all of the registered users here on Wikibooks.  And keep in mind that a substantial number of people also contribute &quot;anonymously&quot;, so technically you would have to dump the entire database and restart the entire project if you decided to switch licenses.  This is currently under discussion at Wikitree (a genealogical website that wants to become a part of Wikimedia sometime in the future... if possible).  The problem there is that the person who started the site made the license CC-by-SA-NC, which made it incompatable with the GFDL and the GPL in a major way (the non-commercial use only clause).  A debate there over what license should be used is occuring, and they are facing the very real possibility of throwing away their entire database and restarting the project.  It is only a couple of months old, so that may be a real possibility, and they do consider that the project proposal is still in beta.  License issues at the beginning of a project are critical.  This debate is also ongoing at Wikinews, and their &quot;solution&quot; to the problem is to simply make all content put into the public domain (no license at all).  That way it is compabatable with all copyleft licenses until they can come to a decision as to what specific copyleft license that they want to use, even if they have to draft that license themselves.  That also misses the legal protections that a copyright license affords to keep people abusing the &quot;commons&quot;, but in the case of Wikinews it was not perceived to be as big of a deal.  The #1 complaint there is the license republishing requirement of the GFDL made it absurd to use GFDL (as would the GPL under similar circumstances) for any short 5-10 paragraph news articles by commercial news outlets (like a small-town newspaper that decided to trash their annual AP wire fee and use Wikinews instead... or even as a suppliment).{{pbri}}Particularly so visible of a project like Wikimedia Foundation projects do indeed get notice from the Free Software Foundation, and it is having a major impact in the future of the GFDL.  There are discussions going on right now (on some mailing lists that I don't know the URL for at the moment) about future changes to the GFDL that has included comments from Wikipedia and other Wikimedia users, and taken very seriously.  Particularly when you note that Wikipedia alone is perhaps close to 50% of current content written using the GFDL (or more...but stats like that would be hard to come by).  Both the GPL and the GFDL are due for an update soon and both have been announced by Richard Stallman.  The GPL update is a bigger concern because Linus Torvald got rid of the &quot;or later update&quot; clause in the GPL for the Linux kernel, which &quot;freezes&quot; the GPL at it current version.  Linus did that for a specific legal reason, and debate over that decision can be found elsewhere on the web. Slashdot has done a particularly good job of covering that specific issue (especially within the user comment areas), but you do have to dig real hard.{{pbri}}If you do want to get involved with this issue and bring it up to a larger audience that includes people who can make a change (at least within the Wikimedia Foundation) I would suggest that you look at [http://mail.wikipedia.org/mailman/listinfo/foundation-l The Wikimedia Foundation mailing list] (also refered to commonly as Foundation-l on Wikimedia projects).  There are a couple of hot-button ideas at the moment, but I'm sure you would get a solid reply as to why the GFDL is being used.  You might want to dig through the archives as well if you might be interested.  There are a couple of computer programming Wikibooks where issues of GPL/GFDL compatability are of importance, so there is some reason to try and hit this issue as well.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 12:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

== Compatible licences ==

Is there a list of licences that are compatible with the GFDL? 

What I mean is: is there an easy way to discover whether a document or an excerpt from a document can be incorporated in a WikiBook without having to read carefully through all the complicated clauses.  For instance, is the OpenOffice Public License compatible (http://www.openoffice.org/licenses/PDL.html). 

A concrete example: I would like to take some information from ''Programming OpenOffice.org with Visual Basic'' (http://www.kalitech.fr/clients/doc/VB_APIOOo_en.html) but it is under the OO public license which looks to me as though it isn't compatible, but I'm not sure. [[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 09:03, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

:I would recommend that you take a look at the [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html GNU License List] that compares several licenses to licenses authored by the Free Software Foundation.  Look toward the bottom of the page for the GFDL compatable licenses as opposed to the GPL.  There are a couple licenses listed there that are compatable, and this list should be expanded.  If you are interested in researching this topic, it would be a good discussion to add to the [[m:|Wikimedia Meta Server]] and adding a list of compatable licenses to the GFDL.  In addition, writing to Richard Stallman or somebody else at the Free Software Foundations with some document licenses that may be compatable with the GFDL would be useful as well.  This is something that Mr. Stallman in particular is interested in and will give you some sort of reply on the matter... especially if the website in incomplete from what you have found out.  I've had contact with Mr. Stallman in the past, and he has been very gracious and reasonable in his replies if you are also reasonable with your request.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 00:15, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

== Orphan works ==

I have found a number of web pages that would make worthwhile
additions to [[Programming:Visual Basic Classic]] but have failed to
make contact with the copyright holders.  It isn't just that the email
isn't answered, sometimes it bounces and even Google fails to turn up
a plausible alternative address.

I wonder if anyone has any suggestions about how to track down the
copyright holders of such orphan works.  It seems to me that there is
a lot of material on the web that is effectively unuseable because it
has neither an explicit license granting free use nor a live contact
who can be asked for permission.  Sadly academic sites seem to be
frequent offenders in this regard, even where they have an email
address specifically noted as the one to use regarding copyright the
mail often goes unanswered. --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 21:25, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

:This is an ugly can of worms that you have just opened up.  Prior to the &quot;internationalization&quot; of U.S. copyright (at least in the USA) that occured in the mid 1970's, all copyrighted works in the USA were required to file a formal registration with the U.S. Copyright Office, which is a part of the Library of Congress.  As a part of the registration process, you needed to list the address of the publisher and other contact information, as well as the complete names and nationalities of all authors for the copyrighted work.  This registration still occurs, but now it is voluntary and is seldom done except for items that are widely published or for people that don't mind paying the registration fee to do the formal paperwork.  By registering the copyrighted work now, you gain statutory damages of $175,000 or more for a single copyright violation... that is above and beyond actual damages which can also be included.  That copyright damage award can even be assessed against copyleft documents like Wikipedia (if somebody copies Wikipedia content, for example, without including the GFDL fine print or if they in turn claim copyright on the content).  If the stuff you are trying to locate has been registered, you can contact the Library of Congress and get the publisher contact information.  You may even be able to get that information on-line without having to actually talk to somebody.

:For internet web pages, you can also try to find the domain registration information.  For example, you can go to:

http://www.internic.org/whois.html

:and look up the '''''whois''''' information about the domain.  Try to type in wikipedia.org in the domain area as an example to find who &quot;owns&quot; wikipedia.org.  Back in the &quot;good old days&quot; this information was rather accurate, but the U.S. Dept. of Commerce has totally screwed up the internet and this registration is now close to meaningless.  Still, you might get a clue as to who might have set up the internet domain, and sometimes people are honest when filling out these domain registrations.  These addresses are usually Snail-Mail but also include sometimes e-mail addresses as well.  I have seen addresses on Mars or Alpha Centari, so you can take those sort of addresses with a grain of salt.  Better than having no contact information, however.  By going through internic, you may have to do a domain search on a ''registrar's'' server, but internic has the names of the secondary registrars that you have to look up the information with, and generally where to go.  The Whois information is supposed to be free to the public, but sometimes a bit of a pain to get to and some registrars don't exactly make it easy to find the &quot;Whois&quot; button on their web page.

:The Library of Congress just had a symposium on what to do with orphaned works, and I believe is still seeking written comments about changes to copyright law.  This issue is also likely to come before some future session of the U.S. Congress in the near future, so make sure you write to your local congressman if you are an American (or even if you aren't but want to weigh in on the issue.)  Orphan works in particular would not be an issue with the old copyright laws, as a copyright which expires in just 20 years would normally be no big deal.  With the current life+75 years, and no legal way to even know when a given author died unless they are incredibly famous, you can consider the current copyright term to be about 200 years.... basically the works of Thomas Jefferson would still be under copyright if the powers that be had their way.

:In general, unless you have explicit permission in the form of something like the GFDL or something written by the author in your possession, consider most written works to be under copyright and untouchable for the purposes of Wikibooks.  If you havn't guessed, I do have some strong political opinions on this subject.--[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 23:33, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

::Quote: 'consider most written works to be under copyright and untouchable for the purposes of Wikibooks'.  That's pretty much what I concluded.  The contact problem is generally not that I can't find out who is likely to be the copyright holder but that I can't get them to answer email even when I can be certain that they have received it.  In one instance I even got an autoreply which said that the recipient was off work sick and I still didn't get a real reply.  I just can't believe that most people get so much email that they can't afford the time to write one line saying yes or no.  I think that I'll just have to admit that large chunks of the Visual Basic Classic book just won't ever get written because I'm too lazy to write the introductory stuff and have failed to get permission to copy anything else and haven't been able to persuade anyone else to contribute either.  (Insert your favourite swear word here!) :-( --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 17:06, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

== Permission Statements ==

What is the correct procedure when one has obtained permission to incorporate a copyrighted work?  Where should that permission be stored?  Is there any way of ensuring that the permission is not accidentally or deliberately overwritten or changed?  See [[Programming:Visual Basic Classic/Coding Standards]] for an example.  I placed the permission on the page where the work will eventually be written simply as a placeholder, I want to move it to a more logical place so that it is not in the middle of the actual text, but where?  The talk page for that module doesn't seem right to me because modules can be radically changed so that the talk page no longer applies.  Neither does the talk page for the main page of the book seem the right place as there is so much else there.  Perhaps there should be a specific repository for such things?  --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 07:10, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

:Update: I've added a separate page in the book for such things. --[[User:Kwhitefoot|kwhitefoot]] 10:30, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

== Non-commercial only distribution of Wikibooks content ==

There is a part of the [[LD]] wikibook (the CAT method in Appendixes) which may only be distributed freely if it is in its entirety and used non-commercially. Do I put the document (which has no official website) in its own page, so that it will be protected from editing? Do I remove the method? Do I replace it with a link to a forum post where he posted it? Do I contact the copyright holder to ask for a more liberal (yes, POV of me) license? [[User:R3m0t|r3m0t]] [[Special:Contributions/r3m0t|(cont)]] [[User talk:r3m0t|(talk)]] 16:54, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

:I'll try to contact you directly on your use page about this issue, but yes, we need to make sure all content added to Wikibooks follows the terms of the GFDL, including the capability of commercial entities redistributing the content.  If there is a non-commercial use only clause, such as the CC-by-SA-NC license, or even explicit non-commercial entities only, it is a copyright violation to have that content on Wikibooks.  There are already several commercial mirrors of Wikibooks, and that is legal to do as long as they abide by the terms of the GFDL.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 17:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

:20  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23542-67|&amp;#126;2026-23542-67]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23542-67|talk]]) 23:44, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Changes to content page ==

This should start with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Copyright © 2003 – {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, which would currently display as &quot;Copyright © 2003 – {{CURRENTYEAR}}&quot;, so that the year automatically gets updated. &amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mxn|Minh Nguyễn]] &lt;small class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;([[User talk:Mxn|talk]], [http://mxn.f2o.org/index.html blog])&lt;/small&gt; 22:41, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

*'''Changed''' - Thanks for pointing this out.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 17:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Minor thing: Under Use in hard copies (which is under Publication by third parties), number 5.1 says Provide a floopy disk, which should be changed to Provide a floppy disk [[User:70.59.165.242|70.59.165.242]] 15:12, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
: Fixed, thanks. --[[User:Derbeth|Derbeth]] [[User talk:Derbeth|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 21:03, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

==Wikimedia Foundation licensing==
I anticipate making a change to the page regarding WMF policy for official trademark and logo licensing agreements consistent with my earlier comments on Foundation-L.  I will post the draft langauage here for comment.--[[User:BradPatrick|BradPatrick]] 12:01, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
:It would be nice to know what is a trademark of the WMF (from the viewpoint of the WMF) as well, as the &amp;#153; and &amp;reg; symbols are currently not being used with much of what I would think are legitimate trademarks of the WMF.  BTW, thanks for trying to address this issue. --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 12:49, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

:Great. I presume this will apply across-the-board to all WM-wiki content. [[User:Pfctdayelise|pfctdayelise]] 10:08, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

:I hope you can eventually do the same regarding licensing of any copyrights held by the WMF. -anon

==Interwikis==
[[es:Wikilibros:Copyrights]]

[[ja:Wikibooks:著作権]] --[[User:Wikimi-dhiann|Wikimi-dhiann]] ([[User talk:Wikimi-dhiann|talk]]) 06:19, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

== Books under alternative licenses ==

Currently the project page states:
:''All content is considered to be released under the following terms unless otherwise indicated (for example; a clearly-marked quotation);''
I find this a little ambiguous. How prominent does the licensing statement have to be? Is a it enough to put it on the main page or does every page need to have it as well? What about talk pages? Would a link suffice or would the statement actually have to be there? --[[User:Swift|Swift]] 03:17, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

== Some additions ==

I would like to add text to this policy that indicates the following:
#Once a license has been granted to Wikibooks for material, an author may not remove or alter that license (follows from [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#9._TERMINATION Section 9 of the GFDL]).
#That the page histories count as a [[w:byline]], and serve as legal attribution under the GFDL. Additional lists of authors are completely optional, are not considered &quot;Invariant sections&quot;, and are not binding.
These two points both follow directly from the GFDL, although many people have not completely read the text of that license and there is some confusion. --[[User:Whiteknight|Whiteknight]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Whiteknight|talk]]) ([[User:Whiteknight/Proposed Books|projects]])&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

: '''Support'''. I didn't see this before but I do not object to either of these changes. I'm not sure what you mean by a ''byline'', I think we can just call it a &quot;history&quot; since the GFDL counts that as a legitimate attribution as well in the &quot;combinations&quot; section. [[User:Mattb112885|Mattb112885]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Mattb112885|talk]]) &lt;/small&gt; 18:01, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
: '''Mixed view''' - while certainly something that can give credit to contributors, the page histories of MediaWiki does not really give enough information to effectively credit authors.  I think it is something that can be worked with and derived from most page histories, but we shouldn't be establishing any legally binding opinions here.  Certainly we shouldn't claim that this is legal attribution.  It is a form of attribution that can be used to help determine who the authors really are, and with some work (quite a bit of work, actually) you can obtain the necessary information for proper legal attribution.  I should note that the &quot;invariant sections&quot; of the GFDL is one of those things that causes huge complications when doing legal interpretations of the GFDL, and is one of the more controversial parts of this license.  I could give some suggestions on how to meet the requirements of section 2(b) of the GFDL (author lists), but randomly grabbing five people from the page history is certainly not sufficient.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] 19:19, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
::It seems to be sufficient for MediaWiki itself (&quot;''copyright (C) 2001-2007 Magnus Manske, Brion Vibber, Lee Daniel Crocker, Tim Starling, Erik Möller, Gabriel Wicke, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Niklas Laxström, Domas Mituzas, Rob Church and others&quot;''), although that is the GPL. Having said that, full history importing will always be the ideal. [[User:Garrett|Garrett]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Garrett|Talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:03, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
:'''Support''', this is in agreement with what has been stated on Wikipedia (heck, there they say that even a backlink may be sufficient). If these methods were legally insufficient I'm sure someone would have brought it up by now. [[User:Garrett|Garrett]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Garrett|Talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:03, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

::I've gone ahead and added the first point, since it seems to be supported, but I'm not sure how best to address the second point though in the text. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 23:53, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

== Interwiki link to Vietnamese Wikibooks ==

{{tlx|editprotected}}

Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this page:

 &lt;nowiki&gt;[[vi:Wikibooks:Quyền tác giả]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Thanks.

&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mxn|Minh Nguyễn]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Mxn|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Mxn|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 01:10, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
:{{done}} &amp;nbsp;'''&amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;font color=&quot;Indigo&quot;&gt;Mike.lifeguard&lt;/font&gt;]]'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;font color=&quot;Indigo&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:15, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

== Why is this page linking to a rejected policy? ==

From [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]]:
:In some situations you may encounter material on Wikibooks that has been added according to the [[Wikibooks:Fair Use Policy]].
From [[Wikibooks:Fair Use Policy]]:
:#REDIRECT [[Wikibooks:Fair use policy]]
From [[Wikibooks:Fair use policy]]:
:This page documents a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed.

Why does this policy incorporate by reference a policy that has been rejected? Why does it not link to [[Wikibooks:Media]] instead? --[[User:Damian Yerrick|Damian Yerrick]] ([[User talk:Damian Yerrick|talk]]) 19:31, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
: Probably because someone forgot to update it when WB:MEDIA was made policy instead of this. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 19:51, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

== Should Wikibooks also switch to CC-by-SA ==

In June 2009, Wikipedia switched to CC-by-SA.
[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Dual_license_vote_May_2009].
I honestly don't really understand all the implications.
Should Wikibooks also switch to CC-by-SA?
(a) to maintain compatibility with Wikipedia?
(b) for the same reasons, whatever they were, that Wikipedia switched?
--[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|talk]]) 20:13, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
:You seem to have missed that ''all'' Wikimedia projects have made that transition, including Wikibooks. &amp;nbsp;'''&amp;mdash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;Mike.lifeguard&lt;/b&gt;]]'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:26, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

:: According to the history of the [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]] page, it never mentioned CC-by-SA until the change of 6 July 2009. I am sorry I &quot;missed that&quot; change. To avoid a repeat of this problem, please tell me -- how can I see events that happen over a week in the future? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|talk]]) 19:58, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

:::Let's all keep level heads here. Mike just assumed you saw the sitenotice before promoting the vote on the change to CC-BY-SA. I think there was also a sitenotice announcing the results of the vote as well. Today I've added a new notice reiterating the change. Hopefully now everyone will be aware of the licensing change. -- [[User:Adrignola|Adrignola]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Adrignola|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Adrignola|contribs]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:22, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
:::I assumed David had read the link he posted, which explains that all Wikimedia projects were moving to CC-by-sa. &amp;nbsp;'''&amp;mdash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;Mike.lifeguard&lt;/b&gt;]]'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mike.lifeguard|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#309;&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 22:07, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
:::: I hope you can understand how my little brain is confused when I hear one thing and see another -- when I hear that &quot;''all'' Wikimedia projects have made that transition&quot;, but I see that the edit screen links to [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]] which had not yet made that transition.
:::: Now that we all agree that Wikibooks *has* made that transition, and now that the edit screen links to the new [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use Terms of Use], do we still need the old [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]] page? Should we make that page merely a redirect to the new terms of use? Or perhaps a subordinate local copy of those terms? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|talk]]) 19:36, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

::::: The copyright page has made that transition, if you take a look at the [[#Update needed|update needed]] section below. The edit message update reflects what the WMF wanted, so presumably they still see a need for projects to have there own copyright policy. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:33, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

== Update needed ==

With the switch to dual licensing between the GFDL and [[Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License|Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0]], this page needs to be updated. -- [[User:Adrignola|Adrignola]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Adrignola|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Adrignola|contribs]]&lt;/sup&gt; 01:53, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

: I thought that would of been taken care of too when the other things were updated, but I guess not. I used Wikipedia's updated copyright policy to update our own. I think the spirit is still basically the same as before, so it should hopefully not be an issue. I hope it is enough to satisfy any requirements the WMF may have implemented for updating the copyright policy though. --&lt;span style=&quot;font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;&quot;&gt;[[User:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;midnightblue&quot;&gt;dark&lt;/font&gt;]][[User_talk:Darklama|&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lama&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 11:23, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

=== Update needed: book donations ===

The &quot;[[Wikibooks: book donations]]&quot; page currently implies that &quot;All books on Wikibooks must be released under the GFDL.&quot; and that using &quot;CC-BY-SA... can be problematic.&quot;.

It sounds to me like the &quot;book donations&quot; page was written sometime before Wikibooks switched from GFDL to CC-BY-SA in 2009, and no longer reflects the current situation.

Should I simply delete all the stuff on that page about copyrights and replace it with a link to [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]], or would something else be more useful to our readers?
--[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] ([[User talk:DavidCary|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidCary|contribs]]) 02:03, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

== Recipes ==

Greetings, I would like to update [[Cookbook:Berbere]] based upon a recipe published in an actual cookbook ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Berbere#Ingredients some background], if you're interested). My understanding is that a list of ingredients is not protected by copyright (at least, not in the US), although the preparation steps are protected.  I don't think it would be too useful to have one without the other, and I'm not sure it's really possible to reword the preparation and still come up with an original work.  I've looked at [[Cookbook_talk:Table_of_Contents/Archive_6#Copyright_issues]] but it seems inconclusive (while [[Cookbook_talk:Table_of_Contents/Archive_1#Recipes_from_copyright-protected_cookbooks]] suggests an [external site http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=US%20Copyright%20for%20Recipes] for guidance).  Another possible issue, unrelated to copyright, is that the source cookbook is in Amharic, not English (on the other hand I've yet to find an English source that is authoritative).  Any general tips on importing (or not importing) cookbook recipes into Wikibooks?  Thank you, -- [[User:Gyrofrog|Gyrofrog]] ([[User talk:Gyrofrog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gyrofrog|contribs]]) 18:29, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

== Copyright infringement ==

As far as I can tell, [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Networks/UDP&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=632328 this edit] (from 2006) infringes copyright of Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 5th Edition, by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross, {{#isbn:0-13-607967-9}}, pp214-215. (Probably an earlier edition was used, as the 5th edition is copyright 2010.) The book is mentioned as a source but the text, in my opinion, infringes and is in any case not properly attributed. Can anyone advise how to proceed? I know what to do on en.wiki, but not here. Thanks! (PS: courtesy note of any reply on en.wiki, my home wiki, appreciated.) [[User:Frank|Frank]] ([[User talk:Frank|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Frank|contribs]]) 02:42, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

: If you can clearly identify something that was a copyright violation, please mark it with the {{tl|copyvio}} template.  This alerts the site administrators there may be a problem and allows other editors on Wikibooks to try to rework or replace that content.  Copyright violations are usually a high priority item for admins to deal with, and rank pretty close to vandalism in terms of how serious it is treated.  That you found something from an edit several years ago is unfortunate, but I'm glad that you caught it.  Hopefully a current admin will see this comment at some time in the near future.  --[[User:Robert Horning|Rob Horning]] ([[User talk:Robert Horning|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert Horning|contribs]]) 13:41, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
: I've tagged it and will look at it soon. The section has been extensively edited so it may no longer be a copyright violation or it may be a copyvio of a different version of the book (as Frank notes) [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt; ]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu]&lt;/font&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:53, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

::Was this forgotten ?  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 06:30, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
:::I can't remember if I forgot! [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:51, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

:::: I agree with your initial statement (after taking a closer look). One question remains, since the copyrighted content continues to exist in the revision history. Is it possible to redact it from these logs ? If so, then the copyvio is resolved, as the infringement can no longer be considered to be published (available).  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 03:28, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
:::::Done. I've deleted all revisions from the history that contain the copyright violation. There are no authors in that history who are not present elsewhere, so there should be no future attribution problem. [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:20, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
:::::: This probably occurs more than we notice. Frank was capable of detecting it because of the source reference and probably by a sprout of activity. People often use copyrighted source material and rewrite it to not only fit their purposes but remove the rights claim and make the content usable, a similar example is when we use wikipedia's content. There we have more content surviving, but wikipedia's articles most of the time go way beyond the simplest encyclopedic format.  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 09:47, 8 April 2012 (UTC)


== Pls add this interwiki link ==
&lt;pre&gt;
[[ta:விக்கிநூல்கள்:காப்புரிமைகள்]]
&lt;/pre&gt;
: {{done}} --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 12:07, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

== Transcribing Audio Books: Fair Use ? ==

* does transcribing Audio Books fall under &quot;Fair Use&quot; ?
* does translating while transcribing Audio Books fall under &quot;Fair Use&quot; ? --[[User:Eternal-Entropy|Eternal-Entropy]] ([[User talk:Eternal-Entropy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eternal-Entropy|contribs]]) 05:06, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

::Not a lawyer. Having said that the fair use is not limited by medium, that is you have the same freedom of the use of protected content than for instance using of a text.
::Translation constitutes a derivation of the original work, it is by itself not related to the fair use. I think you may be confusing fair use with something else, fair use is an exception that permits in some instances the use of part of a protected work.
::See [[wikipedia:Fair use]] for a general overview.  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 06:19, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::: I guess transcribing Audio Books in Full in it's language is not Fair Use. Ok, Let me rephrase the other question...
::: Does Wikibooks allow Audio Books that is translated &amp; transcribed by a Wikibooks editor ? --[[User:Eternal-Entropy|Eternal-Entropy]] ([[User talk:Eternal-Entropy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eternal-Entropy|contribs]]) 07:31, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::::If the content is right for a textbook and the original is under a license compatible with Wikibooks, yes...  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 10:33, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::::And this is the key point - the copyright exists in the original material. You can't just convert it into another format to avoid the copyright. For example, a DVD doesn't become free to use because you convert it into an MPEG-4 video. If the original audio book is copyrighted, then you can't transcribe it here. [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/font&gt; ]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;font color=&quot;#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:54, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
::::: Ok, thanks --[[User:Eternal-Entropy|Eternal-Entropy]] ([[User talk:Eternal-Entropy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eternal-Entropy|contribs]]) 19:11, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

== Compatibility of the ETHZ Oberon license with CC-by-SA. ==

The Oberon license is at ftp://ftp.ethoberon.ethz.ch/ETHOberon/license.txt.  In case it is offline, there is a copy at http://easthope.ca/OberonUsage.html; scroll down a little to see it.  According my elementary understanding, the Oberon license is compatible with CC-by-SA.  Within Wikibooks, is there a formal process to determine  compatibility?  Can anyone offer an opinion?  Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 15:11, 4 October 2016 (UTC)
:The only process I know is to ask on [[w:Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 18:35, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

== Typo ==

{{edit protected|answered=yes}}

Change &quot;the GNU Free Documentation License. unversioned, ...&quot; to &quot;the GNU Free Documentation License, unversioned, ...&quot;.  (This same typo existed on English Wikipedia (and was removed earlier today) and still exists on English Wikispecies currently). --[[User:Pokechu22|Pokechu22]] ([[User talk:Pokechu22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pokechu22|contribs]]) 18:29, 19 March 2021 (UTC)
: {{re|Pokechu22}} {{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:45, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

== Update to CC 4.0 ==

{{edit protected|answered=yes}}
The [[:foundation:Policy:Terms of Use#7. Licensing of Content|license]] has been already updated from CC 3.0 to 4.0. Could you please update this page? Thanks. cc{{re|Leaderboard}} [[User:SCP-2000|SCP-2000]] ([[User talk:SCP-2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SCP-2000|contribs]]) 04:13, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
: {{re|SCP-2000}} {{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:06, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

== Edit request ==

{{edit protected|answered=yes}}

Under &quot;Re-use of text&quot;, please change &quot;{{tq|you must license them under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 or later}}&quot; to &quot;{{tq|you must license them under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0 or later}}&quot;, per [https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/compatible-licenses/]. [[User:ObserveOwl|ObserveOwl]] ([[User talk:ObserveOwl|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ObserveOwl|contribs]]) 19:24, 23 August 2025 (UTC)
:{{done}}. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;'''''Codename Noreste'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A1000E&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/span&gt; 02:15, 1 September 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>q1t4elo4fknpd1bs83r9d8h8nss8f01</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AP Biology/The Nature of Molecules</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>46022</id>
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      <text bytes="6748" sha1="exrvmh4kgvg4qhl3l7skuuckpu98vhn" xml:space="preserve">'''Study Time''' | ''X minutes''. &lt;small&gt;(explanation.)&lt;/small&gt;

==Keywords==
 electron                    exergonic reaction
 proton                      organic catalysts (enzymes)
 neutron                     hydrogen bond
 ionic bond                  cohesion
 polar covalent bond         adhesion
 nonpolar covalent bond      capillary action
 isomer                      heat capacity
 polymer                     acid
 activation energy           base
 endergonic reaction

==Subatomic Particles==
Subatomic particles are the particles that make up atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons cluster in a dense core called the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The number of protons in a nucleus determines the name of the atom: one proton is hydrogen, two is helium, etc. See the periodic table for a full listing of all the atoms.

==Molecules==

Molecules are groupings of atoms that bond together to form one building block of a substance. For example, water is H2O. A single molecules of H2O would be 2 hydrogen atoms and a lone oxygen atom.

Molecules are held together by three different bonds: ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent. An  ionic bond is a bond between a metal and a non-metal. Generally the metal takes electrons from the non-metal, creating a very strong bond. A polar covalent bond is between two non-metals. A covalent bond is formed when valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell) are shared between the two atoms. Each atom wants to have eight valence electrons, and achieves this by sharing electrons and forming bonds. A polar covalent bond is when the electrons are shared unequally, because one of the atoms has a higher electronegativity (pull on electrons). A nonpolar covalent bond has electrons shared equally.

(Needs info on polar and nonpolar molecules, also on isomers, enantiomers, etc.)

==Compounds==

ionic bonds
covalent (polar/nonpolar) bonds
isomers
polymers

==Reactions==
Any process in which chemicals change properties or identities (i.e. transform into other substances) is called a ''reaction''.  The substances that participate (enter) in a reaction are called the reactants; substances that form once the reactants react are called the products. For instance, consider the production of water (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O):

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;2\hbox{H}_{2(g)} + \hbox{0}_{2(g)} \to 2\hbox{H}_2\hbox{0}_{(l)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The reaction dictates that for every two parts hydrogen (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and one part oxygen(O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) reacting together, two parts water will form as a product.

=== Energy in Reactions ===
The problem, however, is that not all reactions - including this one - will occur unless energy is added to fuel the reaction. The energy needed for such a reaction to occur is called the '''activation energy''', or threshold energy. In the water reaction above, we would have to combust (burn) both gases (when mixed together) to produce water, the end result. The combustion, in this case, provides the activation energy needed to fuel the reaction.

Reactions can also be classified and categorized based on their relationships with the energy involved. '''Endergonic reactions''' absorb energy in the process; '''exergonic reactions''' release energy in the process. The general form for an endergonic reaction is:

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;\hbox{energy} + \hbox{A} \to \hbox{B}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and the general form for an exergonic reaction is:

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;\hbox{A} \to \hbox{B} + \hbox{energy}&lt;/math&gt;}}

=== Enzymes ===
Some reactions can be ''catalyzed'' - sped up - to overcome the 'barrier' set by activation energy. To do so, a '''catalyst''' is introduced - a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction but does not chemically affect either the reactants or the products. In biology, catalysis is usually carried out by specialized proteins called '''enzymes'''. Enzymes contain a region called an '''active site'''; when the reactants (also referred to as '''substrates''') interact with the active site, they bind to the site (this is called the '''enzyme-substrate complex''') and undergo an alternate reaction that requires less energy. The enzyme then releases the substrates, which have combined to form the product.

==Water==
The wonderful properties of water.

'''Cohesion'''
Cohesion is an intermolecular attraction between like molecules, and is useful in describing why certain liquids (such as water) have peculiar properties like surface tension (which create a skin like barrier between the air and the water.)

'''Adhesion'''
Adhesion is the attraction of liquid molecules to other surfaces, this can be contrasted to cohesion which is the intermolecular attraction.

'''Capillary Action'''
When adhesive forces are stronger than cohesive force, liquids can actually travel against the force of gravity, this is particularly useful when describing xylem in plant tissues and blood vessels. What aides in having adhesive forces stronger than cohesive forces is the fact that the path the liquid travels is very narrow, this creates a proportional lessening of cohesion (intermolecular bonds) to adhesion, attraction to the conduit of the liquid.

'''Heat capacity'''
Also known as thermal capacity is the ability of matter to store heat, it is usually measured as the heat energy (joules) used to create a 1 Kelvin increase in a particular object.

==Acid/Base==
Acids are substances that have a higher concentration of &lt;math&gt;H+&lt;/math&gt; ions relative to the concentration of OH- ions (example: acetic acid - &lt;math&gt;CH_3COOH&lt;/math&gt;). Conversely, bases are substances that have a higher concentration of &lt;math&gt;OH^{-}&lt;/math&gt; ions relative to the concentration of &lt;math&gt;H+&lt;/math&gt; ions (example: sodium hydroxide). The strength of acids and bases is determined by how much they dissociate in water. Neutral pH water has a H+ concentration of &lt;math&gt;10^{-7}&lt;/math&gt;. The addition of an acid would actually increase the hydrogen ion concentration even though the pH would become &lt;math&gt;&lt;10^7&lt;/math&gt;. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller the exponent, the larger the value. Thus, if the pH of a substance changes by 1, then it becomes 10 times more acidic or basic. There are three definitions of acids and bases (will be explained in the section below).

Acid Base / pH

The letters pH stand for &quot;power of hydrogen&quot;

One can measure pH using either litmus paper (which changes color using reduction/oxidation reactions) or a metal probe (where the substance will make electrons move toward or away from the probe).

The common Silver-Silver Chloride reference electrode used with most combination pH electrodes has a Potassium Chloride salt-bridge which is saturated with Silver Chloride.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6</title>
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      <text bytes="5714" sha1="gvr9m2bu6tdcj3b6vzzhf94ja1qmtok" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Normal Variation
|responses=&lt;br&gt;
* [[/3. Bb5|3. Bb5 · Ruy Lopez]]
* [[/3. Bc4|3. Bc4 · Italian Game]]
* [[/3. d4|3. d4 · Scotch Game]]
* [[/3. Nc3|3. Nc3 · Three Knights Opening]]
* [[/3. c3|3. c3 · Ponziani Opening]]
|parent=[[../|King's knight opening]]
}}
== 2...Nc6 · Normal variation ==

'''2...Nc6''' is the natural and most common move, combining defence of the pawn with control of the d4 square. Black avoids committing another pawn for now. This is the most common position after two moves in chess. 

White has several choices for how to reply, which lead to very different games. 

=== Develop a piece ===

White usually decides to develop the bishop next. While the usual advice is to &quot;develop knights before bishops&quot;, by holding off on Nc3, White retains the option of playing c3 and d4 to take over the centre with pawns. 

[[/3. Bb5|'''3. Bb5''']], known as the Spanish or Ruy Lopez, is the most popular&lt;ref&gt;66% of games in the Lichess Master's database.&lt;/ref&gt; and theoretical continuation. By pressuring Black's knight, White is indirectly threatening e5 which the knight defends. This usually leads to tough, positional games. The main lines are 3...a6 and 3...Nf6, though many other moves have been tried. 

[[/3. Bc4|'''3. Bc4''']], the Italian game, develops the bishop to target Black's vulnerable f7 pawn instead. This is the second most common move, though more common in amateur games&lt;ref&gt;18% of games in the Lichess Master's database, 42% in the Lichess database.&lt;/ref&gt;. Most commonly Black plays 3...Bc5, the Giuoco piano, or 3...Nf6, the Two knights defence. 

[[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']], the Three knights opening, is reached if White decides to develop their knight next after all. This is a quieter (read: drawish) continuation. White will have a hard time playing d4 in the future. Black usually plays 3...Nf6, reaching the Four knights. 

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5|caption=Spanish game}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4|caption=Italian game}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3|caption=Three knights game}}
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Contest the centre ===

White can prioritise contesting the centre with pawns.

[[/3. d4|'''3. d4''']], the Scotch opening, busts open the centre straight away. This is the third most common continuation. After Black captures 3...exd4, White can recapture the pawn or gambit it for development. 

[[/3. c3|'''3. c3''']], the Ponziani opening, prepares d4 with the c pawn. White would like to not just to put a pawn on d4 but keep one there. This is an uncommon continuation. 

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4|caption=Scotch game}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c3|caption=Ponziani opening}}
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Offbeat continuations ===

The above five replies cover almost every serious game. A few very offbeat choices make up less than one percent of games combined. The ideas include:

* Developing the king's bishop somewhere else: [[/3. Be2|'''3. Be2?!''']], the Tayler opening, '''3. Bd3''', or [[/3. g3|'''3. g3''']] in order to play 4. Bg2, the Konstantinopolsky opening.
* A flank move, [[/3. c4|'''3. c4''']], the Dresden opening, to control d5 and allow the b1 knight to develop behind the pawn. 
* '''3. d3''', an unnecessarily timid reply that avoids contesting the centre and voluntarily cramps White's position. 

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. g3|caption=Konstantinopolsky opening}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Be2|caption=Tayler opening}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c4|caption=Dresden opening}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d3|caption=3. d3}}
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Bad moves ===

Some dubious gambits:

* [[/3. Nxe5|'''3. Nxe5??''']] is the Irish gambit. White sacrifices a knight to take over the centre uncontested, but the cost of being a minor piece down is vastly more punishing. 
* [[/3. b4|'''3. b4?''']], the Pachman wing gambit, where White sacrifices the b pawn to give Black a hand in development (3...Bxb4). Even if Black is equally generous (3...Nxb4? 4. Nxe5) it's at best an even game.

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nxe5|caption=Irish gambit}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. b4|caption=Pachman wing gambit}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Theory table==

{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Ruy Lopez|Ruy Lopez]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Bb5|Bb5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/3. Bb5/3...a6|a6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Ba4&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Italian Game|Italian Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Bc4|Bc4]]&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Scotch Game|Scotch Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. d4|d4]]&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nb3&lt;br&gt;Bb4+&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Four Knights Game|Four Knights Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Nc3|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bb4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Ponziani Opening|Ponziani Opening]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb5&lt;br&gt;dxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Qg5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
{{wikipedia|King's Knight Opening}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{NCO}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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      <id>4633245</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2226064</id>
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      <text bytes="5661" sha1="p961js8p39nyprk8wsj83rgdsvoo6y3" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Normal Variation
|responses=&lt;br&gt;
* [[/3. Bb5|3. Bb5 · Ruy Lopez]]
* [[/3. Bc4|3. Bc4 · Italian Game]]
* [[/3. d4|3. d4 · Scotch Game]]
* [[/3. Nc3|3. Nc3 · Three Knights Opening]]
* [[/3. c3|3. c3 · Ponziani Opening]]
|parent=[[../|King's knight opening]]
}}
== 2...Nc6 · Normal variation ==

'''2...Nc6''' is the natural and most common move, combining defence of the pawn with control of the d4 square. Black avoids committing another pawn for now. This is the most common position after two moves in chess. 

White has several choices for how to reply, which lead to very different games. 

=== Develop a piece ===

White usually decides to develop the bishop next. While the usual advice is to &quot;develop knights before bishops&quot;, by holding off on Nc3, White retains the option of playing c3 and d4 to take over the centre with pawns. 

[[/3. Bb5|'''3. Bb5''']], known as the Spanish or Ruy Lopez, is the most popular&lt;ref&gt;66% of games in the Lichess Master's database.&lt;/ref&gt; and theoretical continuation. By pressuring Black's knight, White is indirectly threatening e5 which the knight defends. This usually leads to tough, positional games. The main lines are 3...a6 and 3...Nf6, though many other moves have been tried. 

[[/3. Bc4|'''3. Bc4''']], the Italian game, develops the bishop to target Black's vulnerable f7 pawn instead. This is the second most common move, though more common in amateur games&lt;ref&gt;18% of games in the Lichess Master's database, 42% in the Lichess database.&lt;/ref&gt;. Most commonly Black plays 3...Bc5, the Giuoco piano, or 3...Nf6, the Two knights defence. 

[[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']], the Three knights opening, is reached if White decides to develop their knight next after all. This is a quieter (read: drawish) continuation.  Black usually plays 3...Nf6, reaching the Four knights. 

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5|caption=Spanish game}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4|caption=Italian game}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3|caption=Three knights game}}
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Contest the centre ===

White can prioritise contesting the centre with pawns.

[[/3. d4|'''3. d4''']], the Scotch opening, busts open the centre straight away. This is the third most common continuation. After Black captures 3...exd4, White can recapture the pawn or gambit it for development. 

[[/3. c3|'''3. c3''']], the Ponziani opening, prepares d4 with the c pawn. White would like to not just to put a pawn on d4 but keep one there. This is an uncommon continuation. 

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4|caption=Scotch game}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c3|caption=Ponziani opening}}
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Offbeat continuations ===

The above five replies cover almost every serious game. A few very offbeat choices make up less than one percent of games combined. The ideas include:

* Developing the king's bishop somewhere else: [[/3. Be2|'''3. Be2?!''']], the Tayler opening, '''3. Bd3''', or [[/3. g3|'''3. g3''']] in order to play 4. Bg2, the Konstantinopolsky opening.
* A flank move, [[/3. c4|'''3. c4''']], the Dresden opening, to control d5 and allow the b1 knight to develop behind the pawn. 
* '''3. d3''', an unnecessarily timid reply that avoids contesting the centre and voluntarily cramps White's position. 

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. g3|caption=Konstantinopolsky opening}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Be2|caption=Tayler opening}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c4|caption=Dresden opening}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d3|caption=3. d3}}
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Bad moves ===

Some dubious gambits:

* [[/3. Nxe5|'''3. Nxe5??''']] is the Irish gambit. White sacrifices a knight to take over the centre uncontested, but the cost of being a minor piece down is vastly more punishing. 
* [[/3. b4|'''3. b4?''']], the Pachman wing gambit, where White sacrifices the b pawn to give Black a hand in development (3...Bxb4). Even if Black is equally generous (3...Nxb4? 4. Nxe5) it's at best an even game.

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;overflow-x:auto;gap:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nxe5|caption=Irish gambit}}
{{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. b4|caption=Pachman wing gambit}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Theory table==

{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Ruy Lopez|Ruy Lopez]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Bb5|Bb5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/3. Bb5/3...a6|a6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Ba4&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Italian Game|Italian Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Bc4|Bc4]]&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Scotch Game|Scotch Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. d4|d4]]&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nb3&lt;br&gt;Bb4+&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Four Knights Game|Four Knights Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Nc3|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bb4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Ponziani Opening|Ponziani Opening]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb5&lt;br&gt;dxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Qg5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
{{wikipedia|King's Knight Opening}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{NCO}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>p961js8p39nyprk8wsj83rgdsvoo6y3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633103</id>
      <parentid>4628903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:36:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Defend e4 */</comment>
      <origin>4633103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15884" sha1="py6h9qvb4kxatl6ibdvmzcg16mwkowv" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Two knights defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C55]]
|parent=[[../|Italian game]]
}}
== 3...Nf6 · Two knights defence ==

With 3...Nf6, Black develops a knight and attacks the e4-pawn, getting one step closer to castling.  

White has several ways to proceed from this position: defend the e-pawn, usually with [[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']], attack f7 with the aggressive [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5''']], or sacrifice the pawn for an open centre and swift attack, taking advantage of the fact that Black's move 3...Nf6 blocked the queen's protection of the g5-square. 

=== Defend e4 ===
The e4-pawn is attacked, so the most logical move for white would be to defend it. 

[[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']] is the most common move, defending the pawn and opening the c1-h6 diagonal for the dark squared bishop. This is known as the '''modern bishop's opening'''. After 4...Bc5 this transposes into the Giuoco Pianissimo with. 4...Be7 continues with Ruy Lopez-style development. 

[[/4. Nc3|'''4. Nc3''']] transposes into the Italian variation of the four knights opening. Though this looks promising as it defends e4 ''while also'' developing a piece, it is less common and allows Black to play a centre fork trick. 4...Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4 Bd6: Black temporarily sacrifices a piece in order to play d5 and get back the piece with a comfortable position and has equalised.

=== Attack f7 ===
[[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5!?''']] is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. 

The most serious continuation is 4...d5, sacrificing a pawn to relieve the pressure on f7, 5. exd5 Na5, the Polerio defence which counter-attacks the bishop. 

4...Bc5? is the venomous but objectively dubious Traxler counterattack. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. 

In a sense 4. Ng5 also defends e4, because 4...Nxe4? (called the Ponziani-Steinitz gambit) is answered by 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4.

=== Sacrifice e4 ===
[[/4. d4|'''4. d4''']], called the '''open variation''', opens up the centre. This almost always transposes into the Scotch gambit, 4...exd4, and the main moves are 5. O-O or 5. e5. If 4...Nxe4? there is a trap, 5. dxe5 Bc4?? 6. Qd5!, threatening Qxf7# to pick up the knight. 

White can also gambit the e4-pawn with [[/4. O-O|'''4. O-O?''']], intending to meet 4...Nxe4 with 5. Nc3 Nxc3 6. dxc3. White has sacrificed the pawn for a rapid lead in development and an open position, hoping for a swift attack on Black's uncastled king.

=== History ===

This line has historically also been known as the Prussian defence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |last=Lasker |first=Emanuel |publisher=E P Dutton &amp; Co. |year=1927 |location=New York |pages=52-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}
:'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;9&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''11'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Traxler Counterattack&lt;br&gt;or Wilkes-Barre Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;1&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5|Ng5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5|Bc5!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7|Bxf7+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7|Ke7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5|Bd5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8|Rf8]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O|O-O]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6|d6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8..Bg4|Bg4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9.  Qb3|Qb3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6|Bb6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6|Bxc6]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6|bxc6]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6/11. h3|h3]]
h6
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Lolli Variation|Lolli Variation]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;2&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5|d5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5|exd5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5|Nxd5!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4|d4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4|Bb4+]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7|Be7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7|Nxf7]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3|Qf3+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6|Ke6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4|Qe4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4/10...Rf8|Rf8]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;f4
b5
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Fried Liver Attack|Fried Liver Attack]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7|Nxf7!?]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3|Qf3+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6|Ke6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4|Ncb4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3|a3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2|Nxc2+]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1|Kd1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1/10...Nxa1|Nxa1]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nxd5
Kd7
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Morphy Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5|Na5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2|Qe2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4|Nxc4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4|dxc4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2|Nfd2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2/10...O-O|O-O]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nb3
Bg4
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Main Line Ng5&lt;br&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5|Bb5+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6|c6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6|dxc6]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6|bxc6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;
[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2|Be2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5|Ne5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9.  Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5/10...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5|Ne5]]
[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5/10...Bc5|Bc5]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Steinitz Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3|Nh3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6|Bd6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3/10...O-O|O-O]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nc3
Nd5
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Bogoljubow Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3|Qf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8|Rb8]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3|Bd3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6/10. Ne4|Ne4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6/10. Ne4/10...Nd5|Nd5]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;b3
g6
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Ulvestad Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5|b5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1|Bf1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Qxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;Qe6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bxb5&lt;br&gt;Bb7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qe2&lt;br&gt;O-O-O&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Fritz Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;9&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4|Nd4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5|b5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1|Bf1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5|Nxd5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4|Ne4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4|Qh4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3|Ng3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4|Bg4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4/10. f3|f3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4/10. f3/10...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4/10. f3/10...e4/11. cxd4|cxd4]]
Bd6
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Classical Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d4|d4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. d4/4...exd4|exd4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O|O-O]]&lt;br&gt;Nxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bxd5&lt;br&gt;Qxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;Qh5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe4&lt;br&gt;Be6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bg5&lt;br&gt;Bd6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Max Lange Attack|Max Lange Attack]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;11&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;e5&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exf6&lt;br&gt;dxc4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1+&lt;br&gt;Be6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Ng5&lt;br&gt;Qd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;Qf5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+-&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Max Lange Attack|Max Lange Attack, Spielmann Variation]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;11&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...
...
&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Ng4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;h3&lt;br&gt;Ngxe5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Nxe5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;f4&lt;br&gt;0-0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;fxe5&lt;br&gt;dxe5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Modern Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d4/4...exd4/5. e5|e5]]&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb5&lt;br&gt;Ne4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Be3&lt;br&gt;Bd7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bxc6&lt;br&gt;bxc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Bb6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;13&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Ne4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qe2&lt;br&gt;Nc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Ne6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Rd1&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb5&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Ng4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exd6&lt;br&gt;Bxd6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1+&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;h3&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nbd2&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Giuoco Piano|Giuoco Piano]]&lt;br&gt;by transposition&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;15&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[../../3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3/4...Nf6|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;d5!?&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exd5&lt;br&gt;Nxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Qh4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Qxf2+&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Kh1&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb3&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;Na5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bc2&lt;br&gt;c5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nbd2&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;Re8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Italian Four Knights Game by transposition&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;18&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bc4|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;Nxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Nxc3&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;dxc3&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qd5&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Nxe5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qxe5&lt;br&gt;Bf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qh5&lt;br&gt;c6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. O-O|O-O]]&lt;br&gt;Nxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;f6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nh4&lt;br&gt;g6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;f4&lt;br&gt;Qe7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Kh1&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=+&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}}
* ''The Two Knights Defence'' (1983) Yakov Estrin. {{ISBN|0-7134-3991-2}}.
{{BCO2}}
{{NCO}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633253</id>
      <parentid>4633103</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T09:20:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
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      <comment>/* Theory table */</comment>
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      <text bytes="15885" sha1="6ak0w3te8hs70fe5089omy4g4hwcmze" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Two knights defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C55]]
|parent=[[../|Italian game]]
}}
== 3...Nf6 · Two knights defence ==

With 3...Nf6, Black develops a knight and attacks the e4-pawn, getting one step closer to castling.  

White has several ways to proceed from this position: defend the e-pawn, usually with [[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']], attack f7 with the aggressive [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5''']], or sacrifice the pawn for an open centre and swift attack, taking advantage of the fact that Black's move 3...Nf6 blocked the queen's protection of the g5-square. 

=== Defend e4 ===
The e4-pawn is attacked, so the most logical move for white would be to defend it. 

[[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']] is the most common move, defending the pawn and opening the c1-h6 diagonal for the dark squared bishop. This is known as the '''modern bishop's opening'''. After 4...Bc5 this transposes into the Giuoco Pianissimo with. 4...Be7 continues with Ruy Lopez-style development. 

[[/4. Nc3|'''4. Nc3''']] transposes into the Italian variation of the four knights opening. Though this looks promising as it defends e4 ''while also'' developing a piece, it is less common and allows Black to play a centre fork trick. 4...Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4 Bd6: Black temporarily sacrifices a piece in order to play d5 and get back the piece with a comfortable position and has equalised.

=== Attack f7 ===
[[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5!?''']] is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. 

The most serious continuation is 4...d5, sacrificing a pawn to relieve the pressure on f7, 5. exd5 Na5, the Polerio defence which counter-attacks the bishop. 

4...Bc5? is the venomous but objectively dubious Traxler counterattack. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. 

In a sense 4. Ng5 also defends e4, because 4...Nxe4? (called the Ponziani-Steinitz gambit) is answered by 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4.

=== Sacrifice e4 ===
[[/4. d4|'''4. d4''']], called the '''open variation''', opens up the centre. This almost always transposes into the Scotch gambit, 4...exd4, and the main moves are 5. O-O or 5. e5. If 4...Nxe4? there is a trap, 5. dxe5 Bc4?? 6. Qd5!, threatening Qxf7# to pick up the knight. 

White can also gambit the e4-pawn with [[/4. O-O|'''4. O-O?''']], intending to meet 4...Nxe4 with 5. Nc3 Nxc3 6. dxc3. White has sacrificed the pawn for a rapid lead in development and an open position, hoping for a swift attack on Black's uncastled king.

=== History ===

This line has historically also been known as the Prussian defence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |last=Lasker |first=Emanuel |publisher=E P Dutton &amp; Co. |year=1927 |location=New York |pages=52-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}
:'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;9&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''11'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Traxler Counterattack&lt;br&gt;or Wilkes-Barre Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;1&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5|Ng5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5|Bc5!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7|Bxf7+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7|Ke7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5|Bd5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8|Rf8]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O|O-O]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6|d6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4|Bg4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9.  Qb3|Qb3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6|Bb6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6|Bxc6]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6|bxc6]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6/11. h3|h3]]
h6
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Lolli Variation|Lolli Variation]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;2&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5|d5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5|exd5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5|Nxd5!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4|d4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4|Bb4+]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7|Be7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7|Nxf7]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3|Qf3+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6|Ke6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4|Qe4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4/10...Rf8|Rf8]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;f4
b5
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Fried Liver Attack|Fried Liver Attack]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7|Nxf7!?]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3|Qf3+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6|Ke6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4|Ncb4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3|a3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2|Nxc2+]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1|Kd1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1/10...Nxa1|Nxa1]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nxd5
Kd7
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Morphy Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5|Na5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2|Qe2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4|Nxc4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4|dxc4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2|Nfd2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2/10...O-O|O-O]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nb3
Bg4
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Main Line Ng5&lt;br&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5|Bb5+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6|c6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6|dxc6]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6|bxc6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;
[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2|Be2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5|Ne5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9.  Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5/10...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5|Ne5]]
[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5/10...Bc5|Bc5]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Steinitz Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3|Nh3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6|Bd6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3/10...O-O|O-O]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nc3
Nd5
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Bogoljubow Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3|Qf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8|Rb8]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3|Bd3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6/10. Ne4|Ne4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6/10. Ne4/10...Nd5|Nd5]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;b3
g6
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Ulvestad Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5|b5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1|Bf1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Qxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;Qe6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bxb5&lt;br&gt;Bb7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qe2&lt;br&gt;O-O-O&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Fritz Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;9&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4|Nd4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5|b5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1|Bf1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5|Nxd5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4|Ne4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4|Qh4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3|Ng3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4|Bg4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4/10. f3|f3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4/10. f3/10...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4/10. f3/10...e4/11. cxd4|cxd4]]
Bd6
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Classical Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d4|d4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4. d4/4...exd4|exd4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O|O-O]]&lt;br&gt;Nxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bxd5&lt;br&gt;Qxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;Qh5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe4&lt;br&gt;Be6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bg5&lt;br&gt;Bd6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Max Lange Attack|Max Lange Attack]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;11&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;e5&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exf6&lt;br&gt;dxc4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1+&lt;br&gt;Be6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Ng5&lt;br&gt;Qd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;Qf5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+-&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Max Lange Attack|Max Lange Attack, Spielmann Variation]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;11&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...
...
&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Ng4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;h3&lt;br&gt;Ngxe5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Nxe5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;f4&lt;br&gt;0-0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;fxe5&lt;br&gt;dxe5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Modern Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d4/4...exd4/5. e5|e5]]&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb5&lt;br&gt;Ne4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Be3&lt;br&gt;Bd7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bxc6&lt;br&gt;bxc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Bb6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;13&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Ne4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qe2&lt;br&gt;Nc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Ne6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Rd1&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb5&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Ng4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exd6&lt;br&gt;Bxd6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1+&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;h3&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nbd2&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Giuoco Piano|Giuoco Piano]]&lt;br&gt;by transposition&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;15&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[../../3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3/4...Nf6|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;d5!?&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exd5&lt;br&gt;Nxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Qh4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Qxf2+&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Kh1&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb3&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;Na5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bc2&lt;br&gt;c5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nbd2&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;Re8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Italian Four Knights Game by transposition&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;18&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bc4|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;Nxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;Nxc3&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;dxc3&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qd5&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Nxe5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qxe5&lt;br&gt;Bf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qh5&lt;br&gt;c6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4. O-O|O-O]]&lt;br&gt;Nxe4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;f6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nh4&lt;br&gt;g6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;f4&lt;br&gt;Qe7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Kh1&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; -
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=+&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}}
* ''The Two Knights Defence'' (1983) Yakov Estrin. {{ISBN|0-7134-3991-2}}.
{{BCO2}}
{{NCO}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>6ak0w3te8hs70fe5089omy4g4hwcmze</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633254</id>
      <parentid>4633253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T09:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Theory table */ theory table template. Removed continuations after transpositions.</comment>
      <origin>4633254</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4309" sha1="eoe3tsasgbdp5mqd8x4kkqrztfaju0a" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Two knights defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C55]]
|parent=[[../|Italian game]]
}}
== 3...Nf6 · Two knights defence ==

With 3...Nf6, Black develops a knight and attacks the e4-pawn, getting one step closer to castling.  

White has several ways to proceed from this position: defend the e-pawn, usually with [[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']], attack f7 with the aggressive [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5''']], or sacrifice the pawn for an open centre and swift attack, taking advantage of the fact that Black's move 3...Nf6 blocked the queen's protection of the g5-square. 

=== Defend e4 ===
The e4-pawn is attacked, so the most logical move for white would be to defend it. 

[[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']] is the most common move, defending the pawn and opening the c1-h6 diagonal for the dark squared bishop. This is known as the '''modern bishop's opening'''. After 4...Bc5 this transposes into the Giuoco Pianissimo with. 4...Be7 continues with Ruy Lopez-style development. 

[[/4. Nc3|'''4. Nc3''']] transposes into the Italian variation of the four knights opening. Though this looks promising as it defends e4 ''while also'' developing a piece, it is less common and allows Black to play a centre fork trick. 4...Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4 Bd6: Black temporarily sacrifices a piece in order to play d5 and get back the piece with a comfortable position and has equalised.

=== Attack f7 ===
[[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5!?''']] is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. 

The most serious continuation is 4...d5, sacrificing a pawn to relieve the pressure on f7, 5. exd5 Na5, the Polerio defence which counter-attacks the bishop. 

4...Bc5? is the venomous but objectively dubious Traxler counterattack. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. 

In a sense 4. Ng5 also defends e4, because 4...Nxe4? (called the Ponziani-Steinitz gambit) is answered by 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4.

=== Sacrifice e4 ===
[[/4. d4|'''4. d4''']], called the '''open variation''', opens up the centre. This almost always transposes into the Scotch gambit, 4...exd4, and the main moves are 5. O-O or 5. e5. If 4...Nxe4? there is a trap, 5. dxe5 Bc4?? 6. Qd5!, threatening Qxf7# to pick up the knight. 

White can also gambit the e4-pawn with [[/4. O-O|'''4. O-O?''']], intending to meet 4...Nxe4 with 5. Nc3 Nxc3 6. dxc3. White has sacrificed the pawn for a rapid lead in development and an open position, hoping for a swift attack on Black's uncastled king.

=== History ===

This line has historically also been known as the Prussian defence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |last=Lasker |first=Emanuel |publisher=E P Dutton &amp; Co. |year=1927 |location=New York |pages=52-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

{{Chess/theory table|links=all

|line1=4. d3 Bc5
|name1=Giuoco piano&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line2=4. Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Na5 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 
|name2=Polerio defence

|line3=4. ... ... 5. ... Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Nb4 9. O-O c6 
|name3=Fried liver attack

|linee4=4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. d4 Nxd4 7. c3 b5 8. Bd3 h6 9. Nxf7 Kxf7 
|name4=Lolli attack

|line5=4. ... ... 5. ... b5 6. Bf1 Nd4 7. c3 Nxd5 
|name5=Ulvestad variation

|line6=4. ... ... 5. ... Nd4 6. c3 b5 7. Bf1 Nxd5 8. Ne4 Qh4 9. Ng3 Bg4 10. f3 e4 11. cxd4 
|name6=Fritz variation

|line7=4. ... Nxe4 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. d4 
|name7=Ponziani-Steinitz gambit

|line8=4. ... Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. Qb3 Bb6 10. Bxc6 bxc6 11. h3 h6 
|name8=Traxler counterattack

|line9=4. d4 exd4 5. e5 d5 
|name9=Open variation

|line10=4. ... ... 5. O-O
|name10=Scotch gambit&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line11=4. Nc3
|name11=Four knights game,&lt;br&gt;Italian variation&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}}
* ''The Two Knights Defence'' (1983) Yakov Estrin. {{ISBN|0-7134-3991-2}}.
{{BCO2}}
{{NCO}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>eoe3tsasgbdp5mqd8x4kkqrztfaju0a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633255</id>
      <parentid>4633254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T09:50:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* 3...Nf6 · Two knights defence */</comment>
      <origin>4633255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4306" sha1="kqh8sj65vh8rb4ye1infawbffh925hs" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Two knights defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C55]]
|parent=[[../|Italian game]]
}}
== 3...Nf6 · Two knights defence ==

With 3...Nf6, Black develops a knight and attacks the e4-pawn, getting one step closer to castling.  

White has several ways to proceed from this position: defend the e-pawn, usually with [[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']], attack f7 with the aggressive [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5''']] (taking advantage of the fact that Black's move 3...Nf6 blocked the queen's control of the g5-square), or sacrifice the pawn for an open centre and swift attack.

=== Defend e4 ===
The e4-pawn is attacked, so the most logical move for white would be to defend it. 

[[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']] is the most common move, defending the pawn and opening the c1-h6 diagonal for the dark squared bishop. This is known as the '''modern bishop's opening'''. After 4...Bc5 this transposes into the Giuoco Pianissimo with. 4...Be7 continues with Ruy Lopez-style development. 

[[/4. Nc3|'''4. Nc3''']] transposes into the Italian variation of the four knights opening. Though this looks promising as it defends e4 ''while also'' developing a piece, it is less common and allows Black to play a centre fork trick. 4...Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4 Bd6: Black temporarily sacrifices a piece in order to play d5 and get back the piece with a comfortable position and has equalised.

=== Attack f7 ===
[[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5!?''']] is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. 

The most serious continuation is 4...d5, sacrificing a pawn to relieve the pressure on f7, 5. exd5 Na5, the Polerio defence which counter-attacks the bishop. 

4...Bc5? is the venomous but objectively dubious Traxler counterattack. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. 

In a sense 4. Ng5 also defends e4, because 4...Nxe4? (called the Ponziani-Steinitz gambit) is answered by 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4.

=== Sacrifice e4 ===
[[/4. d4|'''4. d4''']], called the '''open variation''', opens up the centre. This almost always transposes into the Scotch gambit, 4...exd4, and the main moves are 5. O-O or 5. e5. If 4...Nxe4? there is a trap, 5. dxe5 Bc4?? 6. Qd5!, threatening Qxf7# to pick up the knight. 

White can also gambit the e4-pawn with [[/4. O-O|'''4. O-O?''']], intending to meet 4...Nxe4 with 5. Nc3 Nxc3 6. dxc3. White has sacrificed the pawn for a rapid lead in development and an open position, hoping for a swift attack on Black's uncastled king.

=== History ===

This line has historically also been known as the Prussian defence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |last=Lasker |first=Emanuel |publisher=E P Dutton &amp; Co. |year=1927 |location=New York |pages=52-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

{{Chess/theory table|links=all

|line1=4. d3 Bc5
|name1=Giuoco piano&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line2=4. Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Na5 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 
|name2=Polerio defence

|line3=4. ... ... 5. ... Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Nb4 9. O-O c6 
|name3=Fried liver attack

|linee4=4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. d4 Nxd4 7. c3 b5 8. Bd3 h6 9. Nxf7 Kxf7 
|name4=Lolli attack

|line5=4. ... ... 5. ... b5 6. Bf1 Nd4 7. c3 Nxd5 
|name5=Ulvestad variation

|line6=4. ... ... 5. ... Nd4 6. c3 b5 7. Bf1 Nxd5 8. Ne4 Qh4 9. Ng3 Bg4 10. f3 e4 11. cxd4 
|name6=Fritz variation

|line7=4. ... Nxe4 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. d4 
|name7=Ponziani-Steinitz gambit

|line8=4. ... Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. Qb3 Bb6 10. Bxc6 bxc6 11. h3 h6 
|name8=Traxler counterattack

|line9=4. d4 exd4 5. e5 d5 
|name9=Open variation

|line10=4. ... ... 5. O-O
|name10=Scotch gambit&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line11=4. Nc3
|name11=Four knights game,&lt;br&gt;Italian variation&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}}
* ''The Two Knights Defence'' (1983) Yakov Estrin. {{ISBN|0-7134-3991-2}}.
{{BCO2}}
{{NCO}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>kqh8sj65vh8rb4ye1infawbffh925hs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633257</id>
      <parentid>4633255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T11:31:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Defend e4 */</comment>
      <origin>4633257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4301" sha1="n15mawy9e7rzz6rqavv3mszjjpkgfrr" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Two knights defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C55]]
|parent=[[../|Italian game]]
}}
== 3...Nf6 · Two knights defence ==

With 3...Nf6, Black develops a knight and attacks the e4-pawn, getting one step closer to castling.  

White has several ways to proceed from this position: defend the e-pawn, usually with [[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']], attack f7 with the aggressive [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5''']] (taking advantage of the fact that Black's move 3...Nf6 blocked the queen's control of the g5-square), or sacrifice the pawn for an open centre and swift attack.

=== Defend e4 ===
The e4-pawn is attacked, so the most logical move for white would be to defend it. 

[[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']] is the most common move, defending the pawn and opening the c1-h6 diagonal for the dark squared bishop. This is known as the '''modern bishop's opening'''. After 4...Bc5 this transposes into the Giuoco Pianissimo. 4...Be7 continues with Ruy Lopez-style development. 

[[/4. Nc3|'''4. Nc3''']] transposes into the Italian variation of the four knights opening. Though this looks promising as it defends e4 ''while also'' developing a piece, it is less common and allows Black to play a centre fork trick. 4...Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4 Bd6: Black temporarily sacrifices a piece in order to play d5 and get back the piece with a comfortable position and has equalised.

=== Attack f7 ===
[[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5!?''']] is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. 

The most serious continuation is 4...d5, sacrificing a pawn to relieve the pressure on f7, 5. exd5 Na5, the Polerio defence which counter-attacks the bishop. 

4...Bc5? is the venomous but objectively dubious Traxler counterattack. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. 

In a sense 4. Ng5 also defends e4, because 4...Nxe4? (called the Ponziani-Steinitz gambit) is answered by 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4.

=== Sacrifice e4 ===
[[/4. d4|'''4. d4''']], called the '''open variation''', opens up the centre. This almost always transposes into the Scotch gambit, 4...exd4, and the main moves are 5. O-O or 5. e5. If 4...Nxe4? there is a trap, 5. dxe5 Bc4?? 6. Qd5!, threatening Qxf7# to pick up the knight. 

White can also gambit the e4-pawn with [[/4. O-O|'''4. O-O?''']], intending to meet 4...Nxe4 with 5. Nc3 Nxc3 6. dxc3. White has sacrificed the pawn for a rapid lead in development and an open position, hoping for a swift attack on Black's uncastled king.

=== History ===

This line has historically also been known as the Prussian defence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |last=Lasker |first=Emanuel |publisher=E P Dutton &amp; Co. |year=1927 |location=New York |pages=52-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

{{Chess/theory table|links=all

|line1=4. d3 Bc5
|name1=Giuoco piano&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line2=4. Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Na5 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 
|name2=Polerio defence

|line3=4. ... ... 5. ... Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Nb4 9. O-O c6 
|name3=Fried liver attack

|linee4=4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. d4 Nxd4 7. c3 b5 8. Bd3 h6 9. Nxf7 Kxf7 
|name4=Lolli attack

|line5=4. ... ... 5. ... b5 6. Bf1 Nd4 7. c3 Nxd5 
|name5=Ulvestad variation

|line6=4. ... ... 5. ... Nd4 6. c3 b5 7. Bf1 Nxd5 8. Ne4 Qh4 9. Ng3 Bg4 10. f3 e4 11. cxd4 
|name6=Fritz variation

|line7=4. ... Nxe4 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. d4 
|name7=Ponziani-Steinitz gambit

|line8=4. ... Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. Qb3 Bb6 10. Bxc6 bxc6 11. h3 h6 
|name8=Traxler counterattack

|line9=4. d4 exd4 5. e5 d5 
|name9=Open variation

|line10=4. ... ... 5. O-O
|name10=Scotch gambit&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line11=4. Nc3
|name11=Four knights game,&lt;br&gt;Italian variation&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}}
* ''The Two Knights Defence'' (1983) Yakov Estrin. {{ISBN|0-7134-3991-2}}.
{{BCO2}}
{{NCO}}
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Physics/Electrons, Waves and Photons/Electric current</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633135</id>
      <parentid>3753442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:07:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4633135</origin>
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      <text bytes="8819" sha1="35yv9schx4923ildvq8cfpcbkth0jf0" xml:space="preserve">Electricity is useful because we can easily transform electrical energy to other forms of energy such as light, sound and heat. Electricity is transferred from place to place by wires as an electric current.

==Current and Charge==

'''Electric current''' is the flow of charged particles, usually electrons, around a circuit. Metals are good conductors of electricity because they have '''free electrons''' that can move around easily.

Current is measured in '''amperes'''.

Charged particles have a charge which is either positive or negative. The strength of a charge can be found using the formula:

:&lt;math&gt;Q = I \times t&lt;/math&gt;

where Q is the quantity of charge in coulombs, I is the current in amps, and t is the time in seconds

We can use this formula to define the coulomb:

{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
One coulomb is the amount of charge which flows past a point when a current of 1 ampere flows for 1 second&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

===Electron flow===

When you attach a battery to a small bulb with wires, you would say that the current is flowing from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative one. This is called '''conventional current'''. The electrons, however, flow from the negative terminal to the positive. This '''electron flow''' is in the opposite direction to the conventional current, and care must be taken to not confuse the two. When we just say current it is assumed that we are talking about conventional current.

The reason for this is that the direction of conventional current was chosen before people knew what was happening inside a conductor when a current flows.

In A-level, charge in coulombs is the product of current in amperes by the time in seconds.

==Resistance==

Any component with electrical resistance opposes the flow of an electrical current.

===Electrical Resistance===

In an electrical circuit, current flows around it. Each component in the circuit has a resistance, which resists the flow of the current.

The voltage that you get from the power supply can be simply described as the &quot;push&quot; given to the electrons to go around the circuit.

It would then make sense to say that the greater the voltage, the greater the current, and the greater the resistance, the lower the current. The current flowing around the circuit could then be written as the equation:

:&lt;math&gt;I=\frac {V}{R}&lt;/math&gt;.

For example, if you were to connect a 9 volt power supply to a 3 &amp;Omega; (read as 3 ohm) resistor, you could use the formula above to find the current. &lt;math&gt;I=\frac {9}{3}&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;I=3A&lt;/math&gt;.

A particular arrangement of this formula is used to define resistance and the ohm.

:&lt;math&gt;R=\frac {V}{I}&lt;/math&gt;.

This says that the resistance of a component is the voltage across it for every unit of current flowing through it. More formally this can be written as:

{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The resistance of a component in a circuit is the ratio of the voltage across that component to the current in it.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

The unit of resistance, the ohm (&amp;Omega;), is defined so that one ohm is the resistance of a component that has a voltage of 1 volt across it for every amp of current flowing through it. In other words, one ohm is one volt per amp.

===Ohm's Law===

In many components, the voltage across it is proportional to the current flowing through it. You can make this observation on a circuit with a resistor of a known resistance, a voltmeter, an ammeter, and a power supply with a variable voltage. As you increase the voltage, the current will also increase. You will come to the conclusion that &lt;math&gt;V \propto I&lt;/math&gt;, with the constant of proportionality equal to &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;. This gives us &lt;math&gt;V = IR&lt;/math&gt;, an arrangement of the familiar formula.

Components where &lt;math&gt;V \propto I&lt;/math&gt;, are known as '''ohmic conductors''', and have a constant resistance. They are said to follow '''Ohm's law''', which states that:
{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0399ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
If the source voltage remains constant, the flow of current is inversely proportional to resistance.
       '''OR'''
If the temperature remains constant, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. 
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

Note that not all components are ohmic conductors, and can have varying values of resistance. You will have to use the formula &lt;math&gt;R = \frac {V}{I}&lt;/math&gt; to find the resistance for specific values of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt;.

Below you can see 3 graphs with current on the vertical axis, and voltage on the horizontal axis. Where the graph is a straight line, the voltage is proportional to the current. Therefore, only the metallic conductor is an ohmic conductor.

[[Image:I-V_characteristics.png|350px|center]]

A diode and a filament lamp are two examples of '''non-ohmic''' conductors. The diode is designed to only allow current through in one direction, hence the use of negative values on its graph. The filament lamp doesn't have a constant temperature, which according to Ohm's law is required for a component to be an ohmic conductor. Instead, it heats up as a current passes through it, which has an effect on the resistance.

===Temperature===
===Resistivity===

The '''resistivity''' of a material is the property that determines its resistance for a unit length and unit cross sectional area of that material. Copper, for example, is a better conductor than lead, in other words lead has a higher resistivity than copper. You can compare different materials in this way.

Resistivity, ρ (the Greek letter rho), is defined by the equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\rho = \frac{RA}{l}&lt;/math&gt;

Where ρ is resistivity, R is the resistance, A is the cross sectional area of the material, and l is the length of the material.

The units of resistivity are Ohm-meters, Ωm.

If we rearrange the above equation so that:

:&lt;math&gt;R = \frac{\rho l}{A}&lt;/math&gt;

You can see that as the length of a wire is increased, its resistance will increase, and as the cross sectional area of a wire is increased, its resistance will decrease. This is true provided that the temperature is constant, and that the same materials are always used, to make sure that the resistivity stays the same.

==Voltage and Energy==

Earlier, we simply said that a voltage is the &quot;push&quot; given to electrons, or units of charge. Now, we will take a look at voltage in terms of energy, and find a more accurate definition of the volt.

===Potential Difference===

When you attach a voltmeter across a component, the voltage you are measuring is a '''potential difference''' (PD). Electrical energy is being used up by the component, and so we can say that a potential difference is a voltage where the charge is ''losing energy''. Potential difference has the symbol V.

By definition, the potential difference is the energy converted from electrical energy to other forms of energy in moving a unit of electrical charge from one point to another. So, if the PD of a resistor is say, 2V then if 3 coulomb of charges pass through it, then the energy used up is 6 Joules.

Potential difference is the energy lost per unit charge, and can be written as the following formula:

:&lt;math&gt;V=\frac{W}{Q}&lt;/math&gt;

===Electromotive Force===

A battery provides a certain voltage to the circuit, and the electrons are ''gaining energy'' from the battery as they flow past. This voltage where the charge gains energy is called an '''electromotive force''' (EMF) and is measured in volts (V). Its symbol is ε.

EMF. is the energy gained per unit charge, and can be written as the following formula:

:&lt;math&gt;E=\frac{W}{Q}&lt;/math&gt;

Both the PD and EMF are measured in volts, and one volt is equivalent to one joule per coulomb.

===Electrical Energy and Power===

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred, written as the formula:

:&lt;math&gt;P=\frac{W}{t}&lt;/math&gt;

To find a formula for electrical power, we take the following formula for voltage and make W the subject:

:&lt;math&gt;V=\frac{W}{Q}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;W=QV&lt;/math&gt;

Then we need to divide both sides by t to get power:

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{W}{t}=\frac {QV}{t}&lt;/math&gt;

Recall that charge divided by time is current, we now have:

:&lt;math&gt;P=I \times V&lt;/math&gt;

From the formula above, you can see that the electrical power is simply the product of current and voltage. You can combine this with &lt;math&gt;V=IR&lt;/math&gt; to give two further equations:

:&lt;math&gt;P=I^2R&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;P=\frac{V^2}{R}&lt;/math&gt;

One last formula is for energy and is derived from the formula for power:

:&lt;math&gt;P=\frac{W}{t}=IV&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;W=IVt&lt;/math&gt;

{{A-level physics}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Physics/Forces, Fields and Energy/Further dynamics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4633136</id>
      <parentid>3583859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:09:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
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      <text bytes="3615" sha1="rndmnztg6o50rz14zyyabka6l2s93h7" xml:space="preserve">From last year, you should remember kinematics and dynamics, the branch of physics that relates to the motion of objects. We will now expand on this and have a look at what happens when two objects collide, the concept of momentum, and we will take a closer look at Newton's three laws of motion.

==Momentum==

If you have seen collisions involving two objects, you may have noticed that the velocity of one object seems to be passed to the other object. You may also have noticed that heavier objects seem to pass more velocity on to smaller objects, whereas smaller objects seem to pass less velocity to more massive ones.

What is in fact happening is that '''momentum''' is being conserved. Momentum is the product of an objects mass and velocity, or &lt;math&gt;p=mv&lt;/math&gt;. This means that, after a collision, an object that is heavier will have a lower velocity than a lighter object in its place, and vice versa. Momentum is conserved for all collisions. The principle of the conservation of momentum states that:

{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
Within a closed system, the total momentum in any specified direction remains constant.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

Momentum is a vector quantity and has the units &lt;math&gt;kg\,m\,s^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;Ns&lt;/math&gt; (Newton-seconds) in the SI system.

==Collisions==

Since momentum is conserved, the momentum before a collision is equal to the momentum after a collision. You can use this fact to solve problems involving collisions.

&lt;math&gt;
\begin{alignat}{2}
Before &amp; =After\\
m_1u_1+ m_2u_2 &amp; =m_1v_1 + m_2v_2\\
\end{alignat}
&lt;/math&gt;

For instance, a ball is moving at 3&amp;nbsp;m/s with mass 3&amp;nbsp;kg. It hits another ball with mass 1&amp;nbsp;kg moving at 2&amp;nbsp;m/s; the two balls collide and the second ball rebounds at 4&amp;nbsp;m/s. Find the velocity at which ball 1 is moving:

&lt;math&gt;
\begin{alignat}{2}
Before &amp; = After \\
m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 &amp; =  m_1v_1 + m_2v_2 \\
3\times 3 + 2\times 1 &amp; =  3v  + 1\times 4 \\
11 &amp; =  3v  + 4 \\
11-4 &amp; =  3v \\
7 &amp; =  3v \\
v &amp; =  \frac{7}{3} \\
\end{alignat}&lt;/math&gt;

So the velocity at which ball 1 is moving after the collision is 2.3&amp;nbsp;m/s (7/3)m/s
1

==Newton's laws of motion==

===Newton's first law of motion===

{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
A body stays at rest or continues to move at constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

===Newton's second law of motion===

Originally, you learnt this to be:

{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
For an object with constant mass, its acceleration is proportional to the force producing the acceleration, and is in the direction of the force.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

However, since you now know that a force changes the rate of change of momentum of an object, we can use a more accurate interpretation of Newton's second law:

{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and takes place in the direction of the resultant force.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

===Newton's third law of motion===

{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B will exert a force of the same type that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on body A..
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

{{A-level physics}}

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Java Programming/Understanding a Java Program</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26219-23</username>
        <id>3580101</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduction to Java Syntax */</comment>
      <origin>4633239</origin>
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      <text bytes="30869" sha1="5pl4otwel6c4qhljygn3jqiebn9hu37" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Displaytitle|title=Understanding a Java Program}}
{{Nav}}
{{Java Programming/GettingStartedTopic/Nav}}
__NOTOC__&lt;/noinclude&gt;

This article presents a small Java program which can be run from the console. It computes the distance between two points on a plane. You do not need to understand the structure and meaning of the program just yet; we will get to that soon. Also, because the program is intended as a simple introduction, it has some room for improvement, and later in the module we will show some of these improvements. But let's not get too far ahead of ourselves!

== The Distance Class: Intent, Source, and Use ==

This class is named ''Distance'', so using your favorite editor or [[Java Programming/Java IDEs|Java IDE]], first create a file named &lt;code&gt;Distance.java&lt;/code&gt;, then copy the source below, paste it into the file and save the file.
{{XCode|1=&lt;span id=&quot;code-listing-1&quot;&gt;'''Code listing 2.1: Distance.java'''&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 public class Distance {
   private java.awt.Point point0, point1;
 
   public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {
     point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
     point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
   }
 
   public void printDistance() {
     System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0 + &quot; and &quot; + point1
                     + &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));
   }
 
   public static void main(String[] args) {
     Distance dist = new Distance(
              intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
              intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
     dist.printDistance();
   }
 
   private static int intValue(String data) {
     return Integer.parseInt(data);
   }
 }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

At this point, you may wish to review the source to see how much you might be able to understand. While perhaps not being the most literate of programming languages, someone with understanding of other procedural languages such as C, or other object oriented languages such as C++ or C#, will be able to understand most if not all of the sample program.

Once you save the file, [[Java Programming/Compilation|compile]] the program:
{{XCode|1='''Compilation command'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
$ javac Distance.java
&lt;/pre&gt;}}
(If the &lt;code&gt;javac&lt;/code&gt; command fails, review the [[Java Programming/Installation|installation instructions]].)

To run the program, you supply it with the ''x'' and ''y'' coordinates of two points on a plane separated by a space. For this version of Distance, only integer points are supported. The command sequence is ''&lt;code&gt;java Distance &lt;x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&gt; &lt;y&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&gt; &lt;x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&gt; &lt;y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'' to compute the distance between the points (''x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'') and (''x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'').
{{XWarning|If you get a &lt;code&gt;java.lang.NumberFormatException&lt;/code&gt; exception, some arguments are not a number. If you get a &lt;code&gt;java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException&lt;/code&gt; exception, you did not provide enough numbers.}}

Here are two examples:
{{XCode|1='''Output for the distance between the points (0, 3) and (4, 0)'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
$ java Distance 0 3 4 0
Distance between java.awt.Point[x=0,y=3] and java.awt.Point[x=4,y=0] is 5.0
&lt;/pre&gt;}}

{{XCode|1='''Output for the distance between the points (-4, 5) and (11, 19)'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
$ java Distance -4 5 11 19
Distance between java.awt.Point[x=-4,y=5] and java.awt.Point[x=11,y=19] is 20.518284528683193
&lt;/pre&gt;}}

We'll explain this strange looking output, and also show how to improve it, later.

== Detailed Program Structure and Overview ==

As promised, we will now provide a detailed description of this Java program. We will discuss the syntax and structure of the program and the meaning of that structure.

=== Introduction to Java Syntax ===

{{XCode|1=&lt;span id=&quot;code-listing-1&quot;&gt;'''Code listing''' 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public class Distance {
   private java.awt.Point point0, point1;

   public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {
     point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
     point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
   }

   public void printDistance() {
     System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0 + &quot; and &quot; + point1
                     + &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
     Distance dist = new Distance(
              intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
              intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
     dist.printDistance();
   }

   private static int intValue(String data) {
     return Integer.parseInt(data);
   }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}


:&lt;span id=&quot;figure-1&quot;&gt;Figure 2.1&lt;/span&gt;: Basic Java syntax.
::''For a further treatment of the syntax elements of Java, see also [[Java Programming/Syntax|Syntax]].''

The ''syntax'' of a Java class is the characters, symbols and their structure used to code the class. Java programs consist of a sequence of tokens. There are different kinds of tokens. For example, there are word tokens such as {{java:class}} and {{java:public}} which represent ''[[Java Programming/Keywords|&lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;'''keywords'''&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;'''(in purple'''&lt;/span&gt; [[#figure-1|&lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;'''above'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;''')'''&lt;/span&gt; &amp;mdash; special words with reserved meaning in Java. Other words such as &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;x1&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;printDistance&lt;/code&gt; are not keywords but &lt;span style=&quot;color: grey&quot;&gt;''identifiers'' (in grey)&lt;/span&gt;. Identifiers have many different uses in Java but primarily they are used as names. Java also has tokens to represent numbers, such as &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt;; these are known as ''[[Java Programming/Literals|&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange&quot;&gt;literals&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: orange&quot;&gt;(in orange)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Java Programming/Literals/String Literals|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;String literals&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;(in blue)&lt;/span&gt;, such as  &lt;code&gt;&quot;Distance between &quot;&lt;/code&gt;, consist of zero or more characters embedded in double quotes, and ''[[Java Programming/Operators|&lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;operators&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;(in red)&lt;/span&gt; such as &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; are used to express basic computation such as addition or String concatenation or assignment. There are also left and right braces (&lt;code&gt;{&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;) which enclose ''blocks''. The body of a class is one such block. Some tokens are punctuation, such as periods &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; and commas &lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt; and semicolons &lt;code&gt;;&lt;/code&gt;. You use ''whitespace'' such as spaces, tabs, and newlines, to separate tokens. For example, whitespace is required between keywords and identifiers: &lt;code&gt;publicstatic&lt;/code&gt; is a single identifier with twelve characters, not two Java keywords.
 Java Syntax

=== Declarations and Definitions ===

&lt;div style=&quot;border: blue solid 3px; background-color: #ccf&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;public class Distance {&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border: green solid 3px; background-color: #cfc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;private java.awt.Point point0, point1;&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: orange solid 3px; background-color: #fdc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: red solid 3px; background-color: #fcc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;public void printDistance() {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0 + &quot; and &quot; + point1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;+ &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: red solid 3px; background-color: #fcc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;public static void main(String[] args) {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Distance dist = new Distance(&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dist.printDistance();&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: red solid 3px; background-color: #fcc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;private static int intValue(String data) {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;return Integer.parseInt(data);&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
:&lt;span id=&quot;figure-2&quot;&gt;Figure 2.2&lt;/span&gt;: Declarations and Definitions.

Sequences of tokens are used to construct the next building blocks of Java classes as shown [[#figure-2|above]]: declarations and definitions. A class declaration provides the name and visibility of a class. In our example, &lt;code&gt;public class Distance&lt;/code&gt; is the class declaration. It consists (in this case) of two keywords, &lt;code&gt;{{java:public}}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{java:class}}&lt;/code&gt; followed by the identifier &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt;.

This means that we are defining a class named &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt;. Other classes, or in our case, the command line, can refer to the class by this name. The &lt;code&gt;public&lt;/code&gt; keyword is an [[Java Programming/Scope|access modifier]] which declares that this class and its members may be accessed from other classes. The &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; keyword, obviously, identifies this declaration as a class. Java also allows declarations of ''[[Java Programming/Interfaces|interfaces]]'' and ''[[Java Programming/Annotations|annotations]]''.

The class declaration is then followed by a block (surrounded by curly braces) which provides the class's definition &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;(in blue in [[#figure-2|figure 2.2]])&lt;/span&gt;. The definition is the implementation of the class &amp;ndash; the declaration and definitions of the class's members. This class contains exactly six members, which we will explain in turn.
# Two field declarations, named &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: green&quot;&gt;(in green)&lt;/span&gt;
# A constructor declaration &lt;span style=&quot;color: orange&quot;&gt;(in orange)&lt;/span&gt;
# Three method declarations &lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;(in red)&lt;/span&gt;

==== Example: Instance Fields ====

The declaration
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.1: Declaration.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
private java.awt.Point point0, point1;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

...declares two ''instance fields''. Instance fields represent named values that are allocated whenever an instance of the class is constructed. When a Java program creates a &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; instance, that instance will contain space for &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt;. When another &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object is created, it will contain space for its ''own'' &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; values. The value of &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; in the first &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object can vary independently of the value of &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; in the second &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object.

This declaration consists of:

#The &lt;code&gt;[[Java Programming/Keywords/private|private]]&lt;/code&gt; access modifier,&lt;br/&gt;which means these instance fields are not visible to other classes.
#The type of the instance fields. In this case, the type is &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;This is the class &lt;code&gt;Point&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;java.awt&lt;/code&gt; package.
#The names of the instance fields in a comma separated list.


These two fields could also have been declared with two separate but more verbose declarations,

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.2: Verbose declarations.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 private java.awt.Point point0;
 private java.awt.Point point1;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

Since the type of these fields is a reference type (i.e. a field that ''refers to'' or can hold a ''reference to'' an object value), Java will implicitly initialize the values of &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; to null when a &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; instance is created. The null value means that a reference value does not refer to an object. The special Java literal {{java:null}} is used to represent the null value in a program. While you can explicitly assign null values in a declaration, as in

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.3: Declarations and assignments.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 private java.awt.Point point0 = null;
 private java.awt.Point point1 = null;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

It is not necessary and most programmers omit such default assignments.

==== Example: Constructor ====

A ''[[Java Programming/Methods#Special method, the constructor|constructor]]'' is a special method in a class which is used to construct an instance of the class. The constructor can perform initialization for the object, beyond that which the Java VM does automatically. For example, Java will automatically initialize the fields &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; to null.

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.4: The constructor for the class'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {
   point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
   point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

The constructor above consists of five parts:
# The optional [[Java Programming/Scope|access modifier(s)]]. &lt;br/&gt; In this case, the constructor is declared &lt;code&gt;public&lt;/code&gt;
# The constructor name, which must match the class name exactly: &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; in this case.
# The constructor parameters.&lt;br/&gt; The parameter list is required. Even if a constructor does not have any parameters, you must specify the empty list &lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt;. The parameter list declares the type and name of each of the method's parameters.
# An optional {{java:throws}} clause which declares the [[Java Programming/Exceptions|exceptions]] that the constructor may throw. This constructor does not declare any exceptions.
# The constructor body, which is a Java block (enclosed in &lt;code&gt;{}&lt;/code&gt;).  This constructor's body contains two statements.

This constructor accepts four parameters, named &lt;code&gt;x0, y0, x1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;y1&lt;/code&gt;. Each parameter requires a parameter type declaration, which in this example is &lt;code&gt;{{java:int}}&lt;/code&gt; for all four parameters. The parameters in the parameter list are separated by commas.

The two assignments in this constructor use Java's ''{{java:new}} operator'' to allocate two &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; objects. The first allocates an object representing the first point, &lt;code&gt;(x0, y0)&lt;/code&gt;, and assigns it to the &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; instance variable (replacing the null value that the instance variable was initialized to). The second statement allocates a second &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; instance with &lt;code&gt;(x1, y1)&lt;/code&gt; and assigns it to the &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; instance variable.

This is the constructor for the Distance class. Distance implicitly extends from &lt;code&gt;java.lang.Object&lt;/code&gt;. Java inserts a call to the super constructor as the first executable statement of the constructor if there is not one explicitly coded. The above constructor body is equivalent to the following body with the explicit super constructor call:

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.5: Super constructor.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
{
   super();
   point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
   point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

While it is true that this class could be implemented in other ways, such as simply storing the coordinates of the two points and computing the distance as &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{(x_1-x_0)^2 + (y_1-y_0)^2}&lt;/math&gt;, this class instead uses the existing &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; class. This choice matches the abstract definition of this class: to print the distance between two points on the plane. We take advantage of existing behavior already implemented in the Java platform rather than implementing it again. We will see later how to make the program more flexible without adding much complexity, because we choose to use object abstractions here. However, the key point is that this class uses information hiding. That is, ''how'' the class stores its state or how it computes the distance is hidden. We can change this implementation without altering how clients use and invoke the class.

==== Example: Methods ====

[[Java Programming/Methods|Methods]] are the third and most important type of class member. This class contains three ''methods'' in which the behavior of the &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; class is defined: &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt;

==== The printDistance() method ====

The &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt; method prints the distance between the two points to the standard output (normally the console).
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.6: &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt; method.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public void printDistance() {
  System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0
    + &quot; and &quot; + point1
    + &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

This ''instance method'' executes within the context of an implicit &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object. The instance field references, &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt;, refer to instance fields of that implicit object. You can also use the special variable &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; to explicitly reference the current object. Within an instance method, Java binds the name &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; to the object on which the method is executing, and the type of &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; is that of the current class. The body of the &lt;code&gt;printDistance&lt;/code&gt; method could also be coded as
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.7: Explicit instance of the current class.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
  System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + this.point0
    + &quot; and &quot; + this.point1
    + &quot; is &quot; + this.point0.distance(this.point1));
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

to make the instance field references more explicit.

This method both computes the distance and prints it in one statement. The distance is computed with &lt;code&gt;point0.distance(point1)&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;distance()&lt;/code&gt; is an instance method of the &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; class (of which &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; are instances). The method operates on &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; (binding &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; to the object that &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; refers to during the execution of the method) and accepting another Point as a parameter. Actually, it is slightly more complicated than that, but we'll explain later. The result of the &lt;code&gt;distance()&lt;/code&gt; method is a double precision floating point number.

This method uses the syntax

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.8: String concatenation.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 &quot;Distance between &quot; + this.point0
 + &quot; and &quot; + this.point1
 + &quot; is &quot; + this.point0.distance(this.point1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

to construct a String to pass to the &lt;code&gt;System.out.println()&lt;/code&gt;. This expression is a series of ''String concatenation'' methods which concatenates Strings or the String representation of primitive types (such as doubles) or objects, and returns a long string. For example, the result of this expression for the points (0,3) and (4,0) is the String
{{XCode|1='''Output'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
&quot;Distance between java.awt.Point[x=0,y=3] and java.awt.Point[x=4,y=0] is 5.0&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;}}
which the method then prints to &lt;code&gt;System.out&lt;/code&gt;.

In order to print, we invoke the &lt;code&gt;println()&lt;/code&gt;. This is an instance method from &lt;code&gt;java.io.PrintStream&lt;/code&gt;, which is the type of the static field &lt;code&gt;out&lt;/code&gt; in the class &lt;code&gt;java.lang.System&lt;/code&gt;. The Java VM binds &lt;code&gt;System.out&lt;/code&gt; to the standard output stream when it starts a program.

==== The main() method ====

The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method is the main entry point which Java invokes when you start a Java program from the command line. The command
{{XCode|1='''Output'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
java Distance 0 3 4 0
&lt;/pre&gt;}}
instructs Java to locate the Distance class, put the four command line arguments into an array of String values, then pass those arguments to the &lt;code&gt;public static main(String[])&lt;/code&gt; method of the class. We will introduce arrays shortly. Any Java class that you want to invoke from the command line or desktop shortcut must have a main method with this signature or the following signature: &lt;code&gt;public static main(String...)&lt;/code&gt;.
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.9: &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) {
   Distance dist = new Distance(
         intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
         intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
   dist.printDistance();
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}
The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method invokes the final method, &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt;, four times. The &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; takes a single string parameter and returns the integer value represented in the string. For example, &lt;code&gt;intValue(&quot;3&quot;)&lt;/code&gt; will return the integer 3.

People who do test-first programming or perform regression testing
write
a main() method in every Java class, and
a [[Python Programming/Modules and how to use them | main() function in every Python module]],
to run automated tests.
When a person executes the file directly,
the main() method executes and runs the automated tests for that file.
When a person executes some other Java file
that in turn imports many other Java classes,
only one main() method is executed --
the main() method of the directly-executed file.

==== The &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method ====

The &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method delegates its job to the &lt;code&gt;Integer.parseInt()&lt;/code&gt; method. The main method could have called &lt;code&gt;Integer.parseInt()&lt;/code&gt; directly; the &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method simply makes the &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method slightly more readable.

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.10: &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
private static int intValue(String data) {
   return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

This method is {{java:private}} since, like the fields &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt;, it is part of the internal implementation of the class and is not part of the external programming interface of the &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; class.

==== Static vs. Instance Methods ====

Both the &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; methods are ''static methods''. The {{java:static}} keyword tells the compiler to create a single memory space associated with the class.  Each individual object instantiated has its own private state variables and methods but use the same &lt;b&gt;static&lt;/b&gt; methods and members common to the single class object created by the compiler when the first class object is instantiated or created.  This means that the method executes in a static or non-object context &amp;mdash; there is no implicit separate instance available when the static methods run from various objects, and the special variable &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; is not available. As such, static methods cannot access instance methods or instance fields (such as &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt;) or &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt;) directly. The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method can only invoke the instance method &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt; method via an instance reference such as &lt;code&gt;dist&lt;/code&gt;.

=== Data Types ===

Most declarations have a data type. Java has several categories of data types: reference types, primitive types, array types, and a special type, void.

==== Primitive Types ====

The ''[[Java Programming/Primitive Types|primitive types]]'' are used to represent boolean, character, and numeric values. This program uses only one primitive type explicitly, &lt;code&gt;''{{java:int}}''&lt;/code&gt;, which represents 32 bit signed integer values. The program also implicitly uses &lt;code&gt;''{{java:double}}''&lt;/code&gt;, which is the return type of the &lt;code&gt;distance()&lt;/code&gt; method of &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; values are 64 bit IEEE floating point values. The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method uses integer values 0, 1, 2, and 3 to access elements of the command line arguments. The &lt;code&gt;Distance()&lt;/code&gt; constructor's four parameters also have the type &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;. Also, the &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method has a return type of &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;. This means a call to that method, such as &lt;code&gt;intValue(args[0])&lt;/code&gt;, is an expression of type &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;. This helps explain why the main method cannot call:

{{XWarning|1=&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;'''Code section 2.11: Wrong type.'''&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
new Distance(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3]) // This is an error
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

Since the type of the &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; array element is String, and our constructor's parameters must be &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;, such a call would result in an error because Java will not automatically convert values of type String into &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt; values.

Java's primitive types are
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:boolean}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:byte}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:char}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:short}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:int}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:long}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:float}}''&lt;/code&gt; and
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:double}}''&lt;/code&gt;. Each of which are also Java language keywords.

==== Reference Types ====

In addition to primitive types, Java supports ''reference type''. A reference type is a Java data type which is defined by a Java class or interface. Reference types derive this name because such values ''refer to'' an object or contain a ''reference to'' an object. The idea is similar to pointers in other languages like C.

Java represents sequences of character data, or ''[[Java Programming/API/java.lang.String|String]]'', with the reference type &lt;code&gt;java.lang.String&lt;/code&gt; which is most commonly referred to as &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt;. ''String literals'', such as  &lt;code&gt;&quot;Distance between &quot;&lt;/code&gt; are constants whose type is String.

This program uses three separate reference types:
# java.lang.String (or simply String)
# Distance
# java.awt.Point

:''For more information see chapter: [[Java Programming/Classes, Objects and Types]].''

==== Array Types ====

Java supports ''[[Java Programming/Arrays|arrays]]'', which are aggregate types which have a fixed element type (which can be any Java type) and an integral size. This program uses only one array, &lt;code&gt;String[] args&lt;/code&gt;. This indicates that &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; has an array type and that the element type is &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt;. The Java VM constructs and initializes the array that is passed to the &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; method. See ''[[Java Programming/Arrays|arrays]]'' for more details on how to create arrays and access their size.

The elements of arrays are accessed with integer indices. The first element of an array is always element 0. This program accesses the first four elements of the &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; array explicitly with the indices 0, 1, 2, and 3. This program does ''not'' perform any input validation, such as verifying that the user passed at least four arguments to the program. We will fix that later.

==== void ====

{{Java:void}} is not a type in Java; it represents the absence of a type. Methods which do not return values are declared as ''void methods''.

This class defines two void methods:

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.12: Void methods'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) { ... }
public void printDistance()  { ... }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

== Whitespace ==
Whitespace in Java is used to separate the tokens in a Java source file. Whitespace is required in some places, such as between [[Java Programming/Scope|access modifiers]], [[Java Programming/Primitive Types|type names]] and Identifiers, and is used to improve readability elsewhere.

Wherever whitespace is required in Java, one or more whitespace characters may be used. Wherever whitespace is optional in Java, zero or more whitespace characters may be used.

Java whitespace consists of the
* space character {{Java:ch| }} (0x20),
* the tab character (hex 0x09),
* the form feed character (hex 0x0c),
* the line separators characters newline (hex 0x0a) or carriage return (hex 0x0d) characters.

Line separators are special whitespace characters in that they also terminate line comments, whereas normal whitespace does not.

Other Unicode space characters, including vertical tab, are not allowed as whitespace in Java.

=== Required Whitespace ===

Look at the {{Java:static}} method &lt;code&gt;intValue&lt;/code&gt;:
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.13: Method declaration'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
private static int intValue(String data) {
  return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

Whitespace is required between {{Java:private}} and {{Java:static}}, between {{Java:static}} and {{Java:int}}, between {{Java:int}} and &lt;code&gt;intValue&lt;/code&gt;, and between &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt;.

If the code is written like this:
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.14: Collapsed code'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
privatestaticint intValue(String data) {
  return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

...it means something completely different: it declares a method which has the return type &lt;code&gt;privatestaticint&lt;/code&gt; It is unlikely that this type exists and the method is no longer static, so the above would result in a semantic error.

== Indentation ==
Java ignores all whitespace in front of a statement. As this, these two code snippets are identical for the compiler:
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.15: Indented code'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) {
  Distance dist = new Distance(
           intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
           intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
  dist.printDistance();
}

private static int intValue(String data) {
  return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.16: Not indented code'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Distance dist = new Distance(
intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
dist.printDistance();
}

private static int intValue(String data) {
return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

However, the first one's style (with whitespace) is preferred, as the readability is higher. The method body is easier to distinguish from the head, even at a higher reading speed.

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Nav}}
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        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26219-23|~2026-26219-23]] ([[User talk:~2026-26219-23|talk]]) to last version by Dirk Hünniger</comment>
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      <text bytes="30856" sha1="dhswh2rtbh3fftktuj9gh83xed8fj81" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Displaytitle|title=Understanding a Java Program}}
{{Nav}}
{{Java Programming/GettingStartedTopic/Nav}}
__NOTOC__&lt;/noinclude&gt;

This article presents a small Java program which can be run from the console. It computes the distance between two points on a plane. You do not need to understand the structure and meaning of the program just yet; we will get to that soon. Also, because the program is intended as a simple introduction, it has some room for improvement, and later in the module we will show some of these improvements. But let's not get too far ahead of ourselves!

== The Distance Class: Intent, Source, and Use ==

This class is named ''Distance'', so using your favorite editor or [[Java Programming/Java IDEs|Java IDE]], first create a file named &lt;code&gt;Distance.java&lt;/code&gt;, then copy the source below, paste it into the file and save the file.
{{XCode|1=&lt;span id=&quot;code-listing-1&quot;&gt;'''Code listing 2.1: Distance.java'''&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 public class Distance {
   private java.awt.Point point0, point1;
 
   public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {
     point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
     point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
   }
 
   public void printDistance() {
     System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0 + &quot; and &quot; + point1
                     + &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));
   }
 
   public static void main(String[] args) {
     Distance dist = new Distance(
              intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
              intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
     dist.printDistance();
   }
 
   private static int intValue(String data) {
     return Integer.parseInt(data);
   }
 }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

At this point, you may wish to review the source to see how much you might be able to understand. While perhaps not being the most literate of programming languages, someone with understanding of other procedural languages such as C, or other object oriented languages such as C++ or C#, will be able to understand most if not all of the sample program.

Once you save the file, [[Java Programming/Compilation|compile]] the program:
{{XCode|1='''Compilation command'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
$ javac Distance.java
&lt;/pre&gt;}}
(If the &lt;code&gt;javac&lt;/code&gt; command fails, review the [[Java Programming/Installation|installation instructions]].)

To run the program, you supply it with the ''x'' and ''y'' coordinates of two points on a plane separated by a space. For this version of Distance, only integer points are supported. The command sequence is ''&lt;code&gt;java Distance &lt;x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&gt; &lt;y&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&gt; &lt;x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&gt; &lt;y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'' to compute the distance between the points (''x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'') and (''x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'').
{{XWarning|If you get a &lt;code&gt;java.lang.NumberFormatException&lt;/code&gt; exception, some arguments are not a number. If you get a &lt;code&gt;java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException&lt;/code&gt; exception, you did not provide enough numbers.}}

Here are two examples:
{{XCode|1='''Output for the distance between the points (0, 3) and (4, 0)'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
$ java Distance 0 3 4 0
Distance between java.awt.Point[x=0,y=3] and java.awt.Point[x=4,y=0] is 5.0
&lt;/pre&gt;}}

{{XCode|1='''Output for the distance between the points (-4, 5) and (11, 19)'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
$ java Distance -4 5 11 19
Distance between java.awt.Point[x=-4,y=5] and java.awt.Point[x=11,y=19] is 20.518284528683193
&lt;/pre&gt;}}

We'll explain this strange looking output, and also show how to improve it, later.

== Detailed Program Structure and Overview ==

As promised, we will now provide a detailed description of this Java program. We will discuss the syntax and structure of the program and the meaning of that structure.

=== Introduction to Java Syntax ===

{{XCode|1=&lt;span id=&quot;code-listing-1&quot;&gt;'''Code listing''' 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public class Distance {
   private java.awt.Point point0, point1;

   public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {
     point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
     point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
   }

   public void printDistance() {
     System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0 + &quot; and &quot; + point1
                     + &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
     Distance dist = new Distance(
              intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
              intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
     dist.printDistance();
   }

   private static int intValue(String data) {
     return Integer.parseInt(data);
   }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}


:&lt;span id=&quot;figure-1&quot;&gt;Figure 2.1&lt;/span&gt;: Basic Java syntax.
::''For a further treatment of the syntax elements of Java, see also [[Java Programming/Syntax|Syntax]].''

The ''syntax'' of a Java class is the characters, symbols and their structure used to code the class. Java programs consist of a sequence of tokens. There are different kinds of tokens. For example, there are word tokens such as {{java:class}} and {{java:public}} which represent ''[[Java Programming/Keywords|&lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;'''keywords'''&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;'''(in purple'''&lt;/span&gt; [[#figure-1|&lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;'''above'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;color: purple&quot;&gt;''')'''&lt;/span&gt; &amp;mdash; special words with reserved meaning in Java. Other words such as &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;x1&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;printDistance&lt;/code&gt; are not keywords but &lt;span style=&quot;color: grey&quot;&gt;''identifiers'' (in grey)&lt;/span&gt;. Identifiers have many different uses in Java but primarily they are used as names. Java also has tokens to represent numbers, such as &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt;; these are known as ''[[Java Programming/Literals|&lt;span style=&quot;color: orange&quot;&gt;literals&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: orange&quot;&gt;(in orange)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Java Programming/Literals/String Literals|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;String literals&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;(in blue)&lt;/span&gt;, such as  &lt;code&gt;&quot;Distance between &quot;&lt;/code&gt;, consist of zero or more characters embedded in double quotes, and ''[[Java Programming/Operators|&lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;operators&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;(in red)&lt;/span&gt; such as &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; are used to express basic computation such as addition or String concatenation or assignment. There are also left and right braces (&lt;code&gt;{&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;) which enclose ''blocks''. The body of a class is one such block. Some tokens are punctuation, such as periods &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; and commas &lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt; and semicolons &lt;code&gt;;&lt;/code&gt;. You use ''whitespace'' such as spaces, tabs, and newlines, to separate tokens. For example, whitespace is required between keywords and identifiers: &lt;code&gt;publicstatic&lt;/code&gt; is a single identifier with twelve characters, not two Java keywords.

=== Declarations and Definitions ===

&lt;div style=&quot;border: blue solid 3px; background-color: #ccf&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;public class Distance {&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border: green solid 3px; background-color: #cfc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;private java.awt.Point point0, point1;&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: orange solid 3px; background-color: #fdc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: red solid 3px; background-color: #fcc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;public void printDistance() {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0 + &quot; and &quot; + point1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;+ &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: red solid 3px; background-color: #fcc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;public static void main(String[] args) {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Distance dist = new Distance(&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dist.printDistance();&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;border: red solid 3px; background-color: #fcc&quot;&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;private static int intValue(String data) {&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;return Integer.parseInt(data);&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
:&lt;span id=&quot;figure-2&quot;&gt;Figure 2.2&lt;/span&gt;: Declarations and Definitions.

Sequences of tokens are used to construct the next building blocks of Java classes as shown [[#figure-2|above]]: declarations and definitions. A class declaration provides the name and visibility of a class. In our example, &lt;code&gt;public class Distance&lt;/code&gt; is the class declaration. It consists (in this case) of two keywords, &lt;code&gt;{{java:public}}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{java:class}}&lt;/code&gt; followed by the identifier &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt;.

This means that we are defining a class named &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt;. Other classes, or in our case, the command line, can refer to the class by this name. The &lt;code&gt;public&lt;/code&gt; keyword is an [[Java Programming/Scope|access modifier]] which declares that this class and its members may be accessed from other classes. The &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; keyword, obviously, identifies this declaration as a class. Java also allows declarations of ''[[Java Programming/Interfaces|interfaces]]'' and ''[[Java Programming/Annotations|annotations]]''.

The class declaration is then followed by a block (surrounded by curly braces) which provides the class's definition &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;(in blue in [[#figure-2|figure 2.2]])&lt;/span&gt;. The definition is the implementation of the class &amp;ndash; the declaration and definitions of the class's members. This class contains exactly six members, which we will explain in turn.
# Two field declarations, named &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: green&quot;&gt;(in green)&lt;/span&gt;
# A constructor declaration &lt;span style=&quot;color: orange&quot;&gt;(in orange)&lt;/span&gt;
# Three method declarations &lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;(in red)&lt;/span&gt;

==== Example: Instance Fields ====

The declaration
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.1: Declaration.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
private java.awt.Point point0, point1;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

...declares two ''instance fields''. Instance fields represent named values that are allocated whenever an instance of the class is constructed. When a Java program creates a &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; instance, that instance will contain space for &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt;. When another &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object is created, it will contain space for its ''own'' &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; values. The value of &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; in the first &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object can vary independently of the value of &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; in the second &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object.

This declaration consists of:

#The &lt;code&gt;[[Java Programming/Keywords/private|private]]&lt;/code&gt; access modifier,&lt;br/&gt;which means these instance fields are not visible to other classes.
#The type of the instance fields. In this case, the type is &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;This is the class &lt;code&gt;Point&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;java.awt&lt;/code&gt; package.
#The names of the instance fields in a comma separated list.


These two fields could also have been declared with two separate but more verbose declarations,

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.2: Verbose declarations.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 private java.awt.Point point0;
 private java.awt.Point point1;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

Since the type of these fields is a reference type (i.e. a field that ''refers to'' or can hold a ''reference to'' an object value), Java will implicitly initialize the values of &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; to null when a &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; instance is created. The null value means that a reference value does not refer to an object. The special Java literal {{java:null}} is used to represent the null value in a program. While you can explicitly assign null values in a declaration, as in

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.3: Declarations and assignments.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 private java.awt.Point point0 = null;
 private java.awt.Point point1 = null;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

It is not necessary and most programmers omit such default assignments.

==== Example: Constructor ====

A ''[[Java Programming/Methods#Special method, the constructor|constructor]]'' is a special method in a class which is used to construct an instance of the class. The constructor can perform initialization for the object, beyond that which the Java VM does automatically. For example, Java will automatically initialize the fields &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; to null.

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.4: The constructor for the class'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public Distance(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) {
   point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
   point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

The constructor above consists of five parts:
# The optional [[Java Programming/Scope|access modifier(s)]]. &lt;br/&gt; In this case, the constructor is declared &lt;code&gt;public&lt;/code&gt;
# The constructor name, which must match the class name exactly: &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; in this case.
# The constructor parameters.&lt;br/&gt; The parameter list is required. Even if a constructor does not have any parameters, you must specify the empty list &lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt;. The parameter list declares the type and name of each of the method's parameters.
# An optional {{java:throws}} clause which declares the [[Java Programming/Exceptions|exceptions]] that the constructor may throw. This constructor does not declare any exceptions.
# The constructor body, which is a Java block (enclosed in &lt;code&gt;{}&lt;/code&gt;).  This constructor's body contains two statements.

This constructor accepts four parameters, named &lt;code&gt;x0, y0, x1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;y1&lt;/code&gt;. Each parameter requires a parameter type declaration, which in this example is &lt;code&gt;{{java:int}}&lt;/code&gt; for all four parameters. The parameters in the parameter list are separated by commas.

The two assignments in this constructor use Java's ''{{java:new}} operator'' to allocate two &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; objects. The first allocates an object representing the first point, &lt;code&gt;(x0, y0)&lt;/code&gt;, and assigns it to the &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; instance variable (replacing the null value that the instance variable was initialized to). The second statement allocates a second &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; instance with &lt;code&gt;(x1, y1)&lt;/code&gt; and assigns it to the &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; instance variable.

This is the constructor for the Distance class. Distance implicitly extends from &lt;code&gt;java.lang.Object&lt;/code&gt;. Java inserts a call to the super constructor as the first executable statement of the constructor if there is not one explicitly coded. The above constructor body is equivalent to the following body with the explicit super constructor call:

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.5: Super constructor.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
{
   super();
   point0 = new java.awt.Point(x0, y0);
   point1 = new java.awt.Point(x1, y1);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

While it is true that this class could be implemented in other ways, such as simply storing the coordinates of the two points and computing the distance as &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{(x_1-x_0)^2 + (y_1-y_0)^2}&lt;/math&gt;, this class instead uses the existing &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; class. This choice matches the abstract definition of this class: to print the distance between two points on the plane. We take advantage of existing behavior already implemented in the Java platform rather than implementing it again. We will see later how to make the program more flexible without adding much complexity, because we choose to use object abstractions here. However, the key point is that this class uses information hiding. That is, ''how'' the class stores its state or how it computes the distance is hidden. We can change this implementation without altering how clients use and invoke the class.

==== Example: Methods ====

[[Java Programming/Methods|Methods]] are the third and most important type of class member. This class contains three ''methods'' in which the behavior of the &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; class is defined: &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt;

==== The printDistance() method ====

The &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt; method prints the distance between the two points to the standard output (normally the console).
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.6: &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt; method.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public void printDistance() {
  System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + point0
    + &quot; and &quot; + point1
    + &quot; is &quot; + point0.distance(point1));
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

This ''instance method'' executes within the context of an implicit &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; object. The instance field references, &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt;, refer to instance fields of that implicit object. You can also use the special variable &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; to explicitly reference the current object. Within an instance method, Java binds the name &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; to the object on which the method is executing, and the type of &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; is that of the current class. The body of the &lt;code&gt;printDistance&lt;/code&gt; method could also be coded as
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.7: Explicit instance of the current class.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
  System.out.println(&quot;Distance between &quot; + this.point0
    + &quot; and &quot; + this.point1
    + &quot; is &quot; + this.point0.distance(this.point1));
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

to make the instance field references more explicit.

This method both computes the distance and prints it in one statement. The distance is computed with &lt;code&gt;point0.distance(point1)&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;distance()&lt;/code&gt; is an instance method of the &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt; class (of which &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt; are instances). The method operates on &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; (binding &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; to the object that &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; refers to during the execution of the method) and accepting another Point as a parameter. Actually, it is slightly more complicated than that, but we'll explain later. The result of the &lt;code&gt;distance()&lt;/code&gt; method is a double precision floating point number.

This method uses the syntax

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.8: String concatenation.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 &quot;Distance between &quot; + this.point0
 + &quot; and &quot; + this.point1
 + &quot; is &quot; + this.point0.distance(this.point1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

to construct a String to pass to the &lt;code&gt;System.out.println()&lt;/code&gt;. This expression is a series of ''String concatenation'' methods which concatenates Strings or the String representation of primitive types (such as doubles) or objects, and returns a long string. For example, the result of this expression for the points (0,3) and (4,0) is the String
{{XCode|1='''Output'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
&quot;Distance between java.awt.Point[x=0,y=3] and java.awt.Point[x=4,y=0] is 5.0&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;}}
which the method then prints to &lt;code&gt;System.out&lt;/code&gt;.

In order to print, we invoke the &lt;code&gt;println()&lt;/code&gt;. This is an instance method from &lt;code&gt;java.io.PrintStream&lt;/code&gt;, which is the type of the static field &lt;code&gt;out&lt;/code&gt; in the class &lt;code&gt;java.lang.System&lt;/code&gt;. The Java VM binds &lt;code&gt;System.out&lt;/code&gt; to the standard output stream when it starts a program.

==== The main() method ====

The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method is the main entry point which Java invokes when you start a Java program from the command line. The command
{{XCode|1='''Output'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;background-color:#000; color:#fff;&quot;&gt;
java Distance 0 3 4 0
&lt;/pre&gt;}}
instructs Java to locate the Distance class, put the four command line arguments into an array of String values, then pass those arguments to the &lt;code&gt;public static main(String[])&lt;/code&gt; method of the class. We will introduce arrays shortly. Any Java class that you want to invoke from the command line or desktop shortcut must have a main method with this signature or the following signature: &lt;code&gt;public static main(String...)&lt;/code&gt;.
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.9: &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) {
   Distance dist = new Distance(
         intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
         intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
   dist.printDistance();
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}
The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method invokes the final method, &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt;, four times. The &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; takes a single string parameter and returns the integer value represented in the string. For example, &lt;code&gt;intValue(&quot;3&quot;)&lt;/code&gt; will return the integer 3.

People who do test-first programming or perform regression testing
write
a main() method in every Java class, and
a [[Python Programming/Modules and how to use them | main() function in every Python module]],
to run automated tests.
When a person executes the file directly,
the main() method executes and runs the automated tests for that file.
When a person executes some other Java file
that in turn imports many other Java classes,
only one main() method is executed --
the main() method of the directly-executed file.

==== The &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method ====

The &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method delegates its job to the &lt;code&gt;Integer.parseInt()&lt;/code&gt; method. The main method could have called &lt;code&gt;Integer.parseInt()&lt;/code&gt; directly; the &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method simply makes the &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method slightly more readable.

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.10: &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method.'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
private static int intValue(String data) {
   return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

This method is {{java:private}} since, like the fields &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;point1&lt;/code&gt;, it is part of the internal implementation of the class and is not part of the external programming interface of the &lt;code&gt;Distance&lt;/code&gt; class.

==== Static vs. Instance Methods ====

Both the &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; methods are ''static methods''. The {{java:static}} keyword tells the compiler to create a single memory space associated with the class.  Each individual object instantiated has its own private state variables and methods but use the same &lt;b&gt;static&lt;/b&gt; methods and members common to the single class object created by the compiler when the first class object is instantiated or created.  This means that the method executes in a static or non-object context &amp;mdash; there is no implicit separate instance available when the static methods run from various objects, and the special variable &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; is not available. As such, static methods cannot access instance methods or instance fields (such as &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt;) or &lt;code&gt;point0&lt;/code&gt;) directly. The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method can only invoke the instance method &lt;code&gt;printDistance()&lt;/code&gt; method via an instance reference such as &lt;code&gt;dist&lt;/code&gt;.

=== Data Types ===

Most declarations have a data type. Java has several categories of data types: reference types, primitive types, array types, and a special type, void.

==== Primitive Types ====

The ''[[Java Programming/Primitive Types|primitive types]]'' are used to represent boolean, character, and numeric values. This program uses only one primitive type explicitly, &lt;code&gt;''{{java:int}}''&lt;/code&gt;, which represents 32 bit signed integer values. The program also implicitly uses &lt;code&gt;''{{java:double}}''&lt;/code&gt;, which is the return type of the &lt;code&gt;distance()&lt;/code&gt; method of &lt;code&gt;java.awt.Point&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;double&lt;/code&gt; values are 64 bit IEEE floating point values. The &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;/code&gt; method uses integer values 0, 1, 2, and 3 to access elements of the command line arguments. The &lt;code&gt;Distance()&lt;/code&gt; constructor's four parameters also have the type &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;. Also, the &lt;code&gt;intValue()&lt;/code&gt; method has a return type of &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;. This means a call to that method, such as &lt;code&gt;intValue(args[0])&lt;/code&gt;, is an expression of type &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;. This helps explain why the main method cannot call:

{{XWarning|1=&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;'''Code section 2.11: Wrong type.'''&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
new Distance(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3]) // This is an error
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

Since the type of the &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; array element is String, and our constructor's parameters must be &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;, such a call would result in an error because Java will not automatically convert values of type String into &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt; values.

Java's primitive types are
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:boolean}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:byte}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:char}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:short}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:int}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:long}}''&lt;/code&gt;,
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:float}}''&lt;/code&gt; and
&lt;code&gt;''{{java:double}}''&lt;/code&gt;. Each of which are also Java language keywords.

==== Reference Types ====

In addition to primitive types, Java supports ''reference type''. A reference type is a Java data type which is defined by a Java class or interface. Reference types derive this name because such values ''refer to'' an object or contain a ''reference to'' an object. The idea is similar to pointers in other languages like C.

Java represents sequences of character data, or ''[[Java Programming/API/java.lang.String|String]]'', with the reference type &lt;code&gt;java.lang.String&lt;/code&gt; which is most commonly referred to as &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt;. ''String literals'', such as  &lt;code&gt;&quot;Distance between &quot;&lt;/code&gt; are constants whose type is String.

This program uses three separate reference types:
# java.lang.String (or simply String)
# Distance
# java.awt.Point

:''For more information see chapter: [[Java Programming/Classes, Objects and Types]].''

==== Array Types ====

Java supports ''[[Java Programming/Arrays|arrays]]'', which are aggregate types which have a fixed element type (which can be any Java type) and an integral size. This program uses only one array, &lt;code&gt;String[] args&lt;/code&gt;. This indicates that &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; has an array type and that the element type is &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt;. The Java VM constructs and initializes the array that is passed to the &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; method. See ''[[Java Programming/Arrays|arrays]]'' for more details on how to create arrays and access their size.

The elements of arrays are accessed with integer indices. The first element of an array is always element 0. This program accesses the first four elements of the &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; array explicitly with the indices 0, 1, 2, and 3. This program does ''not'' perform any input validation, such as verifying that the user passed at least four arguments to the program. We will fix that later.

==== void ====

{{Java:void}} is not a type in Java; it represents the absence of a type. Methods which do not return values are declared as ''void methods''.

This class defines two void methods:

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.12: Void methods'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) { ... }
public void printDistance()  { ... }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

== Whitespace ==
Whitespace in Java is used to separate the tokens in a Java source file. Whitespace is required in some places, such as between [[Java Programming/Scope|access modifiers]], [[Java Programming/Primitive Types|type names]] and Identifiers, and is used to improve readability elsewhere.

Wherever whitespace is required in Java, one or more whitespace characters may be used. Wherever whitespace is optional in Java, zero or more whitespace characters may be used.

Java whitespace consists of the
* space character {{Java:ch| }} (0x20),
* the tab character (hex 0x09),
* the form feed character (hex 0x0c),
* the line separators characters newline (hex 0x0a) or carriage return (hex 0x0d) characters.

Line separators are special whitespace characters in that they also terminate line comments, whereas normal whitespace does not.

Other Unicode space characters, including vertical tab, are not allowed as whitespace in Java.

=== Required Whitespace ===

Look at the {{Java:static}} method &lt;code&gt;intValue&lt;/code&gt;:
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.13: Method declaration'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
private static int intValue(String data) {
  return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

Whitespace is required between {{Java:private}} and {{Java:static}}, between {{Java:static}} and {{Java:int}}, between {{Java:int}} and &lt;code&gt;intValue&lt;/code&gt;, and between &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;data&lt;/code&gt;.

If the code is written like this:
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.14: Collapsed code'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
privatestaticint intValue(String data) {
  return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

...it means something completely different: it declares a method which has the return type &lt;code&gt;privatestaticint&lt;/code&gt; It is unlikely that this type exists and the method is no longer static, so the above would result in a semantic error.

== Indentation ==
Java ignores all whitespace in front of a statement. As this, these two code snippets are identical for the compiler:
{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.15: Indented code'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) {
  Distance dist = new Distance(
           intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
           intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
  dist.printDistance();
}

private static int intValue(String data) {
  return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

{{XExample|1='''Code section 2.16: Not indented code'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java5&quot; line start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Distance dist = new Distance(
intValue(args[0]), intValue(args[1]),
intValue(args[2]), intValue(args[3]));
dist.printDistance();
}

private static int intValue(String data) {
return Integer.parseInt(data);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;}}

However, the first one's style (with whitespace) is preferred, as the readability is higher. The method body is easier to distinguish from the head, even at a higher reading speed.

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Nav}}
{{Status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Greek Mythology/Gods/Aphrodite</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="2369" sha1="6bk40pz9rx5ydnn3u8v49yjfn42cup1" xml:space="preserve">:''&quot;No, my child, not for you are the works of warfare. Rather concern yourself only with the lovely concerns of marriage...&quot;'' - Iliad, book 5, line 428. 

[[File:VenusdArles8.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Aphrodite]]

'''Aphrodite''' (known in Roman mythology as '''Venus'''), is the Greek goddess of romantic love, sexual passion and beauty.  She is often accompanied by her son Eros (Cupid), who shoots arrows into mortal and god alike to inflame their passions.  

There are several varying accounts to her birth.  Some writers asserted that she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione.  The majority of writers, including Ovid, state that she was born out of the ocean when Cronus castrated Uranus and the genitals fell into the sea. Other versions of the story claim that she was born out of the foam of the sea at the site of Petra tou Romiou in Paphos, of the island of Cyprus.

Aphrodite was forced into marriage to Hephaestus, although she disliked her unsightly husband, after refusing to submit to Zeus' carnal passions.  She had a long running affair with Ares.  She also has had children with Hermes (Hermaphroditus) and Anchises (Aeneas - the hero of the Aeneid, the mythological founder of the Roman bloodline). The former child's name gave rise to the naming of a unique medical condition when people having both male and female sexual organs, referred to as hermaphrodites, are born.

Consorts and children

# Aphrodite 

     Phobos
     Deimos
     Adrestia
     Harmonia
     The Erotes
       Eros[3]
       Anteros
       Himeros
       Pothos
3. Poseidon
     Rhode
4. Hermes
     Tyche
     Peitho
     Eunomia
     Hermaphroditos
5. Dionysus
     The Charites (Graces)
       Thalia
       Euphrosyne
       Aglaea
     Priapus
6. Adonis
     Beroe
7. Phaethon (son of Eos)
     Astynoos
8. Anchises
     Aeneas
     Lyrus
9. Butes
     Eryx
10.unknown father
     Meligounis + several more unnamed daughters[19]

Aphrodite was part of the trio of goddesses at the trial of Paris, where Paris, a Trojan prince, was to choose which of the three goddesses was the most beautiful.  Aphrodite bribed Paris successfully by promising him the most beautiful woman in the world if he chose her.  This resulted in Paris taking/stealing Helen (reputed to be the most beautiful) away to Troy.  This, according to the Iliad, began the ten-year Trojan War.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Acoustics/Acoustic Loudspeaker</title>
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      <text bytes="10849" sha1="2eh6lw39wnnxv86cailitrfud2y0xzj" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Acoustics loudspeakers.JPG|center]]

The purpose of the acoustic transducer is to convert electrical energy into acoustic energy. Many variations of acoustic transducers exist, although the most common is the moving coil-permanent magnet transducer. The classic loudspeaker is of the moving coil-permanent magnet type.

The classic electrodynamic loudspeaker driver can be divided into three key components:

# The Magnet Motor Drive System
# The Loudspeaker Cone System
# The Loudspeaker Suspension

[[Image:loud_speaker.gif|thumb|center|Figure 1 Cut-away of a moving coil-permanent magnet loudspeaker]]

==The Magnet Motor Drive System==
The main purpose of the Magnet Motor Drive System is to establish a symmetrical magnetic field in which the voice coil will operate.  The Magnet Motor Drive System is comprised of a front focusing plate, permanent magnet, back plate, and a pole piece.  In figure 2, the assembled drive system is illustrated.  In most cases, the back plate and the pole piece are built into one piece called the yoke.  The yoke and the front focusing plate are normally made of a very soft cast iron.  Iron is a material that is used in conjunction with magnetic structures because the iron is easily saturated when exposed to a magnetic field. Notice in figure 2, that an air gap was intentionally left between the front focusing plate and the yoke. The magnetic field is coupled through the air gap. The magnetic field strength (B) of the air gap is typically optimized for uniformity across the gap. [1]

{{center|1=Figure 2 Permanent Magnet Structure}}

When a coil of wire with a current flowing is placed inside the permanent magnetic field, a force is produced. B is the magnetic field strength, &lt;math&gt;l&lt;/math&gt; is the length of the coil, and &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; is the current flowing through the coil. The electro-magnetic force is given by the expression of Laplace :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;d\underline F  = I\underline {dl}  \times \underline B &lt;/math&gt;}}

&lt;math&gt;\underline B&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\underline {dl}&lt;/math&gt; are orthogonal, so the force is obtained by integration on the length of the wire (Re is the radius of a spire, n is the number of spires and &lt;math&gt;\underline e_x&lt;/math&gt; is on the axis of the coil):

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;\underline F  = 2\pi R_eBnI\underline e_x&lt;/math&gt;}}

This force is directly proportional to the current flowing through the coil.

[[Image:Magnet2.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 3 Voice Coil Mounted in Permanent Magnetic Structure}}

The coil is excited with the AC signal that is intended for sound reproduction, when the changing magnetic field of the coil interacts with the permanent magnetic field then the coil moves back and forth in order to reproduce the input signal.  The coil of a loudspeaker is known as the voice coil.

==The loudspeaker cone system==

On a typical loudspeaker, the cone serves the purpose of creating a larger radiating area allowing more air to be moved when excited by the voice coil.  The cone serves a piston that is excited by the voice coil. The cone then displaces air creating a sound wave.  In an ideal environment, the cone should be infinitely rigid and have zero mass, but in reality neither is true.  Cone materials vary from carbon fiber, paper, bamboo, and just about any other material that can be shaped into a stiff conical shape.  The loudspeaker cone is a very critical part of the loudspeaker. Since the cone is not infinitely rigid, it tends to have different types of resonance modes form at different frequencies, which in turn alters and colors the reproduction of the sound waves. The shape of the cone directly influences the directivity and frequency response of the loudspeaker.  When the cone is attached to the voice coil, a large gap above the voice coil is left exposed.  This could be a problem if foreign particles make their way into the air gap of the voice coil and the permanent magnet structure.  The solution to this problem is to place what is known as a dust cap on the cone to cover the air gap. Below a figure of the cone and dust cap are shown.

[[Image:loud_cone.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 6 Cone and Dust Cap attached to Voice Coil}}

The speed of the cone can be expressed with an equation of a mass-spring system with a damping coefficient \xi :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;m\frac{{dv}}{{dt}} + \xi v + k\int {v \, dt}  = Bli&lt;/math&gt;}}

The current intensity &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; and the speed &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; can also be related by this equation (&lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the voltage, &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; the electrical resistance and &lt;math&gt;L_b&lt;/math&gt; the inductance) :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;L_b \frac{{di}}{{dt}} + Ri = U - Blv&lt;/math&gt;}}

By using a harmonic solution, the expression of the speed is :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;v = \frac{{Bli}}{{\xi  + j\left(m\omega  - \frac{k}{\omega}\right)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The electrical impedance can be determined as the ratio of the voltage on the current intensity :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;Z = \frac{U}{i} = R + jL\omega  + \frac{{B^2 l^2 }}{{\xi  + j \left(m\omega  - \frac{k}{\omega}\right)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The frequency response of the loudspeaker is provided in Figure 7.

[[Image:Electreson.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 7 Electrical impedance}}

A phenomena of electrical resonance is observable around the frequency of 100&amp;nbsp;Hz. Besides, the inductance of the coil makes the impedance increase from the frequency of 400&amp;nbsp;Hz. So the range of frequency where the loudspeaker is used is 100 – 4000&amp;nbsp;Hz

==The loudspeaker suspension==
Most moving coil loudspeakers have a two piece suspension system, also known as a flexure system.  The combination of the two flexures allows the voice coil to maintain linear travel as the voice coil is energized and provide a restoring force for the voice coil system. The two piece system consists of large flexible membrane surrounding the outside edge of the cone, called the surround, and an additional flexure connected directly to the voice coil, called the spider.  The surround has another purpose and that is to seal the loudspeaker when mounted in an enclosure.  Commonly, the surround is made of a variety of different materials, such as, folded paper, cloth, rubber, and foam.  Construction of the spider consists of different woven cloth or synthetic materials that are compressed to form a flexible membrane. The following two figures illustrate where the suspension components are physically at on the loudspeaker and how they function as the loudspeaker operates.

[[Image:loud_suspension.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 8 Loudspeaker Suspension System}}

[[Image:loudspk.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 9 Moving Loudspeaker }}

==Modeling the loudspeaker as a lumped system==
Before implementing a loudspeaker into a specific application, a series of parameters characterizing the loudspeaker must be extracted. The equivalent circuit of the loudspeaker is key when developing enclosures. The circuit models all aspects of the loudspeaker through an equivalent electrical, mechanical, and acoustical circuit. Figure 9 shows how the three equivalent circuits are connected. The electrical circuit is comprised of the DC resistance of the voice coil, &lt;math&gt;R_e&lt;/math&gt;, the imaginary part of the voice coil inductance, &lt;math&gt;L_e&lt;/math&gt;, and the real part of the voice coil inductance, &lt;math&gt;R_{evc}&lt;/math&gt;. The mechanical system has electrical components that model different physical parameters of the loudspeaker. In the mechanical circuit, &lt;math&gt;M_m&lt;/math&gt;, is the electrical capacitance due to the moving mass, &lt;math&gt;C_m&lt;/math&gt;, is the electrical inductance due to the compliance of the moving mass, and &lt;math&gt;R_m&lt;/math&gt;, is the electrical resistance due to the suspension system. In the acoustical equivalent circuit, &lt;math&gt;M_a&lt;/math&gt; models the air mass and &lt;math&gt;R_a&lt;/math&gt; models the radiation impedance[2]. This equivalent circuit allows insight into what parameters change the characteristics of the loudspeaker. Figure 10 shows the electrical input impedance as a function of frequency developed using the equivalent circuit of the loudspeaker.
[[Image:Eq_circuit.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 9 Loudspeaker Analogous Circuit}}

[[Image:Freq_resp.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 10 Electrical Input Impedance}}

==The acoustical enclosure==

===Function of the enclosure===

The loudspeaker emits two waves : a front wave and a back wave. With a reflection on a wall, the back wave can be added with the front wave and produces destructive interferences. As a result, the sound pressure level in the room is not uniform. At certain positions, the interaction is additive, and the sound pressure level is higher. On the contrary, certain positions offer destructive interaction between the waves and the sound pressure level is lower.

[[Image:louds_without_baffle.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 11 Loudspeaker without baffle producing destructive interferences}}

The solution is to put a baffle round the loudspeaker in order to prevent the back wave from interfering with the front wave. The sound pressure level is uniform in the room and the quality of the loudspeaker is higher.

[[Image:loudspeakers_baffled.gif|center]]
{{center|1=Figure 12 Loudspeakers with infinite baffle and enclosure}}

===Loudspeaker-external fluid interaction===

The external fluid exerts a pressure on the membrane of the loudspeaker cone. This additive force can be evaluate as an additive mass and an additive damping in the equation of vibration of the membrane.

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt; - (m + MS)\omega ^2 \xi  + i\omega (C + RS)\xi  + K\xi  = fe^{i\omega t} &lt;/math&gt;}}

When the fluid is the air, this additive mass and additive damping are negligible. For example, at the frequency of 1000&amp;nbsp;Hz, the additive mass is 3g.

===Loudspeaker-internal fluid interaction===

The volume of air in the enclosure constitutes an additive stiffness. This is called the acoustic load. In low frequencies, this additive stiffness can be four times the stiffness of the loudspeaker cone. The internal air stiffness is very high because of the boundary conditions inside the enclosure. The walls impose a condition of zero airspeed that makes the stiffness increase.

{{center|1=Figure 13 Stiffness of the loudspeaker cone and stiffness of the internal air}}

The stiffness of the internal air (in red) is fourth time higher than the stiffness of the loudspeaker cone (in blue). That is why the design of the enclosure is relevant in order to improve the quality of the sound and avoid a decrease of the sound pressure level in the room at some frequencies.

==References==
# The Loudspeaker Design Cookbook 5th Edition; Dickason, Vance., Audio Amateur Press, 1997.           
# Beranek, L. L. Acoustics. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993.

{{Chapter navigation|Microphone Design and Operation|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Acoustics (book)}}</text>
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    <title>6502 Assembly</title>
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      <text bytes="34704" sha1="kwt14v1j6iwgd7ptut6jrmixynqojsz" xml:space="preserve">This book is a guide to the 6502 Assembly language. This book will teach the different memory addressing modes and instructions of the 8-bit 6502 processor.

You might want to learn 6502 assembly language programming if you want to do Atari 2600/8-bit family/5200/7800 Programming, Commodore PET/VIC/64/128 Programming, Acorn 8 Bit Programming, Apple I/II Programming,
[[NES Programming]] or [[Super NES Programming]].

== Syntax ==

Syntax will vary between assemblers - this book will use the following syntax throughout:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Numerical representations
! Syntax !! Base !! Example 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;%00001111&lt;/code&gt; || Binary || &lt;code&gt;LDA #%0001&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$FA&lt;/code&gt; || Hexadecimal || &lt;code&gt;LDA #$0E&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;123&lt;/code&gt; || Decimal || &lt;code&gt;LDA #100&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Registers ==

{{Anchor|RegisterTable}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Registers
! Register !! Size (bits) !! Purpose
|-
| Accumulator (A) || 8
| Used to perform calculations on data.&lt;br/&gt;Most instructions can operate directly on the accumulator instead of spending CPU cycles to access memory.
|-
| X register (X) || 8
| Used as an index in some [[#Memory Addressing Modes|addressing modes]].
|-
| Y register (Y) || 8
| Used as an index in some [[#Memory Addressing Modes|addressing modes]].
|-
| Program Counter (PC) || 16
| Points to the address of the next instruction to be executed.
|-
| Stack Pointer (S) || 8
| Stores the stack index into which the next stack element will be written.&lt;br/&gt;The address of this position is &lt;code&gt;$0100 + SP&lt;/code&gt;. SP is initially set to &lt;code&gt;$FD&lt;/code&gt;.
TSX and TXS are the only instructions that let you directly modify S.
|-
| Status (P) || 8
| Each bit represents a status flag. 
Flags indicate the state of the CPU, or information about the result of the previous instruction.  
PHP and PLP can save/restore P from the stack.  Various instructions can directly set or clear bits in P: SEC, CLC, SEI, CLI, SED, CLD, CLV.&lt;br/&gt;See the table below for a description of each flag.
|}

{{Anchor|StatusFlagTable}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Status Flags
! Bit !! Symbol !! Name !! Description
|-
| 7 || N || Negative
|
Set if the result was negative, i.e. bit 7 of the result was set.&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;code&gt;BIT&lt;/code&gt;: Set to bit 7 of the input.

''NOTE: Compare (CMP, CPX, CPY) instructions work by subtracting, but not keeping the result.''
|-
| 6 || V || Overflow
|
[[#Arithmetic|Arithmetic]]: Set if a signed overflow occurred during addition or subtraction, i.e. the sign of the result differs from the sign of both the input and the accumulator.

&lt;code&gt;BIT&lt;/code&gt;: Set to bit 6 of the input.

Other: The original 6502 has an external pin called &quot;SO&quot; (Set Overflow) that hardware can use to make the V flag set.  The purpose is to react to hardware events quicker than an IRQ.  Most common 6502 compatible platforms do not have anything that uses this feature, or do not use it.
|-
| 5 || - || (Unused)
| Always set
|-
| 4
| B&lt;ref&gt;[http://nesdev.com/the%20'B'%20flag%20&amp;%20BRK%20instruction.txt], The B flag does not represent an actual CPU register&lt;/ref&gt;
| Break
| Set if an interrupt request has been triggered by a &lt;code&gt;BRK&lt;/code&gt; instruction
|-
| 3 || D || Decimal
| Decimal mode[https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal]: mathematical instructions will treat the inputs and outputs as &quot;Binary Coded Decimal&quot; (BCD) numbers.
&lt;br /&gt;E.g. &lt;code&gt;$09 + $01 = $10&lt;/code&gt;
''NOTE: The 6502-compatible CPU in the NES does not implement decimal mode, so decimal mode will not change the behavior on that CPU only, but you can still clear/set the flag.''
|-
| 2 || I || Interrupt Disable
| Disables IRQ interrupts while set.  NMIs and RESETs are not affected.
|-
| 1 || Z || Zero
|
[[6502 Assembly#Compare and Test Bit|Compare]]: Set if the register's value is equal to the input value

&lt;code&gt;BIT&lt;/code&gt;: Set if the result of logically ANDing the accumulator with the input results in 0.

Otherwise: Set if result was zero.

''NOTE: Compare (CMP, CPX, CPY) instructions work by subtracting, but not keeping the result.  Therefore Z will be set if the value is 0, and therefore that's why BEQ tests the Z flag, and that's why you do not have to CMP #0 before BEQ.''
|-
| 0 || C || Carry
| Carry/Borrow flag used in math and rotate operations
[[#Arithmetic|Arithmetic]]: Set if an unsigned overflow occurred during addition or subtraction, i.e. the result is less than the initial value (or equal to the initial value, if the carry flag was set going in)

[[6502 Assembly#Compare and Test Bit|Compare]]: Set if register's value is greater than or equal to the input value

[[#Shift and Rotate|Shifting]]: Set to the value of the eliminated bit of the input, i.e. bit 7 when shifting left, or bit 0 when shifting right
|}

== Memory layout ==

16-bit values are stored in memory in [[w:Endianness|little-endian]], so the least significant byte is stored before the most significant. E.g. if address &lt;code&gt;$0000&lt;/code&gt; contains &lt;code&gt;$FF&lt;/code&gt; and address &lt;code&gt;$0001&lt;/code&gt; contains &lt;code&gt;$00&lt;/code&gt;, reading a two-byte value from &lt;code&gt;$0000&lt;/code&gt; will result in &lt;code&gt;$00FF&lt;/code&gt;.

Signed integers are in [[w:Two's_complement|two's complement]] and can represent values from -128 (&lt;code&gt;%10000000&lt;/code&gt;) to +127 (&lt;code&gt;%01111111&lt;/code&gt;). Bit 7 is set if the integer is negative.

The 6502's program counter is 16 bits wide, so up to 2^16 (65536) bytes of memory are addressable. Certain regions of memory are reserved for particular purposes:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Memory regions
! Region !! Contents !! Description
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$0000&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;$00FF&lt;/code&gt;
| Zero page&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;The first page of memory, which is faster to access than other pages.&lt;br/&gt;Instructions can specify addresses within the zero page with a single byte as opposed to two, so instructions that use the zero page instead of any other page require one less CPU cycle to execute&lt;/td&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$0100&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;$01FF&lt;/code&gt;
| [[Data Structures/Stacks and Queues#Stacks|Stack]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Last-in first-out data structure. Grows backwards from &lt;code&gt;$01FF&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;$0100&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;Used by some [[#Transfer|transfer]], [[#Stack|stack]], and [[#Subroutines and Jump|subroutine]] instructions&lt;/td&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$0200&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;$FFFF&lt;/code&gt;
| General-purpose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Memory that can be used for whatever purpose needed.&lt;br/&gt;Devices that use the 6502 processor may choose to reserve sub-regions for other purposes, such as [[Embedded Systems/Memory#Memory-Mapped I/O|memory-mapped I/O]]&lt;/td&gt;
|-
|}

== Memory Addressing Modes ==

Each instruction uses one of thirteen memory addressing modes, which determines the operand of the instruction. An example is provided for each.

=== Accumulator: A ===

The Accumulator is implied as the operand, so no address needs to be specified.

''' Example '''

Using the ASL (Arithmetic Shift Left) instruction with no operands, the Accumulator is always the value being shifted left.

 ASL

=== Implied: i ===

The operand is implied, so it does not need to be specified.

''' Example '''

The operands being implied here are X, the source of the transfer, and A, the destination of the transfer.

 TXA

=== Immediate: # ===

The operand is used directly to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$22&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the Accumulator.

 LDA #$22

=== Absolute: a ===

A full 16-bit address is specified and the byte at that address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$24&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$D010&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the X register.

 LDX $D010

=== Zero Page: zp ===

A single byte specifies an address in the first page of memory (&lt;code&gt;$00xx&lt;/code&gt;), also known as the zero page, and the byte at that address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value at address &lt;code&gt;$0002&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the Y register.

 LDY $02

=== Relative: r ===

The offset specified is added to the current address stored in the Program Counter (PC). Offsets can range from -128 to +127.

''' Example '''

The offset &lt;code&gt;$2D&lt;/code&gt; is added to the address in the Program Counter (say &lt;code&gt;$C100&lt;/code&gt;). The destination of the branch (if taken) will be &lt;code&gt;$C12D&lt;/code&gt;.

 BPL $2D

=== Absolute Indirect: (a) ===

The little-endian two-byte value stored at the specified address is used to perform the computation. Only used by the &lt;code&gt;JMP&lt;/code&gt; instruction.

''' Example '''

The addresses &lt;code&gt;$A001&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$A002&lt;/code&gt; are read, returning &lt;code&gt;$FF&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$00&lt;/code&gt; respectively. The address &lt;code&gt;$00FF&lt;/code&gt; is then jumped to.

 JMP ($A001)

=== Absolute Indexed with X: a,x ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$02&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$C001&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$C003&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$5A&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$C003&lt;/code&gt; is used to perform the ''add with carry'' (''&lt;code&gt;ADC&lt;/code&gt;'') operation.

 ADC $C001,X

=== Absolute Indexed with Y: a,y ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$F001&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$F004&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$EF&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$F004&lt;/code&gt; is incremented (''&lt;code&gt;INC&lt;/code&gt;'') and &lt;code&gt;$F0&lt;/code&gt; is written back to &lt;code&gt;$F004&lt;/code&gt;.

 INC $F001,Y

=== Zero Page Indexed with X: zp,x ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified zero page address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$02&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$01&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$A5&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$0003&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the Accumulator.

 LDA $01,X

=== Zero Page Indexed with Y: zp,y ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified zero page address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$01&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$04&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$E3&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$0004&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the Accumulator.

 LDA $01,Y

=== Zero Page Indexed Indirect: (zp,x) ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified zero page address for a sum address. The little-endian address stored at the two-byte pair of sum address (LSB) and sum address plus one (MSB) is loaded and the value at that address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$02&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$15&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$17&lt;/code&gt;. The address &lt;code&gt;$D010&lt;/code&gt; at addresses &lt;code&gt;$0017&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$0018&lt;/code&gt; will be where the value &lt;code&gt;$0F&lt;/code&gt; in the Accumulator is stored.

 STA ($15,X)

=== Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: (zp),y ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the address at the little-endian address stored at the two-byte pair of the specified address (LSB) and the specified address plus one (MSB). The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation. 

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the address &lt;code&gt;$C235&lt;/code&gt; at addresses &lt;code&gt;$002A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$002B&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$C238&lt;/code&gt;. The Accumulator is then exclusive ORed with the value &lt;code&gt;$2F&lt;/code&gt; at &lt;code&gt;$C238&lt;/code&gt;.

 EOR ($2A),Y

== Instructions ==
These are the instructions for the 6502 processor including an ASCII visual, a list of affected flags, and a table of opcodes for acceptable addressing modes.

=== Load and Store ===

{|
|+ 
|-
|  ''' Load Accumulator with Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LDA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
||  ''' Load Index X with Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LDX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
||  ''' Load Index Y with Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LDY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 
M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|| 
M -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
|| 
M -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
|-
| 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || AD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || BD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || B9
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || A9
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || A5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || A1
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || B5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || B1
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || AE
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || BE
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || A2
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || A6
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with Y: zp.2Cy|zp,y]] || B6
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || AC
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || BC
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || A0
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || A4
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || B4
|}

|-
| ''' Store Accumulator in Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Store Index X in Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Store Index Y in Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; M

Flags: none
||
X -&gt; M

Flags: none
||
Y -&gt; M

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 8D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 9D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 99
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 85
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 81
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 95
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 91
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 8E
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 86
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with Y: zp.2Cy|zp,y]] || 96
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 8C
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 84
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 94
|}

|}

=== Arithmetic ===

{|
|+ 
|-
| ''' Add Memory to Accumulator with Carry: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ADC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
|| ''' Subtract Memory from Accumulator with Borrow: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SBC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 
A + M + C -&gt; A

Flags: N, V, Z, C
|| 
A - M - ~C -&gt; A

Flags: N, V, Z, C
|-
| 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 6D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 7D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 79
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 69
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 65
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 61
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 75
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 71
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || ED
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || FD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || F9
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || E9
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || E5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || E1
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || F5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || F1
|}

|}

=== Increment and Decrement ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Increment Memory by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;INC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Increment Index X by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;INX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Increment Index Y by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;INY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 
M + 1 -&gt; M

Flags: N, Z
||
X + 1 -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z 
|| 
Y + 1 -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
|-
| 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || EE
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || FE
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || E6
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || F6
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || E8
|}
 
||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || C8
|}

|-
| ''' Decrement Memory by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DEC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Decrement Index X by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DEX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Decrement Index Y by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DEY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
M - 1 -&gt; M

Flags: N, Z
||
X - 1 -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
||
Y - 1 -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || CE
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || DE
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || C6
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || D6
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || CA
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 88
|}

|}

=== Shift and Rotate ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Arithmetic Shift Left One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ASL&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Logical Shift Right One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LSR&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
C &lt;- 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 &lt;- 0

Flags: N, Z, C
||
0 -&gt; 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -&gt; C

Flags: N, Z, C
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 0E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 1E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 0A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 06
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 16
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 4E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 5E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 4A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 46
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 56
|}

|-
| ''' Rotate Left One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ROL&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Rotate Right One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ROR&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
C &lt;- 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 &lt;- C

Flags: N, Z, C
||
C -&gt; 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -&gt; C

Flags: N, Z, C
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 2E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 3E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 2A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 26
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 36
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 6E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 7E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 6A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 66
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 76
|}

|}

=== Logic ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' AND Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;AND&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' OR Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ORA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Exclusive-OR Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;EOR&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A &amp; M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
||
A | M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
||
A ^ M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 2D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 3D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 39
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 29
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 25
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 21
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 35
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 31
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 0D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 1D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 19
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 09
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 05
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 01
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 15
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 11
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 4D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 5D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 59
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 49
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 45
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 41
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 55
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 51
|}

|}

=== Compare and Test Bit ===

The Negative (N), Zero (Z), and Carry (C) [[#StatusFlagTable|status flags]] are used for conditional (branch) instructions.

All Compare instructions affect flags in the same way:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Status-Flag !! Condition
|- 
| N || Bit 7 of (Register - Memory)
|- 
| Z || Register = Memory
|- 
| C || Register &gt;= Memory
|}

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Compare Memory and Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CMP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Compare Memory and Index X: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CPX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Compare Memory with Index Y: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CPY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A - M

Flags: N, Z, C
||
X - M

Flags: N, Z, C
||
Y - M

Flags: N, Z, C
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || CD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || DD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || D9
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || C9
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || C5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || C1
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || D5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || D1
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || EC
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || E0
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || E4
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || CC
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || C0
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || C4
|}

|}

''' Test Bits in Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BIT&lt;/code&gt; '''

A &amp; M

Flags: N = M7, V = M6, Z

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 2C
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 89
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 24
|}

=== Branch ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Branch on Carry Clear: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BCC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Carry Set: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BCS&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if C = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if C = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 90
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || B0
|}

|-
| ''' Branch on Result not Zero: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BNE&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Result Zero: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BEQ&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if Z = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if Z = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || D0
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || F0
|}

|-
| ''' Branch on Result Plus: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BPL&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Result Minus: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BMI&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if N = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if N = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 10
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 30
|}

|-
| ''' Branch on Overflow Clear: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BVC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Overflow Set: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BVS&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if V = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if V = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 50
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 70
|}

|}

=== Transfer ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Transfer Accumulator to Index X: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TAX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Transfer Index X to Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TXA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
||
X -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || AA
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 8A
|}

|-
| ''' Transfer Accumulator to Index Y: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TAY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Transfer Index Y to Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TYA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
||
Y -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || A8
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 98
|}

|-
| ''' Transfer Stack Pointer to Index X: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TSX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Transfer Index X to Stack Pointer: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TXS&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
S -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
||
X -&gt; S

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || BA
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 9A
|}

|}

=== Stack ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Push Accumulator on Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PHA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Pull Accumulator from Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PLA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; S

Flags: none
||
S -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 48
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 68
|}

|-
| ''' Push Processor Status on Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Pull Processor Status from Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PLP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
P -&gt; S

Flags: none
||
S -&gt; P

Flags: all
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 08
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 28
|}

|}

The processor status is stored as a single byte with the following flags bits from high to low: NV--DIZC.

=== Subroutines and Jump ===

''' Jump to New Location: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;JMP&lt;/code&gt; '''

Jump to new location by changing the value of the program counter.

'''Warning:''' When used with the [[#Absolute Indirect: (a)|absolute indirect]] addressing mode, a hardware bug can result in unexpected behavior when the specified address is &lt;code&gt;$xxFF&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;
E.g. &lt;code&gt;JMP ($11FF)&lt;/code&gt; will read the low byte from &lt;code&gt;$11FF&lt;/code&gt; and the high byte from &lt;code&gt;$1100&lt;/code&gt;, instead of reading the high byte from &lt;code&gt;$1200&lt;/code&gt; as one would expect. This is due to an overflow in the lower byte of the indirect address not being carried into the upper byte.

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 4C
|-
| [[#Absolute Indirect: (a)|(a)]] || 6C
|}

''' Jump to New Location Saving Return Address: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;JSR&lt;/code&gt; '''

Jumps to a subroutine

The address before the next instruction (PC - 1) is pushed onto the stack: first the upper byte followed by the lower byte. As the stack grows backwards, the return address is therefore stored as a little-endian number in memory.&lt;br/&gt;
PC is set to the target address.

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 20
|}

''' Return from Subroutine: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;RTS&lt;/code&gt; '''

Return from a subroutine to the point where it called with &lt;code&gt;JSR&lt;/code&gt;.

The return address is popped from the stack (low byte first, then high byte).&lt;br/&gt;The return address is incremented and stored in PC.

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 60
|}

''' Return from Interrupt: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;RTI&lt;/code&gt; '''

Return from an interrupt.

P is popped from the stack.&lt;br/&gt;
PC is popped from the stack.

Flags: all

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 40
|}

=== Set and Clear ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Clear Carry Flag: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Set Carry Flag: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SEC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
0 -&gt; C

Flags: C = 0
||
1 -&gt; C

Flags: C = 1
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 18
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 38
|}

|-
| ''' Clear Decimal Mode: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLD&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Set Decimal Mode: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SED&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
0 -&gt; D

Flags: D = 0
||
1 -&gt; D

Flags: D = 1
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || D8
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || F8
|}

|-
| ''' Clear Interrupt Disable Status: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLI&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Set Interrupt Disable Status: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SEI&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
0 -&gt; I

Flags: I = 0
||
1 -&gt; I

Flags: I = 1
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 58
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 78
|}

|-
| ''' Clear Overflow Flag: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLV&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
||
|-
|
0 -&gt; V

Flags: V = 0
||
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || B8
|}

|}

=== Miscellaneous ===

''' Break: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BRK&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Force an Interrupt

Flags: B = 1, I = 1

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 00
|}

''' No Operation: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;NOP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

No Operation

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || EA
|}

== Instruction table ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Instruction table
! High nibble !! colspan=&quot;16&quot;| Low nibble
|-
| || 00 || 01 || 02 || 03 || 04 || 05 || 06 || 07 || 08 || 09 || 0A || 0B || 0C || 0D || 0E || 0F
|-
| 00 || BRK i || ORA (zp,x) || || || || ORA zp || ASL zp || || PHP i || ORA # || ASL A || || || ORA a || ASL a ||
|-
| 10 || BPL r || ORA (zp),y || || || || ORA zp,x || ASL zp,x || || CLC i || ORA a,y || || || || ORA a,x || ASL a,x ||
|-
| 20 || JSR a || AND (zp,x) || || || BIT zp || AND zp || ROL zp || || PLP i || AND # || ROL A || || BIT a || AND a || ROL a ||
|-
| 30 || BMI r || AND (zp),y || || || || AND zp,x || ROL zp,x || || SEC i || AND a,y || || || || AND a,x || ROL a,x ||
|-
| 40 || RTI i || EOR (zp,x) || || || || EOR zp || LSR zp || || PHA i || EOR # || LSR A || || JMP a || EOR a || LSR a ||
|-
| 50 || BVC r || EOR (zp),y || || || || EOR zp,x || LSR zp,x || || CLI i || EOR a,y || || || || EOR a,x || LSR a,x ||
|-
| 60 || RTS i || ADC (zp,x) || || || || ADC zp || ROR zp || || PLA i || ADC # || ROR A || || JMP (a) || ADC a || ROR a ||
|-
| 70 || BVS r || ADC (zp),y || || || || ADC zp,x || ROR zp,x || || SEI i || ADC a,y || || || || ADC a,x || ROR a,x ||
|-
| 80 || || STA (zp,x) || || || STY zp || STA zp || STX zp || || DEY i || BIT #|| TXA i || || STY a || STA a || STX a ||
|-
| 90 || BCC r || STA (zp),y || || || STY zp,x || STA zp,x || STX zp,y || || TYA i || STA a,y || TXS i || || || STA a,x || ||
|-
| A0 || LDY # || LDA (zp,x) || LDX # || || LDY zp || LDA zp || LDX zp || || TAY i || LDA # || TAX i || || LDY a || LDA a || LDX a ||
|-
| B0 || BCS r || LDA (zp),y || || || LDY zp,x || LDA zp,x || LDX zp,y || || CLV i || LDA a,y || TSX i || || LDY a,x || LDA a,x || LDX a,y ||
|-
| C0 || CPY # || CMP (zp,x) || || || CPY zp || CMP zp || DEC zp || || INY i || CMP # || DEX i || || CPY a || CMP a || DEC a ||
|-
| D0 || BNE r || CMP (zp),y || || || || CMP zp,x || DEC zp,x || || CLD i || CMP a,y || || || || CMP a,x || DEC a,x ||
|-
| E0 || CPX # || SBC (zp,x) || || || CPX zp || SBC zp || INC zp || || INX i || SBC # || NOP i || || CPX a || SBC a || INC a ||
|-
| F0 || BEQ r || SBC (zp),y || || || || SBC zp,x || INC zp,x || || SED i || SBC a,y || || || || SBC a,x || INC a,x ||
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Related Wikibooks ==
* [[NES Programming]]: The Nintendo Entertainment System uses a version of the 6502
* [[65c02 Assembly]], a descendant of the 6502, used in many home computers, video game consoles, and embedded systems.
* [[Super NES Programming]]: the Super NES uses the 65c816, a descendant of the 6502
* [[History of Apple Inc.]]: early Apple computers all used some version of the 6502
* [[History of Computers/The Rise of the Microcomputer]]
* [[X86 Disassembly/Disassemblers and Decompilers#Disassembly of 8 bit CPU code]] mentions some 6502 disassemblers
* [[Computer Programming/Hello world#Accumulator .2B index register machine: MOS Technology 6502.2C CBM KERNEL.2C MOS assembler syntax]]

== Further reading ==
* {{W|MOS Technology 6502}}, wikipedia.org
* Owad, Tom, &quot;Apple I Replica Creation&quot;, Syngress, 2005. {{ISBN |193183640X}}
* [http://www.6502.org/ 6502.org] the 6502 microprocessor resource, particularly the [http://6502.org/tutorials/ Tutorials and Primers page].
* [https://www.masswerk.at/6502/6502_instruction_set.html 6502 Instruction Set], masswerk.at
* [https://www.pagetable.com/c64ref/6502/?tab=2 6502 Family CPU Reference] by Michael Steil, pagetable.com
* [http://www.6502.org/tutorials/6502opcodes.html NMOS 6502 Opcodes] by John Pickens et al., 6502.org
* [[Wikiversity: Learning 6502 assembly]], wikiversity.org

{{Alphabetical|6}}
{{Shelves|Assembly languages}}
{{status|25%}}
{{Booklet}}</text>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Byzantine Musical Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D00x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PSILI|&amp;#x1d000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DASEIA|&amp;#x1d001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1d002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OXEIA EKFONITIKON|&amp;#x1d003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OXEIA DIPLI|&amp;#x1d004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL VAREIA EKFONITIKON|&amp;#x1d005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL VAREIA DIPLI|&amp;#x1d006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KATHISTI|&amp;#x1d007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SYRMATIKI|&amp;#x1d008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PARAKLITIKI|&amp;#x1d009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YPOKRISIS|&amp;#x1d00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YPOKRISIS DIPLI|&amp;#x1d00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KREMASTI|&amp;#x1d00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APESO EKFONITIKON|&amp;#x1d00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL EXO EKFONITIKON|&amp;#x1d00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TELEIA|&amp;#x1d00f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D01x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMATA|&amp;#x1d010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APOSTROFOS|&amp;#x1d011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APOSTROFOS DIPLI|&amp;#x1d012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SYNEVMA|&amp;#x1d013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL THITA|&amp;#x1d014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OLIGON ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORGON ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PSILON|&amp;#x1d017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL CHAMILON|&amp;#x1d018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL VATHY|&amp;#x1d019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ISON ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMATA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SAXIMATA|&amp;#x1d01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PARICHON|&amp;#x1d01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL STAVROS APODEXIA|&amp;#x1d01f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D02x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OXEIAI ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL VAREIAI ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APODERMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APOTHEMA|&amp;#x1d023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KLASMA|&amp;#x1d024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL REVMA|&amp;#x1d025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PIASMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TINAGMA|&amp;#x1d027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ANATRICHISMA|&amp;#x1d028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SEISMA|&amp;#x1d029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SYNAGMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SYNAGMA META STAVROU|&amp;#x1d02b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OYRANISMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d02c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL THEMA|&amp;#x1d02d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEMOI|&amp;#x1d02e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DYO|&amp;#x1d02f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D03x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIA|&amp;#x1d030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TESSERA|&amp;#x1d031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KRATIMATA|&amp;#x1d032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APESO EXO NEO|&amp;#x1d033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL IMIFTHORA|&amp;#x1d035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TROMIKON ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KATAVA TROMIKON|&amp;#x1d037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PELASTON|&amp;#x1d038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PSIFISTON|&amp;#x1d039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KONTEVMA|&amp;#x1d03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL CHOREVMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL RAPISMA|&amp;#x1d03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PARAKALESMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PARAKLITIKI ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ICHADIN|&amp;#x1d03f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D04x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL NANA|&amp;#x1d040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PETASMA|&amp;#x1d041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KONTEVMA ALLO|&amp;#x1d042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TROMIKON ALLO|&amp;#x1d043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL STRAGGISMATA|&amp;#x1d044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GRONTHISMATA|&amp;#x1d045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ISON NEO|&amp;#x1d046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OLIGON NEO|&amp;#x1d047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OXEIA NEO|&amp;#x1d048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PETASTI|&amp;#x1d049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KOUFISMA|&amp;#x1d04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PETASTOKOUFISMA|&amp;#x1d04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KRATIMOKOUFISMA|&amp;#x1d04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PELASTON NEO|&amp;#x1d04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMATA NEO ANO|&amp;#x1d04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMA NEO ANO|&amp;#x1d04f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D05x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YPSILI|&amp;#x1d050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APOSTROFOS NEO|&amp;#x1d051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APOSTROFOI SYNDESMOS NEO|&amp;#x1d052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YPORROI|&amp;#x1d053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KRATIMOYPORROON|&amp;#x1d054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ELAFRON|&amp;#x1d055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL CHAMILI|&amp;#x1d056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MIKRON ISON|&amp;#x1d057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL VAREIA NEO|&amp;#x1d058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PIASMA NEO|&amp;#x1d059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PSIFISTON NEO|&amp;#x1d05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OMALON|&amp;#x1d05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ANTIKENOMA|&amp;#x1d05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL LYGISMA|&amp;#x1d05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PARAKLITIKI NEO|&amp;#x1d05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PARAKALESMA NEO|&amp;#x1d05f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D06x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ETERON PARAKALESMA|&amp;#x1d060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KYLISMA|&amp;#x1d061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ANTIKENOKYLISMA|&amp;#x1d062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TROMIKON NEO|&amp;#x1d063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL EKSTREPTON|&amp;#x1d064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SYNAGMA NEO|&amp;#x1d065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SYRMA|&amp;#x1d066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL CHOREVMA NEO|&amp;#x1d067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL EPEGERMA|&amp;#x1d068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SEISMA NEO|&amp;#x1d069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL XIRON KLASMA|&amp;#x1d06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TROMIKOPSIFISTON|&amp;#x1d06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PSIFISTOLYGISMA|&amp;#x1d06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TROMIKOLYGISMA|&amp;#x1d06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TROMIKOPARAKALESMA|&amp;#x1d06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PSIFISTOPARAKALESMA|&amp;#x1d06f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D07x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TROMIKOSYNAGMA|&amp;#x1d070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL PSIFISTOSYNAGMA|&amp;#x1d071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORGOSYNTHETON|&amp;#x1d072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARGOSYNTHETON|&amp;#x1d073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ETERON ARGOSYNTHETON|&amp;#x1d074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL OYRANISMA NEO|&amp;#x1d075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL THEMATISMOS ESO|&amp;#x1d076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL THEMATISMOS EXO|&amp;#x1d077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL THEMA APLOUN|&amp;#x1d078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL THES KAI APOTHES|&amp;#x1d079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KATAVASMA|&amp;#x1d07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ENDOFONON|&amp;#x1d07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YFEN KATO|&amp;#x1d07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YFEN ANO|&amp;#x1d07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL STAVROS|&amp;#x1d07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KLASMA ANO|&amp;#x1d07f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D08x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIPLI ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KRATIMA ARCHAION|&amp;#x1d081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KRATIMA ALLO|&amp;#x1d082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KRATIMA NEO|&amp;#x1d083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APODERMA NEO|&amp;#x1d084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APLI|&amp;#x1d085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIPLI|&amp;#x1d086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIPLI|&amp;#x1d087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TETRAPLI|&amp;#x1d088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KORONIS|&amp;#x1d089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEIMMA ENOS CHRONOU|&amp;#x1d08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEIMMA DYO CHRONON|&amp;#x1d08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEIMMA TRION CHRONON|&amp;#x1d08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEIMMA TESSARON CHRONON|&amp;#x1d08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEIMMA IMISEOS CHRONOU|&amp;#x1d08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORGON NEO ANO|&amp;#x1d08f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D09x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORGON PARESTIGMENON ARISTERA|&amp;#x1d090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORGON PARESTIGMENON DEXIA|&amp;#x1d091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGORGON|&amp;#x1d092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGORGON PARESTIGMENON ARISTERA KATO|&amp;#x1d093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGORGON PARESTIGMENON ARISTERA ANO|&amp;#x1d094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGORGON PARESTIGMENON DEXIA|&amp;#x1d095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIGORGON|&amp;#x1d096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARGON|&amp;#x1d097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL IMIDIARGON|&amp;#x1d098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIARGON|&amp;#x1d099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI POLI ARGI|&amp;#x1d09a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI ARGOTERI|&amp;#x1d09b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI ARGI|&amp;#x1d09c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI METRIA|&amp;#x1d09d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI MESI|&amp;#x1d09e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI GORGI|&amp;#x1d09f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D0Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI GORGOTERI|&amp;#x1d0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL AGOGI POLI GORGI|&amp;#x1d0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA PROTOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA ALLI PROTOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA DEYTEROS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA ALLI DEYTEROS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA TRITOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA TRIFONIAS|&amp;#x1d0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA TETARTOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA TETARTOS LEGETOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA LEGETOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA PLAGIOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ISAKIA TELOUS ICHIMATOS|&amp;#x1d0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL APOSTROFOI TELOUS ICHIMATOS|&amp;#x1d0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FANEROSIS TETRAFONIAS|&amp;#x1d0ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FANEROSIS MONOFONIAS|&amp;#x1d0af;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D0Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FANEROSIS DIFONIAS|&amp;#x1d0b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA VARYS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA PROTOVARYS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL MARTYRIA PLAGIOS TETARTOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORTHMIKON N APLOUN|&amp;#x1d0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORTHMIKON N DIPLOUN|&amp;#x1d0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ENARXIS KAI FTHORA VOU|&amp;#x1d0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL IMIFONON|&amp;#x1d0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL IMIFTHORON|&amp;#x1d0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA ARCHAION DEYTEROU ICHOU|&amp;#x1d0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA DIATONIKI PA|&amp;#x1d0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA DIATONIKI NANA|&amp;#x1d0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA NAOS ICHOS|&amp;#x1d0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA DIATONIKI DI|&amp;#x1d0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA SKLIRON DIATONON DI|&amp;#x1d0be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA DIATONIKI KE|&amp;#x1d0bf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D0Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA DIATONIKI ZO|&amp;#x1d0c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA DIATONIKI NI KATO|&amp;#x1d0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA DIATONIKI NI ANO|&amp;#x1d0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA MALAKON CHROMA DIFONIAS|&amp;#x1d0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA MALAKON CHROMA MONOFONIAS|&amp;#x1d0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FHTORA SKLIRON CHROMA VASIS|&amp;#x1d0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA SKLIRON CHROMA SYNAFI|&amp;#x1d0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA NENANO|&amp;#x1d0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL CHROA ZYGOS|&amp;#x1d0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL CHROA KLITON|&amp;#x1d0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL CHROA SPATHI|&amp;#x1d0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA I YFESIS TETARTIMORION|&amp;#x1d0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA ENARMONIOS ANTIFONIA|&amp;#x1d0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YFESIS TRITIMORION|&amp;#x1d0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIESIS TRITIMORION|&amp;#x1d0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIESIS TETARTIMORION|&amp;#x1d0cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D0Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIESIS APLI DYO DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIESIS MONOGRAMMOS TESSERA DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIESIS DIGRAMMOS EX DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIESIS TRIGRAMMOS OKTO DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YFESIS APLI DYO DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YFESIS MONOGRAMMOS TESSERA DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YFESIS DIGRAMMOS EX DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL YFESIS TRIGRAMMOS OKTO DODEKATA|&amp;#x1d0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GENIKI DIESIS|&amp;#x1d0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GENIKI YFESIS|&amp;#x1d0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIASTOLI APLI MIKRI|&amp;#x1d0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIASTOLI APLI MEGALI|&amp;#x1d0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIASTOLI DIPLI|&amp;#x1d0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIASTOLI THESEOS|&amp;#x1d0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS THESEOS|&amp;#x1d0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS THESEOS DISIMOU|&amp;#x1d0df;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D0Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS THESEOS TRISIMOU|&amp;#x1d0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS THESEOS TETRASIMOU|&amp;#x1d0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS ARSEOS|&amp;#x1d0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS ARSEOS DISIMOU|&amp;#x1d0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS ARSEOS TRISIMOU|&amp;#x1d0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL SIMANSIS ARSEOS TETRASIMOU|&amp;#x1d0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGRAMMA GG|&amp;#x1d0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL DIFTOGGOS OU|&amp;#x1d0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL STIGMA|&amp;#x1d0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARKTIKO PA|&amp;#x1d0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARKTIKO VOU|&amp;#x1d0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARKTIKO GA|&amp;#x1d0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARKTIKO DI|&amp;#x1d0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARKTIKO KE|&amp;#x1d0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARKTIKO ZO|&amp;#x1d0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL ARKTIKO NI|&amp;#x1d0ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D0Fx
|style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMATA NEO MESO|&amp;#x1d0f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMA NEO MESO|&amp;#x1d0f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMATA NEO KATO|&amp;#x1d0f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KENTIMA NEO KATO|&amp;#x1d0f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL KLASMA KATO|&amp;#x1d0f4;}}||style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL GORGON NEO KATO|&amp;#x1d0f5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Musical Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D10x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SINGLE BARLINE|&amp;#x1d100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DOUBLE BARLINE|&amp;#x1d101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FINAL BARLINE|&amp;#x1d102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REVERSE FINAL BARLINE|&amp;#x1d103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DASHED BARLINE|&amp;#x1d104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SHORT BARLINE|&amp;#x1d105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT REPEAT SIGN|&amp;#x1d106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT REPEAT SIGN|&amp;#x1d107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REPEAT DOTS|&amp;#x1d108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DAL SEGNO|&amp;#x1d109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DA CAPO|&amp;#x1d10a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SEGNO|&amp;#x1d10b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CODA|&amp;#x1d10c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REPEATED FIGURE-1|&amp;#x1d10d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REPEATED FIGURE-2|&amp;#x1d10e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REPEATED FIGURE-3|&amp;#x1d10f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D11x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FERMATA|&amp;#x1d110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FERMATA BELOW|&amp;#x1d111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BREATH MARK|&amp;#x1d112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CAESURA|&amp;#x1d113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BRACE|&amp;#x1d114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BRACKET|&amp;#x1d115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ONE-LINE STAFF|&amp;#x1d116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TWO-LINE STAFF|&amp;#x1d117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL THREE-LINE STAFF|&amp;#x1d118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FOUR-LINE STAFF|&amp;#x1d119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FIVE-LINE STAFF|&amp;#x1d11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SIX-LINE STAFF|&amp;#x1d11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SIX-STRING FRETBOARD|&amp;#x1d11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FOUR-STRING FRETBOARD|&amp;#x1d11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF|&amp;#x1d11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA ALTA|&amp;#x1d11f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D12x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA BASSA|&amp;#x1d120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL C CLEF|&amp;#x1d121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF|&amp;#x1d122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA ALTA|&amp;#x1d123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA BASSA|&amp;#x1d124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-1|&amp;#x1d125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-2|&amp;#x1d126;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING STRESS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d127;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING UNSTRESS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d128;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MULTIPLE MEASURE REST|&amp;#x1d129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DOUBLE SHARP|&amp;#x1d12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DOUBLE FLAT|&amp;#x1d12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FLAT UP|&amp;#x1d12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FLAT DOWN|&amp;#x1d12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL NATURAL UP|&amp;#x1d12e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL NATURAL DOWN|&amp;#x1d12f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D13x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SHARP UP|&amp;#x1d130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SHARP DOWN|&amp;#x1d131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL QUARTER TONE SHARP|&amp;#x1d132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL QUARTER TONE FLAT|&amp;#x1d133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMMON TIME|&amp;#x1d134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CUT TIME|&amp;#x1d135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL OTTAVA ALTA|&amp;#x1d136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL OTTAVA BASSA|&amp;#x1d137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL QUINDICESIMA ALTA|&amp;#x1d138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL QUINDICESIMA BASSA|&amp;#x1d139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MULTI REST|&amp;#x1d13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL WHOLE REST|&amp;#x1d13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HALF REST|&amp;#x1d13c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL QUARTER REST|&amp;#x1d13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL EIGHTH REST|&amp;#x1d13e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SIXTEENTH REST|&amp;#x1d13f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D14x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL THIRTY-SECOND REST|&amp;#x1d140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SIXTY-FOURTH REST|&amp;#x1d141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-EIGHTH REST|&amp;#x1d142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL X NOTEHEAD|&amp;#x1d143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PLUS NOTEHEAD|&amp;#x1d144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CIRCLE X NOTEHEAD|&amp;#x1d145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SQUARE NOTEHEAD WHITE|&amp;#x1d146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SQUARE NOTEHEAD BLACK|&amp;#x1d147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD UP WHITE|&amp;#x1d148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD UP BLACK|&amp;#x1d149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD LEFT WHITE|&amp;#x1d14a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD LEFT BLACK|&amp;#x1d14b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD RIGHT WHITE|&amp;#x1d14c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD RIGHT BLACK|&amp;#x1d14d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD DOWN WHITE|&amp;#x1d14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD DOWN BLACK|&amp;#x1d14f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D15x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD UP RIGHT WHITE|&amp;#x1d150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE NOTEHEAD UP RIGHT BLACK|&amp;#x1d151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MOON NOTEHEAD WHITE|&amp;#x1d152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MOON NOTEHEAD BLACK|&amp;#x1d153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE-ROUND NOTEHEAD DOWN WHITE|&amp;#x1d154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGLE-ROUND NOTEHEAD DOWN BLACK|&amp;#x1d155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PARENTHESIS NOTEHEAD|&amp;#x1d156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL VOID NOTEHEAD|&amp;#x1d157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL NOTEHEAD BLACK|&amp;#x1d158;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL NULL NOTEHEAD|&amp;#x1d159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CLUSTER NOTEHEAD WHITE|&amp;#x1d15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CLUSTER NOTEHEAD BLACK|&amp;#x1d15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BREVE|&amp;#x1d15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL WHOLE NOTE|&amp;#x1d15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HALF NOTE|&amp;#x1d15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL QUARTER NOTE|&amp;#x1d15f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D16x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL EIGHTH NOTE|&amp;#x1d160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SIXTEENTH NOTE|&amp;#x1d161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL THIRTY-SECOND NOTE|&amp;#x1d162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SIXTY-FOURTH NOTE|&amp;#x1d163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-EIGHTH NOTE|&amp;#x1d164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING STEM|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING SPRECHGESANG STEM|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TREMOLO-1|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TREMOLO-2|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TREMOLO-3|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FINGERED TREMOLO-1|&amp;#x1d16a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FINGERED TREMOLO-2|&amp;#x1d16b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FINGERED TREMOLO-3|&amp;#x1d16c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING AUGMENTATION DOT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d16d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-1|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d16e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-2|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d16f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D17x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-3|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-4|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-5|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d172;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BEGIN BEAM|[BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;BEAM]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL END BEAM|[END&lt;br /&gt;BEAM]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BEGIN TIE|[BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;TIE]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL END TIE|[END&lt;br /&gt;TIE]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BEGIN SLUR|[BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;SLUR]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL END SLUR|[END&lt;br /&gt;SLUR]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BEGIN PHRASE|[BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;PHR.]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL END PHRASE|[END&lt;br /&gt;PHR.]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING ACCENT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d17b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING STACCATO|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TENUTO|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING STACCATISSIMO|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d17e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING MARCATO|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d17f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D18x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING MARCATO-STACCATO|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING ACCENT-STACCATO|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING LOURE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ARPEGGIATO UP|&amp;#x1d183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ARPEGGIATO DOWN|&amp;#x1d184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING DOIT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING RIP|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLIP|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING SMEAR|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING BEND|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING DOUBLE TONGUE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d18a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TRIPLE TONGUE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d18b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL RINFORZANDO|&amp;#x1d18c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SUBITO|&amp;#x1d18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL Z|&amp;#x1d18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PIANO|&amp;#x1d18f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D19x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MEZZO|&amp;#x1d190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FORTE|&amp;#x1d191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CRESCENDO|&amp;#x1d192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DECRESCENDO|&amp;#x1d193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL GRACE NOTE SLASH|&amp;#x1d194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL GRACE NOTE NO SLASH|&amp;#x1d195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TR|&amp;#x1d196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TURN|&amp;#x1d197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL INVERTED TURN|&amp;#x1d198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TURN SLASH|&amp;#x1d199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TURN UP|&amp;#x1d19a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-1|&amp;#x1d19b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-2|&amp;#x1d19c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-3|&amp;#x1d19d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-4|&amp;#x1d19e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-5|&amp;#x1d19f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D1Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-6|&amp;#x1d1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-7|&amp;#x1d1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-8|&amp;#x1d1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-9|&amp;#x1d1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-10|&amp;#x1d1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORNAMENT STROKE-11|&amp;#x1d1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HAUPTSTIMME|&amp;#x1d1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL NEBENSTIMME|&amp;#x1d1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL END OF STIMME|&amp;#x1d1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DEGREE SLASH|&amp;#x1d1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING DOWN BOW|&amp;#x1d1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING UP BOW|&amp;#x1d1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING HARMONIC|&amp;#x1d1ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING SNAP PIZZICATO|&amp;#x1d1ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PEDAL MARK|&amp;#x1d1ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PEDAL UP MARK|&amp;#x1d1af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D1Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HALF PEDAL MARK|&amp;#x1d1b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL GLISSANDO UP|&amp;#x1d1b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL GLISSANDO DOWN|&amp;#x1d1b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL WITH FINGERNAILS|&amp;#x1d1b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DAMP|&amp;#x1d1b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DAMP ALL|&amp;#x1d1b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MAXIMA|&amp;#x1d1b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL LONGA|&amp;#x1d1b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BREVIS|&amp;#x1d1b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SEMIBREVIS WHITE|&amp;#x1d1b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SEMIBREVIS BLACK|&amp;#x1d1ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MINIMA|&amp;#x1d1bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MINIMA BLACK|&amp;#x1d1bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SEMIMINIMA WHITE|&amp;#x1d1bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SEMIMINIMA BLACK|&amp;#x1d1be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FUSA WHITE|&amp;#x1d1bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D1Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FUSA BLACK|&amp;#x1d1c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL LONGA PERFECTA REST|&amp;#x1d1c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL LONGA IMPERFECTA REST|&amp;#x1d1c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL BREVIS REST|&amp;#x1d1c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SEMIBREVIS REST|&amp;#x1d1c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL MINIMA REST|&amp;#x1d1c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SEMIMINIMA REST|&amp;#x1d1c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS PERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE PERFECTA|&amp;#x1d1c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS PERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE IMPERFECTA|&amp;#x1d1c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS PERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE PERFECTA DIMINUTION-1|&amp;#x1d1c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS IMPERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE PERFECTA|&amp;#x1d1ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS IMPERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE IMPERFECTA|&amp;#x1d1cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS IMPERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE IMPERFECTA DIMINUTION-1|&amp;#x1d1cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS IMPERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE IMPERFECTA DIMINUTION-2|&amp;#x1d1cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TEMPUS IMPERFECTUM CUM PROLATIONE IMPERFECTA DIMINUTION-3|&amp;#x1d1ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CROIX|&amp;#x1d1cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D1Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN C CLEF|&amp;#x1d1d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN F CLEF|&amp;#x1d1d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SQUARE B|&amp;#x1d1d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL VIRGA|&amp;#x1d1d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PODATUS|&amp;#x1d1d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CLIVIS|&amp;#x1d1d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SCANDICUS|&amp;#x1d1d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CLIMACUS|&amp;#x1d1d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TORCULUS|&amp;#x1d1d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PORRECTUS|&amp;#x1d1d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PORRECTUS FLEXUS|&amp;#x1d1da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SCANDICUS FLEXUS|&amp;#x1d1db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TORCULUS RESUPINUS|&amp;#x1d1dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL PES SUBPUNCTIS|&amp;#x1d1dd;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN C CLEF|&amp;#x1d1de;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN END OF PIECE|&amp;#x1d1df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D1Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN FINAL NOTE|&amp;#x1d1e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN RECITATIVE MARK|&amp;#x1d1e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN WHOLE NOTE|&amp;#x1d1e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN HALF NOTE|&amp;#x1d1e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN QUARTER NOTE STEM DOWN|&amp;#x1d1e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN QUARTER NOTE STEM UP|&amp;#x1d1e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN EIGHTH NOTE STEM DOWN|&amp;#x1d1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN EIGHTH NOTE STEM UP|&amp;#x1d1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN FLAT SIGN|&amp;#x1d1e8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SORI|&amp;#x1d1e9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL KORON|&amp;#x1d1ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HALF SHARP|&amp;#x1d1eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ONE AND A HALF SHARP|&amp;#x1d1ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REVERSED FLAT|&amp;#x1d1ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REVERSED FLAT AND FLAT|&amp;#x1d1ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HALF SHARP UP|&amp;#x1d1ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D1Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HALF SHARP DOWN|&amp;#x1d1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ONE AND A HALF SHARP UP|&amp;#x1d1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ONE AND A HALF SHARP DOWN|&amp;#x1d1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REVERSED FLAT UP|&amp;#x1d1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REVERSED FLAT DOWN|&amp;#x1d1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REVERSED FLAT AND FLAT UP|&amp;#x1d1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL REVERSED FLAT AND FLAT DOWN|&amp;#x1d1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT TWO WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT FOUR WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT FIVE WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT SIX WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT SEVEN WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT NINE WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT FIVE WITH LOW STROKE|&amp;#x1d1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIGIT SEVEN WITH LOW STROKE|&amp;#x1d1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL LONGA REST|&amp;#x1d1ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D20x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-1|&amp;#x1d200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-2|&amp;#x1d201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-3|&amp;#x1d202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-4|&amp;#x1d203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-5|&amp;#x1d204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-6|&amp;#x1d205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-7|&amp;#x1d206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-8|&amp;#x1d207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-9|&amp;#x1d208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-10|&amp;#x1d209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-11|&amp;#x1d20a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-12|&amp;#x1d20b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-13|&amp;#x1d20c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-14|&amp;#x1d20d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-15|&amp;#x1d20e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-16|&amp;#x1d20f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D21x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-17|&amp;#x1d210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-18|&amp;#x1d211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-19|&amp;#x1d212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-20|&amp;#x1d213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-21|&amp;#x1d214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-22|&amp;#x1d215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-23|&amp;#x1d216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-24|&amp;#x1d217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-50|&amp;#x1d218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-51|&amp;#x1d219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-52|&amp;#x1d21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-53|&amp;#x1d21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VOCAL NOTATION SYMBOL-54|&amp;#x1d21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-1|&amp;#x1d21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-2|&amp;#x1d21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-4|&amp;#x1d21f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D22x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-5|&amp;#x1d220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-7|&amp;#x1d221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-8|&amp;#x1d222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-11|&amp;#x1d223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-12|&amp;#x1d224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-13|&amp;#x1d225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-14|&amp;#x1d226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-17|&amp;#x1d227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-18|&amp;#x1d228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-19|&amp;#x1d229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-23|&amp;#x1d22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-24|&amp;#x1d22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-25|&amp;#x1d22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-26|&amp;#x1d22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-27|&amp;#x1d22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-29|&amp;#x1d22f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D23x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-30|&amp;#x1d230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-32|&amp;#x1d231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-36|&amp;#x1d232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-37|&amp;#x1d233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-38|&amp;#x1d234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-39|&amp;#x1d235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-40|&amp;#x1d236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-42|&amp;#x1d237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-43|&amp;#x1d238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-45|&amp;#x1d239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-47|&amp;#x1d23a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-48|&amp;#x1d23b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-49|&amp;#x1d23c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-50|&amp;#x1d23d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-51|&amp;#x1d23e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-52|&amp;#x1d23f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D24x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-53|&amp;#x1d240;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK INSTRUMENTAL NOTATION SYMBOL-54|&amp;#x1d241;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GREEK MUSICAL TRISEME|&amp;#x1d242;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GREEK MUSICAL TETRASEME|&amp;#x1d243;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GREEK MUSICAL PENTASEME|&amp;#x1d244;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK MUSICAL LEIMMA|&amp;#x1d245;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D25x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-6|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-7|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING FLAG-8|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-SIXTH REST|&amp;#x1d253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FIVE HUNDRED TWELFTH REST|&amp;#x1d254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ONE THOUSAND TWENTY-
FOURTH REST|&amp;#x1d255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FLAT WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FLAT WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x1d257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FLAT WITH DOUBLE STEM|&amp;#x1d258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HALF SHARP WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SHARP WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d25a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TREMOLO-4|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d25b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TREMOLO-5|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d25c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FINGERED TREMOLO-4|&amp;#x1d25d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL FINGERED TREMOLO-5|&amp;#x1d25e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING BUZZ ROLL STEM|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d25f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D26x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIPLE FLAT|&amp;#x1d260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SUSPENSION|&amp;#x1d261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HEAVY DOUBLE BARLINE|&amp;#x1d262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SYSTEM DIVIDER|&amp;#x1d263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL NIENTE|&amp;#x1d264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CRESCENDO WITH RING|&amp;#x1d265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DECRESCENDO WITH RING|&amp;#x1d266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIAMOND NOTEHEAD
WHOLE|&amp;#x1d267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIAMOND NOTEHEAD
WHITE|&amp;#x1d268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIAMOND NOTEHEAD
BLACK|&amp;#x1d269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DIAMOND NOTEHEAD
HALF-FILLED|&amp;#x1d26a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TRIANGULAR
FERMATA|&amp;#x1d26b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DOUBLE TRIANGULAR
FERMATA|&amp;#x1d26c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SQUARE FERMATA|&amp;#x1d26d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DOUBLE SQUARE FERMATA|&amp;#x1d26e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HENZE LONG FERMATA|&amp;#x1d26f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D27x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL HENZE SHORT FERMATA|&amp;#x1d270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL CURLEW|&amp;#x1d271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL SALZEDO BREATH MARK|&amp;#x1d272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORGAN PEDAL HEEL|&amp;#x1d273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ORGAN PEDAL TOE|&amp;#x1d274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OPTIONALLY
OTTAVA BASSA|&amp;#x1d275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL DOUBLE G CLEF|&amp;#x1d276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA BASSA
WITH C CLEF|&amp;#x1d277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL C CLEF OTTAVA BASSA|&amp;#x1d278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF QUINDICESIMA
ALTA|&amp;#x1d279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF QUINDICESIMA
BASSA|&amp;#x1d27a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF QUINDICESIMA
ALTA|&amp;#x1d279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF QUINDICESIMA
BASSA|&amp;#x1d27a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL C CLEF QUINDICESIMA
BASSA|&amp;#x1d27d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL TABLATURE CLEF|&amp;#x1d27e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL ARPEGGIATO UP WITH ARROW|&amp;#x1d27f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D28x
|style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING STEM BOW BEHIND BRIDGE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d280;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING STEM BOW ON TOP OF BRIDGE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1d281;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Number Forms Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D29x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D2Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D2Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Kaktovik Numerals'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D2Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL ZERO|&amp;#x1d2c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL ONE|&amp;#x1d2c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL TWO|&amp;#x1d2c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL THREE|&amp;#x1d2c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL FOUR|&amp;#x1d2c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL FIVE|&amp;#x1d2c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL SIX|&amp;#x1d2c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL SEVEN|&amp;#x1d2c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL EIGHT|&amp;#x1d2c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL NINE|&amp;#x1d2c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL TEN|&amp;#x1d2ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL ELEVEN|&amp;#x1d2cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL TWELVE|&amp;#x1d2cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL THIRTEEN|&amp;#x1d2cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL FOURTEEN|&amp;#x1d2ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL FIFTEEN|&amp;#x1d2cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D2Dx
|style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL SIXTEEN|&amp;#x1d2d0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x1d2d1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL EIGHTTEEN|&amp;#x1d2d2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAKTOVIK NUMERAL NINETEEN|&amp;#x1d2d3;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mayan Numerals'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D2Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL ZERO|&amp;#x1d2e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL ONE|&amp;#x1d2e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL TWO|&amp;#x1d2e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL THREE|&amp;#x1d2e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL FOUR|&amp;#x1d2e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL FIVE|&amp;#x1d2e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL SIX|&amp;#x1d2e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL SEVEN|&amp;#x1d2e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL EIGHT|&amp;#x1d2e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL NINE|&amp;#x1d2e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL TEN|&amp;#x1d2ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL ELEVEN|&amp;#x1d2eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL TWELVE|&amp;#x1d2ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL THIRTEEN|&amp;#x1d2ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL FOURTEEN|&amp;#x1d2ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL FIFTEEN|&amp;#x1d2ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D2Fx
|style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL SIXTEEN|&amp;#x1d2f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x1d2f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x1d2f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAYAN NUMERAL NINETEEN|&amp;#x1d2f3;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D30x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONOGRAM FOR EARTH|&amp;#x1d300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR HEAVENLY EARTH|&amp;#x1d301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR HUMAN EARTH|&amp;#x1d302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR EARTHLY HEAVEN|&amp;#x1d303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR EARTHLY HUMAN|&amp;#x1d304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR EARTH|&amp;#x1d305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CENTRE|&amp;#x1d306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR FULL CIRCLE|&amp;#x1d307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR MIRED|&amp;#x1d308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR BARRIER|&amp;#x1d309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR KEEPING SMALL|&amp;#x1d30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CONTRARIETY|&amp;#x1d30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ASCENT|&amp;#x1d30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR OPPOSITION|&amp;#x1d30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR BRANCHING OUT|&amp;#x1d30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DEFECTIVENESS OR DISTORTION|&amp;#x1d30f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D31x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DIVERGENCE|&amp;#x1d310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR YOUTHFULNESS|&amp;#x1d311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR INCREASE|&amp;#x1d312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR PENETRATION|&amp;#x1d313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR REACH|&amp;#x1d314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CONTACT|&amp;#x1d315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR HOLDING BACK|&amp;#x1d316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR WAITING|&amp;#x1d317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR FOLLOWING|&amp;#x1d318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ADVANCE|&amp;#x1d319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR RELEASE|&amp;#x1d31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR RESISTANCE|&amp;#x1d31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR EASE|&amp;#x1d31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR JOY|&amp;#x1d31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CONTENTION|&amp;#x1d31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ENDEAVOUR|&amp;#x1d31f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D32x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DUTIES|&amp;#x1d320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CHANGE|&amp;#x1d321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DECISIVENESS|&amp;#x1d322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR BOLD RESOLUTION|&amp;#x1d323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR PACKING|&amp;#x1d324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR LEGION|&amp;#x1d325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CLOSENESS|&amp;#x1d326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR KINSHIP|&amp;#x1d327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR GATHERING|&amp;#x1d328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR STRENGTH|&amp;#x1d329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR PURITY|&amp;#x1d32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR FULLNESS|&amp;#x1d32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR RESIDENCE|&amp;#x1d32c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR LAW OR MODEL|&amp;#x1d32d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR RESPONSE|&amp;#x1d32e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR GOING TO MEET|&amp;#x1d32f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D33x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ENCOUNTERS|&amp;#x1d330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR STOVE|&amp;#x1d331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR GREATNESS|&amp;#x1d332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ENLARGEMENT|&amp;#x1d333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR PATTERN|&amp;#x1d334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR RITUAL|&amp;#x1d335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR FLIGHT|&amp;#x1d336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR VASTNESS OR WASTING|&amp;#x1d337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CONSTANCY|&amp;#x1d338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR MEASURE|&amp;#x1d339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ETERNITY|&amp;#x1d33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR UNITY|&amp;#x1d33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DIMINISHMENT|&amp;#x1d33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CLOSED MOUTH|&amp;#x1d33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR GUARDEDNESS|&amp;#x1d33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR GATHERING IN|&amp;#x1d33f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D34x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR MASSING|&amp;#x1d340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ACCUMULATION|&amp;#x1d341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR EMBELLISHMENT|&amp;#x1d342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DOUBT|&amp;#x1d343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR WATCH|&amp;#x1d344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR SINKING|&amp;#x1d345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR INNER|&amp;#x1d346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DEPARTURE|&amp;#x1d347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DARKENING|&amp;#x1d348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DIMMING|&amp;#x1d349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR EXHAUSTION|&amp;#x1d34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR SEVERANCE|&amp;#x1d34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR STOPPAGE|&amp;#x1d34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR HARDNESS|&amp;#x1d34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR COMPLETION|&amp;#x1d34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR CLOSURE|&amp;#x1d34f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D35x
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR FAILURE|&amp;#x1d350;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR AGGRAVATION|&amp;#x1d351;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR COMPLIANCE|&amp;#x1d352;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR ON THE VERGE|&amp;#x1d353;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR DIFFICULTIES|&amp;#x1d354;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR LABOURING|&amp;#x1d355;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TETRAGRAM FOR FOSTERING|&amp;#x1d356;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Counting Rod Numerals'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D36x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1d360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1d361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1d362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1d363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1d364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1d365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1d366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1d367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1d368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1d369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1d36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1d36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1d36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1d36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1d36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1d36f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D37x
|style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1d370;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTING ROD TENS DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1d371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK ONE|&amp;#x1d372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK TWO|&amp;#x1d373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK THREE|&amp;#x1d374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK FOUR|&amp;#x1d375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK FIVE|&amp;#x1d376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TALLY MARK ONE|&amp;#x1d377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TALLY MARK FIVE|&amp;#x1d378;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Kodo Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D38x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D39x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D3Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D3Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D3Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Counting Rod Numerals Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D3Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D3Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D3Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D40x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d40a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d40b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d40c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d40d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d40e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d40f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D41x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL A|&amp;#x1d41a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL B|&amp;#x1d41b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL C|&amp;#x1d41c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL D|&amp;#x1d41d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL E|&amp;#x1d41e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL F|&amp;#x1d41f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D42x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL G|&amp;#x1d420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL H|&amp;#x1d421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL I|&amp;#x1d422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL J|&amp;#x1d423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL K|&amp;#x1d424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL L|&amp;#x1d425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL M|&amp;#x1d426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL N|&amp;#x1d427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL O|&amp;#x1d428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL P|&amp;#x1d429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d42a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL R|&amp;#x1d42b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL S|&amp;#x1d42c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL T|&amp;#x1d42d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL U|&amp;#x1d42e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL V|&amp;#x1d42f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D43x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL W|&amp;#x1d430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL X|&amp;#x1d431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d43a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d43b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d43c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d43d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d43e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d43f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D44x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d44a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d44b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d44c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d44d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL A|&amp;#x1d44e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL B|&amp;#x1d44f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D45x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL C|&amp;#x1d450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL D|&amp;#x1d451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL E|&amp;#x1d452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL F|&amp;#x1d453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL G|&amp;#x1d454;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL I|&amp;#x1d456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL J|&amp;#x1d457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL K|&amp;#x1d458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL L|&amp;#x1d459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL M|&amp;#x1d45a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL N|&amp;#x1d45b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL O|&amp;#x1d45c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL P|&amp;#x1d45d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d45e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL R|&amp;#x1d45f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D46x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL S|&amp;#x1d460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL T|&amp;#x1d461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL U|&amp;#x1d462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL V|&amp;#x1d463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL W|&amp;#x1d464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL X|&amp;#x1d465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d46f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D47x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d47f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D48x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL A|&amp;#x1d482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL B|&amp;#x1d483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL C|&amp;#x1d484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL D|&amp;#x1d485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL E|&amp;#x1d486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL F|&amp;#x1d487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL G|&amp;#x1d488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL H|&amp;#x1d489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL I|&amp;#x1d48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL J|&amp;#x1d48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL K|&amp;#x1d48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL L|&amp;#x1d48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL M|&amp;#x1d48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL N|&amp;#x1d48f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D49x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL O|&amp;#x1d490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL P|&amp;#x1d491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL R|&amp;#x1d493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL S|&amp;#x1d494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL T|&amp;#x1d495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL U|&amp;#x1d496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL V|&amp;#x1d497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL W|&amp;#x1d498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL X|&amp;#x1d499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d49c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d49f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D4Ax
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d4a2;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d4a6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d4ac;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d4af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D4Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL A|&amp;#x1d4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL B|&amp;#x1d4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL C|&amp;#x1d4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL D|&amp;#x1d4b9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL F|&amp;#x1d4bb;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL H|&amp;#x1d4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL I|&amp;#x1d4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL J|&amp;#x1d4bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D4Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL K|&amp;#x1d4c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L|&amp;#x1d4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL M|&amp;#x1d4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL N|&amp;#x1d4c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL P|&amp;#x1d4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL R|&amp;#x1d4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL S|&amp;#x1d4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL T|&amp;#x1d4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL U|&amp;#x1d4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL V|&amp;#x1d4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL W|&amp;#x1d4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL X|&amp;#x1d4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d4cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D4Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d4df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D4Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL A|&amp;#x1d4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL B|&amp;#x1d4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL C|&amp;#x1d4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL D|&amp;#x1d4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL E|&amp;#x1d4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL F|&amp;#x1d4ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D4Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL G|&amp;#x1d4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL H|&amp;#x1d4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL I|&amp;#x1d4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL J|&amp;#x1d4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL K|&amp;#x1d4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL L|&amp;#x1d4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL M|&amp;#x1d4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL N|&amp;#x1d4f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL O|&amp;#x1d4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL P|&amp;#x1d4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL R|&amp;#x1d4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL S|&amp;#x1d4fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL T|&amp;#x1d4fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL U|&amp;#x1d4fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL V|&amp;#x1d4ff;}}
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D50x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL W|&amp;#x1d500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL X|&amp;#x1d501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SCRIPT SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d505;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d50a;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d50f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D51x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d514;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d51c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL A|&amp;#x1d51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL B|&amp;#x1d51f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D52x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL C|&amp;#x1d520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL D|&amp;#x1d521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL E|&amp;#x1d522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL F|&amp;#x1d523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL G|&amp;#x1d524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL H|&amp;#x1d525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL I|&amp;#x1d526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL J|&amp;#x1d527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL K|&amp;#x1d528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL L|&amp;#x1d529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL M|&amp;#x1d52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL N|&amp;#x1d52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL O|&amp;#x1d52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL P|&amp;#x1d52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL R|&amp;#x1d52f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D53x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL S|&amp;#x1d530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL T|&amp;#x1d531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL U|&amp;#x1d532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL V|&amp;#x1d533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL W|&amp;#x1d534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL X|&amp;#x1d535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FRAKTUR SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d539;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d53d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d53e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D54x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d540;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d541;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d542;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d544;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d546;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d54a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d54b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d54c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d54d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d54e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d54f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D55x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d550;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL A|&amp;#x1d552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL B|&amp;#x1d553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL C|&amp;#x1d554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL D|&amp;#x1d555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL E|&amp;#x1d556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL F|&amp;#x1d557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL G|&amp;#x1d558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL H|&amp;#x1d559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL I|&amp;#x1d55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL J|&amp;#x1d55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL K|&amp;#x1d55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL L|&amp;#x1d55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL M|&amp;#x1d55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL N|&amp;#x1d55f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D56x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL O|&amp;#x1d560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL P|&amp;#x1d561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL R|&amp;#x1d563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL S|&amp;#x1d564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL T|&amp;#x1d565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL U|&amp;#x1d566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL V|&amp;#x1d567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL W|&amp;#x1d568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL X|&amp;#x1d569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d56a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d56b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d56c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d56d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d56e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d56f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D57x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d57f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D58x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL A|&amp;#x1d586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL B|&amp;#x1d587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL C|&amp;#x1d588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL D|&amp;#x1d589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL E|&amp;#x1d58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL F|&amp;#x1d58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL G|&amp;#x1d58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL H|&amp;#x1d58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL I|&amp;#x1d58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL J|&amp;#x1d58f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D59x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL K|&amp;#x1d590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL L|&amp;#x1d591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL M|&amp;#x1d592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL N|&amp;#x1d593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL O|&amp;#x1d594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL P|&amp;#x1d595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL R|&amp;#x1d597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL S|&amp;#x1d598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL T|&amp;#x1d599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL U|&amp;#x1d59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL V|&amp;#x1d59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL W|&amp;#x1d59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL X|&amp;#x1d59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD FRAKTUR SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d59f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D5Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d5a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d5af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D5Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL A|&amp;#x1d5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL B|&amp;#x1d5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL C|&amp;#x1d5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL D|&amp;#x1d5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL E|&amp;#x1d5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL F|&amp;#x1d5bf;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL G|&amp;#x1d5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL H|&amp;#x1d5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL I|&amp;#x1d5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL J|&amp;#x1d5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL K|&amp;#x1d5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL L|&amp;#x1d5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL M|&amp;#x1d5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL N|&amp;#x1d5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL O|&amp;#x1d5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL P|&amp;#x1d5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL R|&amp;#x1d5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL S|&amp;#x1d5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL T|&amp;#x1d5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL U|&amp;#x1d5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL V|&amp;#x1d5cf;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL W|&amp;#x1d5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL X|&amp;#x1d5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d5df;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL A|&amp;#x1d5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL B|&amp;#x1d5ef;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL C|&amp;#x1d5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL D|&amp;#x1d5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL E|&amp;#x1d5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL F|&amp;#x1d5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL G|&amp;#x1d5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL H|&amp;#x1d5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL I|&amp;#x1d5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL J|&amp;#x1d5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL K|&amp;#x1d5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL L|&amp;#x1d5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL M|&amp;#x1d5fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL N|&amp;#x1d5fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL O|&amp;#x1d5fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL P|&amp;#x1d5fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d5fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL R|&amp;#x1d5ff;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL S|&amp;#x1d600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL T|&amp;#x1d601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL U|&amp;#x1d602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL V|&amp;#x1d603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL W|&amp;#x1d604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL X|&amp;#x1d605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d60f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d61a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d61e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d61f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL A|&amp;#x1d622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL B|&amp;#x1d623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL C|&amp;#x1d624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL D|&amp;#x1d625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL E|&amp;#x1d626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL F|&amp;#x1d627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL G|&amp;#x1d628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL H|&amp;#x1d629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL I|&amp;#x1d62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL J|&amp;#x1d62b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL K|&amp;#x1d62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL L|&amp;#x1d62d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL M|&amp;#x1d62e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL N|&amp;#x1d62f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL O|&amp;#x1d630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL P|&amp;#x1d631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL R|&amp;#x1d633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL S|&amp;#x1d634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL T|&amp;#x1d635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL U|&amp;#x1d636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL V|&amp;#x1d637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL W|&amp;#x1d638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL X|&amp;#x1d639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF ITALIC SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d63f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d64f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D65x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL A|&amp;#x1d656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL B|&amp;#x1d657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL C|&amp;#x1d658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL D|&amp;#x1d659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL E|&amp;#x1d65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL F|&amp;#x1d65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL G|&amp;#x1d65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL H|&amp;#x1d65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL I|&amp;#x1d65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL J|&amp;#x1d65f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL K|&amp;#x1d660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL L|&amp;#x1d661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL M|&amp;#x1d662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL N|&amp;#x1d663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL O|&amp;#x1d664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL P|&amp;#x1d665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL R|&amp;#x1d667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL S|&amp;#x1d668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL T|&amp;#x1d669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL U|&amp;#x1d66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL V|&amp;#x1d66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL W|&amp;#x1d66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL X|&amp;#x1d66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d66f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D67x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL F|&amp;#x1d675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d67f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D68x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x1d680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL S|&amp;#x1d682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL X|&amp;#x1d687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x1d688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL A|&amp;#x1d68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL B|&amp;#x1d68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL C|&amp;#x1d68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL D|&amp;#x1d68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL E|&amp;#x1d68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL F|&amp;#x1d68f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D69x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL G|&amp;#x1d690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL H|&amp;#x1d691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL I|&amp;#x1d692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL J|&amp;#x1d693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL K|&amp;#x1d694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL L|&amp;#x1d695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL M|&amp;#x1d696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL N|&amp;#x1d697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL O|&amp;#x1d698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL P|&amp;#x1d699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL Q|&amp;#x1d69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL R|&amp;#x1d69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL S|&amp;#x1d69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL T|&amp;#x1d69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL U|&amp;#x1d69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL V|&amp;#x1d69f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D6Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL W|&amp;#x1d6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL X|&amp;#x1d6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL Y|&amp;#x1d6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE SMALL Z|&amp;#x1d6a3;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL DOTLESS I|&amp;#x1d6a4;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL DOTLESS J|&amp;#x1d6a5;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL LIGATURE LONG S WITH DESCENDER S|&amp;#x1d6a6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL BETA|&amp;#x1d6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL DELTA|&amp;#x1d6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL ZETA|&amp;#x1d6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL ETA|&amp;#x1d6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL THETA|&amp;#x1d6af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D6Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL IOTA|&amp;#x1d6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL MU|&amp;#x1d6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL NU|&amp;#x1d6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL XI|&amp;#x1d6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x1d6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL RHO|&amp;#x1d6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL TAU|&amp;#x1d6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL PHI|&amp;#x1d6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL CHI|&amp;#x1d6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL PSI|&amp;#x1d6bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D6Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d6c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD NABLA|&amp;#x1d6c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d6c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL BETA|&amp;#x1d6c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d6c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL DELTA|&amp;#x1d6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL ZETA|&amp;#x1d6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL ETA|&amp;#x1d6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL THETA|&amp;#x1d6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL IOTA|&amp;#x1d6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL MU|&amp;#x1d6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL NU|&amp;#x1d6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL XI|&amp;#x1d6cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D6Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d6d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL PI|&amp;#x1d6d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL RHO|&amp;#x1d6d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL FINAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d6d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d6d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL TAU|&amp;#x1d6d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d6d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL PHI|&amp;#x1d6d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL CHI|&amp;#x1d6d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL PSI|&amp;#x1d6d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d6da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL|&amp;#x1d6db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD EPSILON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD KAPPA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD PHI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D6Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD RHO SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD PI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL BETA|&amp;#x1d6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL DELTA|&amp;#x1d6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL ZETA|&amp;#x1d6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL ETA|&amp;#x1d6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL THETA|&amp;#x1d6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL IOTA|&amp;#x1d6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d6ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL MU|&amp;#x1d6ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL NU|&amp;#x1d6ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL XI|&amp;#x1d6ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D6Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x1d6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL RHO|&amp;#x1d6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d6f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d6f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL TAU|&amp;#x1d6f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d6f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL PHI|&amp;#x1d6f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL CHI|&amp;#x1d6f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL PSI|&amp;#x1d6f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d6fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC NABLA|&amp;#x1d6fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d6fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL BETA|&amp;#x1d6fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d6fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL DELTA|&amp;#x1d6ff;}}
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D70x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL ZETA|&amp;#x1d701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL ETA|&amp;#x1d702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL THETA|&amp;#x1d703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL IOTA|&amp;#x1d704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL MU|&amp;#x1d707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL NU|&amp;#x1d708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL XI|&amp;#x1d709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL PI|&amp;#x1d70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL RHO|&amp;#x1d70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL FINAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL TAU|&amp;#x1d70f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D71x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL PHI|&amp;#x1d711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL CHI|&amp;#x1d712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL PSI|&amp;#x1d713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL|&amp;#x1d715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC EPSILON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC PHI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC RHO SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL ITALIC PI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL BETA|&amp;#x1d71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL DELTA|&amp;#x1d71f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D72x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ZETA|&amp;#x1d721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ETA|&amp;#x1d722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA|&amp;#x1d723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL IOTA|&amp;#x1d724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL MU|&amp;#x1d727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL NU|&amp;#x1d728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL XI|&amp;#x1d729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x1d72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL RHO|&amp;#x1d72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL TAU|&amp;#x1d72f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D73x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PHI|&amp;#x1d731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL CHI|&amp;#x1d732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PSI|&amp;#x1d733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC NABLA|&amp;#x1d735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL BETA|&amp;#x1d737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL DELTA|&amp;#x1d739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL ZETA|&amp;#x1d73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL ETA|&amp;#x1d73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL THETA|&amp;#x1d73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL IOTA|&amp;#x1d73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d73f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D74x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL MU|&amp;#x1d741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL NU|&amp;#x1d742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL XI|&amp;#x1d743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL PI|&amp;#x1d745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL RHO|&amp;#x1d746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL FINAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL TAU|&amp;#x1d749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL PHI|&amp;#x1d74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL CHI|&amp;#x1d74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL PSI|&amp;#x1d74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL|&amp;#x1d74f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D75x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC EPSILON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC PHI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC RHO SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC PI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL BETA|&amp;#x1d757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL DELTA|&amp;#x1d759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL ZETA|&amp;#x1d75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL ETA|&amp;#x1d75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL THETA|&amp;#x1d75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL IOTA|&amp;#x1d75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d75f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D76x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL MU|&amp;#x1d761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL NU|&amp;#x1d762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL XI|&amp;#x1d763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x1d765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL RHO|&amp;#x1d766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL TAU|&amp;#x1d769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL PHI|&amp;#x1d76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL CHI|&amp;#x1d76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL PSI|&amp;#x1d76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD NABLA|&amp;#x1d76f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D77x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d770;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL BETA|&amp;#x1d771;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d772;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL DELTA|&amp;#x1d773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL ZETA|&amp;#x1d775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL ETA|&amp;#x1d776;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL THETA|&amp;#x1d777;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL IOTA|&amp;#x1d778;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d779;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL MU|&amp;#x1d77b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL NU|&amp;#x1d77c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL XI|&amp;#x1d77d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d77e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL PI|&amp;#x1d77f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D78x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL RHO|&amp;#x1d780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL FINAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL TAU|&amp;#x1d783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL PHI|&amp;#x1d785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL CHI|&amp;#x1d786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL PSI|&amp;#x1d787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL|&amp;#x1d789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD EPSILON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD KAPPA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD PHI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD RHO SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD PI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d78f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D79x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL BETA|&amp;#x1d791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL DELTA|&amp;#x1d793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ZETA|&amp;#x1d795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ETA|&amp;#x1d796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA|&amp;#x1d797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL IOTA|&amp;#x1d798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL MU|&amp;#x1d79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL NU|&amp;#x1d79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL XI|&amp;#x1d79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x1d79f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D7Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL RHO|&amp;#x1d7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL TAU|&amp;#x1d7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PHI|&amp;#x1d7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL CHI|&amp;#x1d7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PSI|&amp;#x1d7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC NABLA|&amp;#x1d7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL BETA|&amp;#x1d7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL DELTA|&amp;#x1d7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL EPSILON|&amp;#x1d7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL ZETA|&amp;#x1d7af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D7Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL ETA|&amp;#x1d7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL THETA|&amp;#x1d7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL IOTA|&amp;#x1d7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL KAPPA|&amp;#x1d7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL MU|&amp;#x1d7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL NU|&amp;#x1d7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL XI|&amp;#x1d7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL OMICRON|&amp;#x1d7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL PI|&amp;#x1d7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL RHO|&amp;#x1d7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL FINAL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL SIGMA|&amp;#x1d7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL TAU|&amp;#x1d7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL UPSILON|&amp;#x1d7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL PHI|&amp;#x1d7bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D7Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL CHI|&amp;#x1d7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL PSI|&amp;#x1d7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL OMEGA|&amp;#x1d7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL|&amp;#x1d7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC EPSILON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC THETA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC PHI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC RHO SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC PI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1d7c9;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL DIGAMMA|&amp;#x1d7ca;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL DIGAMMA|&amp;#x1d7cb;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1d7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1d7cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D7Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1d7d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1d7d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1d7d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1d7d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1d7d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1d7d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1d7d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL BOLD DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1d7d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1d7d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1d7d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1d7da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1d7db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1d7dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1d7dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1d7de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1d7df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D7Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1d7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1d7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1d7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1d7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1d7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1d7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1d7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1d7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1d7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1d7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1d7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1d7eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1d7ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1d7ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1d7ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1d7ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D7Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1d7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1d7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1d7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1d7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1d7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1d7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1d7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1d7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1d7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1d7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1d7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1d7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1d7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1d7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1d7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL MONOSPACE DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1d7ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Sutton SignWriting'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D80x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX|&amp;#x1d800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX|&amp;#x1d801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP INDEX|&amp;#x1d802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL INDEX|&amp;#x1d803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX|&amp;#x1d804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX|&amp;#x1d805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX BENT|&amp;#x1d806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX BENT|&amp;#x1d807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB UNDER INDEX BENT|&amp;#x1d808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX RAISED KNUCKLE|&amp;#x1d809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX CUPPED|&amp;#x1d80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX HINGED|&amp;#x1d80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX HINGED LOW|&amp;#x1d80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX HINGE|&amp;#x1d80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE|&amp;#x1d80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX MIDDLE|&amp;#x1d80f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D81x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE BENT|&amp;#x1d810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE RAISED KNUCKLES|&amp;#x1d811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE HINGED|&amp;#x1d812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX UP MIDDLE HINGED|&amp;#x1d813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX HINGED MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED INDEX BENT|&amp;#x1d816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED MIDDLE BENT|&amp;#x1d817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED CUPPED|&amp;#x1d818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED HINGED|&amp;#x1d819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CROSSED|&amp;#x1d81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX MIDDLE CROSSED|&amp;#x1d81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE BENT OVER INDEX|&amp;#x1d81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX BENT OVER MIDDLE|&amp;#x1d81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB|&amp;#x1d81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX MIDDLE THUMB|&amp;#x1d81f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D82x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE STRAIGHT THUMB BENT|&amp;#x1d820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE BENT THUMB STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1d821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB BENT|&amp;#x1d822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE HINGED SPREAD THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX UP MIDDLE HINGED THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX UP MIDDLE HINGED THUMB CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX HINGED MIDDLE UP THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE UP SPREAD THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB CUPPED|&amp;#x1d828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB CIRCLED|&amp;#x1d829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB HOOKED|&amp;#x1d82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB HINGED|&amp;#x1d82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB BETWEEN INDEX MIDDLE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1d82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED THUMB SIDE CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED THUMB SIDE BENT|&amp;#x1d82f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D83x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB HOOKED INDEX UP|&amp;#x1d830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB HOOKED MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED HINGED THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CROSSED THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CONJOINED CUPPED THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB CUPPED INDEX UP|&amp;#x1d836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB CUPPED MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB CIRCLED INDEX UP|&amp;#x1d838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB CIRCLED INDEX HINGED|&amp;#x1d839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB ANGLED OUT MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB ANGLED IN MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB CIRCLED MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB CONJOINED HINGED|&amp;#x1d83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB ANGLED OUT|&amp;#x1d83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE THUMB ANGLED|&amp;#x1d83f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D84x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB ANGLED OUT INDEX UP|&amp;#x1d840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB ANGLED OUT INDEX CROSSED|&amp;#x1d841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB ANGLED INDEX UP|&amp;#x1d842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB HOOKED MIDDLE HINGED|&amp;#x1d843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FOUR FINGERS|&amp;#x1d844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FOUR FINGERS BENT|&amp;#x1d845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FOUR FINGERS HINGED|&amp;#x1d846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FOUR FINGERS CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FOUR FINGERS CONJOINED SPLIT|&amp;#x1d848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW FOUR FINGERS CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST FOUR FINGERS CONJOINED BENT|&amp;#x1d84a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE FOUR FINGERS CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d84b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FIVE FINGERS SPREAD|&amp;#x1d84c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT HEEL FIVE FINGERS SPREAD|&amp;#x1d84d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FIVE FINGERS SPREAD FOUR BENT|&amp;#x1d84e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT HEEL FIVE FINGERS SPREAD FOUR BENT|&amp;#x1d84f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D85x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FIVE FINGERS SPREAD BENT|&amp;#x1d850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT HEEL FIVE FINGERS SPREAD BENT|&amp;#x1d851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FIVE FINGERS SPREAD THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP FIVE FINGERS SPREAD|&amp;#x1d853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP FIVE FINGERS SPREAD OPEN|&amp;#x1d854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE FIVE FINGERS SPREAD OPEN|&amp;#x1d855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL FIVE FINGERS SPREAD|&amp;#x1d856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FIVE FINGERS SPREAD HINGED|&amp;#x1d857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FIVE FINGERS SPREAD HINGED THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT FIVE FINGERS SPREAD HINGED NO THUMB|&amp;#x1d859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT|&amp;#x1d85a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT BETWEEN PALM FACINGS|&amp;#x1d85b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT HEEL|&amp;#x1d85c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d85d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT HEEL THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d85e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT THUMB BENT|&amp;#x1d85f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D86x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT SPLIT INDEX THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT SPLIT CENTRE|&amp;#x1d862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT SPLIT CENTRE THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT SPLIT CENTRE THUMB SIDE BENT|&amp;#x1d864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FLAT SPLIT LITTLE|&amp;#x1d865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW|&amp;#x1d866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW NO THUMB|&amp;#x1d868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK CURLICUE|&amp;#x1d86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK|&amp;#x1d86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP OPEN|&amp;#x1d86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP|&amp;#x1d86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP OPEN THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d86f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D87x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP OPEN NO THUMB|&amp;#x1d870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP NO THUMB|&amp;#x1d871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP OPEN THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CURLICUE OPEN|&amp;#x1d874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CURLICUE|&amp;#x1d875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE|&amp;#x1d876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL|&amp;#x1d877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL NO THUMB|&amp;#x1d879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE OPEN|&amp;#x1d87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE OPEN THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE|&amp;#x1d87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE SMALL|&amp;#x1d87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE OPEN THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d87f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D88x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE OPEN NO THUMB|&amp;#x1d881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE NO THUMB|&amp;#x1d882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE THUMB SIDE TOUCHING INDEX|&amp;#x1d883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE THUMB BETWEEN MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x1d884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE|&amp;#x1d885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x1d886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x1d887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x1d888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x1d889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE LITTLE|&amp;#x1d88a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE RING BENT|&amp;#x1d88b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE RING CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d88c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX MIDDLE RING CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d88d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE DOWN|&amp;#x1d88e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE DOWN RIPPLE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1d88f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D89x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE DOWN RIPPLE CURVED|&amp;#x1d890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE DOWN OTHERS CIRCLED|&amp;#x1d891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE UP|&amp;#x1d892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB UNDER LITTLE UP|&amp;#x1d893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE LITTLE UP|&amp;#x1d894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL LITTLE UP|&amp;#x1d895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE LITTLE UP|&amp;#x1d896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE RAISED KNUCKLE|&amp;#x1d897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE BENT|&amp;#x1d898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE TOUCHES THUMB|&amp;#x1d899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE THUMB|&amp;#x1d89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE LITTLE THUMB|&amp;#x1d89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE INDEX THUMB|&amp;#x1d89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE LITTLE INDEX THUMB|&amp;#x1d89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE LITTLE INDEX THUMB INDEX THUMB OUT|&amp;#x1d89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE LITTLE INDEX THUMB INDEX THUMB|&amp;#x1d89f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D8Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST LITTLE INDEX|&amp;#x1d8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE LITTLE INDEX|&amp;#x1d8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE LITTLE INDEX|&amp;#x1d8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE LITTLE INDEX|&amp;#x1d8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX MIDDLE LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX MIDDLE LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE RING|&amp;#x1d8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX MIDDLE LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX MIDDLE CROSS LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX MIDDLE CROSS LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING DOWN|&amp;#x1d8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE RING DOWN INDEX THUMB HOOK MIDDLE|&amp;#x1d8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE RING DOWN MIDDLE THUMB INDEX CROSS|&amp;#x1d8ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING UP|&amp;#x1d8ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING RAISED KNUCKLE|&amp;#x1d8af;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D8Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-OVAL RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING MIDDLE|&amp;#x1d8b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING MIDDLE CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d8b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING MIDDLE RAISED KNUCKLES|&amp;#x1d8b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING INDEX|&amp;#x1d8b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST RING THUMB|&amp;#x1d8b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK RING THUMB|&amp;#x1d8b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE INDEX RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CURLICUE INDEX RING LITTLE ON|&amp;#x1d8bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK INDEX RING LITTLE OUT|&amp;#x1d8bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK INDEX RING LITTLE IN|&amp;#x1d8be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK INDEX RING LITTLE UNDER|&amp;#x1d8bf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D8Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP INDEX RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX RING LITTLE OUT|&amp;#x1d8c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE DOWN|&amp;#x1d8c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE MIDDLE|&amp;#x1d8c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d8c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE MIDDLE UP|&amp;#x1d8c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE RAISED KNUCKLE|&amp;#x1d8c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE UP THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d8c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK MIDDLE THUMB|&amp;#x1d8ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE THUMB LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST MIDDLE RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE MIDDLE RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CURLICUE MIDDLE RING LITTLE ON|&amp;#x1d8cf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D8Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP MIDDLE RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE MIDDLE RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE MIDDLE RING LITTLE OUT|&amp;#x1d8d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE MIDDLE RING LITTLE IN|&amp;#x1d8d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE MIDDLE RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CIRCLE MIDDLE RING LITTLE BENT|&amp;#x1d8d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW MIDDLE RING LITTLE CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d8d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW MIDDLE RING LITTLE CONJOINED SIDE|&amp;#x1d8d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK MIDDLE RING LITTLE CONJOINED OUT|&amp;#x1d8d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK MIDDLE RING LITTLE CONJOINED IN|&amp;#x1d8d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HOOK MIDDLE RING LITTLE CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d8da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX HINGED|&amp;#x1d8db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d8dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX THUMB SIDE|&amp;#x1d8dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB SIDE THUMB DIAGONAL|&amp;#x1d8de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB SIDE THUMB CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d8df;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D8Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB SIDE THUMB BENT|&amp;#x1d8e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB SIDE INDEX BENT|&amp;#x1d8e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB SIDE BOTH BENT|&amp;#x1d8e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB SIDE INDEX HINGE|&amp;#x1d8e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB FORWARD INDEX STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1d8e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB FORWARD INDEX BENT|&amp;#x1d8e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB HOOK|&amp;#x1d8e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB CURLICUE|&amp;#x1d8e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB CURVE THUMB INSIDE|&amp;#x1d8e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CLAW INDEX THUMB CURVE THUMB INSIDE|&amp;#x1d8e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB CURVE THUMB UNDER|&amp;#x1d8ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST INDEX THUMB CIRCLE|&amp;#x1d8eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP INDEX THUMB|&amp;#x1d8ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-CUP INDEX THUMB OPEN|&amp;#x1d8ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX THUMB OPEN|&amp;#x1d8ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX THUMB LARGE|&amp;#x1d8ef;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D8Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX THUMB|&amp;#x1d8f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-HINGE INDEX THUMB SMALL|&amp;#x1d8f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX THUMB OUT|&amp;#x1d8f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX THUMB IN|&amp;#x1d8f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-ANGLE INDEX THUMB|&amp;#x1d8f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB|&amp;#x1d8f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB HEEL|&amp;#x1d8f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB SIDE DIAGONAL|&amp;#x1d8f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB SIDE CONJOINED|&amp;#x1d8f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB SIDE BENT|&amp;#x1d8f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB FORWARD|&amp;#x1d8fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB BETWEEN INDEX MIDDLE|&amp;#x1d8fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB BETWEEN MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x1d8fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB BETWEEN RING LITTLE|&amp;#x1d8fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB UNDER TWO FINGERS|&amp;#x1d8fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB OVER TWO FINGERS|&amp;#x1d8ff;}}
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D90x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB UNDER THREE FINGERS|&amp;#x1d900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB UNDER FOUR FINGERS|&amp;#x1d901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST THUMB OVER FOUR RAISED KNUCKLES|&amp;#x1d902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST|&amp;#x1d903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAND-FIST HEEL|&amp;#x1d904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TOUCH SINGLE|&amp;#x1d905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TOUCH MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TOUCH BETWEEN|&amp;#x1d907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING GRASP SINGLE|&amp;#x1d908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING GRASP MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING GRASP BETWEEN|&amp;#x1d90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING STRIKE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d90b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING STRIKE MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d90c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING STRIKE BETWEEN|&amp;#x1d90d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING BRUSH SINGLE|&amp;#x1d90e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING BRUSH MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d90f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D91x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING BRUSH BETWEEN|&amp;#x1d910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING RUB SINGLE|&amp;#x1d911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING RUB MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING RUB BETWEEN|&amp;#x1d913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SURFACE SYMBOLS|&amp;#x1d914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SURFACE BETWEEN|&amp;#x1d915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SQUEEZE LARGE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SQUEEZE SMALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SQUEEZE LARGE MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SQUEEZE SMALL MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SQUEEZE SEQUENTIAL|&amp;#x1d91a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FLICK LARGE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d91b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FLICK SMALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d91c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FLICK LARGE MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d91d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FLICK SMALL MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1d91e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FLICK SEQUENTIAL|&amp;#x1d91f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D92x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SQUEEZE FLICK ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-HINGE UP DOWN LARGE|&amp;#x1d921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-HINGE UP DOWN SMALL|&amp;#x1d922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-HINGE UP SEQUENTIAL|&amp;#x1d923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-HINGE DOWN SEQUENTIAL|&amp;#x1d924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-HINGE UP DOWN ALTERNATING LARGE|&amp;#x1d925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-HINGE UP DOWN ALTERNATING SMALL|&amp;#x1d926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-HINGE SIDE TO SIDE SCISSORS|&amp;#x1d927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE FINGER CONTACT|&amp;#x1d928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE FINGER CONTACT|&amp;#x1d929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT SMALL|&amp;#x1d92a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d92b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT LARGE|&amp;#x1d92c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT LARGEST|&amp;#x1d92d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE SINGLE WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d92e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE DOUBLE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1d92f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D93x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE DOUBLE WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE DOUBLE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE DOUBLE ALTERNATING WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CROSS|&amp;#x1d933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE TRIPLE STRAIGHT MOVEMENT|&amp;#x1d934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE TRIPLE WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE TRIPLE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE TRIPLE ALTERNATING WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE BEND SMALL|&amp;#x1d938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE BEND MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE BEND LARGE|&amp;#x1d93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CORNER SMALL|&amp;#x1d93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CORNER MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CORNER LARGE|&amp;#x1d93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CORNER ROTATION|&amp;#x1d93e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CHECK SMALL|&amp;#x1d93f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D94x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CHECK MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CHECK LARGE|&amp;#x1d941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE BOX SMALL|&amp;#x1d942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE BOX MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE BOX LARGE|&amp;#x1d944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE ZIGZAG SMALL|&amp;#x1d945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE ZIGZAG MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE ZIGZAG LARGE|&amp;#x1d947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE PEAKS SMALL|&amp;#x1d948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE PEAKS MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE PEAKS LARGE|&amp;#x1d94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ROTATION-WALLPLANE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d94b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ROTATION-WALLPLANE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d94c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ROTATION-WALLPLANE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d94d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ROTATION-FLOORPLANE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d94e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ROTATION-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d94f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D95x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ROTATION-FLOORPLANE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE SHAKING|&amp;#x1d951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ARM SPIRAL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ARM SPIRAL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-WALLPLANE ARM SPIRAL TRIPLE|&amp;#x1d954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL AWAY SMALL|&amp;#x1d955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL AWAY MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL AWAY LARGE|&amp;#x1d957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL AWAY LARGEST|&amp;#x1d958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL TOWARDS SMALL|&amp;#x1d959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL TOWARDS MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL TOWARDS LARGE|&amp;#x1d95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL TOWARDS LARGEST|&amp;#x1d95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN AWAY SMALL|&amp;#x1d95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN AWAY MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d95e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN AWAY LARGE|&amp;#x1d95f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D96x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN AWAY LARGEST|&amp;#x1d960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN TOWARDS SMALL|&amp;#x1d961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN TOWARDS MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN TOWARDS LARGE|&amp;#x1d963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-DIAGONAL BETWEEN TOWARDS LARGEST|&amp;#x1d964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT SMALL|&amp;#x1d965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT LARGE|&amp;#x1d967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE SINGLE STRAIGHT LARGEST|&amp;#x1d968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE SINGLE WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1d96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d96b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d96c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE ALTERNATING WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d96d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CROSS|&amp;#x1d96e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE TRIPLE STRAIGHT MOVEMENT|&amp;#x1d96f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D97x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE TRIPLE WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d970;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE TRIPLE ALTERNATING MOVEMENT|&amp;#x1d971;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE TRIPLE ALTERNATING WRIST FLEX|&amp;#x1d972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE BEND|&amp;#x1d973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CORNER SMALL|&amp;#x1d974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CORNER MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CORNER LARGE|&amp;#x1d976;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CHECK|&amp;#x1d977;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE BOX SMALL|&amp;#x1d978;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE BOX MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE BOX LARGE|&amp;#x1d97a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ZIGZAG SMALL|&amp;#x1d97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ZIGZAG MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ZIGZAG LARGE|&amp;#x1d97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE PEAKS SMALL|&amp;#x1d97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE PEAKS MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d97f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D98x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE PEAKS LARGE|&amp;#x1d980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-FLOORPLANE ROTATION-FLOORPLANE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-FLOORPLANE ROTATION-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-FLOORPLANE ROTATION-FLOORPLANE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-FLOORPLANE ROTATION-WALLPLANE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-FLOORPLANE ROTATION-WALLPLANE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-FLOORPLANE ROTATION-WALLPLANE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TRAVEL-FLOORPLANE SHAKING|&amp;#x1d987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE QUARTER SMALL|&amp;#x1d988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE QUARTER MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE QUARTER LARGE|&amp;#x1d98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE QUARTER LARGEST|&amp;#x1d98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE HALF-CIRCLE SMALL|&amp;#x1d98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE HALF-CIRCLE MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE HALF-CIRCLE LARGE|&amp;#x1d98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE HALF-CIRCLE LARGEST|&amp;#x1d98f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D99x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE THREE-QUARTER CIRCLE SMALL|&amp;#x1d990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE THREE-QUARTER CIRCLE MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE HUMP SMALL|&amp;#x1d992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE HUMP MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE HUMP LARGE|&amp;#x1d994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE LOOP SMALL|&amp;#x1d995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE LOOP MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE LOOP LARGE|&amp;#x1d997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE LOOP SMALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE CURVE DOUBLE SMALL|&amp;#x1d999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE CURVE DOUBLE MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE CURVE DOUBLE LARGE|&amp;#x1d99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE CURVE TRIPLE SMALL|&amp;#x1d99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE CURVE TRIPLE MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE CURVE TRIPLE LARGE|&amp;#x1d99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE THEN STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1d99f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D9Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVED CROSS SMALL|&amp;#x1d9a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVED CROSS MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d9a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE ALTERNATE|&amp;#x1d9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE SHAKING|&amp;#x1d9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE HITTING FRONT WALL|&amp;#x1d9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE HUMP HITTING FRONT WALL|&amp;#x1d9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE LOOP HITTING FRONT WALL|&amp;#x1d9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE HITTING FRONT WALL|&amp;#x1d9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE SINGLE HITTING FRONT WALL|&amp;#x1d9aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE DOUBLE HITTING FRONT WALL|&amp;#x1d9ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE ALTERNATING HITTING FRONT WALL|&amp;#x1d9ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE HITTING CHEST|&amp;#x1d9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE HUMP HITTING CHEST|&amp;#x1d9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE LOOP HITTING CHEST|&amp;#x1d9af;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D9Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE HITTING CHEST|&amp;#x1d9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE SINGLE HITTING CHEST|&amp;#x1d9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE DOUBLE HITTING CHEST|&amp;#x1d9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-WALLPLANE ALTERNATING HITTING CHEST|&amp;#x1d9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE DIAGONAL PATH SMALL|&amp;#x1d9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE DIAGONAL PATH MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WAVE DIAGONAL PATH LARGE|&amp;#x1d9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE HITTING CEILING SMALL|&amp;#x1d9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE HITTING CEILING LARGE|&amp;#x1d9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING CEILING SMALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING CEILING LARGE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING CEILING SMALL TRIPLE|&amp;#x1d9bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING CEILING LARGE TRIPLE|&amp;#x1d9bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING CEILING SMALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING CEILING LARGE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING CEILING SMALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9bf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D9Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING CEILING LARGE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WAVE HITTING CEILING SMALL|&amp;#x1d9c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WAVE HITTING CEILING LARGE|&amp;#x1d9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE SINGLE HITTING CEILING|&amp;#x1d9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE HITTING CEILING|&amp;#x1d9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE ALTERNATING HITTING CEILING|&amp;#x1d9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE HITTING FLOOR SMALL|&amp;#x1d9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE HITTING FLOOR LARGE|&amp;#x1d9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING FLOOR SMALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING FLOOR LARGE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING FLOOR TRIPLE SMALL TRIPLE|&amp;#x1d9ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP HITTING FLOOR TRIPLE LARGE TRIPLE|&amp;#x1d9cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING FLOOR SMALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING FLOOR LARGE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING FLOOR SMALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP HITTING FLOOR LARGE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D9Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WAVE HITTING FLOOR SMALL|&amp;#x1d9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WAVE HITTING FLOOR LARGE|&amp;#x1d9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE SINGLE HITTING FLOOR|&amp;#x1d9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE HITTING FLOOR|&amp;#x1d9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE ALTERNATING HITTING FLOOR|&amp;#x1d9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE SMALL|&amp;#x1d9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE MEDIUM|&amp;#x1d9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE LARGE|&amp;#x1d9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE LARGEST|&amp;#x1d9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE COMBINED|&amp;#x1d9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE HUMP SMALL|&amp;#x1d9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE LOOP SMALL|&amp;#x1d9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WAVE SNAKE|&amp;#x1d9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WAVE SMALL|&amp;#x1d9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WAVE LARGE|&amp;#x1d9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D9Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION-FLOORPLANE ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d9e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE SHAKING PARALLEL|&amp;#x1d9e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE ARM CIRCLE SMALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE ARM CIRCLE MEDIUM SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE ARM CIRCLE SMALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE ARM CIRCLE MEDIUM DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ARM CIRCLE HITTING WALL SMALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ARM CIRCLE HITTING WALL MEDIUM SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ARM CIRCLE HITTING WALL LARGE SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ARM CIRCLE HITTING WALL SMALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ARM CIRCLE HITTING WALL MEDIUM DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE ARM CIRCLE HITTING WALL LARGE DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WRIST CIRCLE FRONT SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE WRIST CIRCLE FRONT DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WRIST CIRCLE HITTING WALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9ef;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D9Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE WRIST CIRCLE HITTING WALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE FINGER CIRCLES SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE FINGER CIRCLES DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE FINGER CIRCLES HITTING WALL SINGLE|&amp;#x1d9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE FINGER CIRCLES HITTING WALL DOUBLE|&amp;#x1d9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC ARROWHEAD SMALL|&amp;#x1d9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC ARROWHEAD LARGE|&amp;#x1d9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC FAST|&amp;#x1d9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC SLOW|&amp;#x1d9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC TENSE|&amp;#x1d9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC RELAXED|&amp;#x1d9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC SIMULTANEOUS|&amp;#x1d9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC SIMULTANEOUS ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1d9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC EVERY OTHER TIME|&amp;#x1d9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DYNAMIC GRADUAL|&amp;#x1d9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD|&amp;#x1d9ff;}}
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD RIM|&amp;#x1da00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1da01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE TILT|&amp;#x1da02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1da03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE CURVE|&amp;#x1da04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE CURVE|&amp;#x1da05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HEAD MOVEMENT CIRCLE|&amp;#x1da06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FACE DIRECTION POSITION NOSE FORWARD TILTING|&amp;#x1da07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FACE DIRECTION POSITION NOSE UP OR DOWN|&amp;#x1da08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FACE DIRECTION POSITION NOSE UP OR DOWN TILTING|&amp;#x1da09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEBROWS STRAIGHT UP|&amp;#x1da0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEBROWS STRAIGHT NEUTRAL|&amp;#x1da0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEBROWS STRAIGHT DOWN|&amp;#x1da0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DREAMY EYEBROWS NEUTRAL DOWN|&amp;#x1da0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DREAMY EYEBROWS DOWN NEUTRAL|&amp;#x1da0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DREAMY EYEBROWS UP NEUTRAL|&amp;#x1da0f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING DREAMY EYEBROWS NEUTRAL UP|&amp;#x1da10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FOREHEAD NEUTRAL|&amp;#x1da11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FOREHEAD CONTACT|&amp;#x1da12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FOREHEAD WRINKLED|&amp;#x1da13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYES OPEN|&amp;#x1da14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYES SQUEEZED|&amp;#x1da15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYES CLOSED|&amp;#x1da16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYE BLINK SINGLE|&amp;#x1da17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYE BLINK MULTIPLE|&amp;#x1da18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYES HALF OPEN|&amp;#x1da19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYES WIDE OPEN|&amp;#x1da1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYES HALF CLOSED|&amp;#x1da1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYES WIDENING MOVEMENT|&amp;#x1da1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYE WINK|&amp;#x1da1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYELASHES UP|&amp;#x1da1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYELASHES DOWN|&amp;#x1da1f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYELASHES FLUTTERING|&amp;#x1da20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-WALLPLANE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1da21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-WALLPLANE STRAIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x1da22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-WALLPLANE STRAIGHT ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1da23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-FLOORPLANE STRAIGHT|&amp;#x1da24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-FLOORPLANE STRAIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x1da25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-FLOORPLANE STRAIGHT ALTERNATING|&amp;#x1da26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-WALLPLANE CURVED|&amp;#x1da27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-FLOORPLANE CURVED|&amp;#x1da28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EYEGAZE-WALLPLANE CIRCLING|&amp;#x1da29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING CHEEKS PUFFED|&amp;#x1da2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING CHEEKS NEUTRAL|&amp;#x1da2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING CHEEKS SUCKED|&amp;#x1da2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TENSE CHEEKS HIGH|&amp;#x1da2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TENSE CHEEKS MIDDLE|&amp;#x1da2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TENSE CHEEKS LOW|&amp;#x1da2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EARS|&amp;#x1da30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING NOSE NEUTRAL|&amp;#x1da31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING NOSE CONTACT|&amp;#x1da32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING NOSE WRINKLES|&amp;#x1da33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING NOSE WIGGLES|&amp;#x1da34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING AIR BLOWING OUT|&amp;#x1da35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING AIR SUCKING IN|&amp;#x1da36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING AIR BLOW SMALL ROTATIONS|&amp;#x1da37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING AIR SUCK SMALL ROTATIONS|&amp;#x1da38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING BREATH INHALE|&amp;#x1da39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING BREATH EXHALE|&amp;#x1da3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH CLOSED NEUTRAL|&amp;#x1da3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH CLOSED FORWARD|&amp;#x1da3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH CLOSED CONTACT|&amp;#x1da3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH SMILE|&amp;#x1da3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH SMILE WRINKLED|&amp;#x1da3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH SMILE OPEN|&amp;#x1da40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH FROWN|&amp;#x1da41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH FROWN WRINKLED|&amp;#x1da42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH FROWN OPEN|&amp;#x1da43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN CIRCLE|&amp;#x1da44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN FORWARD|&amp;#x1da45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN WRINKLED|&amp;#x1da46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN OVAL|&amp;#x1da47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN OVAL WRINKLED|&amp;#x1da48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN OVAL YAWN|&amp;#x1da49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN RECTANGLE|&amp;#x1da4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN RECTANGLE WRINKLED|&amp;#x1da4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH OPEN RECTANGLE YAWN|&amp;#x1da4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH KISS|&amp;#x1da4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH KISS FORWARD|&amp;#x1da4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH KISS WRINKLED|&amp;#x1da4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH TENSE|&amp;#x1da50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH TENSE FORWARD|&amp;#x1da51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH TENSE SUCKED|&amp;#x1da52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIPS PRESSED TOGETHER|&amp;#x1da53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIP LOWER OVER UPPER|&amp;#x1da54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIP UPPER OVER LOWER|&amp;#x1da55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH CORNERS|&amp;#x1da56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH WRINKLES SINGLE|&amp;#x1da57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOUTH WRINKLES DOUBLE|&amp;#x1da58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE STICKING OUT FAR|&amp;#x1da59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE LICKING LIPS|&amp;#x1da5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE TIP BETWEEN LIPS|&amp;#x1da5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE TIP TOUCHING INSIDE MOUTH|&amp;#x1da5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE INSIDE MOUTH RELAXED|&amp;#x1da5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE MOVES AGAINST CHEEK|&amp;#x1da5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE CENTRE STICKING OUT|&amp;#x1da5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TONGUE CENTRE INSIDE MOUTH|&amp;#x1da60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TEETH|&amp;#x1da61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TEETH MOVEMENT|&amp;#x1da62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TEETH ON TONGUE|&amp;#x1da63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TEETH ON TONGUE MOVEMENT|&amp;#x1da64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TEETH ON LIPS|&amp;#x1da65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TEETH ON LIPS MOVEMENT|&amp;#x1da66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TEETH BITE LIPS|&amp;#x1da67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-WALLPLANE JAW|&amp;#x1da68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING MOVEMENT-FLOORPLANE JAW|&amp;#x1da69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING NECK|&amp;#x1da6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING HAIR|&amp;#x1da6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING EXCITEMENT|&amp;#x1da6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SHOULDER HIP SPINE|&amp;#x1da6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SHOULDER HIP POSITIONS|&amp;#x1da6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING WALLPLANE SHOULDER HIP MOVE|&amp;#x1da6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FLOORPLANE SHOULDER HIP MOVE|&amp;#x1da70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SHOULDER TILTING FROM WAIST|&amp;#x1da71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TORSO-WALLPLANE STRAIGHT STRETCH|&amp;#x1da72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TORSO-WALLPLANE CURVED BEND|&amp;#x1da73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING TORSO-FLOORPLANE TWISTING|&amp;#x1da74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING UPPER BODY TILTING FROM HIP JOINTS|&amp;#x1da75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB COMBINATION|&amp;#x1da76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB LENGTH-1|&amp;#x1da77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB LENGTH-2|&amp;#x1da78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB LENGTH-3|&amp;#x1da79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB LENGTH-4|&amp;#x1da7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB LENGTH-5|&amp;#x1da7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB LENGTH-6|&amp;#x1da7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LIMB LENGTH-7|&amp;#x1da7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FINGER|&amp;#x1da7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION-WALLPLANE SPACE|&amp;#x1da7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION-FLOORPLANE SPACE|&amp;#x1da80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION HEIGHT|&amp;#x1da81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION WIDTH|&amp;#x1da82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION DEPTH|&amp;#x1da83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION HEAD NECK|&amp;#x1da84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION TORSO|&amp;#x1da85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING LOCATION LIMBS DIGITS|&amp;#x1da86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING COMMA|&amp;#x1da87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FULL STOP|&amp;#x1da88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING SEMICOLON|&amp;#x1da89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING COLON|&amp;#x1da8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x1da8b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DA9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FILL MODIFIER-2|[SW F2]}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FILL MODIFIER-3|[SW F3]}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FILL MODIFIER-4|[SW F4]}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FILL MODIFIER-5|[SW F5]}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING FILL MODIFIER-6|[SW F6]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff;font-size:75%&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;font-size:133%&quot;|1DAAx
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-2|[SW R2]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-3|[SW R3]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-4|[SW R4]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-5|[SW R5]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-6|[SW R6]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-7|[SW R7]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-8|[SW R8]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-9|[SW R9]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-10|[SW R10]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-11|[SW R11]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-12|[SW R12]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-13|[SW R13]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-14|[SW R14]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-15|[SW R15]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGNWRITING ROTATION MODIFIER-16|[SW R16]}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DABx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DACx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DADx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Jianzi Format Controls'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DAEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DAFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x1db00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN EQUALS SIGN WITH DOUBLE
VERTICALS|&amp;#x1db01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN EQUALS SIGN WITH SMALL S|&amp;#x1db02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN GREATER-THAN SIGN|&amp;#x1db03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN LESS-THAN SIGN|&amp;#x1db04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN GREATER-THAN WITH SMALL P|&amp;#x1db05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN LESS-THAN WITH SMALL P|&amp;#x1db06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN GREATER-LESS-THAN SIGN|&amp;#x1db07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED SQUARE LEFT OPEN BOX OPERATOR|&amp;#x1db08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED SQUARE RIGHT OPEN BOX OPERATOR|&amp;#x1db09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO-LINE GREATER-THAN SIGN|&amp;#x1db0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO-LINE LESS-THAN SIGN|&amp;#x1db0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMMENSURABILITY|&amp;#x1db0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMMENSURABILITY|&amp;#x1db0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMMENSURABILITY IN SQUARE|&amp;#x1db0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMMENSURABILITY IN SQUARE|&amp;#x1db0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CARTESIAN EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x1db10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN CONGRUENCE SIGN|&amp;#x1db11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN CONGRUENCE SIGN WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x1db12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN CONGRUENCE SIGN-2|&amp;#x1db13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN INVERTED CONGRUENCE SIGN-2|&amp;#x1db14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN INVERTED CONGRUENCE SIGN-2 WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x1db15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN INVERTED CONGRUENCE SIGN-2 WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x1db16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN COINCIDENCE SIGN|&amp;#x1db17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED LAZY S OVER LAZY S|&amp;#x1db18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN SIMILARITY|&amp;#x1db19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN SIMILARITY-2|&amp;#x1db1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEIBNIZIAN DISSIMILARITY|&amp;#x1db1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACIT SYMBOL|&amp;#x1db1c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DB9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DBAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DBBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DBCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DBDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DBEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DBFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Flag Typology Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Flag Usage Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DC9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Flag Usage Symbols Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DCAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DCBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DCCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DCDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DCEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DCFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DD9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DDAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DDBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DDCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DDDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DDEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DDFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DE9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cyrillic Extended-E'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DEAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DEBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DECx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DEDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DEEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DEFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Latin Extended-G'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER FENG DIGRAPH WITH TRILL|&amp;#x1df00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED SCRIPT G|&amp;#x1df01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED G|&amp;#x1df02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED K|&amp;#x1df03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L WITH BELT|&amp;#x1df04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y WITH BELT|&amp;#x1df06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED ENG|&amp;#x1df07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG LEG AND RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK AND RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH DOUBLE BAR|&amp;#x1df0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH DOUBLE BAR AND CURL|&amp;#x1df0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T WITH CURL|&amp;#x1df0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP WITH CURL|&amp;#x1df0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER STRETCHED C WITH CURL|&amp;#x1df0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED K|&amp;#x1df10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH FISHHOOK|&amp;#x1df11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1df12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT AND
PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1df13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1df14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1df15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1df16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1df17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1df18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE AND RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1df1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CURL|&amp;#x1df1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK|&amp;#x1df25;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK|&amp;#x1df26;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK|&amp;#x1df27;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK|&amp;#x1df28;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK|&amp;#x1df29;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MID-HEIGHT LEFT HOOK|&amp;#x1df2a;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DF9x
|style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH SMALL SLASH|&amp;#x1df90;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DESCENDING LOOP|&amp;#x1df91;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH RIGHT LOOP|&amp;#x1df92;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D ROTUNDA WITH CROSSING LOOP|&amp;#x1df93;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA WITH LOOP|&amp;#x1df94;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LIGATURE LONG S WITH DESCENDER S|&amp;#x1df95;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH TOP LOOP|&amp;#x1df96;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DFAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DFBx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DFCx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DFDx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DFEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/2F000-2FFFF</title>
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    <id>77352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633185</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-29T20:49:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unicode Roadmap Changer</username>
        <id>3580040</id>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F00x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F01x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F02x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F03x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F04x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F05x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F06x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F07x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F08x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F09x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0Dx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F10x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F11x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F12x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F13x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F14x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F15x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F16x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F17x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F18x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F19x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F1Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F55x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F56x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F57x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F58x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F59x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F60x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F61x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F62x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F63x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F64x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F65x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F66x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F67x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F68x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F69x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F70x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F71x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F72x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F73x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F74x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F75x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F76x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F77x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F78x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F79x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F80x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F800|&amp;#x2f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F801|&amp;#x2f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F802|&amp;#x2f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F803|&amp;#x2f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F804|&amp;#x2f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F805|&amp;#x2f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F806|&amp;#x2f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F807|&amp;#x2f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F808|&amp;#x2f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F809|&amp;#x2f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80A|&amp;#x2f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80B|&amp;#x2f80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80C|&amp;#x2f80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80D|&amp;#x2f80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80E|&amp;#x2f80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80F|&amp;#x2f80f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F81x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F810|&amp;#x2f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F811|&amp;#x2f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F812|&amp;#x2f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F813|&amp;#x2f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F814|&amp;#x2f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F815|&amp;#x2f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F816|&amp;#x2f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F817|&amp;#x2f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F818|&amp;#x2f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F819|&amp;#x2f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81A|&amp;#x2f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81B|&amp;#x2f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81C|&amp;#x2f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81D|&amp;#x2f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81E|&amp;#x2f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81F|&amp;#x2f81f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F82x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F820|&amp;#x2f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F821|&amp;#x2f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F822|&amp;#x2f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F823|&amp;#x2f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F824|&amp;#x2f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F825|&amp;#x2f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F826|&amp;#x2f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F827|&amp;#x2f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F828|&amp;#x2f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F829|&amp;#x2f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82A|&amp;#x2f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82B|&amp;#x2f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82C|&amp;#x2f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82D|&amp;#x2f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82E|&amp;#x2f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82F|&amp;#x2f82f;}}
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F9Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C0|&amp;#x2f9c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C1|&amp;#x2f9c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C2|&amp;#x2f9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C3|&amp;#x2f9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C4|&amp;#x2f9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C5|&amp;#x2f9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C6|&amp;#x2f9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C7|&amp;#x2f9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C8|&amp;#x2f9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9C9|&amp;#x2f9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9CA|&amp;#x2f9ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9CB|&amp;#x2f9cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9CC|&amp;#x2f9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9CD|&amp;#x2f9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9CE|&amp;#x2f9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9CF|&amp;#x2f9cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F9Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D0|&amp;#x2f9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D1|&amp;#x2f9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D2|&amp;#x2f9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D3|&amp;#x2f9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D4|&amp;#x2f9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D5|&amp;#x2f9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D6|&amp;#x2f9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D7|&amp;#x2f9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D8|&amp;#x2f9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9D9|&amp;#x2f9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9DA|&amp;#x2f9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9DB|&amp;#x2f9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9DC|&amp;#x2f9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9DD|&amp;#x2f9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9DE|&amp;#x2f9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9DF|&amp;#x2f9df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F9Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E0|&amp;#x2f9e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E1|&amp;#x2f9e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E2|&amp;#x2f9e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E3|&amp;#x2f9e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E4|&amp;#x2f9e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E5|&amp;#x2f9e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E6|&amp;#x2f9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E7|&amp;#x2f9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E8|&amp;#x2f9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9E9|&amp;#x2f9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EA|&amp;#x2f9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EB|&amp;#x2f9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EC|&amp;#x2f9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9ED|&amp;#x2f9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EE|&amp;#x2f9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EF|&amp;#x2f9ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F9Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F0|&amp;#x2f9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F1|&amp;#x2f9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F2|&amp;#x2f9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F3|&amp;#x2f9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F4|&amp;#x2f9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F5|&amp;#x2f9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F6|&amp;#x2f9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F7|&amp;#x2f9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F8|&amp;#x2f9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9F9|&amp;#x2f9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9FA|&amp;#x2f9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9FB|&amp;#x2f9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9FC|&amp;#x2f9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9FD|&amp;#x2f9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9FE|&amp;#x2f9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9FF|&amp;#x2f9ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA00|&amp;#x2fa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA01|&amp;#x2fa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA02|&amp;#x2fa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA03|&amp;#x2fa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA04|&amp;#x2fa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA05|&amp;#x2fa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA06|&amp;#x2fa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA07|&amp;#x2fa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA08|&amp;#x2fa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA09|&amp;#x2fa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA0A|&amp;#x2fa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA0B|&amp;#x2fa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA0C|&amp;#x2fa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA0D|&amp;#x2fa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA0E|&amp;#x2fa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA0F|&amp;#x2fa0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0ff66&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA10|&amp;#x2fa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA11|&amp;#x2fa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA12|&amp;#x2fa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA13|&amp;#x2fa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA14|&amp;#x2fa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA15|&amp;#x2fa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA16|&amp;#x2fa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA17|&amp;#x2fa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA18|&amp;#x2fa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA19|&amp;#x2fa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA1A|&amp;#x2fa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA1B|&amp;#x2fa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA1C|&amp;#x2fa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2FA1D|&amp;#x2fa1d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FA9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FAAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FABx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FACx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FADx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FAEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FAFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FB9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBFx
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FC0x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FC3x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FC6x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FC8x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FC9x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCAx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCBx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCCx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCDx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCEx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCFx
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD0x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD1x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD2x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD3x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD4x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD5x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD6x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD7x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD8x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FD9x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDAx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDBx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDCx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDDx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDEx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDFx
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FEBx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FEDx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FEEx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FF7x
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{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2/Numerical Methods</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>101514</id>
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      <text bytes="1610" sha1="fd6rycvbfrrt2yrzhsrbpcw4zvurbmi" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:FP2NumericalMethods.svg]]
==The Newton-Raphson method==
The best way to find a root of a function is to use the Newton-Raphson method; this uses a series of tangent lines to estimate the value of the root. The first number in the series is chosen from either one of the previous methods or semi-randomly. We can find the value of a function to a certain degree when the &lt;math&gt;x_n = x_{n + 1}&lt;/math&gt; to the specific number of digits. This method may not work always because if f'(x) = 0 the function will be undefined at this point the function will diverge.
{{center/s}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;math&gt;x_{n + 1} = x_n - \frac{f\left(x\right)}{f'\left(x\right)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center/e}}

====Example====
The graph that we have above is actually the same function that Newton used to demonstrate the theory. Find the value of the root accurate to six decimal places.
We are going to use 2.05 as the first value.

&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = 3x^2 -2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x_{2} = 2.05 - \frac{(2.05)^3 - 2(2.05) - 5}{3(2.05)^2 -2} = 2.095710&lt;/math&gt;

Now we use this output for the next input and so on.

:&lt;math&gt;x_{2} = 2.095710 - \frac{(2.095710)^3 - 2(2.095710) - 5}{3(2.095710)^2 -2} = 2.094552&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;x_{3} = 2.094552 - \frac{(2.094552)^3 - 2(2.094552) - 5}{3(2.094552)^2 -2} = 2.094551&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;x_{4} = 2.094552 - \frac{(2.094552)^3 - 2(2.094552) - 5}{3(2.094552)^2 -2} = 2.094551&lt;/math&gt;
The root is approximately 2.094551. If we plug this into the original function we get -.00000000000004 which is very close to zero.

{{BookCat|filing=deep}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3</title>
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      <comment>/* 3. Nc3 · Three knights game */ Typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="3653" sha1="kj59jyyc8uw9rsfcm7bizrbt87e7q4y" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Three knights game
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C46]]
|parent=[[Chess/King's Knight Opening|King's Knight Opening]]
}}
== 3. Nc3 · Three knights game ==

White prioritises development of their knights, sticking to the maxim to develop &quot;knights before bishops,&quot; with the idea that they will always want to place Nc3 and Nf3, so why not play those moves first? 

Black usually develops their knight next, too, and the best place for that is [[/3...Nf6|'''3...Nf6''']], entering the quiet but respectable '''Four knights game'''. This is by far the main line: while White's move didn't make any threats, it is surprisingly forcing simply because none of the ways to break symmetry are very appealing. 

If Black would like to develop their bishop instead, there isn't a great place for it right now: 

* '''3...Bc5''' allows 4. Nxe5, the centre fork trick. Black's knight was not really defending the e5 pawn because after 4...Nxe5 5. d4! wins back the material with a fork. Black isn't down material, but it's a small positional mistake. 
* '''3...Bb4''' is playable, but it may be too early because White can play 4. Nd5. This move is best reserved for after White's d-pawn has moved and the bishop would pin the knight. 
* Black may consider fianchettoing it instead: the sideline [[/3...g6|'''3...g6''']] is called the '''Steinitz variation''' and prepares ...Bg7, but is slow comparing to playing ...Nf6 now and waiting to develop the bishop along the a3 to f8 diagonal in one move later.

Another sideline is the audacious [[/3...f5|'''3...f5?''']], the '''Winawer defence'''. Black gambits the f-pawn. The mainline is 4. d4, but even taking the pawn 4. exf5 should be winning for White, though Black has some practical chances in amateur games.

=== History ===

The instruction, &quot;knights before bishops&quot;, originates from [[w:Emanuel Lasker|Emanuel Lasker]], who wrote (emphasis added)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lasker |first=Emanuel |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |chapter=The Theory of the Openings |publisher=David McKay Company |location=Philadelphia |year=1947}}&lt;/ref&gt;:

&lt;blockquote&gt;I have added to these principles the law: '''Get the Knights into action before both Bishops are developed.''' The advantage obtained in following this law is certainly not great, yet it is distinctly perceptible.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In its full form, (&quot;before ''both'' bishops&quot;) it is clear that he was not dismissing continuations where one knight and one bishop are developed first (the Italian game, etc) as unprincipled.

==Theory table==
{{ChessTable}}&lt;br&gt;
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Four Knights Game|Four Knights Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...Nf6|Nf6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bb4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...Bb4|Bb4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nd5&lt;br&gt;Ba5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bc4

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;Nxe5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;Bd6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...g6|g6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;Bg7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Winawer Defense&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...f5|f5]]&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;Bb5&lt;br&gt;fxe4&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;Nxe4&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{wikipedia|Three Knights Game}}
{{NCO}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/109</title>
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      <text bytes="2130" sha1="t0fnhuem8rie3pvzfx83wfntwj6jmcu" xml:space="preserve">=Text And Translation=

'''Meter - [[The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/Meters Used By Catullus#elegiac distych|Elegiac distych]]'''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px; border: thin solid gold; background-color:#f7f8ff&quot; align=center cellpadding=&quot;7&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#e6e9ff&quot;
!width=&quot;1&quot;|Line!!width=&quot;349&quot;|Latin text!!width=&quot;450&quot;|English Translation

|-
|1
|Iucundum, mea vita, mihi proponis amorem
|My life, you promise me that this love
|-
|2
|hunc nostrum inter nos perpetuumque fore.
|of ours, among us, will be pleasant and everlasting.
|-
|3
|Di magni, facite ut vere promittere possit,
|Great gods, make it that she is able to promise truly,
|-
|4
|atque id sincere dicat et ex animo,
|And that she may say it sincerely and from her heart,
|-
|5
|ut liceat nobis tota perducere vita
|That we might be allowed to extend
|-
|6
|aeternum hoc sanctae foedus amicitiae.
|This life-long pact of holy-friendship our whole life.
|}

=Connotations of the Text=

This is the poem Catullus himself chose as the 109th segment of his published set of poems. It is addressed to Catullus's mistress Lesbia. This poem joins the ranks of the many others that demonstrate his conflicting feelings for Lesbia.

===Line 1===

*'''''mea vita - lit. my life'''''

This translates literally to &quot;my life&quot; but a more natural English translation would be &quot;my love&quot; or &quot;my dear&quot;. It pertains to the common cliché that one's love becomes their whole life - and is as relevant today as in the time of Catullus.

=Vocabulary=

===Line 2===

*'''[[Wikt:fore|fore]]''' - the future infinitive of the verb to be, sometimes seen as &quot;futurum esse&quot; lit: to be about to be.

===Line 5===

*'''[[Wikt:liceat|liceat]]''' - an impersonal verb that requires a dative. &quot;liceat nobis&quot; literally translates as &quot;it may be permissable for us&quot;.

===Line 6===

*'''[[Wikt:foedus|foedus, -eris; ''n'']]''' - pact; bond; treaty

=External Links=
[http://www.vroma.org/~hwalker/VRomaCatullus/109.html Catullus 109] Translation of Catullus 109

[http://rudy.negenborn.net/catullus/text2/e109.htm Catullus 109] Another Translation of Catullus 109

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Silicates</title>
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      <text bytes="3985" sha1="qtcy3pe2x0ia3wct9dvli92sinlp4fo" xml:space="preserve">'''Silicates''' are the largest and most important group of minerals in nature.  Silicates account for around 95% of all the rocks of the Earth's crust, and the soils, clays and sands formed when those rocks break down.

Silicates are so ubiquitous that oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass, with silicon in second place: oxygen makes up 46% of the mass of the Earth's crust, while silicon is responsible for 27%.  Silicon and oxygen together therefore account for 73% of the crust.

== Tetrahedra ==
The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the  [SiO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt; tetrahedron.  There are four covalent Si−O bonds.  Each oxygen atom forms one vertex of the tetrahedron. The silicon to oxygen ratio is 1:4.

Silicate minerals containing isolated [SiO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt; tetrahedra are called ''nesosilicates'' or ''orthosilicates''.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Silicate-tetrahedron-2D.png|structural formula
Image:Silicate-tetrahedron-3D-balls.png|ball-and-stick model
Image:Silicate-tetrahedron-3D.png|polyhedral model
Image:Silicate-tetrahedron-plan-view-2D.png|''Chemical Ideas'' representation
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Corner-sharing tetrahedra ==
If two [SiO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt; tetrahedra share an oxygen atom at one common vertex, an [Si&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt; ion is formed. The silicon to oxygen ratio is 2:7.

Silicate minerals containing isolated [Si&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt; double tetrahedra are called ''sorosilicates''.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Silicate-double-tetrahedra-2D.png|structural formula
Image:Silicate-double-tetrahedra-3D-balls.png|ball-and-stick model
Image:Silicate-double-tetrahedra-3D-polyhedra.png|polyhedral model
Image:Silicate-double-tetrahedra-plan-view-2D.png|''Chemical Ideas'' representation
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Chains ==
Silicate minerals containing chains are termed ''inosilicates''.

=== Single chains ===
(SiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;. The silicon to oxygen ratio is 1:3.

[[Image:Silicate-chain-3D-balls.png|400px|ball-and-stick model]]

[[Image:Silicate-chain-3D-polyhedra.png|400px|polyhedral model]]

[[Image:Silicate-single-chain-plan-view-2D.png|400px|''Chemical Ideas'' representation]]

=== Double chains ===
(Si&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;. The silicon to oxygen ratio in double chains is 4:11.

[[Image:Silicate-double-chain-3D-balls.png|400px|ball-and-stick model]]

[[Image:Silicate-double-chain-3D-polyhedra.png|400px|polyhedral model]]

[[Image:Silicate-double-chain-plan-view-2D.png|400px|''Chemical Ideas'' representation]]

==== Asbestos ====
Asbestos (from Greek ''ἅσβεστος'', unquenchable) is a group of fibrous silicate minerals containing double chains.  Prolonged exposure to dust containing fibres from certain types of asbestos is now known to cause scarring of the lungs, lung cancer, and a particularly aggressive cancer called mesothelioma.  Mesothelioma is almost always fatal, with a median survival time of 11 months.  Due to the exceptional danger posed by some absestos, all work involving asbestos in the UK must be done by specialist companies.  The vast majority of asbestos is the so-called white form, which is not known to pose any real danger.

== Sheets ==
[[Image:Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png|thumb|right|300px|Polyhedral model of a silicate sheet]]
SiO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; tetrahedra can be arranged to form sheets, as illustrated to the right.  The formula of such a sheet can be written (Si&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;.

Silicate minerals containing sheets are termed ''phyllosilicates''.

== Three-dimensional frameworks == 
Perhaps the most structurally complicated silicates are those based on networks of Si and O that extend in all three dimensions.  Examples of such minerals include quartz, zeolites and feldspars.

Silicate minerals containing three-dimensional frameworks are termed ''tectosilicates''.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Amino acids</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2791" sha1="4g33do1sl1542pfvu195zv0s3i7y4ng" xml:space="preserve">== α-Amino acids ==
&lt;gallery&gt;

Image:Alpha-amino-acid-general-2D.png|The general structure of an α-amino acid.  The α-carbon is displayed in orange, and the side chain is denoted by R.  This style of diagram does not indicate whether the amino acid is an &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt; or a &lt;small&gt;D&lt;/small&gt; enantiomer.

Image:Alpha-amino-acid-general-2D-stereo.png|The stereochemistry of an &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-amino acid.  All amino acids in nature are &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-amino acids, except for [[w:en:Bacterial cell structure#The bacterial cell wall|bacterial cell walls]] and the odd [[w:en:cone snail]] or two.

Image:Alpha-amino-acid-general-2D-skeletal.png|A skeletal formula of a general α-amino acid.  The α-carbon is displayed as an orange circle

Image:L-alpha-amino-acid-general-2D-skeletal.png|The skeletal formula of a general &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-α-amino acid, the enantiomeric form found in nature.

Image:D-alpha-amino-acid-general-2D-skeletal.png|The skeletal formula of a general &lt;small&gt;D&lt;/small&gt;-α-amino acid, the enantiomeric form not found in nature.  &lt;small&gt;D&lt;/small&gt;-amino acids can be synthesised artificially in a laboratory.

&lt;/gallery&gt;

== The twenty protein-forming amino acids ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Glycine-2D-skeletal.png|glycine&lt;br&gt;Gly, G
Image:L-alanine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-alanine&lt;br&gt;Ala, A
Image:L-valine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-valine&lt;br&gt;Val, V
Image:L-leucine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-leucine&lt;br&gt;Leu, L
Image:L-isoleucine-skeletal.svg|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-isoleucine&lt;br&gt;Ile, I
Image:L-phenylalanine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-phenylalanine&lt;br&gt;Phe, F
Image:L-proline-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-proline&lt;br&gt;Pro, P
Image:L-tryptophan-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-tryptophan&lt;br&gt;Trp, W
Image:L-serine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-serine&lt;br&gt;Ser, S
Image:L-threonine-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-threonine&lt;br&gt;Thr, T
Image:L-cysteine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-cysteine&lt;br&gt;Cys, C
Image:L-methionine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-methionine&lt;br&gt;Met, M
Image:L-aspartic-acid-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-aspartic acid&lt;br&gt;Asp, D
Image:L-glutamic-acid-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-glutamic acid&lt;br&gt;Glu, E
Image:L-asparagine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-asparagine&lt;br&gt;Asn, N
Image:L-glutamine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-glutamine&lt;br&gt;Gln, Q
Image:L-tyrosine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-tyrosine&lt;br&gt;Tyr, Y
Image:L-histidine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-histidine&lt;br&gt;His, H
Image:L-lysine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-lysine&lt;br&gt;Lys, K
Image:L-arginine-2D-skeletal.png|&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-arginine&lt;br&gt;Arg, R
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Reactions of amino acids ==
Amino acids can undergo [[A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Condensation reactions|condensation reactions]], forming polypeptides.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Penicillins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121014</id>
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      <id>4633130</id>
      <parentid>4457514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:59:13Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3138" sha1="5k7a52ov1tkrvcj05yuesaarhr4d27i" xml:space="preserve">== The penicillin nucleus ==
The pharmacophore (part of a molecule that confers pharmacological activity) of penicillins is called the penicillin nucleus.  It contains a [[A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Penicillins#The β-lactam ring|β-lactam ring]].

== The β-lactam ring ==
The penicillin nucleus found in all penicillins contains a so-called β-lactam ring.  This is a four-membered cyclic amide that is unstable in acidic or alkaline conditions.  The small ring is under a great deal of strain, making the normally unreactive amide group more susceptible to hydrolysis, resulting in ring-opening to form open-chain compounds.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Penicillin Core v2.svg|skeletal formula of the penicillin nucleus
Image:Penicillin-nucleus-3D-balls.png|ball-and-stick model of the penicillin nucleus
Image:2-azetidinone-3D-balls.png|ball-and-stick model of the β-lactam ring
Image:Clavulanic-acid-3D-balls.png|ball-and-stick model of clavulanic acid
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== β-lactamase inhibitors ==
β-Lactamase is an enzyme produced by certain penicillin-resistant bacteria.  It inactivates penicillin antibiotics by disrupting their β-lactam ring.  Once way to protect penicillins against β-lactamase is to modify their side chains − methicillin and flucloxacillin are examples of penicillins whose side chains make them β-lactamase resistant.  Another tactic is to protect vulnerable penicillins with a ''β-lactamase inhibitor''.  These compounds, such as clavulanic acid, are not antibiotics, but they allow penicillin antibiotics to do their job by inhibiting β-lactamase.

== Table of penicillins ==
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Name
!R group in side-chain
!Natural/semi-synthetic
!Uses/properties
!Skeletal formula
!3D model
|-
|[[w:benzylpenicillin|benzylpenicillin]]&lt;br&gt;penicillin G
|
|natural
|general infections, gonorrhoea and syphilis
|[[Image:Benzylpenicillin-2D-skeletal.png|200px]]
|[[Image:Benzylpenicillin-3D-balls.png|200px]]
|-
|[[w:flucloxacillin|flucloxacillin]]
|
|semi-synthetic
|controlling resistant ''Staphylococcus''
|[[Image:Flucloxacillin structure.svg|200px]]
|[[Image:Flucloxacillin-3D-balls.png|200px]]
|-
|penicillin F
|
|natural
|not used commercially
|[[Image:Penicillin-F-2D-skeletal.png|200px]]
|
|-
|penicillin X
|
|natural
|not used commercially
|[[Image:Penicillin-X-2D-skeletal.svg|200px]]
|
|-
|penicillin K
|
|natural
|not used commercially
|[[Image:Penicillin-K-2D-skeletal.png|200px]]
|
|-
|penicillin V
|
|natural and semi-synthetic
|general infections, ear, nose and throat
|[[Image:Penicillin-V-2D-skeletal.svg|200px]]
|
|-
|[[w:methicillin|methicillin]]
|
|semi-synthetic
|controlling resistant ''Staphylococcus''
|[[Image:Methicillin.png|200px]]
|
|-
|[[w:ampicillin|ampicillin]]
|
|semi-synthetic
|lung and wound infections
|[[Image:Ampicillin_structure.svg|200px]]
|
|-
|[[w:amoxycillin|amoxycillin]]
|
|semi-synthetic
|lung and urinary tract infections
|[[Image:Amoxicillin-2D-skeletal.png|200px]]
|[[Image:Amoxicillin-3D-balls.png|200px]]
|-
|[[w:carbenicillin|carbenicillin]]
|
|semi-synthetic
|pneumonia, burns
|[[Image:Carbenicillin.svg|200px]]
|
|}

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Ozone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633143</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:16:56Z</timestamp>
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        <id>46022</id>
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      <text bytes="599" sha1="mcsjaoluqaej5bftd1h4ka68ng986am" xml:space="preserve">==Structure==
Ozone can be assigned two different Lewis structures, but neither one accurately represents the structure and bonding in the O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; molecule.

:[[Image:Ozone-resonance.png|center|400px|Canonical structures of ozone]]

Spectroscopic data indicates both O−O bonds in ozone are equal in length and strength.  The central oxygen atom is positively charged and the terminal oxygen atoms each carry partial negative charge.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Ozone-1,3-dipole.svg
Image:Ozone-3D-ball-stick.png
Image:Ozone-3D-vdW.png
Image:Ozone-elpot-3D-vdW.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Spectroscopy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633125</id>
      <parentid>3248795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:54:25Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="5593" sha1="46e1d8q9zwfaz2zgqw5bdp5i9sa3mqx" xml:space="preserve">'''Spectroscopy''' is the study of the interaction between radiation (electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation) and matter. In ''Chemical Ideas'', the whole of '''Chapter 6: Radiation and matter''' is devoted to spectroscopy. It covers both how and why radiation interacts with matter, and how such interactions are applied.

There are several different '''spectroscopic techniques''' discussed in ''Salters Advanced Chemistry''.  They are:

* [[A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/IR|infrared spectroscopy (IR)]]
* nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
* ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
* mass spectrometry (MS)

In addition, laser microspectral analysis (LMA) is briefly mentioned in the ''Chemical Storylines'' chapter ''Colour by Design''.

There are many other kinds of spectroscopy used by scientists every day, but the ones mentioned here are the most important to chemistry as a whole.

== Colour ==
=== Why are substances coloured? ===
We'll consider the major reason for the colour of substances: absorption of light.  There are other ways in which a substance can exhibit colour — it can scatter or emit light, for instance — but these effects are best discussed elsewhere.

The reason substances are coloured is usually that they absorb ''some'' energies of visible light, but transmit or reflect the rest. All energies except those absorbed are detected in our eyes. Our brains then interpret this distribution of photons of different energies as a particular colour.

The colour wheel helps predict how our brains interpret different distributions of photon energy.  White light (e.g. sunlight) contains photons of every possible energy, i.e. the entire visible spectrum. This distribution of photon energies stimulates the eyes and brain in a way that we perceive as white.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Eight-colour-wheel-2D.png|the colour wheel
Image:Blue-solution-absorbing-orange-photons-2D.png|a blue solution absorbs orange light
Image:Solution-transmitting-photons-2D.png|a colourless solution transmits all visible light
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== What is light? ===
When we talk about light in science, we usually mean electromagnetic radiation in all its forms.  This includes not just visible light, but the entire electromagnetic spectrum, covering everything from γ-rays to radio waves.

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called photons. Any particular photon has a specific amount of energy, which determines its frequency and wavelength.

=== Why do all substances absorb electromagnetic radiation? ===
All substances have electrons in them, and electrons occupy energy levels. All substances also contain vacant energy levels that are capable of containing an electron, but are not occupied.

An electron in a substance can move from the energy level it occupies to a vacant energy level that is higher in energy.  This move requires the electron to acquire a precise quantity of energy. The electron can absorb a photon if the photon has that exact amount of energy.  By absorbing the photon, the electron increases in energy by exactly the right amount and moves to the vacant energy level.

=== Why do some substances absorb visible light? ===
Substances that absorb visible light are ones that have two energy levels whose energy difference is in the visible range, 2.8 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−19&lt;/sup&gt; J − 5.0 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−19&lt;/sup&gt; J. Such substances can absorb photons of this energy range.

A photon whose energy is between 2.8 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−19&lt;/sup&gt; J − 5.0 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−19&lt;/sup&gt; J has a wavelength between 700&amp;nbsp;nm and 400&amp;nbsp;nm and a frequency between 4.3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; Hz and 7.5 × 10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; Hz.

In a nutshell,

&lt;math&gt;\mbox{if } 2.8 \times 10^{-19} \mbox{ J} \le \Delta E \le 5.0 \times 10^{-19} \mbox{ J} \mbox{, the substance will absorb visible light }\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

=== Why do most transition metal complexes absorb visible light? ===

In transition metal complexes, we can define what we mean by energy levels more carefully. By energy levels, we mean [[A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Atomic orbitals|orbitals]]. Electrons in a transition metal complex can be moved from their normal orbital to a higher-energy orbital.

In its normal orbital, call it Orbital 1, an electron has a particular amount of energy, &lt;math&gt;E_1&lt;/math&gt;.

In the higher-energy orbital, call it Orbital 2, the electron has a greater amount of energy, &lt;math&gt;E_2&lt;/math&gt;.

The energy difference between the two situations is &lt;math&gt;\Delta E = E_2 - E_1&lt;/math&gt;.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Photon-absorption-in-a-molecule-1.png|Orbital 1 is occupied by an electron, while Orbital 2 is vacant
Image:Photon-absorption-in-a-molecule-2.png|The electron absorbs a photon with the correct energy and is promoted from Orbital 1 to Orbital 2
Image:Photon-absorption-in-a-molecule-3.png|Orbital 1 is now vacant and Orbital 2 is occupied
&lt;/gallery&gt;

When a photon arrives at Orbital 1, the electron may be able to absorb the photon.

If &lt;math&gt;E_{photon} &lt; \Delta E&lt;/math&gt;, the photon does not have enough energy to promote the electron from Orbital 1 to Orbital 2, so the electron cannot absorb the photon.

If &lt;math&gt;E_{photon} &gt; \Delta E&lt;/math&gt;, the photon has too much energy to promote the electron from Orbital 1 to Orbital 2, so the electron cannot absorb the photon.

If &lt;math&gt;E_{photon} = \Delta E&lt;/math&gt;, the photon has exactly the right amount of energy to promote the electron from Orbital 1 to Orbital 2. The electron can and does absorb the photon. The electron acquires the photon's energy and is promoted from Orbital 1 to Orbital 2.

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Chip-pan fires</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>122653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633126</id>
      <parentid>3760804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:55:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
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      <text bytes="1026" sha1="is0kp8tdvra2om6uyap0trg7a8ysnvf" xml:space="preserve">== How chip-pan fires can explode ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Chip-pan-fire-cross-section-1.png|Oil gets so hot that it catches fire all by itself.
Image:Chip-pan-fire-cross-section-2.png|Water is poured into the burning chip pan.
Image:Chip-pan-fire-cross-section-3.png|Water is denser than oil, so it sinks to the bottom of the chip pan (shown in red).  As the water touches the bottom, it is heated above its boiling point and instantly vaporizes.
Image:Chip-pan-fire-cross-section-4.png|The water vapour expands radpidly, ejecting the burning molten oil out of the chip pan and into the air where its surface area increases greatly and combustion proceeds much faster.
Image:Chip-pan-fire-4.jpg|Oil is heated strongly
Image:Chip-pan-fire-3.jpg|After some time, it gets hot enough to catch fire
Image:Chip-pan-fire-2.jpg|Pouring a very small amount of water into the fire ejects a plume of burning oil
Image:Chip-pan-fire-5.jpg|With all the oil burned, there is no more fuel to supply the fire
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Hydrogen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633127</id>
      <parentid>3207224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:56:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
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      <text bytes="1952" sha1="qnh2kttxo22y0tna6bumryg72m730fz" xml:space="preserve">Hydrogen is the first element in the [[A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Periodic table|periodic table]].  The hydrogen nucleus contains one proton.

== Isotopes ==
Most hydrogen nuclei have no neutrons, and are called hydrogen-1 or protium, &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H.  The two other isotopes are extremely rare: &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H (hydrogen-2, also known as deuterium, symbol D) accounts for 1 in every 6500 hydrogen nuclei and &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;H (hydrogen-3, also known as tritium, symbol T) exists only in trace amounts.

== Electron configuration ==
The electron configuration of the neutral hydrogen atom, H, is

&lt;math&gt;1\mbox{s}^1 \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

== Dihydrogen ==
In its standard elemental state, hydrogen exists as diatomic H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; molecules, sometimes referred to as ''dihydrogen''.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Dihydrogen-2D-dimensions.png|length of the H−H single bond in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
Image:Dihydrogen-3D-vdW.png|space-filling model of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Compounds ==
Hydrogen forms compounds with almost every other element in the periodic table.

=== Hydrides ===
In compounds with very electropositive elements, as in sodium hydride, NaH, hydrogen exists as the hydride ion, H&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;. H&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; does not exist in solution because it is exceptionally reactive. For example, if you try to dissolve NaH in water, the following reaction occurs:

:H&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) → H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + OH&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)

In compounds with elements whose electronegativity is similar to or greater than hydrogen, such as hydrogen fluoride, HF, hydrogen is covalently bonded to the other element.

=== Organic compounds ===
Hydrogen is present in the vast majority of organic compounds. In fact, some sources define organic compounds as those with C-H bonds, but this definition is controversial because there are some organic compounds, such as oxalic acid, which are behave exactly like other organic compounds, yet lack C-H bonds.

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  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Benzene</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633128</id>
      <parentid>3248777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:56:59Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2289" sha1="6i42032qghlqtnlff4knd3lnyvmlvid" xml:space="preserve">'''Benzene''' is an ''aromatic'' hydrocarbon or ''arene''.

== Structure ==
The usual structural representation for benzene is a six carbon ring (represented by a hexagon) which includes three double bonds. Each of the carbons represented by a corner is also bonded to one other atom. In benzene itself, these atoms are hydrogens. The double bonds are separated by single bonds so we recognize the arrangement as involving conjugated double bonds. An alternative symbol uses a circle inside the hexagon to represent the six pi electrons.

[[Image:Benzene-aromaticity-3D-balls.png|300px]]

Instead of having three short double bonds and three long single bonds (above, left), it has six medium-length bonds (above, right).

A double bond is really two bonds, with two electrons in each bond, so four electrons in total in a double bond.  Two electrons from each double bond in benzene (if the double bonds really existed, which they don't) are smeared over all six carbon atoms.

Whenever electrons are not confined to a bond between just two atoms, they are called ''declocalised electrons''.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Benzene-2D-flat.png|the full displayed structural formula of benzene
Image:Benzene-Kekule-2D-skeletal.png|Kékulé proposed this structure for benzene
Image:Benzene circle.svg|Benzene rings are commonly represented like this
Image:Benzene-3D-vdW.png|Space-filling models like this show all C−C and C−H distances are equal
Image:Benzene-3D-potential.png|This electrostatic potential surface shows greater electron density inside the ring
Image:Benzene-HOMO-4-3D-balls.png|The π electrons in benzene occupy molecular orbitals like this one, which are delocalised over the entire molecule
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/benzRep.GIF Pic]

'''Physical Properties'''

Boiling point: 80&amp;nbsp;°C

Melting point: 6&amp;nbsp;°C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.88

Solubility in water, g/100 ml at 25&amp;nbsp;°C: 0.18

Vapour pressure, kPa at 20&amp;nbsp;°C: 10

Relative vapour density (air = 1): 2.7

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20&amp;nbsp;°C (air = 1): 1.2

Flash point: -11&amp;nbsp;°C c.c.

Auto-ignition temperature: 498&amp;nbsp;°C

Explosive limits, vol% in air: 1.2-8.0

Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 2.13

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Endometrium/Staging</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>131715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633094</id>
      <parentid>4368847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T13:03:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
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      <text bytes="7182" sha1="0nzalyocph6g9pdmpckdkgs97mlni5t" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology/Uterus:TOC}}


==Current staging==
&lt;big&gt;'''Endometrial Carcinomas'''&lt;/big&gt; 

'''FIGO Staging (2023)'''

{{PMID|37593813}} -- &quot;FIGO staging of endometrial cancer: 2023&quot; 

* Stage I   -   Confined to the uterine corpus and ovary
** IA - Disease limited to the endometrium OR non-aggressive histological type, i.e., low-grade endometroid, with invasion of less than half of myometrium with no or focal LVSI OR good prognosis disease
*** IA1 : Non-aggressive histological type limited to an endometrial polyp OR confined to the endometrium
*** IA2 : Non-aggressive histological types involving less than half of the myometrium with no or focal LVSI
*** IA3 : Low-grade endometrioid carcinomas limited to the uterus and ovary
** IB - Non-aggressive histological types with invasion of half or more of the myometrium, and with no or focal LVSI
** IC - Aggressive histological types limited to a polyp or confined to the endometrium
* Stage II   -   Invasion of cervical stroma without extrauterine extension OR with substantial LVSI OR aggressive histological types with myometrial invasion
** IIA - Invasion of the cervical stroma of non-aggressive histological types
** IIB - Substantial LVSI of non-aggressive histological types
** IIC - Aggressive histological types with any myometrial involvement
* Stage III   -   Local and/or regional spread of the tumor of any histological subtype
** IIIA - Invasion of uterine serosa, adnexa, or both by direct extension or metastasis
*** IIIA1 : Spread to ovary or fallopian tube (except when meeting stage IA3 criteria)
*** IIIA2 : Involvement of uterine subserosa or spread through the uterine serosa
** IIIB - Metastasis or direct spread to the vagina and/or to the parametria or pelvic peritoneum
*** IIIB1 : Metastasis or direct spread to the vagina and/or the parametria
*** IIIB2 : Metastasis to the pelvic peritoneum
** IIIC - Metastasis to the pelvic or para-aortic lymph nodes or both
*** IIIC1 : Metastasis to the pelvic lymph nodes    {IIIC1i: micrometastasis; IIIC1ii: macrometastasis} 
*** IIIC2 : Metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes up to the renal vessels, with or without metastasis to the pelvic lymph nodes   {IIIC2i: micrometastasis; IIIC2ii: macrometastasis} 
* Stage IV   -   Spread to the bladder mucosa and/or intestinal mucosa and/or distant metastasis
** IVA - Invasion of the bladder mucosa and/or the intestinal/bowel mucosa
** IVB - Abdominal peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis
** IVC - Distant metastasis, including metastasis to any extra-or intra-abdominal lymph nodes above the renal vessels, lungs, liver, brain, or bone

Staging footnotes:

* Disease limited to low-grade endometrioid carcinomas involving the endometrium and ovaries (Stage IA3) must be distinguished from extensive spread of the endometrial carcinoma to the ovary (Stage IIIA1), by the following criteria: 1) no more than superficial myometrial invasion is present (&lt;50%); 2) absence of extensive/substantial LVSI; 3) absence of additional metastases; and 4) the ovarian tumor is unilateral, limited to the ovary, without capsule invasion/rupture (equivalent to pT1a).
* LVSI:  LVSI as defined in WHO 2021: extensive/substantial, ≥5 vessels involved.
* Aggressive histological types: 
** non-aggressive: G1-2 EEC.  
** aggressive: G3 EEC, serous, clear cell, undifferentiated, mixed, mesonephric-like, gastrointestinal mucinous type carcinomas, and carcinosarcomas

'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)''' &lt;br&gt;
:Corresponds to updated FIGO staging (2009)
:'''FIGO 2009''' {{PMID|19345353}} -- &quot;Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the endometrium.&quot;

:This staging now applies only to endometrial carcinomas and there is now a separate staging for [[Radiation Oncology/Uterine Sarcoma/Staging|uterine sarcomas]]. 
::Carcinosarcomas (MMMT) should be staged as high grade carcinoma.
&lt;br&gt;

''Primary Tumor:'' (FIGO Stage in parentheses)
:Note: FIGO uses pathologic staging
*Tis - in situ
*:Note: FIGO no longer includes Stage 0
*T1 (I) - confined to corpus
**T1a (IA) - limited to endometrium or invades less than 1/2 of myometrium
**T1b (IB) - invades &amp;ge; 1/2 of myometrium
*T2 (II) - invades stromal tissue of the cervix but does not extend beyond uterus
*:Note: endocervical glandular involvement only should be considered as Stage I not Stage II
*T3
**T3a (IIIA) - involves serosa and/or adnexa (direct extension or metastasis)
**T3b (IIIB) - vaginal involvement (direct extension or metastasis) or parametrial involvement
*T4 (IVA) - invades bladder mucosa and/or bowel mucosa

''Regional Lymph Nodes:''
*N0 - none
*N1 (IIIC1) - metastasis to pelvic lymph nodes
*N2 (IIIC2) - metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes
*:Note: Regional nodes include obturator, internal iliac, external iliac, common iliac, para-aortic, presacral, and parametrial
*:Note: For pathologic staging, FIGO classifies cases with &lt;6 resected LNs as pNX

''Distant Metastases:''
*M0 - none
*M1 (IVB) - distant metastasis - includes inguinal LN, intraperitoneal disease (including omentum), lung, liver, or bone.

''Stage Grouping:''
*Corresponds to FIGO stage given above (in parentheses)

''Changes from 6th Edition:''
*No longer includes uterine sarcoma (now staged with a new staging system)
*Positive peritoneal cytology is no longer considered (previously was T3a/IIIA)
*Involvement of the endocervical glands is no longer considered (previously was Stage IIA)
*Stages IA+IB combined (now: IA). IC moved to IB.
*Stage IIIC subdivided into IIIC1 and IIIC2. 


===Older staging systems===
FIGO moved to surgical staging in 1988 (AJCC 6th edition same).  There is also a clinical staging system developed by FIGO in 1971.

Note: until the update of the FIGO / AJCC in 2009, '''uterine sarcomas''' and carcinomas were staged using the same system

'''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)''' &lt;br&gt;
*IA - Limited to endometrium
*IB - &lt; 1/2 of myometrium
*IC - 1/2 or more of myometrium
*II - invades cervix
**IIA - glandular epithelium of endocervix
**IIB - stroma of cervix
*III - extra-uterine
**IIIA - involves serosa and/or adnexa (direct extension or mets) and/or ascites or positive peritoneal washings
**IIIB - vaginal involvement (direct extension or mets)
**IIIC - LN+ (pelvic and/or paraaortic)
*IV - other organs
**IVA - bladder or bowel
**IVB - distant mets


===Clinical staging===
Staging is now surgical (see above), but clinical staging may be utilized for non-operative pts.

'''FIGO 1971'''

*I - Confined to corpus
**IA - Length of uterine cavity 8 cm or less
**IB - Length of uterine cavity &gt; 8 cm
*II - Involves corpus and cervix, but no extension beyond the uterus
*III - Extends outside uterus but not outside true pelvis
*IV - Outside the true pelvis or involves bladder or rectum
**IVA - Involves bladder, rectum, sigmoid, or small bowel
**IVB - Distant mets

==Stage distribution==
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Stage Distribution'''
! Stage !! US SEER ({{PMID|16977653}}) !! FIGO ({{PMID|17161155}})
|-
! Stage I
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 73% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 67%
|-
! Stage II
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 10% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 11%
|-
! Stage III
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 10% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 13%
|-
! Stage IV
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3%
|}</text>
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==Epidemiology==
*Most common GYN malignancy in United States (incidence 44K, deaths 7.5K)
*Classically two forms:
**Type I: typically endometriorid, low-grade tumors, estrogen-related
**[[Radiation_Oncology/Endometrium/UPSC|Type II]]: typically papillary serous or clear cell; high-grade tumors, not estrogen related
*More recently based on genomic and proteomic profiling, 4 clusters
**Ultramutated group, PolE mutation (involved in DNA repair), low MSI instability
**Hypermutated group, high MSI instability
**Low mutation group, low MSI instability, low copy number
**Low mutation group, extensive copy number, high TP53 mutation. This has mostly serous-like tumors and some Grade 3 endometrioid
*Risk factors for Type I (primarily related to long-term estrogen exposure):
**Exogenous estrogen: postmenopausal women treated with unopposed estrogen have 10X risk
**Endogenous estrogen: obesity, functional ovarian tumors
**Chronic anovulation (e.g. PCO)
**Tamoxifen: due to pro-estrogenic properties in endometrium (unlike anti-estrogenic properties in breast)
**Diseases: Hypertension, diabetes, breast cancer
**Age: 75% in post-menopausal women
**Hereditary: [[Radiation_Oncology/Cancer_Syndromes#Lynch_syndrome.2C_Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer_.28HNPCC.29|HNPCC]]
*Protective factors for Type I:
**Combination oral contraceptives
**Physical activity
**Smoking
*Risk factors for Type II - none known

==Screening==
*Society of Gynecological Oncologists and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [http://www.sgo.org/publications/endoguidelines.doc guidelines]:
**There is no standard screening test 
**Routine screening is not recommended because of the lack of an appropriate, cost-effective, and acceptable test that reduces mortality


==Clinical Presentation==
*Abnormal uterine bleeding (~90% cases); even one drop of blood in a postmenopausal woman on HRT is worrisome
**However, only 5-20% of postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding will have endometrial CA (most commonly due to atrophy)
**Bleeding due to superficial necrosis of the tumor expanding into the uterine cavity
*Endometrial cells on Pap smear (though &lt;50% of cancer patients have abnormal cells on Pap smear)


==Work-Up==
*Endometrial biopsy: office procedure, well tolerated, high sensitivity, low cost
*Hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage (D&amp;C): higher yield, but higher complications
*Transvaginal ultrasound: normal endometrial thickness (&quot;stripe&quot;) is 4-5 mm; average thickness is 20 mm for endometrial CA
*CT of abdomen/pelvis typically not necessary, unless suspicion of extra-pelvic disease
*MRI is best modality for assessing myometrial invasion and cervical involvement, but provides no additional information if surgery is planned anyway
*CA-125 is useful for estimating extra-uterine/nodal spread

==Anatomy==
*Primary site
**Lower boundary is the isthmus
***Denoted exteriorly by slight constriction that translates interiorly into the internal os. 
***Average length in non-pregnant uterus is ~0.5cm
***Frequently located about 1/3 of the way up from external os
***Develops in utero from interaction between downgrowth of Muellerian mesoderm and upgrowth of mesodermic fibers from forming vaginal vault
***[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1826815&amp;blobtype=pdf Lower uterine segment] develops during pregnancy from isthmus + superior cervical canal, as the uterus expands to hold the fetus
**Upper two thirds of the uterus, above isthmus, is the corpus
**Portion of the corpus above the line joining the tubo-uterine openings is the fundus
**Wall is made of three layers
***Endometrium: glandular tissue + basal layer
***Myometrium: smooth muscle fibers with rich lymphatic network
***Serosa: visceral peritoneum
**Nulliparous uterus is ~7.5 cm long (cervix 2.5 cm + corpus 5.0 cm); uterine cavity is ~6 cm long; the wall is ~1.2 cm thick

*Lymphatics
**Superior fundus drains parallel to ovarian vessels into para-aortic lymph nodes
**Middle/lower uterus drains through [[w:Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus|broad ligaments]] to pelvic lymph nodes (obturator, internal iliac, external iliac, common iliac, presacral)
**Few lymphatics drain through [[w:Round_ligament_of_uterus|round ligaments]] to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
**As a result, nodal mets can occur at any level and in any combination

*Distant spread
**Lung
**Vagina

==Pathology==
[[File:Endometrioid_endometrial_adenocarcinoma_high_mag.jpg|thumb|right]]
*Epithelial tumors. For mesenchymal tumors, please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Uterine_Sarcoma|uterine sarcomas]] page
*Type I(5-year OS)
**Endometrioid carcinoma (83%) - grouped based on degree of differentiation
***Adenocarcinoma
***Adenoacanthoma (adenocarcinoma with benign squamous metaplasia) - graded according to glandular component
***Adenosquamous carcinoma (mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) (81%)
*Type II
**Papillary serous adenocarcinoma (53%)
**Clear cell adenocarcinoma (63%)
*Rare
**Mucinous adenocarcinoma (77%)


*Endometrioid (75-80%)
**Most are well-differentiated, with proliferation of endometrial glands without intervening stroma
**Endometrial hyperplasia is thought to be a precursor lesion developed with unopposed estrogen and genetic events
***Simple vs complex hyperplasia based on glandular architecture
***Cytologic atypia increases risk of progression to carcinoma (complex atypical hyperplasia risk ~30%)
**Cells show microsatellite instability, PTEN, and k-ras mutations
*Clear cell (5-10%)
**Clear due to presence of glycogen
**Tubulocystic, papillary, or solid patterns
**[[w:Psammoma|Psammoma bodies]] not as common
**Have to be present in at least 25-50% (depending on pathologist) of sample to qualify as clear cell
**Aggressive, with myometrial invasion in ~80%
*Papillary serous (1-5%)
**Complex papillary architecture, similar to papillary serous CA of ovary
**Presence of [[w:Psammoma|psammoma bodies]]
**Marked nuclear atypia
**Believed to transform from endometrial surface epithelium
*Mixed pattern
**Serous and endometrioid histology present next to each other in the specimen
**If &gt;50% serous component, classified as papillary serous
**If 10-50% serous component, classified as mixed serous
*Rare tumor types (&lt;2%)
**Mucinous, squamous cell, transitional cell, small cell


'''Grade''' - evaluation based on the glandular (adeno) component
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! Grade 1 
| &amp;le; 5% of non-squamous solid growth pattern
|-
! Grade 2 
| 6% - 50% of non-squamous solid growth pattern
|-
! Grade 3 
| &gt;50% of non-squamous solid growth pattern ''or''&lt;br&gt;
serous, clear cell, or mixed mesodermal tumors
|}

==Treatment Overview==
*Surgery is the primary treatment modality. Most patients should have a full surgical staging, including complete lymph node dissection, which is both diagnostic and improves survival
*Low-risk patients typically do not require adjuvant therapy; argument can be made for vaginal brachytherapy in Stage IC Grade 3 disease
*Intermediate-risk treatment is contentious. RT decreases local recurrence, but there is no impact on survival, at the cost of side-effects. Specific role of EBRT, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, and various combinations needs to be clarified
*High-risk treatment is also controversial; role of brachytherapy, pelvic RT, whole abdominal RT, chemotherapy, and combinations also needs to be clarified


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''5-Year Overall Survival ({{PMID|17161155}})'''
! width=40| Stage !! 5-year OS !! width=40| G1 !! width=40| G2 !! width=40| G3
|-
! IA 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 91% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 93% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 91% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 80%
|-
! IB
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 91% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 92% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 93% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 82%
|-
! IC
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 85% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 91% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 86% || align=&quot;center&quot;| 77%
|-
! IIA
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 83%
|-
! IIB
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 75%
|-
! IIIA
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 66%
|-
! IIIB
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 50%
|-
! IIIC
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 57%
|-
! IVA
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 26%
|-
! IVB
| align=&quot;center&quot;| 20%
|}

==Types of Surgery==
'''''Classes of hysterectomy:'''''
*'''Piver''' classification, 1974 - {{PMID|4417035}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Five classes of extended hysterectomy for women with cervical cancer.&quot; Piver MS et al. Obstet Gynecol. 1974 Aug;44(2):265-72.
**'''Class I''' - '''Total (Simple Extrafascial) Abdominal Hysterectomy''' - removes just the uterus and a small rim of vaginal cuff.  
**'''Class II''' - '''Modified Radical Hysterectomy''' - removes uterus, a 1-2 cm cuff of vagina, wide excision of parametrial and paravaginal tissues (median half of cardinal and uterosacral ligaments).  The ureters and uterine arteries and only partially mobilized (as in Class III). Ligates uterine artery at ureter. (Limited to cervical cancers with invasion up to 5 mm).
**'''Class III''' - '''Radical Hysterectomy''' (Wertheim-Meigs procedure) - classic operation. Removes uterus and upper 1/3 to 1/2 of vagina. Dissection of paravaginal and parametrial tissues to the pelvic sidewalls. Ligates uterine artery at its origin at the internal iliac artery. Pelvic lymphadenectomy. 
**'''Class IV''' - '''Extended Radical Hysterectomy''' - same as Class III but adds full mobilization of the ureters past the bladder (which is the point to which they are mobilized in the Class II and Ill procedures). Removes more paracervical tissue medial to the uteter.
**'''Class V''' - '''Pelvic Exenteration''' - ''Anterior exenteration'' removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, vagina, and bladder.  ''Posterior exenteration'' removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, and rectosigmoid.  ''Total exenteration'' removes all pelvic organs.


*'''The Netherlands''' (2007-2009) -- total abdominal hysterectomy vs total laparoscopic hysterectomy
**Randomized. 283 patients, 21 hospitals, Stage I endometrioid CA or complex atypical hyperplasia. Arm 1) total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) vs Arm 2) total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). Primary outcome major complication rate
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20638901}} -- &quot;Safety of laparoscopy versus laparotomy in early-stage endometrial cancer: a randomised trial.&quot; (Mourits MJ, Lancet Oncol. 2010 Aug;11(8):763-71. Epub 2010 Jul 16.)
***Outcome: major complications TLH 15% vs TAH 15% (NS); minor complications 13% vs 12% (NS). Conversion to laparotomy 11%. TLH significantly less blood loss, pain medication use, hospital LOS and faster recovery; however, procedure took longer
***Conclusion: No difference in complication rate, less pain and better resumption of daily activities with TLH

*'''ILIADE Study, Italy''' (1998-2004) -- extrafascial hysterectomy vs modified radical hysterectomy
**Randomized. 520 patients, clinical Stage I endometrial CA. Arm 1) Standard extrafascial (Class I) hysterectomy vs Arm 2) Modified radical (Class II) hysterectomy. Adjuvant therapy risk adapted: if low risk, observation; if intermediate risk (IC and no PLND, IIIA cytology) +/- EBRT +/- BT; if high risk (IIB, IIIA adnexal mets) doxorubicin/cisplatin + EBRT. No difference in adjuvant therapies between arms. Primary endpoint OS
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19834767}} -- &quot;Modified Radical Hysterectomy Versus Extrafascial Hysterectomy in the Treatment of Stage I Endometrial Cancer: Results From the ILIADE Randomized Study.&quot; (Signorelli M, Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 5.8 years
***Outcome: Median length of vagina removed standard 5mm vs. modified radical 15mm (SS); length of parametria 15mm vs 20mm (SS). OR time and blood loss higher for modified radical. 5-year DFS 88% vs. 90% (NS); 5-year OS 89% vs. 92% (NS). Vaginal cuff recurrence 1% vs. 1% (NS), pelvic recurrence 4% vs. 4% (NS), distant recurrence 5% vs. 5% (NS)
***Conclusion: Class II hysterectomy didn't improve LRC or survival for clinical Stage I patients. However, if adequate cuff transection not feasible with Class I, recommend modified radical hysterectomy

*'''GOG LAP2''' (1996-2005) -- laparoscopy vs open laparotomy
**Randomized. 1682 patients with clinical Stage I-IIA uterine cancer. Arm 1) laparoscopy vs Arm 2) open laparotomy. Surgery included hysterectomy, BSO, pelvic and para-aortic LND. Conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy in 26% (poor visibility 15%, mets 4%)
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19805679}} -- &quot;Laparoscopy compared with laparotomy for comprehensive surgical staging of uterine cancer: Gynecologic Oncology Group Study LAP2.&quot; (Walker JL, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5331-6. Epub 2009 Oct 5.)
***Outcome: Operative time laparoscopy 204 minutes vs laparotomy 130 minutes (SS). Hospitalization &gt;2 days 52% vs 94% (SS). Complete P/PALND 92% vs 96% (SS). No difference in assessment of tumor stage
***Toxicity: No difference in intra-op complications. Postop complications laparoscopy 14% vs laparotomy 21% (SS).
***Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgery is feasible and safe, with fewer post-op complications
**'''2012''' {{PMID|22291074}} -- &quot;Recurrence and Survival After Random Assignment to Laparoscopy Versus Laparotomy for Comprehensive Surgical Staging of Uterine Cancer: Gynecologic Oncology Group LAP2 Study.&quot; (Walker JL, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(7):695–700)
***Outcome: Median followup 59 months for 2,181 patients. Identical 5-yr survival rate in both arms (89.8%). HR for laparoscopy relative to laparotomy was 1.14 (90% lower bound, 0.92; 95% upper bound, 1.46) (NS). 3-yr recurrence rate - 11.4% laparoscopy and 10.2% Laparotomy. ''Laparoscopy is SAFE''

==Surgical staging studies==
**'''SEER 2014''' {{PMID|25194213}} -- &quot;Contemporary analysis of pelvic and para-aortic metastasis in endometrial cancer using the SEER registry.&quot; (Katsoulakis E, et al. Int J of Gyn and Obst. 2014; 127(3):293-6.)   
**4052 patients with stage IA-IIB Endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The incidence of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node involvement was determined. Results: Incidence of pelvic and para-aortic metastases were: 1% and 0% in stage IA, grade 1 disease; 2% and 0% in IA, grade 2; 2% and 1% in IA, grade 3; 2% and 0% in IB, grade 1; 3% and 1% in IB, grade 2; 3% and 2% in IB, grade 3; 7% and 3% in IC, grade 1; 8% and 5% in IC, grade 2; 12% and 8% in IC, grade3; 7% and 3% in IIA, grade 1; 10% and 4% in IIA, grade 2; 10% and 5% in IIA, grade 3; 8% and 4% in IIB grade 1; 13% and 8% in IIB, grade 2; 19% and 12% in IIB, grade 3. 
***Conclusion: Incidence of pelvic and para-aortic metastases were lower than previously reported in GOG 33. Patients with higher stages and grade had a 10% or higher risk of lymph node involvement and might benefit from aggressive therapy. 

*'''GOG 33''' (1977-83)
**Prospective. 933/1180 patients evaluable, 43 institutions. Endometrial C Stage I and II occult (by curettage), any histologic type. Abdominal hysterectomy, BSO, peritoneal cytology, selective pelvic/aortic LN sampling (not full dissection). Goal to determine incidence of pelvic/aortic LNs as a function of prognostic factors (site of tumor, grade, depth of invasion, capillary space involvement, adnexal metastasis); no prescription for post-op management
**'''Extrauterine risk; 1987''' - {{PMID|3652025}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Surgical pathologic spread patterns of endometrial cancer. A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.&quot; Creasman WT et al. Cancer. 1987 Oct 15;60(8 Suppl):2035-41.
***621 patients with clinical Stage I. Underwent TAH/BSO, selective pelvis and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, peritoneal cytology, endocervical curettage prior to surgery to rule out occult Stage II disease.
***Myometrial invasion (middle/deep): 41%; more likely with higher grade (G1 22%, G2 44%, G3 58%)
***Risk of higher stage on surgery: washings+ (IIIA) 12%, adnexa+ (IIIA) 5%, peritoneal mets+ (IIIA) 6%, pelvic LN+ (IIIC) 9%, PA LN+ (IIIC) 5%, LVSI+ 15%
***Risk of pelvic LN+: Grade (G1 3%, G2 9%, G3 18%); myometrial invasion (superficial 5%, middle 6%, deep 25%); washings+ (7% vs. 25%); adnexal mets (8% vs. 32%); peritoneal mets (7% vs. 51%); LVSI+ (7% vs. 27%). Myometrial invasion more important than grade
***Risk of PA LN+: similar as pelvic LN, also papillary/clear cell type (5% vs. 18%)
***Positive nodes grossly enlarged only 10% of the time, thus dissection is needed, not just palpation alone.
***Risk groups (for nodes):
***:''Low Risk'': Grade 1, endometrium only, no intraperitoneal disease -- 0% pelvic LN, 0% PA
***:''Moderate Risk'': inner or middle myometrial invasion, Grade 2 or 3, no intraperitoneal disease -- one factor only: 3% pelvic, 2% PA. two factors: 6% pelvic, 2% PA
***:''High Risk'': deep myometrial invasion only (18% pelvic, 15% PA), intraperitoneal disease (33%, 8%), both (61%, 30%)
**'''Recurrence risk; 1991''' - {{PMID|1989916}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Relationship between surgical-pathological risk factors and outcome in clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the endometrium: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.&quot; Morrow CP et al. Gynecol Oncol. 1991 Jan;40(1):55-65.
***895 patients, Stage I and II (occult), clear cell and papillary serous excluded. Managed per individual physician preference, without restrictions. 
***Risk of recurrence: Stage (IA 1%, inner 8%, middle 14%, outer 15%); Grade (1 4%, 2 12%, 3 18%)
***Risk factors: Mets (PLN+, PALN+, adnexa+, R2) &gt; Grade 3 &gt; IC &gt; LVI+ = washings+ &gt; LUS cytology+, LVI+, LUS/Cervix+
***47 of 48 pts with para-aortic LN had either 1) grossly positive pelvic LN (32% of PLN+), 2) grossly positive adnexal mets (23%), 3) LVI+ (19%) or 4) IC (17%). 
***5-year DFS: 92.7% (no extrauterine disease), 69.8% (Stage II), 56% (positive peritoneal washings), 55% (vascular space invasion), 57.8% (LN+ or adnexal mets), 41.2% (PALN+).
***Conclusion: High probability for PALN+ in IC and G2-3 lesions; significant prognostic information of PALN+, but ~40% survival, so even patients with PALN+ can be cured


Quick and easy way of estimating LN risk:
{|border=0
|-
|width=40|&amp;nbsp;
|
{|border=1
|+'''Risk of Pelvic LN+'''
! width=&quot;50&quot; | &amp;nbsp;|| width=&quot;45&quot; align =&quot;center&quot; | G1 || width=&quot;45&quot; align =&quot;center&quot; | G2 || width=&quot;45&quot; align =&quot;center&quot; | G3
|-
|'''IA''' ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 0 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 5 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 10
|-
|'''IB''' ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 5 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 10 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 15
|-
|'''IC''' ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 10 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 15 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 35
|}
|width=20|&amp;nbsp;
|
{|border=1
|+'''Risk of Para-Aortic LN+'''
! width=&quot;50&quot; | &amp;nbsp;|| width=&quot;45&quot; align =&quot;center&quot; | G1 || width=&quot;45&quot; align =&quot;center&quot; | G2 || width=&quot;45&quot; align =&quot;center&quot; | G3
|-
|'''IA''' ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 0 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 0 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 5
|-
|'''IB''' ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 0 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 5 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 10
|-
|'''IC''' ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 5 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 10 ||align =&quot;center&quot; | 25
|}
|}


'''Lower Uterine Segment'''
*'''Brown University, 2007''' (1999-2004) {{PMID|17157904}} -- &quot;The prognostic significance of lower uterine segment involvement in surgically staged endometrial cancer patients with negative nodes.&quot; (Brown AK, Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Apr;105(1):55-8.)
**Retrospective. 147 patients with TAH/BSO and pathologically negative LNs. 57% had LUS involvement. High risk histology 25%, LVI+ 29%, IC 39%. Follow-up 6.2 years. Not indicated whether/what RT they received
**Outcome: PFS LUS+ 5.8 years vs. LUS- 5.25 years (NS). Recurrence did not correlate with LUS status on multivariate analysis, only LVI+
**Conclusion: In patients with negative LNs, disease within LUS does not imply worse prognosis

==Lymphadenectomy==
*Controversy over whether it is better to do extensive nodal staging or do limited/no nodal staging and frequent adjuvant therapy
*Society of Gynecological Oncologists and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [http://www.sgo.org/publications/endoguidelines.doc guidelines]:
**&quot;Most women with endometrial cancer should undergo complete systematic surgical staging (including assessment of lymph nodes) to help determine appropriate management&quot; 
*Some surgeons believe that visual inspection/palpation is sufficient for Stage IA-B Grade 1-2 based on {{PMID|16977653}}, since survival 94-97% regardless
*There are no randomized trials to compare LN sampling vs. full LND, but SEER data as well as other series suggest that complete lymphadenectomy is both diagnostic (for RT field extent) and therapeutic (for improved survival)
*However, the MRC ASTEC randomized trial suggests that performing a pelvic lymph node dissection does not improve outcomes for women with early stage endometrial cancer


*'''Oxford''' {{PMID|20091639}} -- &quot;Lymphadenectomy for the management of endometrial cancer.&quot; (May K, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD007585.)
**Cochrane meta-analysis. 2 RCT, 1851 women with presumed Stage I
**Outcome: No difference in OS (HR 1.07, NS) and RFS (HR 1.23, NS)
**Toxicity: Lymphadenectomy higher risk of surgically-related morbidity
**Conclusion: No evidence that lymphadenectomy decreases risk of death or disease recurrence, but more surgically-related morbidity


*'''MRC ASTEC''' -- no PLND vs PLND
**Randomized. 1408 women, endometrial CA, clinically confined to corpus. Arm 1) Surgery only (hysterectomy + BSO, peritoneal washings, palpation of PA nodes; suspicious PA nodes could be sampled, 5% done) vs. Arm 2) surgery + lymphadenectomy (iliac and obturator nodes, PA node sampling at discretion of surgeon). Patients at intermediate/high risk (high grade, IC, or IIA) further randomized to the [[Radiation_Oncology/Endometrium/Early_Stage#Adjuvant_RT|ASTEC adjuvant RT trial]], 33% randomized. Primary outcome OS
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19070889}} -- &quot;Efficacy of systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer (MRC ASTEC trial): a randomised study.&quot; (Kitchener H, Lancet. 2009 Jan 10;373(9658):125-36. Epub 2008 Dec 16.). Median F/U 3 years
***Outcome: In PLND arm, 9% had involved nodes (median 12 nodes removed). 5-year OS no PLND 81% vs PLND 80% (NS); two thirds died of their disease (NS)
***Conclusion: No evidence for benefit of pelvic LND in early endometrial CA

*'''Italian Trial''' -- no PLND vs PLND
**Randomized. •514 patients with clinical 1988 stage IB-C endometrial cancer (endometrioid or adenosquamous), excluding 1988 stage IB FIGO grade 1 on intra-op frozen path, underwent TAH-BSO and randomized to Arm 1) Pelvic LND (para-aortic LND at surgeon's discretion) vs Arm 2) No pelvic LND (could remove bulky LN &gt;1cm on palpation). Adjuvant therapy at physician's discretion. Primary endpoint OS.
**'''2008''' {{PMID|19033573}} -- &quot;Systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy vs. no lymphadenectomy in early-stage endometrial carcinoma: randomized clinical trial.&quot; (Pancini, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Dec 3;100(23):1707-16. Median F/U 4.1 years
***Outcome:
****Median LN removed = 30 in PLND arm (median pelvic LN = 26, 26% had para-aortic LN’s removed) vs 0 in no PLND arm (22% had LN removed)
****More early and late post-operative complications with PLND
****Improved staging with PLND (positive LN found in 13% vs 3%, P&lt;0.001)
****No difference in adjuvant treatment (69% vs 65%, P=0.07 PLND vs no PLND)
****No difference in 5 yr DFS (81% vs 82%, P=0.68), PLND vs no PLND
****No difference in 5 yr OS (86% vs 90%, P=0.50), PLND vs no PLND
***Conclusion:  PLND is prognostic but not therapeutic, improving staging but not affecting outcome.
***Criticism: {{PMID|19509367}}- No systemic para-aortic LND, adjuvant therapy not standardized, included relatively low risk population (evidenced by only 13% with pelvic LN mets).

*'''US SEER data, 2006''' (1988-2001) {{PMID|16977653}} -- &quot;Therapeutic role of lymph node resection in endometrioid corpus cancer: a study of 12,333 patients.&quot; (Chan JK, Cancer. 2006 Oct 15;107(8):1823-30.)
**Population-based. 12,333 women who underwent surgical staging with lymph node assessment; 73% Stage I. 
**In intermediate/high-risk patients (IB G3, IC, II-IV): more extensive LN dissection (1, 2-5, 6-10, 11-20, &gt;20) associated with improved 5-year DFS (75%, 82%, 84%, 85%, 87%, SS); In stage IIIC-IV: survival benefit 51%, 53%, 60%, 72% (SS)
**In low-risk patients (IA G1-3, IB G1-2): no benefit of LN dissection
**Conclusion: Extent of LN dissection improves survival in intermediate/high-risk groups

*'''Duke, 2005''' (1973-2002) - {{PMID|15738538}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Retrospective analysis of selective lymphadenectomy in apparent early-stage endometrial cancer.&quot; Cragun JM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun 1;23(16):3668-75.
**Retrospective. 509 pts. Clinical stage I-IIA.
**Pts with poorly differentiated tumors and more than 11 lymph nodes removed had improved survival and PFS compared with those with &lt; 11 LN.  Number of nodes removed was not predictive for grades 1-2.

*'''University of Alabama, 1995''' (1969-90) - {{PMID|7821843}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: survival comparisons of patients with and without pelvic node sampling.&quot; Kilgore LC et al. Gynecol Oncol. 1995 Jan;56(1):29-33.
**Retrospective study. 649 pts. Compared multiple site pelvic node sampling (mean 11 nodes) vs limited site sampling (mean 4 nodes) vs no sampling. 
**Conclusion: Improved overall survival for pts with multiple site sampling vs no sampling


'''''Lymphedema risk'''''
*'''MSKCC, 2006''' (1993-2004) {{PMID|16740298}} -- &quot;The incidence of symptomatic lower-extremity lymphedema following treatment of uterine corpus malignancies: a 12-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.&quot; (Abu-Rustum NR, Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Nov;103(2):714-8.)
**Retrospective. 1289 patients, 74 patients with lymphedema due to other medical condition excluded. Median F/U 3 years
**Rate of lymphedema: overall 1.2%; initial surgery 2.4% vs. later 0% (SS); &gt;10 LN removed 3.4% vs. &lt;10 LN 0% (SS). Developed median 5 months after surgery; unilateral 69%, bilateral 31%
**Conclusion: Lymphedema risk highest for &gt;10 LN and LND during initial operation (3.4%); overall rates reasonably low (1.2%)


'''''Lymphocele'''''
*Seen postoperatively in up to 30% of GYN surgeries with pelvic/para-aortic LND
*Believed to arise from surgical transsection or inadequate ligation of draining lymphatics
*Lymphatic fluid may accumulate in various pelvic and retroperitoneal compartments
*Small lymphoceles typically resorb spontaneously
*Large lymphoceles may cause compression symptoms, and may result in abdominal distention, abdominal and pelvic pain, hydronephrosis, bladder dysfunction, constipation, tenesmus, edema of the ipsilateral leg and of the genitalia, and thromboembolism of iliac vessels
*Infection may cause fever, chills, and sepsis 
*Symptomatic lymphoceles are typically managed initially with percutaneous CT-guided drainage, surgical therapy may be required


&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Postoperative Lymphocele&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
Image:Postoperative_Lymphocele1.JPG|
Image:Postoperative_Lymphocele2.JPG|
Image:Postoperative_Lymphocele3.JPG|
&lt;/gallery&gt;


==Other Resources==
*[https://astro.webex.com/ec0606l/eventcenter/recording/recordAction.do?theAction=poprecord&amp;AT=pb&amp;renewticket=0&amp;isurlact=true&amp;recordID=20493112&amp;apiname=lsr.php&amp;rKey=220c826957dca19c%20&amp;format=short&amp;needFilter=false&amp;&amp;SP=EC&amp;rID=20493112&amp;siteurl=astro&amp;actappname=ec0606l&amp;actname=%2Feventcenter%2Fframe%2Fg.do&amp;rnd=9777440909&amp;entappname=url0108l&amp;entactname=%2FnbrRecordingURL.do eContouring Webinar - Gynecological Cancers with Arno Mundt III, M.D.]


To add:
*Creasman WT, Gyn Oncol 1976</text>
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&lt;big&gt;Locally Advanced Endometrial Cancer (III-IV)&lt;/big&gt;

==Overview==
*Stage III and IV disease represents ~16% of endometrial cancer
*Systemic chemotherapy is superior to whole abdominal radiation, based on GOG 122. However, chemotherapy alone has pelvic relapse rates of 20-40%, and 5-year OS only 50%
*Addition of chemotherapy to pelvic radiation in two European randomized trials (NSGO-EC-9501/EORTC-55991 and MaNGO ILIADE-III) improved progression-free survival and trended to improved overall survival
*GOG 184, which evaluated incorporation of paclitaxel into the chemotherapy regimen, used postoperative radiation as a standard component
*Retrospective multi-institutional data suggests improved OS with combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, delivered as a &quot;sandwich&quot; (chemotherapy -&gt; radiation therapy -&gt; chemotherapy)

==Chemotherapy vs ChemoRT==
*'''NRG 258''' (2009 - 2014)
**Randomized. 813 patients. Arm 1) Chemo-RT vs Arm 2) Chemotherapy only
**'''Relapse-free survival, 2019''' {{PMID|31189035}} -- &quot;Adjuvant Chemotherapy plus Radiation for Locally Advanced Endometrial Cancer&quot; (Matei DE, N Engl J Med . 2019 Jun 13;380(24):2317-2326. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813181.) Median F/U 3.9 years
***Outcome: 5 year relapse free survival CRT 59% vs CT 58% (NS). Vaginal recurrence 2% vs 7% (SS), pelvic/para-aortic recurrence 11% vs 20% (SS), distant recurrence 27% vs 21% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ in CRT 58% vs CT 63%
***Conclusion: ChemoRT not associated with longer relapse-free survival time
**'''Overall survival, 2024''' {{PMID|39700442}} -- &quot;Long-Term Follow-Up and Overall Survival in NRG258, a Randomized Phase III Trial of Chemoradiation Versus Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma&quot; (Matei DE, J Clin Oncol . 2025 Mar 20;43(9):1055-1060. doi: 10.1200/JCO.24.01121. Epub 2024 Dec 19.). Median F/U 9.3 years
***Outcome: Median OS not reached, no difference in arms (HR 1.05, P=0.7). No factors correlated with survival
***Conclusion: Addition of radiation to chemotherapy did not increase overall survival

==Sequential chemotherapy with radiation therapy==
*'''Albert Einstein; 2012''' {{PMID|22035806}} -- &quot;Phase II trial of adjuvant pelvic radiation &quot;sandwiched&quot; between combination paclitaxel and carboplatin in women with uterine papillary serous carcinoma.&quot; (Einstein MH, Gynecol Oncol. 2012 Jan;124(1):21-5. Epub 2011 Oct 27.)
**Phase II. 81 patients (89% completed chemo-&gt;RT and are reported here), surgically staged UPSC, no visible residual. Stage I/II 82%, Stage III/IV 18%. Adjuvant paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC 6 Q3 weeks x 3 cycles, followed by RT (pelvis 45/25, PA if 2+ pelvic nodes or documented PA disease, HDR vaginal brachytherapy 5 Gy x 3 at 0.5 cm), followed by chemotherapy x 3 cycles
**Outcome: Stage I/II OS 6.3 years, Stage III/IV OS 3.0 years. 3-year OS 84% and 50%. PFS 5.4 years and 2.1 years
**Toxicity: G3/4 non-hematologic toxicity 2.5%
**Conclusion: RT-chemotherapy &quot;sandwich&quot; well tolerated and high efficacious in completely resected UPSC 

*'''NSGO-EC-9501/EORTC-55991 and MaNGO ILIADE-III'''
**NSGO-9501/EORTC-5591 (1996-2007): endometrial cancer, status post surgery, Stage I (high risk), Stage II, Stage IIIA (only positive cytology) and Stage IIIC (only positive pelvic lymph nodes). Arm 1) adjuvant RT only vs Arm 2) adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sequence of therapy elective. Pelvic RT. Vaginal brachytherapy ~40%. Chemotherapy several alternative regimens. 383 patients accrued.
**MaNGO ILIADE-III (1998-2007): endometrioid cancer, Stage IIB, IIIA-IIIC (arm IIIA with cytology only excluded), serous/clear cell excluded. Arm 1) adjuvant RT only vs Arm 2) adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Pelvic RT 45/25, PA-field as needed to L1/L2. Vaginal brachytherapy if cervical stromal involvement. Chemotherapy doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 and cisplatin 50 mg/m2 Q3W x 3 cycles. 157 patients accrued
**'''Pooled Results; 2010''' {{PMID|20619634}} -- &quot;Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in endometrial cancer--results from two randomised studies.&quot; (Hogberg T, Eur J Cancer. 2010 Sep;46(13):2422-31. Epub 2010 Jul 7.)
***Outcome: 5-year PFS RT 69% vs RT-CT 78% (HR 0.6, SS), 5-year OS RT 75% vs RT-CT 82% (HR 0.7, p=0.07). Subset analysis shows no benefit of chemotherapy for serous/clear cell, while significant benefit for endometrioid
***Conclusion: Addition of adjuvant chemotherapy to radiation improves progression free survival, with trend to improved overall survival

*'''University of Western Ontario'''
**Prospective. Stage III-IV (IIIA 21%, IIIC 70%, IVB 9%) endometrial cancer. Hysterectomy. Adjuvant paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and carboplatin (350 mg/m2) Q3 weeks x 4 cycles, followed sequentially by pelvic RT 45 Gy (3D-CRT 58% vs IMRT 42%, EFRT 30%), followed by paclitaxel / carboplatin x 2 cycles. Para-aortic RT and HDR vaginal brachytherapy (5-7.5 Gy x 3 at 0.5 cm depth) at discretion. 
**'''Update; 2009''' (2002 - 2006) {{PMID|19406459}} -- &quot;Adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy interposed with involved field radiation for advanced endometrial cancer.&quot; (Lupe K, Gynecol Oncol. 2009 Jul;114(1):94-8. Epub 2009 Apr 29.)
***43 patients. Most common Stage IIIC (63%), serous carcinoma (49%). Median F/U 2.5 years
***Outcome: Local recurrence 3% (2 pelvis, 1 vagina/vulva). Overall recurrences 49% at median 1.5 years. 3-year DFS 53%, 3-year OS 68%
***Conclusion: Low rate of local recurrence and favorable survival
**'''Preliminary; 2007''' (2002-2005) {{PMID|17084542}} -- &quot;Adjuvant paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy with involved field radiation in advanced endometrial cancer: a sequential approach.&quot; (Lupe K, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):110-6. Epub 2006 Nov 2.)
***33 patients. Median F/U 1.75 years
***Outcome: 2-year DFS 55%, 2-year OS 55%. One pelvic relapse (3%)
***Toxicity: chemotherapy acute grade 3/4 toxicity 27%; radiation 12%. Late RT toxicity 18%
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy with interposed radiation well tolerated
*'''Multi-Institutional; 2009''' (1993-2007) {{PMID|19560193}} -- &quot;A multicenter evaluation of sequential multimodality therapy and clinical outcome for the treatment of advanced endometrial cancer.&quot; (Secord AA, Gynecol Oncol. 2009 Sep;114(3):442-7. Epub 2009 Jun 26.)
**Retrospective. Three institutions (Duke, UNC, Ohio State). 109 patients. Stage III-IV disease, status post surgery. Endometrioid 48%, optimal cytoreduction 90%, chemo-&gt;RT-&gt;chemo (CRC) 41%, chemo-&gt;RT (CR) 42%, RT-&gt;chemo (RC) 17%. 
**Outcome: 3-year OS CRC 88% vs CR 57% vs RC 54% (SS), adjusted HR for OS CR 2.6 (SS) and RC 5.7 (SS)
**Toxicity: no difference among arms
**Conclusion: Sequential chemo-&gt;RT-&gt;chemo is associated with improved survival compared to other sequencing, with similar side effect profile

==Concurrent radiation therapy with chemotherapy==
*'''RTOG 99-05''' (1999-2003)
**Randomized. High risk endometrial CA (Stage IC G2-3, II, III). Arm 1) Adjuvant EBRT 50.4/28 (BT optional) vs. Arm 2) concurrent cisplatin 50 mg/m2 + EBRT 50.4/28, followed by cisplatin 50 mg/m2 + paclitaxel 160 mg/m2 (based on RTOG 97-08)
**''Closed due to nonaccrual.''

*'''RTOG 97-08''' (1997-99)
**Phase II. Post-operative chemo+RT for &quot;high risk&quot; endometrial adenocarcinoma (Stage IC G2-3, II, III). 45 Gy pelvic RT with concurrent cisplatin on weeks 1+5, plus vaginal brachytherapy, followed by 4 cycles cisplatin + taxol.
**'''Final; 2006''' {{PMID|16545437}}, 2006 &amp;mdash; &quot;Final analysis of RTOG 9708: adjuvant postoperative irradiation combined with cisplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy following surgery for patients with high-risk endometrial cancer.&quot; Greven K et al. Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Oct;103(1):155-9.
***Median f/u 4 yrs. Excellent local control. Tolerable regimen.
**'''Preliminary; 2004''' {{PMID|15093913}}, 2004 &amp;mdash; &quot;Preliminary analysis of RTOG 9708: Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy combined with cisplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy after surgery for patients with high-risk endometrial cancer.&quot; Greven K et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 May 1;59(1):168-73.

==Pelvic RT vs. Adjuvant chemotherapy==
*'''JGOG 2033''' (1994-2000) -- adjuvant CAP vs adjuvant pelvic RT
**Randomized. 103 institutions. 385 patients with Stage IC-IIIC and &gt;50% myometrial invasion (Stage II-III with &lt;50% invasion ineligible). IC 61%, II 14%, IIIA 13%, IIIC 12%. Age &lt;75. S/P TAH/BSO and surgical staging (96% PLND, 29% PALND). Arm 1) RT AP/PA 45-50 Gy. BT boost in only 6 patients (3%). Arm 2) CAP (cyclophosphamide (333 mg/m2), doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and cisplatin (50 mg/m2) x3+ courses
**'''5-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17996926}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III trial of pelvic radiotherapy versus cisplatin-based combined chemotherapy in patients with intermediate- and high-risk endometrial cancer: A Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study.&quot; (Susumu N, Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Nov 8). Median F/U 
***Outcome: 5-year PFS 83% vs 82% (NS); OS 85% vs. 87% (NS)
***By risk: No difference in low/intermediate risk patients. High risk (IC and &gt;70, IC G3, II, IIIA) PFS RT 66% vs. chemo 84% (SS), OS 74% vs. 90% (SS)
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo useful alternative, especially in higher risk patients

*'''Italy''' (1990-1007) -- adjuvant CAP vs adjuvant pelvic RT
**Randomized. 345 patients, high risk endometrial carcinoma (ICG3 in 26%, IIG3 and myometrial invasion &gt;50% in ~10%, III in 65%), excluded clear cell or UPSC. TAH/BSO with selective pelvic/PA LN sampling. Arm 1) adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, doxorubicin 40 mg/m2, cisplatin 50 mg/m2) x5 cycles vs Arm 2) Pelvic RT 45-50 Gy, upper border at L5, if PA LN+ then PA field 45/25, upper border at L1. Primary endpoint PFS and OS
**'''7-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16868539}} -- &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy in high-risk endometrial carcinoma: results of a randomised trial.&quot; (Maggi R, Br J Cancer. 2006 Aug 7;95(3):266-71. Epub 2006 Jul 25.) Median F/U 8 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS chemo 66% vs RT 69% (NS), 7-year OS 62% vs 62% (NS). No difference in PFS. RT delayed local relapse, chemo delayed mets, but neither (SS).
***Conclusion: No difference between adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant RT. Different patterns of failure

==Whole abdominal RT vs. Adjuvant chemotherapy==
*'''GOG 122''' (1992-2000) 
**388 pts. Stage III-IV, all histologies. Required TAH/BSO, surgical staging, and &lt;2cm residual tumor. Para-aortic LN allowed but no mets to chest or SCLV. Randomized to WAI (30 Gy, 20 fx, AP/PA plus boost to pelvic +/- para-aortic LN 15 Gy in 8 fx) vs chemotherapy (AP; doxorubicin + cisplatin q3w x 8 cycles).
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16330675}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized Phase III Trial of Whole-Abdominal Irradiation Versus Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.&quot; Randall ME et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 1;24(1). Median F/U 6.2 years
***5-year outcome: PFS raw RT 38% vs. chemo 42% (p not given), stage-adjusted  38% vs. 50% (SS); raw OS RT 42% vs. chemo 53% (p not given), stage-adjusted (despite it being ranomized trial) 42% vs. 52% (SS)
***Recurrence locations: WAI: recurrence in 54% (pelvic in 13%, abdomen in 16%, distant 22%). For chemo: 50% recurrence (18%,14%,18%)
***Grade 3-4 Toxicity: hematologic RT 14% vs. chemo 88%, GI 13% vs. 20%, cardiac 0% vs. 15%, neurologic 1% vs. 7%
***Conclusion: chemotherapy improves PFS and OS for advanced disease, compared with whole abdomen RT, though with significant toxicity
**Comment: Despite this being a randomized trial, the chemo arm was stage-adjusted during analysis. Argument was that it had worse prognosis patients (presumably the Stage IIIC, however, LN+ was not a prognostic variable in the study itself). The whole abdomen arm also had bad prognosis patients (IIIA with serosal/adnexal mets). The raw OS result are still significantly better for the chemo arm, but raw PFS was comparable in the two arms (38% vs. 42%). The statistical rationale is not justified, and thus questionable

==Whole abdominal irradiation + chemotherapy==
*'''GOG 9001''' (1990-92) - {{PMID|8946862}}, 1996 &amp;mdash; &quot;A phase I study of weekly cisplatin and whole abdominal radiation for the treatment of stage III and IV endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group pilot study.&quot; Reisinger SA et al. Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Dec;63(3):299-303.
**Phase I. 10 pts. Stage III-IV, maximally debulked. Treated with whole abdomen RT + Pelvic/PA Boost + cisplatin 15 mg/m2 QW
**Conclusion: tolerance comparable to whole abdomen alone

==Whole abdominal irradiation==
*'''GOG 94''' (1986-94) - Whole abdominal radiotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of patients with stage III and IV endometrial cancer. Also included Stage I-II papillary serous or clear cell. 
**Phase II.
**{{PMID|15913742}}, 2005 &amp;mdash; &quot;Whole abdominal radiotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of patients with stage III and IV endometrial cancer: a gynecologic oncology group study.&quot; Sutton G et al. Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Jun;97(3):755-63.
**{{PMID|16213007}}, 2006 &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant whole abdominal irradiation in clinical stages I and II papillary serous or clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: A phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.&quot; Sutton G et al. Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Feb;100(2):349-54.

*'''MD Anderson; 1983''' (1961-1978) {{PMID|6654180}} -- &quot;Treatment of intraperitoneal metastatic adenocarcinoma of the endometrium by the whole-abdomen moving-strip technique and pelvic boost irradiation.&quot; (Greer GE, Gynecol Oncol. 1983 Dec;16(3):365-73.)
**Retrospective. 31 patients with intraperitoneal metastatic endometrial CA, residual disease &lt;2cm, treated with whole-abdomen moving-strip technique and pelvic boost RT
**Outcome: 5-year absolute OS 63%, corrected OS 80%
**Conclusion: Feasible, toxicity tolerable

==Radioactive Phosphorus (P&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;)==
*'''1985''' (1977-1983) {{PMID|4037013}} -- &quot;Intraperitoneal chromic phosphate P 32 suspension therapy of malignant peritoneal cytology in endometrial carcinoma.&quot; (Soper JT, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Sep 15;153(2):191-6.)
**Prospective. 65 women with positive washings (clinical Stage I 80%, Stage II 14%, Stage III 7%). Adjuvant P-32
**Outcome: 2-year PFS clinical Stage I 89%, surgical Stage I 94%; recurrences: 9% intraperitoneal, 36% intraperitoneal/distal, 55% distal 
**Toxicity: Grade 4 GI in 0% if P-32 alone vs. 29% if combined with EBRT
**Conclusion: P-32 effective, but caution if P-32 combined with EBRT

*'''1981''' {{PMID|7315922}} -- &quot;Prognostic significance of peritoneal cytology in patients with endometrial cancer and preliminary data concerning therapy with intraperitoneal radiopharmaceuticals.&quot; (Creasman WT, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981 Dec 15;141(8):921-9.)
**Prospective. 23 patients with clinical Stage I, but positive washings on TAH/BSO (IIIA), treated with intra-abdominal P-32
**Outcome: 3 recurrences, none in abdominal cavity
**Conclusion: intraperitoneal P-32 efficacious if positive washings</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Endometrial Cancer: Randomized Evidence'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Surgery==
*'''The Netherlands''' -- total abdominal hysterectomy vs total laparoscopic hysterectomy
**Randomized. 283 patients, 21 hospitals, Stage I endometrioid CA or complex atypical hyperplasia. Arm 1) total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) vs Arm 2) total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). Primary outcome major complication rate
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20638901}} -- &quot;Safety of laparoscopy versus laparotomy in early-stage endometrial cancer: a randomised trial.&quot; (Mourits MJ, Lancet Oncol. 2010 Aug;11(8):763-71. Epub 2010 Jul 16.)
***Outcome: major complications TLH 15% vs TAH 15% (NS); minor complications 13% vs 12% (NS). Conversion to laparotomy 11%. TLH significantly less blood loss, pain medication use, hospital LOS and faster recovery; however, procedure took longer
***Conclusion: No difference in complication rate, less pain and better resumption of daily activities with TLH

*'''ILIADE Study, Italy''' (1998-2004) -- extrafascial hysterectomy vs modified radical hysterectomy
**Randomized. 520 patients, clinical Stage I endometrial CA. Arm 1) Standard extrafascial (Class I) hysterectomy vs Arm 2) Modified radical (Class II) hysterectomy. Adjuvant therapy risk adapted: if low risk, observation; if intermediate risk (IC and no PLND, IIIA cytology) +/- EBRT +/- BT; if high risk (IIB, IIIA adnexal mets) doxorubicin/cisplatin + EBRT. No difference in adjuvant therapies between arms. Primary endpoint OS
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19834767}} -- &quot;Modified Radical Hysterectomy Versus Extrafascial Hysterectomy in the Treatment of Stage I Endometrial Cancer: Results From the ILIADE Randomized Study.&quot; (Signorelli M, Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 5.8 years
***Outcome: Median length of vagina removed standard 5mm vs. modified radical 15mm (SS); length of parametria 15mm vs 20mm (SS). OR time and blood loss higher for modified radical. 5-year DFS 88% vs. 90% (NS); 5-year OS 89% vs. 92% (NS). Vaginal cuff recurrence 1% vs. 1% (NS), pelvic recurrence 4% vs. 4% (NS), distant recurrence 5% vs. 5% (NS)
***Conclusion: Class II hysterectomy didn't improve LRC or survival for clinical Stage I patients. However, if adequate cuff transection not feasible with Class I, recommend modified radical hysterectomy

==Early Stage==
===Preop BT vs Preop EBRT===
*'''St. Louis/Peoria, Illinois''' (1968-1975) -- Intrauterine BT vs EBRT
**Randomized. 105 patients, adenocarcinoma, FIGO clinical Stage I. Arm 1) Single implant Cs-137 with Heyman capsules and/or T&amp;O 6000-6500 mg-hrs vs Arm 2) EBRT 40/20
**'''1984''' {{PMID|6360334}} -- &quot;Preoperative radiation therapy in Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. II. Final report of a clinical trial.&quot; (Weigensberg IJ, Cancer. 1984 Jan 15;53(2):242-7.)
***Outcome: 5-year DFS BT 80% vs EBRT 70%; 10-year DFS 67% vs 59%. Half recurrences in pelvis
***Toxicity: BT 46% vs EBRT 24%
***Conclusion: Intracavitary radiation is superior to EBRT

===Surgery +/- Pelvic EBRT===
*'''PORTEC''' (The Netherlands)(1990-1997)
*Randomized. 715 patients with Stage IB (G2-3) or IC (G1-2), specifically no IC G3. TAH/BSO with washings, not allowed to have lymphadenectomy. Allowed adenocarcinoma and variants (including papillary serous and clear cell).
**Randomized to postoperative EBRT 46 Gy vs no further therapy. Fields: superior border at L5/S1.
**'''5-years, 2000''' {{PMID|10791524}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial. PORTEC Study Group. Post Operative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma.&quot; Creutzberg CL et al. Lancet. 2000 Apr 22;355(9213):1404-11. Median F/U 4.3 years
***5-year outcome: LRF: 4% vs 14% (SS); 73% of recurrences in vagina. DM unaffected (7%). OS same (80% vs 84%, NS) with ~50% deaths due to other causes
***Salvage: Most LR salvaged, which may explain why the survival is similar in both arms despite a difference in LR. 3-year OS after vaginal relapse 69% vs. 13% for pelvic or DM. 
***Toxicity: RT 25% vs. 6% (SS); excess of secondary cancers of the GI tract, which is associated with endometrial cancer. 
***Prognostic: Age &gt;60, G3, IC predictive for LR; If 2 of 3 criteria, LR 23% vs. 4% (SS)
***Conclusion: EBRT reduces LR but has no impact on survival. Don't recommend if &lt;60 or if IB G2
**'''Side effects, 2001''' {{PMID|11728684}} -- &quot;The morbidity of treatment for patients with Stage I endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial.&quot; (Creutzberg CL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Dec 1;51(5):1246-55.) Median F/U 5 years
***Late complications: RT 26% vs. control 4% (SS). Most grade I (65%). Grade 3-4 complications 3% vs. 0%
***By site: GI 20% (3% severe); GU 8% (no severe); bone 2% (no severe); vagina 1% (no severe)
***Time course: ~50% Grade 1-2 resolved over time (2-3 years), but not in Grade 3-4 complications
***Technique: 4F box lower risk; 4F 21% vs. AP/PA 30% vs. 3F 36% (p=0.06)
***Conclusion: Severe complications 3%, mild complications 20%. RT use requires careful consideration, since no survival benefit
***Comment: Reporting done differently between the 2 arms, special form for acute RT toxicity. Also, surgeons don't report large midline scar as a complication while transient erythema is one
**'''8-years, 2003''' {{PMID|12713981}} [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6WG6-4893YKG-5&amp;_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2003&amp;_alid=235273430&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_qd=1&amp;_cdi=6814&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000020378&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=446477&amp;md5=4fcd8b619ce2a21ad8e5560eba210f91 Full Text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Survival after relapse in patients with endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial.&quot; (Creutzberg CL et al. Gynecol Oncol. 2003 May;89(2):201-9.) Median F/U 6.1 years
***8-year outcome: LRF: RT 4% vs. control 15% (SS), majority failures after surgery only in vagina; DM 10% vs. 6% (NS); OS RT 71% vs. control 77% (NS)
***Salvage: 3-year OS: after vaginal relapse 73%, after pelvic relapse 8%, after DM relapse 65%. 
***Vaginal salvage: 5-year OS: control group better 65% vs. RT group 43% (SS). 
***Conclusion: Limit pelvic RT to only if &gt;15% risk of recurrence
**'''Stage IC G3, 2004''' {{PMID|15051771}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Outcome of high-risk stage IC, grade 3, compared with stage I endometrial carcinoma patients: the Postoperative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma Trial.&quot; Creutzberg CL et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Apr 1;22(7):1234-41.
***Analysis of 99 IC G3 registered but ineligible patients, treated per same protocol. Median F/U 6.9 years
***5-year outcome: OS: IB-C G1-2 83-85%, IB G3 74%, IC G3 58%; DM rate 3-8%, 20%, and 31%
***Conclusion: IC G3 at high risk of DM and cancer-related death
**'''10-years, 2005''' {{PMID|15927414}} -- &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy for Stage 1 endometrial carcinoma: long-term outcome of the randomized PORTEC trial with central pathology review.&quot; (Scholten AN, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Nov 1;63(3):834-8.)
***Central pathology review for 569 patients (80%). Poor reproducibility for G1 vs. G2
***10-year outcome: LR: 5% vs. 14% (SS); OS 66% vs. 73% (p=0.09), cancer-related deaths 11% vs. 9% (NS)
***Poor prognosis for LR: age &gt;60, Stage IC, Grade 3. LVI poor prognosis for DM
***Conclusion: In view of significant LR control benefit, RT indicated if high-risk features (2 of 3: age &gt;60, G3, IC)
**&lt;u&gt;Comment&lt;/u&gt;: Since ~50% deaths due to competing causes, overall survival not a good metric. Number of events even less than GOG-99, since high risk IC G3 disallowed. Trial not really powered to show survival difference.

*'''GOG 99''' (1987-1995)
**392 pts randomized to postoperative XRT vs no further therapy. Fields: superior border at L4/L5, lateral borders 1cm beyond pelvis, posterior border at posterior border of S3, ant border at symphysis pubis. Dose: 50.4 Gy.  No brachytherapy
**Originally included &quot;intermediate risk&quot; -- stages IB, IC, and II (occult), any grade, with negative LN.  Revised during the course of study to enroll only '''&quot;high intermediate risk&quot;''' group: 1) &gt;70 yrs old with only 1 other risk factor (Grade 2 or 3 tumor; lymphovascular invasion; outer third myometrial invasion), 2) &gt;50 yrs old with 2 risk factors; 3) any age with 3 risk factors.  All pts had TAH/BSO, selective bilateral pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy.  
**'''4-years, 2004''' {{PMID|14984936}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.&quot; Keys HM et al. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Mar;92(3):744-51.
***2-yr recurrence rate: 3% vs 12%.  2-yr LR 1.6% vs 7.4%.  4-year OS 92% vs 86% (NS). In HIR subgroup: 2-yr recurrence, 6% vs 26%.
***Conclusion: limit RT to high intermediate risk group.
**&lt;u&gt;Comment&lt;/u&gt;: OS not primary survival, not powered for it. Primary end-point DFS, which was significantly better with RT

===Surgery and Vaginal BT +/- EBRT===
*'''Norwegian Radium Hospital, 1980''' 
**'''9-years, 1980''' (1968-1974) - {{PMID|6999399}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Postoperative external irradiation and prognostic parameters in stage I endometrial carcinoma: clinical and histopathologic study of 540 patients.&quot;  Aalders J et al. Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Oct;56(4):419-27.
***Randomized. 540 patients with surgical Stage I. All patients had TAH/BSO (no lymphadenectomy) + postoperative brachytherapy 60 Gy to the surface of the vagina (~40 Gy LDR @ 0.5cm and ~ 24 Gy HDR @ 0.5 cm). Then randomized to no further treatment vs pelvic RT  40 Gy (central shielding after 20 Gy)
***9-year outcome: OS BT alone 90% vs BT+EBRT 87% (NS). RT decreased LR (7% vs 2%) but there were more distant mets (5% vs 10%, borderline SS).  Similar recurrence rate in both groups, but more deaths in XRT group. 
***Subset analysis: Improved OS for BT+EBRT in IC Grade 3 (82% vs. 72%); probably due to improved local control (LR 5% vs. 20%) with comparable DM (14% vs. 15%). IC G1-2 had no difference in OS, LR, and DM.
***Poor prognosis: Age &gt;60, Stage IC, Grade 3, LVI+
***Conclusion: No benefit for EBRT after vaginal BT, except for Stage IC G3 patients


===Surgery + Pelvic EBRT vs. Vaginal BT===
*'''PORTEC 2''' (2002-2006) -- Pelvic EBRT 46/23 vs. vaginal BT 21/3
**Randomized. 427 patients, intermediate-high risk endometrial CA. Eligible if: (1) age greater than 60 years and stage 1C grade 1 or 2 disease, or stage 1B grade 3 disease; and (2) stage 2A disease, any age (apart from grade 3 with greater than 50% myometrial invasion). TAH/BSO, PLND not allowed. Excluded papillary serous and clear cell. Arm 1) EBRT 46/23 vs. Arm 2) HDR 21/3 or LDR 30/1. Primary endpoint vaginal relapse.
**'''2008''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Abstracts+%26+Virtual+Meeting/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=55&amp;abstractID=31299 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Vaginal brachytherapy versus external beam pelvic radiotherapy for high-intermediate risk endometrial cancer: Results of the randomized PORTEC-2 trial.&quot; (Nout RA,  Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr LBA5503)) Median F/U 2.8 years
***Outcome: 3-year vaginal relapse EBRT 2.0% vs. VBT 0.9% (NS), pelvic relapse 0.7% vs. 3.6% (SS), OS 90% vs. 91% (NS)
***Toxicity: Significantly higher rate of diarrhea, persisted &gt;2 years in EBRT group
***Conclusion: Vaginal BT effective in preventing vaginal recurrences, with slightly higher pelvic failure rate, but no impact on RFS or OS. Quality of life better, so should be considered standard for these patients
***Comment: [http://www.oncolink.upenn.edu/conferences/article.cfm?c=3&amp;s=48&amp;ss=269&amp;id=1784 Oncolink at UPenn]
**'''QoL; 2009''' {{PMID|19546404}} -- &quot;Quality of life after pelvic radiotherapy or vaginal brachytherapy for endometrial cancer: first results of the randomized PORTEC-2 trial.&quot; (Nout RA, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 20;27(21):3547-56. Epub 2009 Jun 22.)
***QoL evaluated by EORTC QoL-C30, PR-25, and OV-28 questionnaires. 348 patients (81%) evaluable for QoL. Median F/U 2 years
***Outcome: VBT better social functioning (SS), and significantly improved diarrhea, fecal leakage, need to stay close to the toilet, and limitation of daily activities due to bowel symptoms (SS). No difference in sexual functioning (~40%)
***Conclusion: EBRT patients significantly worse diarrhea and bowel symptoms, and worse social functioning
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20206777}} -- &quot;Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial.&quot; (Nout RA, Lancet. 2010 Mar 6;375(9717):816-23.) Median F/U 3.75 years
***Outcome: 5-year vaginal recurrence VBT 1.8% vs EBRT 1.6% (NS); 5-year loco-regional relapse 5.1% vs 2.1% (NS); isolated pelvic recurrence 1.5% vs 0.5% (NS); DM 8.3% vs 5.7% (NS). 5-year OS 85% vs 80% (NS).
***Toxicity: Acute G1-2 at completion of RT VBT 13% vs EBRT 54%
***Conclusion: VBT is effective, with fewer toxic effects
***Editorial ({{PMID|20206759}}): Agree that VBT should be the standard of care for these patients

===Surgery + Pelvic EBRT vs. Chemo-RT===
*'''Finland''' (1992-1996) -- adjuvant EBRT vs. interdigitated chemo-RT
**Randomized. 156 patients with Stage IA-B G3 (n=28) or Stage IC-IIIA (n=128), who underwent TAH/BSO. 80% had at least PLND. Arm 1) Pelvic EBRT split course 56 Gy (28 Gy x2 with 3 week break) vs. Arm 2) Interdigitated chemo-RT, given as chemo - RT 28 Gy - chemo - RT 28 Gy - chemo. Chemo was cisplatin 50 mg/m2, epirubicin 60 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 x3 courses. Brachytherapy not mentioned (not given?)
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18534669}} -- &quot;Surgically staged high-risk endometrial cancer: Randomized study of adjuvant radiotherapy alone vs. sequential chemo-radiotherapy.&quot; (Kuoppala T, Gynecol Oncol. 2008 Jun 3. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: 5-year DFS RT 85% vs. chemo-RT 82% (NS). LRR 3% in both arms; DM 14% vs. 20%
***Toxicity: Grade 3 bowel toxicity RT 3% vs. chemo-RT 9%
***Conclusion: Adjuvant interdigitated chemo-RT failed to improve OS or lower recurrence rate over EBRT alone


===Surgery + Pelvic EBRT vs. Chemo===
*'''JGOG 2033''' (1994-2000) -- adjuvant EBRT vs. adjuvant CAP
**Randomized. 103 institutions. 385 patients with Stage IC-IIIC and &gt;50% myometrial invasion (Stage II-III with &lt;50% invasion ineligible). IC 61%, II 14%, IIIA 13%, IIIC 12%. Age &lt;75. S/P TAH/BSO and surgical staging (96% PLND, 29% PALND). Arm 1) RT AP/PA 45-50 Gy. BT boost in only 6 patients (3%). Arm 2) CAP (cyclophosphamide (333 mg/m2), doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and cisplatin (50 mg/m2) x3+ courses
**'''5-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17996926}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III trial of pelvic radiotherapy versus cisplatin-based combined chemotherapy in patients with intermediate- and high-risk endometrial cancer: A Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study.&quot; (Susumu N, Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Nov 8). Median F/U 
***Outcome: 5-year PFS 83% vs 82% (NS); OS 85% vs. 87% (NS)
***By risk: No difference in low/intermediate risk patients. High risk (IC and &gt;70, IC G3, II, IIIA) PFS RT 66% vs. chemo 84% (SS), OS 74% vs. 90% (SS)
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo useful alternative, especially in higher risk patients

*'''Italy''' (1990-1997) -- adjuvant EBRT vs. adjuvant CAP
**Randomized. 345 patients. High-risk endometrial (IC G3, II G3 and &gt;50% invasion, III). Arm 1) EBRT 45-50 Gy vs. Arm 2) cisplatin 50 mg/m2 + doxorubicin 45 mg/m2 + cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2. Primary endpoint OS and PFS
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16868539}} -- &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy in high-risk endometrial carcinoma: results of a randomised trial.&quot; (Maggi R, Br J Cancer. 2006 Aug 7;95(3):266-71. Epub 2006 Jul 25.) Median F/U 8.0 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS RT 69% vs. chemo 66% (NS); 5-year PFS 63% vs. 63% (NS). RT delayed local relapse, CT delayed DM 
***Toxicity: both well tolerated
***Conclusion: No difference between adjuvant RT and adjuvant chemo

===Vaginal Brachytherapy Dose===
*'''Oreboro; Sweden''' (1989-2003)
**Randomized. 290 low-risk (endometrioid, Stage IA-B, Grade 1-2, &lt;50% myometrial infiltration, diploid DNA, pLN-, washings-), Stage IA 62%, Stage IB 38%. Vaginal cylinders 20-30 mm, dose prescription 5mm depth. All received 6 fractions in 8 days, randomized to Arm 1) 2.5 Gy/fractions (total 15 Gy) or Arm 2) 5.0 Gy/fx (total 30 Gy). Colpometric measurements of vaginal shortening pretreatment and at 5 years
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16029797}} -- &quot;Intravaginal high-dose-rate brachytherapy for stage I endometrial cancer: a randomized study of two dose-per-fraction levels.&quot; (Sorbe B, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Aug 1;62(5):1385-9.)
***Outcome: CSS 98.5% (NS), OS 95.3% (NS), no distant mets. Recurrence 1.4% (NS), 0.7% pelvic (NS) and 0.7% vaginal (NS)
***Toxicity: no vaginal shortening for 2.5 Gy/fx group (pre vs. post) compared with 25% vaginal shortening (mean 2.1 cm) for 5.0 Gy/fx group. Also more vaginal atrophy and mucosal bleeding in 5.0 Gy/fx group
***Conclusion: Recommend six fractions of 2.5 Gy/fx in low-risk endometrial Ca

==Advanced Stage==
===Surgery + Pelvic EBRT vs. Chemo-RT===
*'''Finland''' (1992-1996) -- adjuvant EBRT vs. interdigitated chemo-RT
**Randomized. 156 patients with Stage IA-B G3 (n=28) or Stage IC-IIIA (n=128), who underwent TAH/BSO. 80% had at least PLND. Arm 1) Pelvic EBRT split course 56 Gy (28 Gy x2 with 3 week break) vs. Arm 2) Interdigitated chemo-RT, given as chemo - RT 28 Gy - chemo - RT 28 Gy - chemo. Chemo was cisplatin 50 mg/m2, epirubicin 60 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 x3 courses. Brachytherapy not mentioned (not given?)
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18534669}} -- &quot;Surgically staged high-risk endometrial cancer: Randomized study of adjuvant radiotherapy alone vs. sequential chemo-radiotherapy.&quot; (Kuoppala T, Gynecol Oncol. 2008 Jun 3. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: 5-year DFS RT 85% vs. chemo-RT 82% (NS). LRR 3% in both arms; DM 14% vs. 20%
***Toxicity: Grade 3 bowel toxicity RT 3% vs. chemo-RT 9%
***Conclusion: Adjuvant interdigitated chemo-RT failed to improve OS or lower recurrence rate over EBRT alone


===Surgery + Pelvic EBRT vs. Chemo===
*'''JGOG 2033''' (1994-2000) -- adjuvant CAP vs adjuvant pelvic RT
**Randomized. 103 institutions. 385 patients with Stage IC-IIIC and &gt;50% myometrial invasion (Stage II-III with &lt;50% invasion ineligible). IC 61%, II 14%, IIIA 13%, IIIC 12%. Age &lt;75. S/P TAH/BSO and surgical staging (96% PLND, 29% PALND). Arm 1) RT AP/PA 45-50 Gy. BT boost in only 6 patients (3%). Arm 2) CAP (cyclophosphamide (333 mg/m2), doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and cisplatin (50 mg/m2) x3+ courses
**'''5-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17996926}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III trial of pelvic radiotherapy versus cisplatin-based combined chemotherapy in patients with intermediate- and high-risk endometrial cancer: A Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study.&quot; (Susumu N, Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Nov 8). Median F/U 
***Outcome: 5-year PFS 83% vs 82% (NS); OS 85% vs. 87% (NS)
***By risk: No difference in low/intermediate risk patients. High risk (IC and &gt;70, IC G3, II, IIIA) PFS RT 66% vs. chemo 84% (SS), OS 74% vs. 90% (SS)
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo useful alternative, especially in higher risk patients

*'''Italy''' (1990-1997) -- adjuvant CAP vs adjuvant pelvic RT
**Randomized. 345 patients, high risk endometrial carcinoma (ICG3 in 26%, IIG3 and myometrial invasion &gt;50% in ~10%, III in 65%), excluded clear cell or UPSC. TAH/BSO with selective pelvic/PA LN sampling. Arm 1) adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, doxorubicin 40 mg/m2, cisplatin 50 mg/m2) x5 cycles vs Arm 2) Pelvic RT 45-50 Gy, upper border at L5, if PA LN+ then PA field 45/25, upper border at L1. Primary endpoint PFS and OS
**'''7-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16868539}} -- &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy in high-risk endometrial carcinoma: results of a randomised trial.&quot; (Maggi R, Br J Cancer. 2006 Aug 7;95(3):266-71. Epub 2006 Jul 25.) Median F/U 8 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS chemo 66% vs RT 69% (NS), 7-year OS 62% vs 62% (NS). No difference in PFS. RT delayed local relapse, chemo delayed mets, but neither (SS).
***Conclusion: No difference between adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant RT. Different patterns of failure

===Surgery + Whole abdominal RT vs. Chemo===
*'''GOG 122''' (1992-2000) -- WAI vs. AP
**388 pts. Stage III-IV, all histologies. Required TAH/BSO, surgical staging, and &lt;2cm residual tumor. Para-aortic LN allowed but no mets to chest or SCLV. Randomized to WAI (30 Gy, 20 fx, AP/PA plus boost to pelvic +/- para-aortic LN 15 Gy in 8 fx) vs chemotherapy (AP; doxorubicin + cisplatin q3w x 8 cycles).
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16330675}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized Phase III Trial of Whole-Abdominal Irradiation Versus Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.&quot; Randall ME et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 1;24(1). Median F/U 6.2 years
***5-year outcome: PFS raw RT 38% vs. chemo 42% (p not given), stage-adjusted  38% vs. 50% (SS); raw OS RT 42% vs. chemo 53% (p not given), stage-adjusted (despite it being ranomized trial) 42% vs. 52% (SS)
***Recurrence locations: WAI: recurrence in 54% (pelvic in 13%, abdomen in 16%, distant 22%). For chemo: 50% recurrence (18%,14%,18%)
***Grade 3-4 Toxicity: hematologic RT 14% vs. chemo 88%, GI 13% vs. 20%, cardiac 15% vs. 0%, neurologic 7% vs. 1%
***Conclusion: chemotherapy improves PFS and OS for advanced disease, compared with whole abdomen RT, though with significant toxicity
**Comment: Despite this being a randomized trial, the chemo arm was stage-adjusted during analysis. Argument was that it had worse prognosis patients (presumably the Stage IIIC, however, LN+ was not a prognostic variable in the study itself). The whole abdomen arm also had bad prognosis patients (IIIA with serosal/adnexal mets). The raw OS result are still significantly better for the chemo arm, but raw PFS was comparable in the two arms (38% vs. 42%). The statistical rationale is not justified, and thus questionable

== Vaginal and/or nodal recurrence==
*'''GOG 238''' (2008 - 2020) - RT vs cisplatin-RT
**Randomized. 165 patients. Recurrent endometrial cancer confined to vagina and/or lymph nodes. 1) Arm 1 - EBRT 45/25. Boost with HDR intracavitary brachy (60%), interstitial brachy (~12%), or EBRT boost to 65+ Gy (~25%). 2) Arm 2 - radiation + weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 weekly. Median age 66 years. Majority grade 1-2 endometrioid (82%) and vaginal only recurrence (86%)
**'''2024''' {{PMID|38662968}} -- &quot;Radiation Therapy With or Without Cisplatin for Local Recurrences of Endometrial Cancer: Results From an NRG Oncology/GOG Prospective Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial&quot; (Klopp AH, J Clin Oncol. 2024 Apr 25:JCO2301279. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.01279. Online ahead of print.)
***Outcome: PFS RT only 63% vs CRT 57% (NS). Median OS 8.0 years vs. 8.3 years (NS). Most common further recurrence vagina (30% vs 20%), pelvis (25% vs 10%), abdomen (26% vs 20%), liver (0% vs 10%), lung (9% vs 20%)
***Toxicity: Acute effects worse for chemo-RT group, except for GI symptoms. Long terms effects no difference.
***Conclusion: Radiation therapy alone can results in good outcomes, chemotherapy does not improve PFS and increases toxicity

==Uterine Sarcoma and Carcinosarcoma==
*'''EORTC 55874''' (1987-2000) -- observation vs. pelvic RT
**Randomized. 224 patients with high grade uterine sarcoma (leiomyosarcoma 46%, carcinosarcoma 41%, endometrial stromal sarcoma 13%), Stage I-II, treated with TAH/BSO + washings (75%), nodal sampling optional (25%). Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) pelvic RT 50.4/28 Field: top border L4/L5, lower border lower margin of obturator foramina, posterior border S2/S3
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18378136}} -- &quot;Phase III randomised study to evaluate the role of adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy in the treatment of uterine sarcomas stages I and II: An European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gynaecological Cancer Group Study (protocol 55874).&quot; (Reed NS, Eur J Cancer. 2008 Mar 28 [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: LRR only observation 18% vs. RT 3%, LRR at any time 40% vs. 21% (SS); no impact on PFS or OS
***By subset: No benefit for LMS, improved local control for CS
***Conclusion: Pelvic RT improves local control but not PFS or OS for carcinosarcoma, there is no benefit in leiomyosarcoma</text>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5</title>
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== 4. Ng5!? ==
4. Ng5!? is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. 

Black needs to defend f7: otherwise, as in the common beginner blunder, '''4...h6??''' 5. Nxf7 Qe7 6. Nxh8, Black gets the house. If Black thinks to counter-attack instead, [[/4...Nxe4|'''4...Nxe4?''']], the '''Ponziani-Steinitz gambit''', fails to 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4.

[[/4...d5|'''4...d5''']] is the best way to defend f7. This sacrifices a pawn to 5. exd5. Then there have been several moves tried:
* 5...Na5, the Polerio defence, is the most serious continuation and main line today. Black counterattacks the bishop, and the line continues 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 10. O-O. White may be ahead a pawn, but Black is considered equal with more active pieces;
* 5...b5!?, the Ulvestad variation, to drive the bishop on c4 to somewhere less useful;
* 5...Nd4!?, the Fritz variation, gets the knight out from under the gun;
* 5...Nxd5?! is more common in amateur games, allowing 6. Nxf7, the audacious knight sacrifice known as the fried liver attack, or 6. d4, the Lolli attack. 

[[/4...Bc5|'''4...Bc5?''']] is the venomous but objectively dubious '''Traxler counterattack'''. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. 

=== History ===

This move has been known since the 17th century, appearing in attributed to Italian chess masters [[w:Giulio Cesare Polerio|Giulio Cesare Polerio]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1224683 Polerio v Domenico, 1610. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Gioachino Greco|Gioachino Greco]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1271138 Greco v NN, 1620]&lt;/ref&gt; Their games continued with the line 4...d5 5. exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7, the ''fegatello'', or in English, the &quot;fried liver&quot; attack. Colloquially, the position after 4. Ng5 may be called the &quot;fried liver&quot;, or that name is reserved specifically for the continuation with 5...Nxd5 and the sacrifice of the knight on f7. 

This is a sharp attack on Black's weakest square, f7. A generous critic might call 4. Ng5 &quot;forthright&quot;, though [[w:Siegbert Tarrasch|Siegbert Tarrasch]] called it  &quot;bungling&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Tarrasch |first=Siegbert |translator-last1=Smith |translator-first1=G.E. |translator-last2=Bone |translator-first2=T.G. |title=The Game of Chess |year=1935 |location=London |publisher=Chatto &amp; Windus |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.13269/page/n5/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive |page=259}}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, chess masters find 4. d3 to be more sound, however 4. Ng5 demands Black play accurately and at worse the game is equal. 

A recent appearance of 4. Ng5 was in the 2026 Women's Candidates, played by [[w:Zhongyi Tan|Zhongyi Tan]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=3121156 Tan v Goryachkina, 2026. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Theory table==
{{ChessTable}}

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5'''

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;9&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Traxler Counterattack, Bishop Sacrifice Line&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;1&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Ng5&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5|Bc5!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7|Bxf7+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7|Ke7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5|Bd5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8|Rf8]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O|O-O]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6|d6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4|Bg4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9.  Qb3|Qb3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6|Bb6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6|Bxc6]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6|bxc6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Lolli Attack, Pincus Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;2&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5|d5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5|exd5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5|Nxd5!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4|d4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4|Bb4+]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7|Be7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7|Nxf7]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3|Qf3+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6|Ke6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4|Qe4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4/10...Rf8|Rf8]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+/=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Fried Liver Attack&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7|Nxf7!?]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3|Qf3+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6|Ke6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4|Ncb4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3|a3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2|Nxc2+]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1|Kd1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1/10...Nxa1|Nxa1]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;-+&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Polerio Defense, Kieseritzky, Yankovich Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5|Na5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2|Qe2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4|Nxc4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4|dxc4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2|Nfd2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2/10...O-O|O-O]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Polerio, Bishop Check Line, Suhle Defense&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5|Bb5+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6|c6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6|dxc6]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6|bxc6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;
[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2|Be2]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4|e4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5|Ne5]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9.  Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5/10...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Polerio, Bishop Check, Suhle, Steinitz Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3|Nh3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6|Bd6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3/10...O-O|O-O]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Polerio, Bishop Check, Bogoljubov Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3|Qf3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7|Be7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6|Bxc6+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6/9...Nxc6|Nxc6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6/9...Nxc6/10. Qxc6|Qxc6+]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6/9...Nxc6/10. Qxc6/10...Bd7|Bd7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ulvestad Variation, Kurkin Gambit&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5|b5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1|Bf1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6|h6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7|Nxf7]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7/8. dxc6|dxc6]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7/8. dxc6/8...Qd5|Qd5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7/8. dxc6/8...Qd5/9. Qf3|Qf3]]&lt;br&gt;Qc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;b4&lt;br&gt;Qxb4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Fritz Variation, Gruber Variation, Berliner Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;9&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4|Nd4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5|b5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1|Bf1]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5|Nxd5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4|Ne4]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4|Qh4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3|Ng3]]&lt;br&gt;[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4|Bg4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;f3&lt;br&gt;e4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ponziani-Steinitz Gambit&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Nxe4|Nxe4?!]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bxf7+!&lt;br&gt;Ke7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;11&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Nd5|Nd5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d3

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;

&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}}
{{reflist}}
{{BCO2}}
{{NCO}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>7kjuksbaifihqo29v3loxtndz6u64tg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633099</id>
      <parentid>4633075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:22:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eco code</comment>
      <origin>4633099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="918" sha1="5i07q0n0uhqj1ynlbney67smjx5jy23" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Two knights defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C57]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Two knights defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5|4. Ng5]]
}}

== 4...d5 ==
This is a pawn sacrifice, but it is necessary for Black to defang White's attack on f7.  

White must capture the pawn, [[/5. exd5|'''5. exd5''']]. 

Any other move loses material, for instance retreating the bishop 5. Bb3? Nxe4!. 

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}
:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Ng5&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/5. exd5|exd5]]&lt;br&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>5i07q0n0uhqj1ynlbney67smjx5jy23</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4633100</id>
      <parentid>4633077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:22:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eco code</comment>
      <origin>4633100</origin>
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      <text bytes="3464" sha1="1jp20wycvyfgy0pg0q6vp9w40fgbdzf" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Two knights defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C57]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Two knights defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5|4. Ng5]] → [[../|4...d5]]
}}

== 5. exd5 ==
Taking the pawn is an automatic move as other moves lose material. 

Black has a selection of interesting moves leading to diverse tactical positions.

The classical way to play, and one of the most popular continuations in amateur games, is [[/5...Nxd5|'''5...Nxd5?!''']]. However, this is now known to be inferior. It allows 6. Nxf7+!, an audacious knight sacrifice known as the fried liver where Black's king is hounded into the centre of the board, or 6. d4, the Lolli attack and Bobby Fischer's preferred line. 

[[/5...Na5|'''5...Na5''']], the '''Polerio variation''', is the most serious continuation and main line today. Black counterattacks the bishop, and the line continues 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 10. O-O. White may be ahead a pawn, but Black is considered equal with more active pieces. 

[[/5...b5|'''5...b5!?''']] is the '''Ulvestad variation'''. Black offers a pawn to deflect the bishop from control of d5 and pressure of f7, so that they may retake on d4 with the queen. This works out very well for Black if White accepts the sacrifice, but not so well if White knows the surprising refutation 6. Bf1!. 

[[/5...Nd4|'''5...Nd4!?''']], the '''Fritz variation''', gets the knight out from under the gun. After 6. c3 b5, this usually leads to a trade of minor pieces but White is still a pawn ahead: 8. cxd4 Qxg5 9. Bxb5+ Kd8 {{chess/not|++}}.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5. exd5'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Main Line&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exd5&lt;br&gt;[[/5...Na5|Na5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bb5+&lt;br&gt;c6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;dxc6&lt;br&gt;bxc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Be2&lt;br&gt;h6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Bogoljubov Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qf3?!&lt;br&gt;Rb8&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Ulvestad Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/5...b5|b5]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bf1&lt;br&gt;h6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxf7&lt;br&gt;Kxf7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;dxc6&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+=&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Fritz Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/5...Nd4|Nd4]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;b5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bf1&lt;br&gt;Nxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Ne4&lt;br&gt;Qh4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+=&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Lolli Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/5...Nxd5|Nxd5!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;Bb4+&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxf7&lt;br&gt;Kxf7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+=&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Fried Liver Attack&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...e5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._Bc4/3...Nf6/4._Ng5/4...d5/5._exd5/5...Nxd5/6._Nxf7|Nxf7!!]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...e5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._Bc4/3...Nf6/4._Ng5/4...d5/5._exd5/5...Nxd5/6._Nxf7/6...Kxf7|Kxf7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...e5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._Bc4/3...Nf6/4._Ng5/4...d5/5._exd5/5...Nxd5/6._Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7._Qf3|Qf3!]]&lt;br&gt;Ke6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nc3&lt;br&gt;Nb4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;∞&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}}
{{reflist}}
{{BCO2}}
{{NCO}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Endometrium/Recurrence</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>141561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633092</id>
      <parentid>4437327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T13:00:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5711" sha1="4nqn27xzwwubk3p0vlxaqbvjg39ymxv" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/Uterus:TOC}}

'''Treatment of recurrent disease'''

== Vaginal and/or nodal recurrence==
*'''GOG 238''' (2008 - 2020) - RT vs cisplatin-RT
**Randomized. 165 patients. Recurrent endometrial cancer confined to vagina and/or lymph nodes. 1) Arm 1 - EBRT 45/25. Boost with HDR intracavitary brachy (60%), interstitial brachy (~12%), or EBRT boost to 65+ Gy (~25%). 2) Arm 2 - radiation + weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 weekly. Median age 66 years. Majority grade 1-2 endometrioid (82%) and vaginal only recurrence (86%)
**'''2024''' {{PMID|38662968}} -- &quot;Radiation Therapy With or Without Cisplatin for Local Recurrences of Endometrial Cancer: Results From an NRG Oncology/GOG Prospective Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial&quot; (Klopp AH, J Clin Oncol. 2024 Apr 25:JCO2301279. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.01279. Online ahead of print.)
***Outcome: PFS RT only 63% vs CRT 57% (NS). Median OS 8.0 years vs. 8.3 years (NS). Most common further recurrence vagina (30% vs 20%), pelvis (25% vs 10%), abdomen (26% vs 20%), liver (0% vs 10%), lung (9% vs 20%)
***Toxicity: Acute effects worse for chemo-RT group, except for GI symptoms. Long terms effects no difference.
***Conclusion: Radiation therapy alone can results in good outcomes, chemotherapy does not improve PFS and increases toxicity


== Vaginal recurrence ==
*'''UC San Francisco; 2017''' {{PMID|28802913}} -- &quot;Salvage high-dose-rate brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy for isolated vaginal recurrences of endometrial cancer with no prior adjuvant therapy.&quot; (Chapman CH, Brachytherapy. 2017 Nov - Dec;16(6):1152-1158. doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2017.07.002. Epub 2017 Aug 10.)
**Retrospective. 30 patients. Median time to recurrent 17 months. Pelvic RT 45-50.4 in 25-28 fractions. Interstitial brachy in 90%, median EQD2 68 Gy. Median F/U 6.3 years
**Outcome: 5-year locoregional control 87%. 5-year PFS 75%, CSS 83%, OS 77%. If grade 3 disease, 5-year OS 29% vs 95% (SS). If Stage &gt;IA, 5-year CSS 74% vs 93% (SS)
**Conclusion: Salvage EBRT and HDR brachytherapy high rate of locoregional control
*'''University of Pittsburgh; 2014''' (2004-2013) {{PMID|25241996}} -- &quot;Definitive salvage for vaginal recurrence of endometrial cancer: the impact of modern intensity-modulated-radiotherapy with image-based HDR brachytherapy and the interplay of the PORTEC 1 risk stratification.&quot; (Vargo JA, Radiother Oncol. 2014 Oct;113(1):126-31. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.08.038. Epub 2014 Sep 18.)
**Retrospective. 41 patients undergoing definitive salvage RT. Pelvic IMRT 45/25, followed by HDR brachytherapy (median 23.75 Gy in 5 fractions). Median F/U 18 months
**Outcome: 3-year LC 95%; distant control 61%; RFS 68%, OS 67%. 
**Toxicity: No grade 3+ acute toxicity. Late grade 3+ toxicity 8%
**Conclusion: Salvage IMRT plus HDR brachytherapy show excellent control and minimal morbidity
* '''Washington U.''', 2005 (1967-2003) {{PMID|16168841}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Definitive radiotherapy in the management of isolated vaginal recurrences of endometrial cancer.&quot; Lin LL et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Oct 1;63(2):500-4.
** Retrospective. 50 pts treated for recurrence after tah/bso. Treatment was EBRT alone (6%), brachytherapy alone 16%, or EBRT + brachy (78%). Median dose to recurrence 60 Gy.
** Median f/u 58 mo. 5-yr and 10-yr DFS 68% and 55%, OS 53% and 40%.
** Conclusion: cure is possible in over 50% of pts.
* '''MDACC''', 2003 (1960-97) {{PMID|12873682}} -- &quot;Definitive radiotherapy for patients with isolated vaginal recurrence of endometrial carcinoma after hysterectomy.&quot; (Jhingran A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Aug 1;56(5):1366-72.)
** Retrospective, 91 pts. Treatment was EBRT alone (31%), brachy alone (12%), or EBRT + brachy (57%). Median total dose 75 Gy; median EBRT dose 50 Gy.
** Median f/u 58 mo. LC 2yr-85%, 5yr-75%; OS 2yr-69%, 5yr-43%. Combination treatment was associated with better control.
** Conclusion: RT provides excellent LC
* '''PORTEC-1''', 2003 (1990-97) {{PMID|12713981}} -- &quot;Survival after relapse in patients with endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial.&quot; (Creutzberg CL, Gynecol Oncol. 2003 May;89(2):201-9.)
** Patients treated in the PORTEC trial (see [[Radiation Oncology/Endometrium/Early Stage|here]]), randomized to either adjuvant RT or observation.
** 39 pts with isolated vaginal relapse; 31 of these treated with curative intent (usually RT+brachy). CR obtained in 31 of 35 (89%), with long term control in 24 of 31 (77%). Total long term control rate is thus 24/35 (68%).
** Survival after 1st relapse at 3 yrs: 51% (control group) vs 19% (RT).
** Survival after vaginal relapse 73%, after pelvic relapse 8%, after DM relapse 14%.


&lt;br&gt;'''''HDR Brachytherapy:'''''
* '''Montreal (Hôpital Notre-Dame)''' (1997-2003)
** '''2006''' {{PMID|16386785}} -- &quot;Salvage treatment with high-dose-rate brachytherapy for isolated vaginal endometrial cancer recurrence.&quot; (Petignat P, Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Jun;101(3):445-9.)
** 22 pts; 18 treated with combined EBRT + HDR, and 4 with HDR alone. Median EBRT dose 45 Gy. Brachytherapy dose median 26 Gy (range: 8-48 Gy).
** CR in 100%. No LR after median f/u of 32 mo.
** Conclusion: salvage treatment with EBRT + HDR is efficacious

* '''McGill University'''
** '''1997''' {{PMID|9264580}} -- &quot;Isolated vaginal recurrences in endometrial carcinoma: treatment results using high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy.&quot; (Pai HH, Gynecol Oncol. 1997 Aug;66(2):300-7.)
** 20 pts; 13 treated with combined EBRT + HDR, and 7 with HDR alone. Median EBRT dose 44 Gy and 24 Gy HDR to vaginal surface. For HDR alone, median dose 35 Gy.
** CR in 90%. 10-yr LC 74%.
** Conclusion: salvage treatment with EBRT + HDR is efficacious</text>
      <sha1>4nqn27xzwwubk3p0vlxaqbvjg39ymxv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>141991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633158</id>
      <parentid>4627048</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T17:20:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26209-91</username>
        <id>3580012</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2995" sha1="50tnolldgth96060xwc2xs4gcsg927z" xml:space="preserve">This book was created on December 7th, 2007 for the purpose of keeping the Wikipedia article on [[w:Vehicle Identification Numbers|VIN]]s under control. It will start off as a consolidation of all VIN-related code tables that were included on Wikipedia.

The final state of this book will most probably consist of the full explanation of VIN-obtainable information, and how to decode said VINs.

{{Info|The term &quot;Vehicle Identification Number&quot; or &quot;VIN&quot;, as used throughout this book means Vehicle Identification Numbers from 1980 onwards.Black-hunk
}}

==Table of Contents==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
# [[/Overview/]]
# [[/Vehicle Descriptor Section/]]
## [[/Check digit/]]
# [[/Vehicle Identifier Section/]]
## [[/Model year/]]
# [[/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)/]]
# Manufacturer Specific
## [[/Alfa Romeo/VIN Codes/|Alfa Romeo]]
## [[/AM General Hummer/VIN Codes/|AM General Hummer]]
## [[/AMC/VIN Codes/|AMC]]
## [[/Bugatti/VIN Codes/|Bugatti]]
## [[/Chrysler/VIN Codes/|Chrysler]]
## [[/Ferrari/VIN Codes/|Ferrari]]
## [[/Fiat/VIN Codes/|Fiat]]
## [[/Ford/VIN Codes/|Ford]]
## [[/GM/VIN Codes/|GM]]
## [[/Honda/VIN Codes/|Honda]]
## [[/Hyundai/VIN Codes/|Hyundai]]
## [[/Ineos/VIN Codes/|Ineos]]
## [[/KIA/VIN Codes/|KIA]]
## [[/Land Rover/VIN Codes/|Land Rover]]
## [[/Lamborghini/VIN Codes/|Lamborghini]]
## [[/Maserati/VIN Codes/|Maserati]]
## [[/Mazda/VIN Codes/|Mazda]]
## [[/Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes/|Mercedes-Benz]]
## [[/Mitsubishi/VIN Codes/|Mitsubishi]]
## [[/Nissan/VIN Codes/|Nissan]]
## [[/Peugeot/VIN Codes/|Peugeot]]
## [[/Polestar/VIN Codes/|Polestar]]
## [[/Smart/VIN Codes/|Smart]]
## [[/Subaru/VIN Codes/|Subaru]]
## [[/Toyota/VIN Codes/|Toyota]]
## [[/Volvo/VIN Codes/|Volvo]]

== Useful External Links ==
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20051216094334/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1992VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1992 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20051216105759/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1993VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1993 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20050313002327/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1994VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1994 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20050313130026/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1995VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1995 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20051216101119/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1996VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1996 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20130202201019/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1997VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1997 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20060526054000/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1998VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1998 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20061007080134/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1999VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1999 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20060211083930/http://www.aiam.org/vin/2000VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 2000 Vehicle Identification Handbook]

== References ==
{{WikipediaCredit}}

{{Shelves|Transportation}}
{{Alphabetical|V}}
{{status|75%}}</text>
      <sha1>50tnolldgth96060xwc2xs4gcsg927z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633166</id>
      <parentid>4633158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T18:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26209-91|~2026-26209-91]] ([[User talk:~2026-26209-91|talk]]) to last version by JustTheFacts33</comment>
      <origin>4627048</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2984" sha1="4p7r4ybbe9s9npqky8tzi14444y3hud" xml:space="preserve">This book was created on December 7th, 2007 for the purpose of keeping the Wikipedia article on [[w:Vehicle Identification Numbers|VIN]]s under control. It will start off as a consolidation of all VIN-related code tables that were included on Wikipedia.

The final state of this book will most probably consist of the full explanation of VIN-obtainable information, and how to decode said VINs.

{{Info|The term &quot;Vehicle Identification Number&quot; or &quot;VIN&quot;, as used throughout this book means Vehicle Identification Numbers from 1980 onwards.}}

==Table of Contents==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
# [[/Overview/]]
# [[/Vehicle Descriptor Section/]]
## [[/Check digit/]]
# [[/Vehicle Identifier Section/]]
## [[/Model year/]]
# [[/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)/]]
# Manufacturer Specific
## [[/Alfa Romeo/VIN Codes/|Alfa Romeo]]
## [[/AM General Hummer/VIN Codes/|AM General Hummer]]
## [[/AMC/VIN Codes/|AMC]]
## [[/Bugatti/VIN Codes/|Bugatti]]
## [[/Chrysler/VIN Codes/|Chrysler]]
## [[/Ferrari/VIN Codes/|Ferrari]]
## [[/Fiat/VIN Codes/|Fiat]]
## [[/Ford/VIN Codes/|Ford]]
## [[/GM/VIN Codes/|GM]]
## [[/Honda/VIN Codes/|Honda]]
## [[/Hyundai/VIN Codes/|Hyundai]]
## [[/Ineos/VIN Codes/|Ineos]]
## [[/KIA/VIN Codes/|KIA]]
## [[/Land Rover/VIN Codes/|Land Rover]]
## [[/Lamborghini/VIN Codes/|Lamborghini]]
## [[/Maserati/VIN Codes/|Maserati]]
## [[/Mazda/VIN Codes/|Mazda]]
## [[/Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes/|Mercedes-Benz]]
## [[/Mitsubishi/VIN Codes/|Mitsubishi]]
## [[/Nissan/VIN Codes/|Nissan]]
## [[/Peugeot/VIN Codes/|Peugeot]]
## [[/Polestar/VIN Codes/|Polestar]]
## [[/Smart/VIN Codes/|Smart]]
## [[/Subaru/VIN Codes/|Subaru]]
## [[/Toyota/VIN Codes/|Toyota]]
## [[/Volvo/VIN Codes/|Volvo]]

== Useful External Links ==
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20051216094334/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1992VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1992 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20051216105759/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1993VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1993 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20050313002327/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1994VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1994 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20050313130026/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1995VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1995 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20051216101119/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1996VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1996 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20130202201019/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1997VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1997 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20060526054000/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1998VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1998 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20061007080134/http://www.aiam.org/vin/1999VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 1999 Vehicle Identification Handbook]
# [http://web.archive.org/web/20060211083930/http://www.aiam.org/vin/2000VINBOOK.pdf AIAM 2000 Vehicle Identification Handbook]

== References ==
{{WikipediaCredit}}

{{Shelves|Transportation}}
{{Alphabetical|V}}
{{status|75%}}</text>
      <sha1>4p7r4ybbe9s9npqky8tzi14444y3hud</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>154231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633187</id>
      <parentid>4614518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T21:24:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2. d4 */</comment>
      <origin>4633187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2457" sha1="k3ylsb6fn464xsank1b0gww9srfkz92" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Sicilian defence
|parent=[[../|Sicilian defence]]
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B21]]
}}
== 2. d4 ==
White opens up the centre immediately. This is an uncommon but tactical sideline to avoid the conventional Open Sicilian. Today it is played with the idea of sacrificing a pawn for development and open lines.

Black should play [[/2...cxd4|'''2...cxd4''']], which was why they played 1...c5 in the first place. 

In the 19th century, 2. d4 was played with the idea of opening the centre and recapturing the pawn immediately: 2...cxd4 3. Qxd4!?. This is sometimes seen today, but it allows Black to develop with tempo on the queen (3...Nc6) for an even game. White has to move their queen again and suddenly their development advantage, and the whole reason for opening the centre in the first place, disappears. 

3. Nf3, the Morphy gambit, sought to improve on 3. Qxd4 by preparing to retake with the knight. 3...Nc6 (say) 4. Nxd4 transposes back into the modern open Sicilian. However, Black has the addition resource of 3...e5!, securing the extra pawn and avoiding the transposition (4. Nxe5?? Qa5+!). 

Shuffling the move order gives us the modern main line: 2. Nf3 ''first'', so that a. White can recapture on d4 with the knight not the queen, preserving tempo, and b. Black doesn't have time to play ...e5 and defend their d4 pawn. 

So is 2. d4 best consigned to the history books? No, because of the aggressive Smith-Morra gambit.

Rather than retake the pawn, White can gambit it with 3. c3, the Smith-Morra gambit. If Black accepts, 3...dxc4 4. Nxc3, Black gets to keep the pawn but White is ahead in development with an open centre and lots of attacking opportunities.

Anything other than 2...cxd4 for Black ([[/2...d5|'''2...d5?''']], [[/2...e6|'''2...e6?!''']]) is at best dubious. If Black wishes to avoid the Smith-Morra, then they're better off playing 2...cxd4 3. c3 d5 or 3...Nf6, transposing into an Alapin Sicilian.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

{{Chess/theory table
|name1=Smith-Morra gambit accepted
|line1=2. ... cxd4 3. c3 dxc3 4. Nxc3 Nc6 5. Nf3 d6
|eval1={{Chess/not|=}}

|name2=Smith-Morra gambit declined, Push var.
|line2=2. ... ... 3. ... d3 4. Bxd3 Nc6 5. Nf3 d6
|eval2={{Chess/not|=}}

|name3=Franco-Sicilian defence
|line3=2. ... e6
|eval3={{Chess/not|+}}
}}

{{ChessMid}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===See also===
{{Wikipedia|Smith-Morra Gambit}}

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>k3ylsb6fn464xsank1b0gww9srfkz92</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals</title>
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    <id>155682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633098</id>
      <parentid>4633058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:21:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduce speedy deletion criteria? */ reply to Omphalographer ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="36880" sha1="0zpc42qbrdtgc4fbcehayge6t2o4g9j" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0zpc42qbrdtgc4fbcehayge6t2o4g9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633101</id>
      <parentid>4633098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:26:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>16549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Questions about Wikibooks:Annotated texts */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4633101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37160" sha1="arifm9fhfz9pxefhectq9u4rjvf5xbk" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

{{User:MiszaBot/config
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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="38027" sha1="24brwwuqxgrp2lp7hp6p8g4219z0pe4" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>24brwwuqxgrp2lp7hp6p8g4219z0pe4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633148</id>
      <parentid>4633133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:29:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omphalographer</username>
        <id>3427146</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Questions about Wikibooks:Annotated texts */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4633148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38386" sha1="rnves9af5apcfyxms25b5hyr2cs38pl" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="38932" sha1="oig7910gsuycpsemdpgmnmgqxzz6wtr" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here.
:::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>oig7910gsuycpsemdpgmnmgqxzz6wtr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633150</id>
      <parentid>4633149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:38:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Questions about Wikibooks:Annotated texts */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4633150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39387" sha1="tf49nt4f4urba7gcldx1roqxketp4dr" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here.
:::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::The main problem here is that the policy permits &quot;unannotated texts&quot; even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Introduce speedy deletion criteria? */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="40967" sha1="h2ckjxellenhl47ysy9uk3kjilkuz8w" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book.
::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason.
::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here.
:::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::The main problem here is that the policy permits &quot;unannotated texts&quot; even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>h2ckjxellenhl47ysy9uk3kjilkuz8w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633160</id>
      <parentid>4633159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T17:37:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omphalographer</username>
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      <text bytes="41335" sha1="by3at84ebyqp9n717aeku77xj6t8fbm" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book.
::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason.
::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here.
:::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::The main problem here is that the policy permits &quot;unannotated texts&quot; even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>by3at84ebyqp9n717aeku77xj6t8fbm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633162</id>
      <parentid>4633160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T17:43:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduce speedy deletion criteria? */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4633162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41988" sha1="cnl0y89iebaoprilzol185j4rxbv1ur" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book.
::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason.
::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::I added &quot;Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version.&quot; to G5. For advertising you said &quot;Wikibooks does get some spam page creations&quot;, but we already have &quot;Spam and vandalism&quot; for G1. In G1, I removed &quot;abandoned content&quot; and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here.
:::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::The main problem here is that the policy permits &quot;unannotated texts&quot; even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="37803" sha1="murexamzdourk5z1qc9crkuhpp52i2c" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget ==

Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC)
:: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
: Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC)

== [[Using Wikibooks]] ==

I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues:
* Confusion of the book with official project policy
* Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not
The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
: How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC)
::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons.
:::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it?
:::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find.
:::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
: I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:That is an &quot;official&quot; book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

== Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

{{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years.

Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

== Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs ==

I would like to propose the following below:
=== Proposal 1 ===
&lt;s&gt;We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).&lt;/s&gt;
=== Proposal 2 ===
Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion.
=== In conclusion... ===
Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC)

:1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. 
:2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:My thoughts below:
:# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests.
:# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy?
:—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC)
:Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC)
:I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC)

== Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces ==

{{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}}
See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. 

===Proposal===
Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces:
* Main
* User
* Help
* Category
* Cookbook
* Wikijunior
I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces:
* Wikibooks
* Transwiki

===Reasoning===
I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well.

The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool.

The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible.

—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC)

=== Discussion ===

Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC)

:Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]].
:Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots ==

Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots.
* For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month?
* For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise.
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay.
::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC)
::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC)

== Create a &quot;file&quot; that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? ==

I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... 

If there was a Wikibook &quot;file&quot; that contained all the templates and &quot;parts&quot; that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example.  

One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time.
{{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}}

== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book.
::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason.
::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::I added &quot;Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version.&quot; to G5. For advertising you said &quot;Wikibooks does get some spam page creations&quot;, but we already have &quot;Spam and vandalism&quot; for G1. In G1, I removed &quot;abandoned content&quot; and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here.
:::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::The main problem here is that the policy permits &quot;unannotated texts&quot; even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>murexamzdourk5z1qc9crkuhpp52i2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World History/The Cold War</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633154</id>
      <parentid>4358313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T17:11:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LordMahu</username>
        <id>3552371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Expanded the section with detailed information on the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and the formation of NATO.</comment>
      <origin>4633154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3770" sha1="5xbfnhoft51y1ewe7keru6wnuwx9msj" xml:space="preserve">The Cold War was a direct result of the aftermath of World War II; which involved the rise of two major superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States. Although the Cold War did not yield any direct fighting between the two nations, it lasted almost half a century and involved numerous proxy conflicts. The Cold War was also a time of tight tensions in the global network, which was primarily due to the fact that both superpowers were in possession of nuclear weapons, which could devastate the entire world. The Cold War would ultimately determine the future of the global network post World War II.

{{BookCat}}

== Formation of Blocs and Ideological Polarization (1945-1949) ==
Following the conclusion of World War II, the &quot;Grand Alliance&quot; formed against Nazi Germany rapidly began to dissolve. The disappearance of a common enemy brought deep-seated ideological, economic, and geopolitical differences between the United States (USA) and the Soviet Union (USSR) to the forefront.

=== The Iron Curtain and the Dawn of Bipolarity ===
In 1946, Winston Churchill’s famous &quot;Iron Curtain&quot; speech in Missouri served as the first formal declaration of the political and physical division of Europe. During this period, Eastern European nations (Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) progressively fell under Soviet influence, creating a buffer zone for the USSR.

=== The Truman Doctrine and Containment (1947) ===
President Harry Truman’s declaration in 1947 became the cornerstone of American foreign policy, aimed at preventing the spread of communism, a strategy known as '''Containment'''.

* '''Strategic Aid:''' The US provided $400 million in military and economic assistance to Greece and Turkey to ensure they remained within the Western sphere of influence.
* '''Global Engagement:''' This move marked the end of American isolationism, as the US took on a leading role in European and Middle Eastern affairs.

=== Economic Rivalry: Marshall Plan vs. Molotov Plan ===
The two superpowers utilized economic aid packages to solidify their influence over a war-torn Europe:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Feature
!Western Bloc (Marshall Plan)
!Eastern Bloc (Molotov Plan / COMECON)
|-
|'''Objective'''
|To revitalize European economies and diminish the appeal of communism.
|To strengthen ties among Eastern Bloc states and prevent Western economic penetration.
|-
|'''Method'''
|$13 billion in grants and credits for reconstruction.
|Bilateral trade agreements and centralized economic coordination.
|-
|'''Date'''
|1948
|1949
|}

=== The Berlin Blockade and the First Major Crisis (1948-1949) ===
The first significant confrontation of the Cold War occurred in Berlin. Following the introduction of the Deutsche Mark by Western powers, the USSR severed all land and rail links to West Berlin.

* '''The Berlin Airlift:''' For 11 months, Western allies supplied the city by air in one of history's greatest logistical feats.
* '''Outcome:''' Germany was officially divided into two states: the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the East.

=== Birth of Military Alliances: NATO ===
The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 established '''NATO'''. This alliance introduced the principle of collective defense (Article 5), stating that an attack against one member is an attack against all. The Eastern Bloc would later respond by establishing the '''Warsaw Pact''' in 1955.

=== References ===

* '''Gaddis, J. L.''' (2005). ''The Cold War: New History''. Penguin Books.
* '''Westad, O. A.''' (2017). ''The Cold War: A World History''. Basic Books.
* '''Hobsbawm, E.''' (1994). ''The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991''. Michael Joseph.

[[cs:Světové dějiny/Studená válka]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633156</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-29T17:16:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/LordMahu|LordMahu]]) and restored revision 4358313 by Mbrickn - likely LLM genarated</comment>
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      <text bytes="662" sha1="44jxv7n75zm876ytok7cgn6dqlna1p9" xml:space="preserve">The Cold War was a direct result of the aftermath of World War II; which involved the rise of two major superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States. Although the Cold War did not yield any direct fighting between the two nations, it lasted almost half a century and involved numerous proxy conflicts. The Cold War was also a time of tight tensions in the global network, which was primarily due to the fact that both superpowers were in possession of nuclear weapons, which could devastate the entire world. The Cold War would ultimately determine the future of the global network post World War II.

{{BookCat}}

[[cs:Světové dějiny/Studená válka]]</text>
      <sha1>44jxv7n75zm876ytok7cgn6dqlna1p9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Phosphorus</title>
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      <text bytes="2738" sha1="tj183m0zhk5x6lfcpj26rdxcqemd08x" xml:space="preserve">Phosphorus is the fifteenth element in the [[A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Periodic table|periodic table]].  The phosphorus nucleus therefore contains fifteen protons.

== Isotopes ==
Only phosphorus-31, &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P, is stable, so all naturally-occurring phosphorus is this isotope, which contains 16 neutrons. The &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P nucleus is NMR-active, and &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P NMR is widely used in chemistry.

&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;P is radioactive and emits beta particles; it is used in biological experiments.

== Electron configuration ==
The electron configuration of the neutral phosphorus atom, H, in the gas phase is

&lt;math&gt;1\mbox{s}^2 2\mbox{s}^2 2\mbox{p}^6 3\mbox{s}^2 3\mbox{p}^3 \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

which is more concisely written as

&lt;math&gt;[\mbox{Ne}] 3\mbox{s}^2 3\mbox{p}^3 \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

This simplifies to 2.8.5 in GCSE-style electron shell notation.

== Allotropes ==
In its standard elemental state, phosphorus is known to exist in several infinite covalent network structures. The most important allotropes of P are:

* White phosphorus: contains discrete P&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; tetrahedra (these also exist in liquid P)
* Black phosphorus: sheets of phosphorus atoms stacked on top of each other - each sheet is puckered
* Red phosphorus: amorphous, like glass

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Black-phosphorus-sheet-A-3D-balls.png|ball-and-stick model of a sheet of P atoms in black phosphorus
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Compounds ==
Phosphorus forms compounds with most elements in the periodic table. Due to its larger size, phosphorus is much worse at forming double bonds than nitrogen is, so it mostly forms single bonds. One key exception is the very strong P=O bond is phosphoric acid.

=== Phosphates ===
Salts of phosphoric acid, contain the phosphate ion, PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;.

* sodium phosphate, Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
* magnesium phosphate, Mg&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
* aluminium phosphate, AlPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;

=== Phosphides ===
In compounds with very electropositive elements, as in sodium phosphide, Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;P, phosphorus can exist as the phosphide ion, P&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;. P&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt; does not exist in solution because it is exceptionally reactive. For example, if you try to dissolve Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;P in water, the following reaction occurs:

:Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;P + 3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) → PH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + 3NaOH(aq)

In compounds with elements whose electronegativity is similar to or greater than phosphorus, such as phosphorus trifluoride, PF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, phosphorus is covalently bonded to the other element.

=== Organophosphorus compounds ===
* Phosphines: phosphorus analogues of amines
* Organophosphates: esters of phosphoric acid
* Organophosphites: esters of phosphorous acid

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    <title>Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Non-Nutrient Chemicals</title>
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      <comment>Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-21646-85|~2026-21646-85]]) and restored revision 4354056 by R. Henrik Nilsson: Unexplained word removal.</comment>
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Back to Previous Chapter: [[Metabolomics/Databases| Databases]]&lt;br&gt;
Next chapter:[[Metabolomics/Contributors| Contributors ]]&lt;br&gt;
First Category: [[Metabolomics/Applications/Disease Research| Disease Research]]&lt;br&gt;
Go to:[[Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Animal_Models| Animal Models]]&lt;br&gt;
Go back to:[[Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Large_Bowel_Metabolites| Large Bowel Metabolites]]&lt;br&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''Non-Nutrient Chemicals'''&lt;/big&gt;

----


== Introduction to Non-Nutrient Chemicals ==
A nutrient is defined as a substance that an organism must obtain from its surroundings for growth characterization that was used for food components that could be measured were just labeled nutrients.  But if they were not nutrients, they could still be neatly classified as anti-nutrients, toxicants, or just interesting non-nutrients. Of course, components are not so simply characterized these days.   

Currently non-nutrient chemicals are substances that are found in food that could potentially affect human health but are not identified as nutrients. Non- nutrients can be found in food as texture and food physico-chemistry, color, taste or smell.  It is important to have an understanding that the chemical components of each  non nutrient determines it physical properties.  It is these different characteristics that really determine any possible effects they may have on human health.

Studies investigating several commonly consumed non-nutrient chemicals have shown that dietary consumption of particular chemicals can aid in the prevention of common metabolic disease states, such as obesity and diabetes.  Dietary isoflavones and catechins can serve as inhibitors of intestinal absorption of free radicals and excess lipid buildup.  Isoflavones are extensively present in Asian diets, and there is also a greater consumption of catechins (found in green tea) in the Asian population.  The Asian population also has a smaller rate of cardiovascular disease, which may be connected with consumption of the aforementioned chemicals.  

Nutritional supplements such as glucosamine and melatonin have been found to improve injury recovery and sleep cycle disorders, respectively.  Both substances are naturally occurring in the body, but may be present in larger quantities with few adverse effects. Other studies use the effect of high fat diets on mice to watch for genomic biomarkers that indicate susceptibility to insulin resistance, obesity, and other cardiovascular risk factors.  While most of the studies are inconclusive as to the extent of these benefits, there is a strong positive correlation between regular consumption of anti-oxidants and reduced risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

==Article Sources==

==The bioavailability of non-nutrient plant factors: dietary flavonoids and phyto-oestrogens ==

	One of the best-studied non-nutrient chemicals is quercetin, a flavonoid that is a member of the flavonol subgroup.  Quercetin is not vital to human health, but has been shown to affect it, qualifying it as a non-nutrient chemical (NNC). Quercetin has been shown to exist in significant quantities in many common foods, including onions, French beans, apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, wine, and tea, both green and black. 
	To get an idea of how significantly quercetin affects human metabolism, its bioavailability was measured. Unsupplemented test subjects were found to have quercetin concentrations in a range of 0.5-1.6 µM in their plasma. Further testing was conducted to determine the degree to which the quercetin was metabolized. This lead to the discovery that quercetin is extensively metabolized by humans; less than 1.5% of ingested quercetin excreted in urine had an intact flavonoid structure. 
	The fact that human plasma contains quercetin begs the question, “How does quercetin affect humans?” The Zutphen Elderly Study has shown that quercetin intake is significantly inversely associated with coronary heart disease. This study also provided evidence that flavonoids may protect against stroke.  The study found that dietary intake of flavonoid was inversely associated with stroke incidence.
	Flavonoids have long been known for their antioxidant properties, and so it not surprising that researchers suspect that this may be the cause for its health benefits. Oxidative damage to LDL is considered to be an important stage in the development of atherosclerosis.  Knowing this, researchers examined quercetin’s ability to inhibit the in vitro oxidative modification of LDL, and found that the concentration of quercetin found in plasma (0.2 µM) is capable of inhibiting this effect by up to 50%. Further research is underway to find out if this process is actually occurring in humans


Quercetin:
  
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Quercetin.png

New Terms
;Bioavailability: The degree to which or rate at which a drug or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the site of physiological activity after administration. (Dictionary.com)
;Flavonoid: The term flavonoid (or bioflavonoid) refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites, known for their antioxidant activity.  (Wikipedia.org)
 
Citation:

Wiseman, Helen. &quot;The bioavailability of non-nutrient plant factors: dietary flavonoids and phyto-oestrogens.&quot; Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58.01 (1999): 139-146. 12 Feb. 2009 &lt;http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPNS%2FPNS58_01%2FS002966519900021Xa.pdf&amp;code=0cf9d3502db30778a467b20ce538f628&gt;.

==Effects of metabolites of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol on osteoblastic differentiation of MG-63 cells. ==
Metabolites made by certain plant derivatives have been studied for the effects they could potentially have in aiding human health.  Lignans are chemicals groups readily found in plants, they are converted into phytoestrogens by microorganism found in your intestines.  Due to the fact that lignans are a not essential to maintain the human health, but are shown to be able to affect it they are classified as non-nutrient chemicals.  
The most commonly studied phytoestrogens are those derived from isoflavones, meanwhile the lignan phytoestrogens are recently being noticed.  Lignans are being looked at because of the role they could potentially play in Osteoporosis.  Specifically plant-derived lignans are converted into enterolactone and enterodiol in the colon.  Osteoblasts play an important role in the bones; their differentiation affects the strength and rigidity of the bones. 
This study wanted to determine the effects enterolactone and enterodiol had on the development of osteoblasts.  To assay any affect these lignan phytoestrogens had on osteoblasts scientists needed to find a human like osteoblast cell line (MG-63).   The cell line was grown in the presence of enterolactone and enterodiol in order to test the effects of the phytoestrogens on cell viability, alkaline phosphotase (ALP) activity, transcriptional level of osteonectin, and collagen I.  The study determined that enterolactone and enterodiol had biphasic effects on the cells.  This means that at low dosages the phytoestrogens acted as stimulators but at high dosages they completely inhibited any activity.  Further research is being done to determine any potential anti-tumor effects phytoestrogens might have. 

[[File:Enterodiol and Enterlactone.svg|thumb|right|200px|Chemical structure of Enterolactone and Enterodiol]]

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enterodiol_and_Enterlactone.svg

New Terms

Biphasic:  having two phases (Merriam-Webster.com)

Phytoestrogens: a diverse group of naturally occurring non-steroidal plant compounds that, because of their structural similarity with estradiol (17β-estradiol), have the ability to cause estrogenic or/and antiestrogenic effects (Wikipedia.org)


Citations: 
·	Jie Feng, Zhongli Shi and Zhaoming Ye, “Effects of Metabolites of the Lignans Enterolactone and Enterodiol on Osteoblastic Differentiation of MG-63 Cells”, Biol. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 31, 1067-1070 (2008) .J-STAGE [Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator,Electronic] E-Journal. 19 Jan. 2008. 10 Feb. 2009 &lt;http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/31/6/31_1067/_article&gt;.

·	&quot;biphasic.&quot; Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 10 February 2009 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biphasic

==First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats==

Morando Soffritti, Fiorella Belpoggi, Davide Degli Esposti, Luca Lambertini, Eva Tibaldi, and Anna Rigano

Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1392232


Main Focus:
	
	This article is a scientific research study that is examining the carcinogenic effects of Aspartame, a common artificial sweetener, when administered to healthy Sprague-Dawley Rats.  This research highlights the potential effects of non-nutrient synthetic chemicals can have on mammalian cells. 

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aspartame_structure.png 

Key Terms:

Aspartame (AMP) is a widely used artificial sweetener used in place of sucrose in soft drinks. It is currently the second most commonly used artificial sweetener used. 

Histopathology is the study and examination of biological tissues for diseases. 

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that infects the Lymphocyte population of the immune system. (http://www.emedicinehealth.com/lymphoma/article_em.htm)

Leukemia is a malignant cancer of the bone marrow and blood. It is characterized by the uncontrolled accumulation of blood cells and proliferation. (http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=7026)
Necropsy is a term analogous to autopsy, or postmortem examination. (http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4513)

Summary:

	This laboratory research examines the effects of synthetic non-nutrient chemicals that may be absorbed in the human diet. Aspartame, as a widely used artificial sweetener, is often found in a variety of soft drinks and other beverages in place of natural sucrose. Because the metabolic effects of aspartame and other artificial compounds are not completely understood, there is always a possibility for undesirable effects. 
	In this particular study, researchers examined the toxicity and carcinogenicity in a mammalian system of Sprague-Dawley Rats. Researchers examined the long term effects of frequent bioassay of aspartame in various concentrations, over life span. Rats were fed with aspartame supplemented water, until death, rodents then underwent complete necrocropsy for examination of cancers. 

	As results of this study, the researchers found an increased incidence of malignant tumors and myelomas. Researchers found a high incidence of lymphomas and leukemia in female rats, which they concluded due to the direct metabolite of aspartame, formaldehyde which is the same metabolite that occurs in human metabolism of aspartame. 
	
	In conclusion the researchers responsible for this study found Aspartame to have high potential for multiple types of cancers, even at low daily doses. It is predicted that the results of this study could in fact be a large predictor as to the potential carcinogenic effects of aspartame in humans.

==Website Sources==

==Non-Nutrient Food Functions==

http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/MarkWpapers/BookChapters/B081x.pdf

The functions of non-nutrients found in food as texture, food physico-chemistry, color, taste or smell.   For the same chemical composition food may have a completely different physico-chemical property. To some extent the ability of food to assume such different characteristics depends on the presence of certain components, like dietary fiber, its amount and type could change the texture of a certain food.   
Although the color of foods is usually just written off as insignificant, it might also have biological effect on humans other than making food look more attractive.  Substances such as lycopene, which is responsible for giving tomato its brilliant color has been ignored because it is not a Vitamin A precursor even though it’s a caratenoid.  Except recently they have linked lycopene with being a powerful antioxidant, which can prevent tissue damage done by oxygen radicals. 
For taste or smell coffee is a good example of to the level of which a collection of volatile substances can form during roasting. Fufuryl and pyrrole type compounds form the aroma that is released from roasting coffee.  It is of high interest to know that if these compounds are in the coffee drink itself or just simply the aroma that is released, there are compounds that could be opiate receptor ligands.  It is also known there are lipid- rich coffee fractions other than caffeine, which could elevate LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in humans. 
A table of non nutrients of physiological importance defined chemically as well as a table with the physiological effects these non-nutrients would have within a system.

New Terms

;Physico-chemistry (physical chemistry): The natural science dealing with the relationship between chemical and physical properties of matter. 
(http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Physicochemistry)
;pharmacology: the study of drug action (Wikipedia.org)

Course Relevance
This is relevant to the course because it is important to understand that the chemical composition of a certain chemical can affect the way it works during a metabolic process. 

Relevance to Articles
Talks about the phytochemicals that are extensively found in many food sources and are usually have antioxidative properties. 


==Non- Nutrients==
http://www.solae.com/soybasics/nutritionbasics/necessarynutrients/nonnutrients.jsp

Main Focus: 

The main purpose of this source is to identify the different types of Non- nutrients that could be found in an individuals diet.  The substances listed on this source are the supplements found in food that affect human health but are not classified as necessary nutrients. 

Summary: 

This website describes the functions, dietary allowance, toxicity and common food source of fiber, choline and phytochemicals.  Fiber is any indigestible complex carbohydrate that is usually found in fruits, oat, legumes and barley.  There is no recommended allowance of fiber and an individual cannot suffer from fiber deficiency.  Fiber is not toxic but eating a diet high in fiber could lead to intestinal discomfort from excessive gas formation.  
Choline is made within the human body from the amino acid methionine, but some is ingested through diet.  It is involved  in the synthesis of neurotransmitters acetylcholine, and lecithin.  Even though choline is not considered a nutrient an adequate amount of it should be made in the body in order for neurons to function properly.  The website has a chart which indicates the amounts that should be ingested depending on age of the individual.  High doses of choline could lead to low blood pressure and mild liver damage.  Choline is usually found  in dairy products, soybeans,  broccoli and other sources. 
Phytochemicals’ effects on human health are still being studied but many of the different chemicals and their sources are listed on a table in the website. 

New Terms 

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. (Wikipedia.org) 

diverticulum (plural: diverticula) is medical or biological term for an out pouching of a hollow (or a fluid filled) structure in the body. (Wikipedia.org)

Course Relevance

This is applicable to the class because it discusses the different  non essential substances found in food that could potentially affect human metabolic processes. 

Relevance to Articles

It explains in details the different non-nutrients that can be present in a persons diet. It also talks about the amounts that a person can take without it having adverse effects on their health.

==Food Additives== 
 http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm

Main Focus:
	The main purpose of this website is to educate people about common chemicals and additives used during food processing and manufacturing. Created by The Center for Science in The Public Interest, this website does an excellent job in presenting health information of some of these popular chemicals in a coherent and easy to understand manner.  This includes lists of compounds that are safe for consumption as well as including information on chemical compounds that people should watch for or abstain from. 

Key Terms:
Chelating Agents are chemicals used to prevent the binding of metal ions. These are used in the food manufacturing process to prevent metal-catalyzed oxidative breakdown; used to preserve flavor, freshness, and color. (http://www.dow.com/versene/app/food/)
An Emulsifier is a chemical used to bind or mix two immiscible fluids, such as water and oil.  
A Thickening Agent is a chemical used to increase viscosity in liquid compounds, often used in cooking to add texture and stabilize mixture. 
An Artificial Sweetener is a chemical additive that alone supplies no taste but once combined with certain foods produces a desirable taste.

Summary:	
	This website is arranged in a large table format, displaying nearly 100 different natural and synthetic compounds used in food process and manufacturing.  Utilizing icons and a table format, this user-friendly site enables readers to easily access potentially harmful chemical additives with ease of access. This website advises readers to whether a compound is safe, cautious, harmful or even banned for consumption in a diet. 
	This list describes many synthetic non-nutrient compounds that are found in food as well as some naturally derived. This list is predominately non-nutrient compounds that are added to foods that supply either taste or manufacturing benefits through their use. 

Course Relevance

It is relevant to the course because it helps identify how the certain chemical properties of a substance can affect human health.

Relevance to the Articles

It talks about food artificial sweetener, which is what one of the articles is about.

==Key Piece to Prostate Cancer Puzzle Found==
	The study of non-nutrient chemicals (NNCs) is a new technique in the world of research.  The number of chemicals found in food that are not vital to human health far outnumber the number of compounds that are. Furthermore, the evidence that these NNCs affect human health is proliferating. It is not surprising then to find that more and more research is being aimed at understanding these NNCs, and how exactly each of them affects human health.
	Using these new techniques, scientists from the University of Michigan have found that the level of sarcosine, an amino acid derivative, in the urine of prostate cancer patients is an indicator of the type of tumor that patient is inflicted with. Research has shown that benign cancer cells, when exposed to sarcosine, become aggressive and multiply rapidly. Furthermore, it has been shown that if aggressive cancer cells are deprived of sarcosine, inhibition of replication resulted.
	This finding is among the first to result from the new field of metabolomics. Already it has been found that there are at least ten metabolites present in cancerous prostate cells that are not found in healthy prostate cells.  Expanding our knowledge of NNCs and their affect on the many varieties of tissue found in humans seems to be a promising way to expand our knowledge of human health.  Though a long way off, scientists hope to be able to monitor metabolite content in human tissue and interpret how these levels affect health.

New Terms
;Sarcosine: The N-methyl derivative of glycine. It is naturally found in muscles as well as other body tissue. (Wikipedia.org)
 
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Sarcosine.png

Citation:
DeNoon, Daniel J., and Louise Chang. &quot;Key Piece to Prostate Cancer Puzzle Found: 
     Finding Promises New Tests, Treatments for Prostate Cancer.&quot; Rev. of . 
     WebMD Health News. Feb. 2009. 12 Feb. 2009 &lt;http://www.webmd.com/ 
     prostate-cancer/news/20090211/key-piece-to-prostate-cancer-puzzle-found&gt;.

==Green Tea as Inhibitor of Intestinal Absorption of Lipids: Potential Mechanism for its Lipid Lowering Effect ==
:http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1852441&amp;tool=pmcentrez

=== Main Focus ===
:This paper describes how catechins in green tea inhibit absorption of lipids in the intestine.

=== New Terms ===
;Epigallocatechin gallate: the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid and a type of catechin, and an antioxidant (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate)

;Emulsion: a mixture of two or more immiscible (unblendable) liquids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifier)

;Catechin: polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolites, belonging to the flavonoid family (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechins)

;Chylomicrons: large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylomicron)

;Antioxidant: a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation (electron transfer) of other molecules.  Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which can damage cells.  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylomicron)

=== General Overview ===

:Green tea has long been suggested as a health drink due to its anti-oxidant properties.  Studies now show that green tea catechins minimize the absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and other lipids.  This is because one of the major catechins present in green tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), inhibits intestinal absorption.  It is likely that catechins from green tea could be used in the future to treat those at risk of cardiovascular diseases.

:Studies have shown an inverse risk between hypertension and green tea consumption.  It is debatable whether this reduced risk is due to LDL cholesterol oxidation or the antioxidant properties of green tea, but the outcome remains the same.  The lipid lowering ability appears to be due to the poor absorption of catechins in the intestines.  Although they appear to inhibit lipid absorption, catechins are not as effective at inhibiting fat absorption, because fat absorption is dependent on the types of fat that are present.
[[Image:Vietnamese green tea.jpg‎|left|thumb|250px|Loose leaf green tea]]

 
:Catechins alter the properties of a lipid emulsion, decreasing hydrolysis of fat.  EGCG also appears to interfere with the uptake of lipids, particularly extremely hydrophobic lipids, such as cholesterol.  It does not appear to affect less hydrophobic lipids.  EGCG has been shown to precipitate cholesterol from bile salt solution, but it does not affect solubility of fatty acids.  It is theorized that catechins from green tea interact with transporters on the brush border membrane, influencing up take of cholesterol and other lipids.  This especially the case in intestinal lumen cells.  Catechins may also influence steps involved in the assembly and secretion of chylomicrons, which transport LDL and VDL cholesterols.

:Further studies will need to be conducted to determine the mechanism of catechin induced inhibition of lipid absorption, but thus far it is evident that green tea and catechins reduce the intestinal absorption of lipids.  ECCG appears to be the most adept at inhibition, due to its ability to form complexes with lipids and lypoitic enzymes, thus inhibiting absorption processes.  Also of interest for future studies would be the exploration of whether catechins interfere with non-nutrient lipophilic compounds that are naturally found in the environment. Such compounds can be toxic, and catechins provide a potential dietary means of reducing the absorption of such compounds.

=== Course Relevance===
:This demonstrates an additional treatment for individuals with high cholesterol and other health/metabolic problems that could minimize drug interactions.


==Phylometabonomic Patterns of Adaptation to High Fat Diet Feeding in Inbred Mice ==
:http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2244706

=== Main Focus ===
:This paper discusses different molecular biomarkers indicative of environmental stressors which can trigger metabolic diseases.

=== New Terms ===
;Hyperinsulinemia: presence of abnormally high concentrations of insulin in the blood (http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/insulinemia)

;Biomarkers: indicator of a particular disease state or particular state of an organism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylomicron)

;Hyperglycemia: a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia)

;Plasma: is the yellow liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma)

;Adiposity: adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Adipose tissue is derived from lipoblasts. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiposity)

=== Summary ===
:Rodent models have been invaluable in researching the phenomenon of insulin resistance and characterizing the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as diabetes and obesity.  High fat diet is used to induce these disease states in model organisms, and is used to observe the metablomic and physiological impact that results from the progression of insulin resistance and obesity.
[[Image:Fatmouse.jpg‎|right|thumb|400px|Fat mouse next to normal mouse]]

:Five different types of inbred mice were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 weeks at 5 weeks of age.  Each strain was evaluated through a series of tests to detemine HFD effect on phenotypes, insulin regulation, and glucose homeostasis.  

:The BALB/c strain was the only strain to exhibit increased food energy consumption on the HFD.  3 weeks of HFD feeding generally induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, however, in three of the strains examined (DBA/2, BALB/c, and 129S6), HFD feeding had little effect on glucose tolerance or intolerance, suggesting that those strains are insulin resistant.  Relationships between phenotypes were investigated according individual correlations. The highest correlations were between glucose tolerance data vs. insulin secretion and adiposity indices vs. plasma triglyceride levels.  Correlations between blood lipids, BMI, and insulin secretion were only found in the fat fed group.  This study demonstrated that that transgenomic efforts result strain specific changes in the abundance of metabolites processed by gut microflora, which may contribute to fatty liver predisposition, predisposition to high cholesterol levels, and are therefore directly relevant to disease susceptibility

:Integrating metabonomic-profiling data from the HFD mice and the control mice allowed for the identification of predictive biomarkers associated with specific cardiovascular disease states.  In the example used in the paper, altered metabolism of choline and lipids creates a strong susceptibility to diet induced obesity, diabetes and fatty liver diseases.  These biomarkers could serve as potential drug targets for further studies, or as potential genetic tests to predict susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases.  


=== Course Relevance ===
:This particular paper is demonstrating practical applications of systems biology to metabolic conditions.  Metabolic diseases are typically triggered by a variety of stressors (environment, diet, etc), and this paper demonstrates potential molecular markers to evaluate those most at risk for cardiovascular disease.  We evaluate some of the reasons why metabolic diseases occur and the pathways involved in the Metabolism course.

== Dietary isoflavones in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: A molecular perspective ==
:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6T6P-4P40KSN-1&amp;_user=47004&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000005018&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=47004&amp;md5=9ff7846efe0041ad5112c01696576d6f

=== Main Focus ===
:This journal article discusses research conducted on the ability of soy isoflavones to reduce factors that can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, specifically the isoflavone genistein and its effects on glutathione peroxidase and NO production.

=== Key Terms ===
;Isoflavones: a class of organic compounds, often naturally occurring, related to the flavonoids. Many act as phytoestrogens in mammals. Being polyphenols, they are antioxidants. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavone

;Genistein: an isoflavone found primarily in soy that functions as an antioxidant and interacts with estrogen receptors. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistein

;Estrogens: steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen

;Endothelium: the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium

;Andioxidant: a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant

;Radical: atoms, molecules or ions with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical

;Glutathione peroxidase: the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_peroxidase

;LDL: a type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ldl_cholesterol

;Nitric oxide (NO): an important messenger molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes within the mammalian body both beneficial and detrimental. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide

=== Summary ===
:This journal article opens with a discussion of nutrigenomics, which is a section of this Wikibook. For more information about nutrigenomics, see (link to Wikibook page).

:Isoflavones are non-nutrient plant compounds found mainly in soybeans. Isoflavone supplements are available that are derived from Chinese clover. Major forms of soy isoflavones include genistein, diadzein, and glycitein. Genistein is the most prominent isoflavone in soy-based foods and supplements. Unprocessed soybeans have an isoflavone content of approximately 1.2-4.2mg isoflavone per gram of plant material. Legumes contain a small amount of isoflavones, as well as currants and raisins. Other fruits and vegetables have very small amounts of isoflavones. [[Image:Edamame - boild green soybeans.jpg‎|right|thumb|250px|Soybean pods (Edamame)are a rich source of isoflavones]]


:Depending on how soy products are processed, isoflavone levels can vary greatly. First generation soy foods like soy flour and texturized vegetable protein contain a greater amount of isoflavones than seond generation products like tofu yogurt and tempeh burger. Heat can cause changes in the chemical forms of isoflavones. In Asia, daily isoflavone consumption is about 20-50mg, but in Western countries intakes are under 1mg per day. Westerners can take commercial isoflavone supplements to increase intake.

:Isoflavones are very similar to mammalian estrogen and bind to estrogen receptors. This binding can initiate effects similar to estrogen in the body. Isoflavones might affect estrogen receptors on different types of tissues in specific ways. For example, they might have more effect on coronary vessels than endometrium. Soy isoflavones have much lesser affinity for the receptors than mammalian estrogen, however. 

:Isoflavones also have antioxidant properties that can affect gene expression. They may also be able to suppress some tumor formation, scavenge radicals, and chelate metals. The isoflavone genistein can protect endothelial cells from damage and increase the expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase. 

:Nutrigenomic studies have been conducted on the cardiovascular effects of isoflavones. Increased isoflavones in the Asian diet may lower the incidence of cardiovascular disease in Asian populations compared with the West. Isoflavones have been proposed to reduce LDL cholesterol, modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improve vascular reactivity among other effects. Genistein may inhibit cardiovascular problems by triggering the modification of transcription of genes involved in the process. It affects the expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in vascular tone and proteins that enhance endothelial NO production. Synergistic interactions between the genes involved in NO production and vascular tone may reduce blood pressure.

=== Relevance to class material ===
: In class we discuss glutathione as well as cholesterol and cholesterol-related diseases.

== Nutrition Supplements: Vitamins, Minerals, and Non-Nutrient Supplements ==
http://www.bidmc.org/YourHealth/HolisticHealth/AlternativeTherapies.aspx?ChunkID=37436

=== Main Focus ===
This Web Site covers the basics of nutrition supplements. Links to database articles cover three specific non-nutrient supplements (isoflavones, glucosamine, and melatonin) in greater depth.

=== Key terms ===
;Megadosing: the administration of large doses of vitamins to combat conditions considered wholly or in part due to their deficiency. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Megadosing

;Isoflavone: a class of organic compounds, often naturally occurring, related to the flavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavone

;Phytoestrogen: a diverse group of naturally occurring non steroidal plant compounds that, because of their structural similarity with estradiol (17-β-estradiol), have the ability to cause estrogenic or/and antiestrogenic effects. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoestrogen

;Glucosamine: an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine

;Melatonin: a naturally occurring hormone found in most animals, including humans, and some other living organisms, including algae, which is important in the regulation of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions including sleep. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

;Pineal gland: a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland

;Irritable bowel syndrome: a blanket term for a variety of diseases causing discomfort in the gastro-intestinal tract. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome

=== Summary ===
:Vitamin and mineral supplements first became widely available for use in the 1930s. In the 1960s, “megadose” therapy became popular. Megadosing involves taking more than that needed amount of a vitamin, mineral, or non-nutritive chemical in order to produce a specific health benefit. There are certain risks and benefits involved in this practice. Also common is the practice of taking the daily value of a supplement as “nutrition insurance,” in case it is not obtained through diet. Three different non-nutritive supplements are discussed in the content of this web site: isoflavones, glucosamine, and melatonin.

:Isoflavones are water-soluble chemicals found in soy as well as other plant sources that have shown some potential anti-cancer benefits as well as reducing risk factors for heart disease. Many isoflavones are phytoestrogens—plant chemicals that have a similar effect on the body as estrogen. Isoflavones bind to estrogen receptors in the body and illicit an effect similar to estrogen but to a lesser degree. These chemicals can block “real” estrogen from taking effect by blocking the binding sites. This could potentially benefit those at risk for diseases linked to an over-production of estrogen like breast and uterine cancer. Isoflavones can reduce the overall level of real estrogen in the body by tricking it into thinking that it already has enough.

:In addition to reducing cardiovascular risk factors, isoflavones have been shown to reduce menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, and to reduce the appearance of fine wrinkles. Also, they may improve the effectiveness of in-vitro fertilization. Double blind studies looking into these proposed health benefits have had mixed results. Overall the results are inconclusive. Isoflavone supplementation is generally safe, but can alter menstrual cycle and have an impact on fetal development in high doses. The therapeutic dosage for isoflavones is considered to be 40 to 80mg daily, while the average daily dietary intake in Japan is around 28mg.

:[[Image:Walgreens_Melatonin-2010-20-07.jpg‎|left|thumb|130px|A bottled melatonin supplement available in drugstores]] Glucosamine is a substance found in gristle and the shellfish that is often used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It is produced naturally by the body to make cartilage. Glucosamine is an amino sugar derived from glucose—one oxygen atom is replaced by a nitrogen. 

:Glucosamine supplementation is used by atheletes for joint and tendon injuries and may improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in addition to its use for osteoarthritis. Glucosamine supplements are available in three different varieties: glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, and N-acetyl glucosamine. Studies suggest that all three may be equally effective. The therapeutic dosage is 500mg taken three times daily. Like isoflavones, studies are inconclusive concerning the health benefits of this supplement. Although it is generally considered not to have any adverse effects, some people may be allergic to the supplement.

:Finally, melatonin is a hormone that is often used to treat sleep disorders and interrupted sleep cycles. Melatonin is also produced naturally by the body to regulate sleep patterns. The pineal gland is stimulated to produce melatonin when it is dark. Studies have shown that melatonin is effective for travelers who suffer from jet lag and insomnia patients. Preliminary studies also suggest possible benefits for irritable bowel syndrome. Dosage of melatonin is suggested at 1 to 5mg taken half an hour before bedtime. Safety precautions should be taken because it can cause drowsiness up to two hours after taking the supplement. Due to its mechanism, it is not suggested for patients with depression, schizophrenia, or autoimmune diseases. Safe maximum dosages have not been established.

=== Relevance to the class === 
:We have studied the molecule glucose, from which glucosamine is derived. Also, we will cover hormones to some extent, which isoflavones mimic. 


=Articles for future review as Metabolism class assignments=

===[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/6/1687 Influence of acute phytochemical intake on human urinary metabolomic profiles]===

====Main Focus====
;:Identify the main focus of the resource. Possible answers include specific organisms, database design, intergration of information, but there are many more possibilities as well. 

'''Reviewer: Seana C'''

====New Terms====
;New Term 1:  Definition. (source: http://)
;New Term 2:  Definition. (source: http://)
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====Summary====
;:Enter your article summary here. Please note that the punctuation is critical at the start (and sometimes at the end) of each entry. It should be 300-500 words. What are the main points of the article? What questions were they trying to answer? Did they find a clear answer? If so, what was it? If not, what did they find or what ideas are in tension in their findings? 

====Relevance to a Traditional Metabolism Course====
;:Enter a 100-150 word description of how the material in this article connects to a traditional metabolism course. Does the article relate to particular pathways (e.g., glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, steroid synthesis, etc.) or to regulatory mechanisms, energetics, location, integration of pathways? Does it talk about new analytical approaches or ideas? Does the article show connections to the human genome project (or other genome projects)?


===[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2244706 Phylometabonomic Patterns of Adaptation to High Fat Diet Feeding in Inbred Mice]===

====Main Focus====
;:Identify the main focus of the resource. Possible answers include specific organisms, database design, intergration of information, but there are many more possibilities as well. 

'''Jordan C'''

====New Terms====
;New Term 1:  Definition. (source: http://)
;New Term 2:  Definition. (source: http://)
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====Summary====
;:Enter your article summary here. Please note that the punctuation is critical at the start (and sometimes at the end) of each entry. It should be 300-500 words. What are the main points of the article? What questions were they trying to answer? Did they find a clear answer? If so, what was it? If not, what did they find or what ideas are in tension in their findings?

====Relevance to a Traditional Metabolism Course====
;:Enter a 100-150 word description of how the material in this article connects to a traditional metabolism course. Does the article relate to particular pathways (e.g., glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, steroid synthesis, etc.) or to regulatory mechanisms, energetics, location, integration of pathways? Does it talk about new analytical approaches or ideas? Does the article show connections to the human genome project (or other genome projects)?

===[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1852441&amp;tool=pmcentrez Green Tea as Inhibitor of the Intestinal Absorption of Lipids: Potential Mechanism for its Lipid-Lowering Effect]===

====Main Focus====
;:Identify the main focus of the resource. Possible answers include specific organisms, database design, intergration of information, but there are many more possibilities as well. 

====New Terms====
;New Term 1:  Definition. (source: http://)
;New Term 2:  Definition. (source: http://)
;New Term 3:  Definition. (source: http://)
;New Term 4:  Definition. (source: http://)
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;New Term 8:  Definition. (source: http://)
;New Term 9:  Definition. (source: http://)
;New Term 10:  Definition. (source: http://)

====Summary====
;:Enter your article summary here. Please note that the punctuation is critical at the start (and sometimes at the end) of each entry. It should be 300-500 words. What are the main points of the article? What questions were they trying to answer? Did they find a clear answer? If so, what was it? If not, what did they find or what ideas are in tension in their findings? 

====Relevance to a Traditional Metabolism Course====
;:Enter a 100-150 word description of how the material in this article connects to a traditional metabolism course. Does the article relate to particular pathways (e.g., glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, steroid synthesis, etc.) or to regulatory mechanisms, energetics, location, integration of pathways? Does it talk about new analytical approaches or ideas? Does the article show connections to the human genome project (or other genome projects)?

=Websites for future review as Metabolism class assignments=

[http://www.bidmc.org/YourHealth/HolisticHealth/AlternativeTherapies.aspx?ChunkID=37436 Nutrition Supplements: Vitamins, Minerals, and Non-Nutrient Supplements]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>A Guidebook for Managing Telecentre Networks/Introduction</title>
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      <text bytes="41536" sha1="4b4b2cio6pguxjsdx3zbzh98ez66wie" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction: A new publication about Telecentre Networks ==

{{center|1='''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt; Manuel Acevedo Ruiz&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''}}

Community telecentres, or simply ‘telecentres’ as they are widely known, have existed since the mid-1980s in Scandinavia, Canada and the United States – for almost as long as the internet has been available to the general public. They became more widespread in the late 1990s with their deployment in developing countries, as the strategic importance for human development of universal access to information and communication services became more accepted by policy-makers around the world. In 1997, the United Nations called for universal access to ICT services:

{{cquote|

We have concluded that the introduction and use of ICT and information management must become an integral element of the priority efforts by

the United Nations system to promote and secure sustainable human development for all; hence our decision to embrace the objective of establishing universal access to basic communication and information services for all (UN Administrative and Coordinating Committee). }}

In many countries in the world, the only viable way to reach universal access for the time being and in the mid-future is though shared access, particularly for people who are impoverished. As C.K. Prahalad notes:&lt;ref&gt;C.K. Prahalad has become well known for his ideas about extending empowerment and consumption to poor individuals at the ‘Bottom of the Pyramid’, a term made popular in his book “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits” (2006, Wharton School Publishing).&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cquote|

The search for a solution to this problem has focused on different forms of shared access, in which public computers are made available in

supportive environments, usually with the user paying only for the amount of time he or she uses it. The actual models under which this

approach is organized are as diverse as the bottom of the pyramid itself, but for the sake of simplicity, it is called telecentres (in Fillip &amp; Foote, p. i).

}}

Since the mid-2000s a new player for universal access has arrived on the scene: the mobile phone. And it is the only imaginable digital device connectable to the internet that can bring universal ICT access in the foreseeable future (individually or even at the family level). Yet, while their capabilities are growing by leaps and bounds, mobile phones still present significant limitations (small screens, restricted inputs, high costs for connectivity, etc.).

This points to a different, more integral understanding of the meaning of universal access. Just as the concept of ‘digital divide’ evolved from being strictly related to infrastructure to one combining infrastructure, capacity and content (Acevedo, 2005), we can talk of ‘effective universal access’ which isn’t just about devices; but rather integrates devices, goods, services and context to allow people to make effective use of ICTs. Telecentres continue to play a key role in allowing greater levels of connectivity, becoming even more important as the diversity and complexity of ICT goods and services grows. Telecentres help constituencies to gain ICT capacity, to find relevant content, to make use of a growing range of services and to connect with other users (across towns or across the world), all within the ‘supportive environment’ outlined earlier by Prahalad. Therefore, as telecentres are shifting to becoming community resources for human development, reaching beyond their initial recognition as technology access points, they will be increasingly recognized as fundamental actors in spreading the benefits and opportunities of ICT use.&lt;ref&gt;In fact, more advanced definitions of digital divide refer to the inequity in access to the benefits and opportunities make possible through ICTs.&lt;/ref&gt;

Once the first telecentres were launched in a given country, particularly in developing nations during the mid-to-late 1990s,&lt;ref&gt;The first telecentres were often launched with the support of international cooperation agencies, in the context of ICT for Development programs.&lt;/ref&gt; some practitioners and policy makers turned their attention to how to bring those telecentres together so they could share experiences, information, training materials, etc. Low performance caused many ‘early casualties’ among the first waves of telecentres. Telecentre networking became an important issue, at least on paper, even before large national scaling-up of telecentres started. But it wasn’t easy and it would take time.

Up until a few years ago, most telecentres were fairly isolated from one another. Even national initiatives that were born with the intention of being networked, such as in Jordan starting in 2000, essentially functioned as individual telecentres which only shared program managers and funding. Even discussions among national telecentre associations (mostly in Latin America) in December 2001 on the eve of a Global Citizens Networks Congress in Buenos Aires did not lead to any significant results or advances. However, this event probably did help to pave the way towards more extensive networking, a way that was significantly facilitated by the strings of meetings and contacts made possible by the process of the World Summit on the Information Society (2003–2005). It was really with the start of the

telecentre.org initiative (starting in 2006) that significant advances in telecentre networking were realized, via an open, organized and deliberate effort that was global in scope and reach.

=== How do we recognize a telecentre network when we see one? ===

Is it possible to provide a unified definition of a telecentre network (TCN)? Perhaps, but since the nature of this publication is more practical than academic, we prefer to characterize telecentre networks through the attributes that commonly appear. After all, telecentre networks can vary significantly from country to country: sometimes they are informal arrangements, linking a few dozens of telecentres, while others are highly structured national programs that include hundreds of individual telecentres.

Meddie Mayanja, from the telecentre.org program initiative, provides a description of some of the key attributes of a telecentre network:

* An '''alliance of practitioners''' (who believe in the power of working together to learn and find solutions for their problems);
* '''A forum for exchange''' of ideas and experiences; and
* A '''platform for actio'''n to increase social and economic impact of grassroots telecentres (Mayanja, 2008).

In addition, we could say that a telecentre network fosters the collaboration of telecentres, helps to represent them and channels their voices, also serving as a dynamic repository of resources for its member telecentres. More broadly, networks strengthen the entire telecentre ecosystem — acting as connection points between key players and sustaining relationships between activists, researchers, and development partners.&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.telecentre.org/notes/Network_support www.telecentre.org/notes/Network_support] for more information.&lt;/ref&gt;

Some network parameters, applied to telecentre networks can help to characterize them, include the following characteristics:

*  '''Size:''' Networks can consist of up to 100 nodes, 100 – 500, over 500;
*  '''Regional coverage:''' Can be local, state/provincial, national, regional, global;
*  '''Maturity:''' Can describe stages from ‘infancy’ (up to 2 years),‘adolescence’ (2-4 yrs), and ‘adulthood’ (after 5 yrs)&lt;ref&gt;The process of maturity may also include a period of decline, as observed in many networks. However, instead of leading to the ‘death’ of a network, this stage may often lead to transformation, critical re-shaping or inclusion into a larger network.&lt;/ref&gt;
*  '''Institutionality:''' Can range from formal to semi-formal to informal.

Most telecentre network practitioners will find their network’s characteristics  among the attributes mentioned. Other network characteristics and behaviours are described in more depth in Chapter 10.

=== But what exactly do you mean by a 'network'?  ===
Networks are currently fashionable. Everyone is in a network (or sometimes in many), and all sorts of organizations describe themselves as ‘networked’. We may even take networks for granted, given their ubiquity. But as it happens with other all-too important concepts, such as ‘quality’ or ‘excellence’, the concept ends up devoid of meaning. As Kilduff and Tsai (2008) note:

{{cquote|

''Sometimes it appears that the network paradigm is in danger of becoming a victim of its own success – invoked by practically every organizational researcher, included in almost every analysis, and yet strangely absent as a distinctive set of ideas (p. 9).''

}}

It is thus appropriate to briefly pause in order to convey a common understanding of the concept of a network, without going into theoretical vagaries. If we are going to talk, analyze and make decisions about networks,t is worth thinking about what it actually means, even while recognizing that there are numerous interpretations of what a network entails. At its most basic level, a network can be understood as set of connected nodes. The nodes interact via some type of connection or channel: it could be an electronic link, or a ‘physical’ chat while having tea. Each node and connection can exhibit different characteristics. For example, nodes may vary in terms of

responsibility or influence, while connections may differ in intensity or in terms of the transactions they allow.&lt;ref&gt;There are many ways to characterize nodes and connections, such as indicated in Anheir &amp; Katz (2005, 2006).&lt;/ref&gt;

The ‘'''connected'''’ attribute is fundamental. A network exists as long as there is interaction among its nodes, be they persons, units or organizations. The interaction can take various forms: information sharing, transactions, projects, campaigns, etc. Just like a bicycle needs constant movement to stay upright, so does a set of nodes need to be actively connected in order to constitute a network. In other words, some nodes in a network will be acting together at any given time. Otherwise they simply make up what we can generally call a ‘group’, for reasons of identity, interests or affinities. We can express this as a simple formula: '''Network = Group + Joint Activities'''.

Networks do not particularly need a centre, though they often have one or more sets of concentrated nodes that can be called ‘hubs’. In comparison with more traditional or hierarchical organization structures, networks tend to be more flexible and modulable. They may also be more efficient, such as for the distribution of information.

As will be mentioned in the final chapter, there are various ways to describe or characterize networks, with associated techniques to analyze them. For now, it is helpful to distinguish between '''social networks''' (those between individuals) and organizational networks (those between or within entities, the latter when they are large). '''Organizational networks''' typically have one or more explicit purposes, while social networks chiefly serve to communicate between people. Additionally, an organizational network displays a productive nature; it produces something concrete (making it more than a set of contacts). Telecentre networks can, for these reasons, be described as organizational networks.

==== Telecentre networks, ecosystems, or what...? ====
For practical purposes, it is worthwhile to extend the view of a telecentre network to that of a telecentre ecosystem, a term coined by telecentre.org in 2006. A telecentre ecosystem recognizes actors both within and outside the telecentre network, as Figure 1.1 illustrates below.

&lt;!-- ------------- figure 1.1 ------------ --&gt;
[[File:Figure 4.1 Internal Communication Cycle.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 4.1 Internal Communication Cycle]]
&lt;!-- ------------- figure 1.1 ------------ --&gt;

A narrow view of a telecentre network would only include telecentres, leaving out other relevant actors (like universities, or a municipal administration, for example). A more accurate, open view would include these outside actors as well, in an broader telecentre network. After all, network geometries are based more on collaboration than strictly on nodal identity: it is more important what do you do than who you are. It is this second, more open interpretation of telecentre networks that will be used in this Guidebook, recognizing non- telecentre actors as another type of node that can participate in network activities in various ways. This topic will be covered in greater detail in the next section under ‘Other actors in telecentre networks’.

If a telecentre network could be seen as a club, what is important here is not whether we would formally initiate non-telecentre actors as ‘full members with voting-rights’ or whether we grant them only with temporary passes to the club. What matters is to realize their potential for collaboration in order to achieve the objectives of our telecentre networks.

Currently, national governments, businesses, international organizations and civil society are the protagonists in the telecentre movement. Generally speaking, governments tend to lead the development and implementation of public policies in ICT, while the private sector enables and finances actions aligned with their corporate strategies. International organizations (as represented by UN agencies like the United Nations Development Programme, UNESCO or the International Telecommunications Union, development banks or by entities such as the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Canada bring resources and share knowledge for better management of telecentre networks. And in a growing number of cases, it is the responsibility of civil society to manage telecentre networks.

=== Others actors in telecentre networks ===
As mentioned before, telecentre ecosystems can include many different kinds of entities that can contribute to and become active within telecentre networks, acting as nodes in those networks. Let’s take a look at their possible roles now, while keeping in mind that networks can always benefit from the contributions of additional genuine supporters.

* '''Universities:''' Universities provide the skills for future engineers, managers, doctors, sociologists and other professionals in a country. They also help to educate people to be citizens in a more harmonious society. Given this double motive, universities are well placed to be important partners for TCNs. A national collaborative arrangement would benefit from having students hone their ICT technical skills while supporting telecentres as a work placement (such as through a summer job, or an internship) or online, by providing help desk support, for example &lt;ref&gt;This kind of exchange was done in Canada at the University of Cape Breton with one of the earlier telecentre programs in the province of Nova Scotia in the late 1990s.&lt;/ref&gt; Students and professors can also help to provide or adapt training content in thematic areas of interest to telecentres (relating to agriculture, health, trade, civil rights, etc.). Universities can also help conduct valuable research for telecentre networks, which few other institutions may be in a position to do.
* '''Businesses:''' As part of their Corporate Social Responsibility programs, or even without them, companies can contribute to the operations of a telecentre network. They can provide technical/management expertise, equipment, connectivity and, very importantly, the collaboration of corporate volunteers. Companies can also facilitate the entry of TCNs into specific development projects they are involved with. ICT companies such as Microsoft, Telefónica or Cisco (or smaller ones) can play valuable roles.
* '''Development agencies/ Development NGOs:''' Both multilateral entities (such as the UNDP, UNESCO, ITU, IDRC, Soros Foundation) and bilateral entities (the UK’s DFID, Swiss SDC, or Spain’s Intermon-Oxfam), have supported the telecentre movement for years, and continue to play significant roles. One good example was the ITU with their ‘Multipurpose Community Telecentres’.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/univ_access/telecentres/ www.itu.int/ITU-D/univ_access/telecentres]
&lt;/ref&gt; These organizations are well placed to examine experiences around the world, and together with telecentre practitioners, distill knowledge that can be applied to advance the work and performance of these networks.

* '''Media:''' With the advent of a web 2.0 internet environment, media channels have multiplied and extended their reach to new communities. The media can provide special types of contributions to telecentre networks: (i) increasing the visibility of telecentres for the general public and specialized audiences, (ii) strengthening the public communications capacity of TCNs, and (iii) enriching the role of telecentres as consumers/providers of news and information flowing through media change.
* '''Governments:''' The myriad of possible contributions of public administration to telecentres and telecentre networks is well recognized. What is worth mentioning here is that their participation as (powerful) members of telecentre ecosystems can occur simultaneously atnational levels (i.e. with telecentre networks) or locally, with municipal administrations providing support to local telecentres. One particularly interesting area of government involvement in terms of content and services would be to impulse large-scale e-government service initiatives where telecentres are utilized as the main means of delivery.

As we will see in Chapter 10, effective telecentre network management can help to arrange and map the contributions of these non-telecentre actors to obtain joint virtuous network effects. For this, careful consideration needs to be exercised in relation to (i) each actor’s possible functions, (ii) TCN management aspects (as covered in Chapters 2-8) and (iii) the collaborative actions between them (such as between an ICT business consortium and a national university). The key aim is to derive added value from their participation, while avoiding a multiplicity of isolated contributions.

=== Why do telecentre networks matter? ===

Regardless of a telecentre network’s specific characteristics, most practitioners have an instinctive sense of its benefits for a given telecentre, as well as for the ‘community’, (i.e. the network entity itself), which will include some of the following:

* Pooling of financial and technological resources – for example, being able to negotiate better connectivity costs;
* Improved access to knowledge and information;
* Wider distribution channels for content and services;
* Enhanced collaboration – for example, in undertaking a joint project among a number of individual telecentres;
* Decentralized orientation – such as implementing collective decisions through coordinated actions at the local level;
* Mutual support and risk reduction – such as when facing financial blackouts from donors or unfriendly legislation;
* Support for smaller players (not all telecentres have similar structures or ‘health’);
* More flexibility, from the nature of functioning as a network (as opposed to a mere association of telecentres); and
* More effective representation stemming from a stronger capacity to interact with higher order entities, like a government. For example, interacting with a government’s ministry to influence national ICTn policies with socially inclusive measures – which could never be achieved by a single telecentre or even a loose group of them.

From experience, practitioners know that participation in such networks involves a cost in terms of time, human resources and to some extent, money. The challenge lies in achieving the expected benefits from participation in a network in ways that outweigh the costs.

These benefits will not emerge spontaneously, and even if they did, they would be limited and ad-hoc. Networks are not self-managing; there is no kind of automatic pilot that keeps them going without intervention. Network management of any type (including for telecentres) is a relatively new style of management. Its added difficulty is that most of us were brought up in more hierarchical or traditional environments (whether in school, at work, in the family or in society at large). Most of the time we use ‘trial-and-error’ to come up with appropriate strategies and practices to help our networks reach the potential we intuitively think they have. These reasons lead us to try advancing our understanding of telecentre network management, the main theme of this document, with its specific issues and factors.

These benefits will not emerge spontaneously, and even if they did, they would be limited and ad-hoc. Networks are not self-managing; there is no kind of automatic pilot that keeps them going without intervention. Network management of any type (including for telecentres) is a relatively new style of management. Its added difficulty is that most of us were brought up in more hierarchical or traditional environments (whether in school, at work, in the family or in society at large). Most of the time we use ‘trial-and-error’ to come up with appropriate strategies and practices to help our networks reach the potential we intuitively think they have. These reasons lead us to try advancing our understanding of telecentre network management, the main theme of this document, with its specific issues and factors.

=== A brief story on telecentre.org ===

telecentre.org is a worldwide network of people and organizations committed to increasing the social and economic impact of tens of thousands of grassroots telecentres by making telecentres stronger, more vibrant, and better at what they do. It helps to fuel a global movement that helps people in communities in every corner of the world join the knowledge society on their own terms. By investing in the networks and organizations that work directly with telecentres, telecentre.org makes a difference around the world, helping to improve communities and empowering people.

The telecentre.org program initiative was launched in November 2005 at the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis. It is the product of a joint social investment program by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Microsoft and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The program provides grants and technical assistance to telecentre networks and organizations around the world. Currently housed at the IDRC in Ottawa, Canada, key functions of the social investment program are increasingly being carried out by partners around the world.

But telecentre.org is much more than a social investment program. It is a community that gathers people and organizations from around the world who believe that telecentres have an important role to play in development. This group is made up of telecentre managers, network leaders, nonprofit and civil society organizations; corporations, governments and international development agencies — all working together to increase the social and economic impact of grassroots telecentres around the world.

Telecentre networks are the nerve and connectors of these complex web of interdependent relationships aimed at helping telecentres to create stronger social and economic impacts in communities they serve. Partners share experiences, skills, innovations and resources.

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #F0FFF0; border: solid 1px #00a5ff; padding: 1em;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;telecentre.org: We are…&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''''&lt;/span&gt;

One global community of more than &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''200 networks'''''&lt;/span&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;
organizations that work with &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''80,000 grassroots telecentres'''''&lt;/span&gt;

Spread over &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''70 countries'''''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
reaching &lt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''40,000,000 telecentre users'''''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One virtual community with &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''3000 + online members'''''&lt;/span&gt; interacting in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;English, Spanish, French and Arabic.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''We Have…'''''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

Held &lt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''100 face-to-face events'''''&lt;/span&gt; for people and organizations&lt;br /&gt;
involved in telecentres to &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''share, learn, innovate and grow'''''&lt;/span&gt;

Helped produce and share content and services that local communities&lt;br /&gt;
want for &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''development'''''&lt;/span&gt; and telecentres need for &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''sustainability''''' &lt;/span&gt;

Stocked our community websites with the&lt;br /&gt;
world’s &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''largest collection of photos and videos'''''&lt;/span&gt; and its&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''most complete resources'''''&lt;/span&gt; on all things telecentre

Created the telecentre.org Academy to provide&lt;br /&gt;
professional development training that improves telecentre performance.

Worked in &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''20 developing countries'''''&lt;/span&gt; to build research capacity&lt;br /&gt;
We put our research to work in the service of the telecentre movement

&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''Influenced public policy'''''&lt;/span&gt; and used our brand to leverage more than&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''$3 million'''''&lt;/span&gt; to make telecentres &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''stronger, more sustainable and more numerous.'''''&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''''We Will…'''''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

Train &lt;span style=&quot;color:OrangeRed&quot;&gt;'''''one million knowledge workers'''''&lt;/span&gt; by the year 2015.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

telecentre.org doubles as a development project on ICT4D and as a network in its own right. And for the purposes of this guidebook it has the advantage of being familiar to many people who form part of telecentre networks around the world.

telecentre.org implements its activities in four main programmatic pillars; namely, '''Research, telecentre.org Academy, Content and services and Networking'''. It considers &lt;u&gt;capacity building&lt;/u&gt; and &lt;u&gt;knowledge sharing&lt;/u&gt; to be crosscutting themes. telecentre.org deliberately exploits the virtuous network effects of these pillars, as in most cases they complement and fortify the others. Figure 1.2 illustrates the relationship among these program components, which can be described as ‘symbiotic’ (Mayanja, 2008).

&lt;!-- ------------- figure 1.2 ------------ --&gt;
[[File:Figure 1.2 Network strategies and other telecentre.org program pillars.png|thumb|400px|center|Figure 1.2 Network strategies and other telecentre.org program pillars]]
&lt;!-- ------------- figure 1.2 ------------ --&gt;

The ‘Network’ pillar of telecentre.org is critical to the overall success of the program. The national and regional networks that it supports provide a trusted channel to grassroots telecentres, who are the ultimate beneficiaries and stakeholders of the telecentre.org program.

telecentre.org therefore takes a double-pronged approach to networking: on one hand, it tries to mainstream networking across all its program areas. On the other hand, it includes a specific networking component to stimulate and fine-tune networked operations.

=== Another book on telecentres...? ===

The telecentre.org program had in fact already previously made a strategic decision to throw its weight towards supporting TCNs.&lt;ref&gt;This is coherent with the strategy shown by its parent organization, IDRC, in supporting development networks of many types.&lt;/ref&gt; Its ‘Network Development Support’ strategy is aimed at obtaining technical support for institutional development and sustainability planning of TCNs. This guidebook is one of the products of that strategy. This is coherent with the strategy shown by its parent organization, IDRC, in supporting development networks of many types.

A resource document providing systematized information and proven knowledge about networks is imperative to help us get the most out of telecentre networks, so that individual telecentres can better serve their users and communities. This is the primary reason that led the men and women who attended the Telecentre Leaders’ Forum in Kuala Lumpur in December 2007 to advocate for the publication of a document about effectively managing telecentre networks. Appropriately, these same individuals requested the networked organization of which they are now a part.

While there is already a sizable and substantive bibliography about telecentres&lt;ref&gt;See earlier work from IDRC’s Richard Fuchs (“If You Have a Lemon, Make Lemonade”), Mike Jensen in Africa (“Afriboxes, telecentres, cybercafes: ICT in Africa”), Chasquinet in Latin America (“Telecentros… ¿Para Qué?”) or wide-ranging research done by Colle and Roman at Cornell University, as well as other new, notable publications such as “Making the Connection: Scaling Telecenters for Development” (Filip &amp; Foote, 2008) by AED (Academy for Educational Development), supported by telecentre.org.&lt;/ref&gt;(of which a selection is included in this publication), few works can be found that focus on telecentre networks. Of those, fewer still concentrate on managing those networks.

The guidebook is the first publication dedicated exclusively to telecentre network management. It is not just another publication about telecentres: it is about how effectively create and thrive in networks. We hope it will be a useful resource to better structure and handle telecentre networks for its target audience, which includes (i) people managing a telecentre network, (ii) managers and operators of telecentres that belong to a network; (iii) managers and operators of telecentres which do yet belong to a network; (iv) organizations that provide services to telecentres; and (v) ICT/information society policy makers. We’ll be glad as well if it provides food for thought to anyone interested in telecentres and development networks.

There are additional reasons for the creation of this guidebook that deserve mention here. First, it is the product of a collective undertaking in which the key authors are all telecentre network practitioners. These are highly experienced people who are presently running a telecentre network or are closely linked to them: in other words, these are people who – day in, day out – are solving problems and expanding opportunities for telecentre networks. It is a publication based entirely on on-the-ground experience.

Second, it represents an important opportunity to bring applicable knowledge from network theory to the development field; so that NGOs, aid agencies and other actors (such as individual telecentres) can start to apply it in their own operations to improve results and outcomes. This has rarely been done in the past, and it will be beneficial as we enrich and complement practice with useful theoretical aspects.

Finally, and more broadly, human development processes need to be coherent within the context of the ‘information society’, or as sociologist Manuel Castells terms it, the ‘network society’ (1998). If we are living in such a networked environment, it is essential to understand its structures, processes and power relations, so as to conduct our activities more effectively within it. Currently, emerging networked cooperation schemes are overcoming traditional North-South (one-way) cooperation flows; instead creating more South-South flows (as well as South-North ones).

=== What can i find in this guidebook? ===

This guidebook contains nine chapters, aside from the introduction, which are briefly described ahead. Chapters 2 – 8 each discuss a specific topic of interest relating to telecentre networks, while Chapters 9 and 10 provide a unifying glance at previous chapters, while suggesting ideas on moving forward.

The themes were chosen in consultation with telecentre network managers and staff. They focus on key relevant topics, providing a strong foundation (and expected guidance) to help those responsible or deeply involved with a telecentre network. More topics will be added in subsequent versions of the guidebook, particularly as it will provide the basis of a wikibook soon after its publication so that the telecentre.org community and others involved with telecentre networks can help to enrich and expand it.

Each of the seven thematic chapters are presented using the same structure; namely: (i) a descriptive section, where the main aspects of the topic in question are discussed; (ii) a case study, where some of those aspects are examined in a real life scenario; (iii) a list of quick tips, running down the key points to bear in mind about that theme; and (iv) a number of references to outstanding reports, web resources or organizations.

'''Network Governance (Chapter 2):''' Properly managing telecentre networks, as for any other organizational (or institutional) networks requires structuring and planning. Network management does not occur in a vacuum, and rarely yields good results if approached in ad-hoc or spontaneous manner. Core successful attributes and practices of TCN governance are discussed, while other aspects which could also be considered part of telecentre network governance such as participatory schemes and monitoring and evaluation, are covered in separate chapters for the sake of clarity.

'''Participatory Networks (Chapter 3):''' A fundamental pillar of telecentre network governance is participation, which should always relate to the network’s objectives. A healthy TCN should offer fertile ground for effective participation and networked collaboration. This implies the need for certain management practices, cultural factors as well as adequate tools. For instance, effective knowledge sharing depends on the level of participation and nature of the network itself.

'''Communication Strategies and Practices (Chapter 4):''' Telecentre network communication strategies should cover at least three domains. One is the wider public, which for telecentre networks often means the national level. Another refers to membership, where individual telecentres act as nodes of the network. Finally, and no less importantly, is the communication supporting the telecentres’ relationship with the communities they serve. Strategies and practices for this 3-D communication space are explained in this chapter.

'''Financial Sustainability (Chapter 5):''' One of the most recurring issues about telecentre networks is how to generate sufficient income to implement concrete activities. Various approaches to financial sustainability are discussed in this chapter, both with respect to telcentre networks as a whole, and for the ways in which TCNs can support individual telecentres to achieve sustainability. It is understood here that effective sustainability involves many dimensions beyond solely financial sustainability, including social and institutional sustainability too.

'''Content and Services for Digital Inclusion (Chapter 6):''' Telecentres are in the frontline of digital inclusion as community centers that serve people with low incomes or who cannot adequately access information and ICT-based content and services in other ways. The chapter discusses how telecentre networks can play a key role in supporting telecentres to deliver those content and services.

'''Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (Chapter 7):''' Monitoring and evaluation are important features of network governance: monitoring as a continuous process, and evaluation as time-bound intensive exercises are the main sources of institutional learning. This chapter deals with those aspects of monitoring and evaluation which telecentre network management can incorporate to know how the network is performing, and also where TCNs can strengthen the capacity of individual telecentres.

'''International Telecentre Network Collaboration (Chapter 8):''' One of the exciting new possibilities of advancing the goals and penetration of telecentres is via the collaboration of national or sub-national telecentre networks at the international level. The telecentre.org initiative is a living example, instrument and product of such collaboration. This chapter discusses tools and processes that can maximize such international collaboration via national or sub-national TCNs, with the end purpose of enabling and empowering individual telecentres.

The final two chapters focus on crosscutting telecentre network issues. '''Chapter 9''' focuses on '''Integrated Network Management''' and distils the main messages from the guidebook, aiming to pull the topics from the thematic chapters into a recognizable and cohesive picture. '''Chapter 10''' is about '''Empowering Networks''' and introduces elements of network theory and provide insights into the future of telecentres and telecentre networks, including possible lines of study and research.

There is an inevitable degree of overlap in the contents, since all these factors are interlinked and occur simultaneously in the daily operations of telecentre networks. How do you talk about participation without getting into communications issues? For the sake of clarity and brevity, efforts have been made to minimize such overlaps. We trust the reader will be understanding and patient with such occurrences.

A note about the future strategy of the guidebook: Once it has been translated into Spanish and French, it will be published in the web as a wikibook, to support its evolution into a living document as knowledge and experience about telecentre networks changes and evolves. This is based on IDRC’s philosophy on open content sharing, where the telecentre community can take the lead in enriching and expanding its contents. As such, the guidebook will grow in quality and quantity from the contributions of members of the telecentre.org community and other practitioners. Moreover, additional topics may presumably be added in the near-mid future, on topics such as (i) training for telecentre staff/volunteers, (ii) knowledge management, (iii) creation partnerships, (iv) telecentre networks and ICT policies, etc.

Enough for the introduction; let’s get into the real thing!

=== References and resources ===

Acevedo, M. (2005). Las TIC en la Cooperación al Desarrollo. In La Sociedad de la Información en el Siglo XXI: Un Requisito para el desarrollo – Vol II: reflexiones y conocimiento compartido (pp.&amp;nbsp;44–66). Madrid: State Secretariat for Telecommunications and the Information Society, Ministry of Industry, Spain.

Anheir, H., &amp; Katz, H. (2005). Enfoques reticulares de la Sociedad Civil Global. In F. Holland, H. Anheir, M. Glasius, &amp; M. Kaldor (Eds.), Sociedad Civil Global 2004/2005 (pp.&amp;nbsp;221–238). Translated by José Luis González (original title: Global Civil Society 2004-2005). Barcelona: Icaria Editorial. {{ISBN|84-7426-823-0}}.

Anheir, H. &amp; Katz, H. (2006). Global connectedness: the structure of transnational NGO networks. In F. Holland, H. Anheir, M. Glasius, &amp; M. Kaldor (Eds.), Global Civil Society 2005/2006  (pp.&amp;nbsp;240–265). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. {{ISBN|1-4129-1193-1}}.

Castells, M. (1998). The rise of the Network Society (The Information Age: Economy, society, culture; Vol. 1). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Delgadillo, K., Stoll, K., &amp; Gómez, R. (2002); “Telecentros…¿para qué?: Lecciones sobre telecentros comunitarios en América Latina y el Caribe”, Chasquinet, Quito: IDRC, Canada. {{ISBN|9978-42-665-5}}.

Fillip, B. &amp; Foote, D. (2007). Making the Connection: Scaling Telecenters for Development. Information Technology Applications Center, Academy for Education Development: Washington, DC.

Heeks, R. (2008, June). ICT4D 2.0: The next phase of applying ICT for international development. IEEE Computer (pp.&amp;nbsp;26–33), June 2008. IEEE Computer Society.

Jensen, M. (2001). Afriboxes, telecentres, cybercafes: ICT in Africa. Cooperation South. UNDP, Special Unit for Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC), pp.&amp;nbsp;97–109.

Kilduff, M., &amp; Tsai, W. (2008). Social Networks and Organizations. London: SAGE Publications. (reprinted in 2008, first published in 2003). {{ISBN|978-07619-6957-0}}.

Myanja, M. (2008). Telecentre Network Strategy 2008-2009. Ottawa: IDRC.

Nath, V. (2001). Executive Summary of Evaluation Report: UNV TACCs project in Egypt. Bonn: UNV. Retrieved February 25, 2002, from [http://www.unites.org/html/resource/knowledge/taccs.htm www.unites.org/html/resource/knowledge/taccs.htm]

Siochrú, S. Ó., &amp; Girard, B. (2005). Community Based Networks and Innovative Technologies: New models to serve and empower the poor. New York: UNDP, ‘Making ICT Work for the Poor’ Series.

United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination (1997). ACC Statement on Universal Access to Basic Communication and Information Services, New York.  Retrieved October 1, 2003, from [http://www.unites.org/html/resource/acc1997.htm www.unites.org/html/resource/acc1997.htm]

== References ==

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      <text bytes="29649" sha1="7zy191zxp11qm84dq5vueoasju8tftg" xml:space="preserve">==Telecentre network governance – setting the playing field for a network culture==

{{center|1=&lt;big&gt; &lt;big&gt; '''Maria Teresa M. Camba (PhilCeCNet, Philippines)''' &lt;/big&gt; &lt;/big&gt;}}

Management challenges of telecentre networks often spring from the network formation; the decisions and actions the network leaders preferred to take. After years of network building and mentoring, we can point to a number of key aspects for successful telecentre networks. While most of these are decisions and approaches often undertaken during network formation, a telecentre network may, at any stage of its evolution, incorporate these perspectives in order to strengthen what it is already doing. This chapter examines key components of telecentre network governance such as instilling a clear vision, setting and tracking objectives, network structure, leadership, norms and accountability, resources (e.g. financial resources).

=== Dimensions of Governance for a Telecentre Network ===

Governance refers to the common norms or rules that define the actors, procedures and accepted methods for collective action. Governance may be about the whole of society (which carries a more political connotation), whereas in other instances it may refer to specific areas such as internet – therefore called internet governance. ‘Good governance’ is understood to refer to an institutional system (and a collective culture) that stimulates the efficient and responsible behaviour of a set of actors.

Through governance, networks articulate reasons for existence, targets, how to manage resources, formulate and implement policies, and how to deliver services. Strong network governance depends of good relationships amongst members, skilled people, appropriate structures as well as clear rules and practices.

The impetus and momentum for the birth of a telecentre network can spring from a variety of situations — spontaneously and informally or from a more deliberate and intended initiative. Whatever the origin, the process begins with interaction between people during which the rationale for the network starts to take shape, coalesces and solidifies until the conscious decision to form it is collectively made.

The initial stimulus that sparked and sustained this interaction provides the first indispensable element for effective network management that must be addressed.

==== A clear shared vision ====

Telecentres generally have a common vision in coming together as a network — the growth, advancement, and sustainability of their facilities as well as increased capacities to serve the needs of their immediate communities. In other cases, a network may emerge on just one of the so many issues that telecentres face. For instance, a network could be founded on the need to increase availability of local content or reliable and affordable internet connectivity.

One of the primary challenges at the early stages of telecentre network management is to define and clarify a shared vision that the membership can identify with. A clear network vision is useful when a network starts the process of identifying services, resources and partners to work with. In some cases, the network vision may change as the needs and priorities of members change or because the original problem has been addressed. A dynamic network may then choose to recreate itself over another issue. The important thing is that telecentre networks need to hold their members together through a shared vision and purpose or their members will simply slide away.

It is highly recommended that a formal statement of network purpose is made and institutionalized. This will facilitate the network’s accountability and communication with new members and partners. It will also help the network when exploring the potential for a formal structure later and the adoption of formal commitments and responsibilities towards the shared vision, in case it does not start as a formal institution.

==== Reinforcing the interaction ====

Networks require a critical level of sharing and interaction amongst members to ensure that the shared vision remains in focus for all and operational. Details of how to facilitate knowledge sharing within the network and engaging the membership are discussed in Chapters 3 (on Communication) and 4 (about Participation).

A telecentre network needs to have a communication platform through which members can interact. Most networks have discussion lists and forums for this purpose. Sharing accomplishments, issues and concerns, suggestions, and resources in a common helps a network to build and demonstrate its ‘network value’. Members get to know one another in the process, and as a result are more likely to commit to helping one another with pressing issues in the future.

==== Setting and tracking the objectives ====

The objectives of a telecentre network spring from their shared vision. Different telecentre networks, though perhaps sharing many facets of their visions, will have specific objectives that may differ. Therefore if the objectives are concrete, there are more chances to create locally relevant services.

Objectives may be classified as '''organizational''' in nature, which is, bringing telecentres under one sustaining and supportive federation to enable concerted efforts and unified representation, or strengthening the collaborative capacities of individual telecentres. They may be '''content-oriented''', seeking to establish uniformity in certain operations, standards and services provided to member telecentres, or community approaches. Then there may be '''resource-specific''' objectives, seeking the growth of the network and sustainability of members through resource mobilization and sharing, supporting human resources throughout the network or generating a pool of network resources.

A network may have one of these types of objectives as priorities or a mix of them to describe the avenues for achieving its vision. Whatever a network chooses as the parameters for achieving its vision, these have to be arrived at collectively with maximum participation of all members to ensure a corresponding degree of acceptance by all.

&lt;u&gt;It is ideal, but not mandatory, that individual telecentre objectives are aligned with network objectives&lt;/u&gt;. The participation of a telecentre in a telecentre network may be justified if even just a handful of the telecentre objectives display that alignment – as long as the other objectives do not enter into specific contradictions with what the network does or how it operates. For instance, a telecentre may wish to provide ICT training for its community (an objective) for which it will benefit as a member of the network. But if the business model of the telecentre does not allow it to share some materials (e.g. because of intellectual property considerations), it may be difficult to join a telecentre network where all members can openly share their training contents.

The other way around is a little different: &lt;u&gt;all telecentre network objectives must be based on individual telecentre objectives&lt;/u&gt; (as functions of their needs and opportunities). That is the basis on which to formulate the network’s objectives. While TCN objectives cannot be expected to pertain to all telecentre objectives, they should be defined to maximize the value to the member telecentres. In addition, part of the work of the network may be directed towards indirect objectives of some telecentres (such as when it involves policy actions that affect telecentres but do not feature among their most pressing needs).

What does this duality mean in practice? It implies that a telecentre network has to make sure it is tailored to the collective objectives of telecentres (bending over backwards if needed), while for the telecentres it is not mandatory to adapt to the network. However this does not mean that members may not need to consider certain changes in order to better participate in the network. In fact, some telecentres may well find it worthwhile to strengthen some of their capacities to better benefit from the network, whether &lt;u&gt;instrumental&lt;/u&gt; (for example, installing and utilizing Moodle to gain from e-learning opportunities available via the telecentre network), or generative (e.g. to create joint projects with other members through the network). We will discuss the latter in the last chapter, as part of advanced network management strategies.

Objectives serve as the directional signs for a network, and as we discuss in the final chapter, provide the true bearings in the network’s typically unstable navigation. Though many objectives may be defined for the mid and long term, they are never permanent fixtures. When a destination is reached, objectives should be revisited and sometimes replaced by new ones. Part of the function of telecentre network managers, as we will see in the Monitoring and Evaluation chapter, is to track the attainment of objectives and be ready to change them or identify new ones at the appropriate time.

==== Shaping the network ====
The structure a telecentre network takes largely depends on a number of factors such as size of membership, and certainly by the objectives it seeks to achieve. A network that self-identifies itself as small in terms of membership, geographical scope, or the range and reach of its objectives may not need a formal structure, in contrast to diverse and complex networks. A smaller network may use a flexible, less formal network governance approach that allows it to achieve its objectives, enables the participation and involvement of its members, as well as provides for its growth and sustainability.

An important consideration in shaping the network is the promotion of equal representation allowing proportionate participation in network decisions and operations by all members.  Whether this is achieved by shaping the structure components or by staffing the leadership and membership of these components is a decision to be made by network members.

Whatever the choice, a structure is functional and productive when it allows network membership parity in the share of authority and participation in network operations. It should thus allow leadership the means to effectively and decisively steer the organization towards its objectives while at the same time providing space for members to participate.

==== Leadership in a telecentre network ====
The issues of network management style and leadership are inevitably intertwined. While leadership inspires change, management promotes stability. Many networks start with a highly consultative process where leadership changes frequently according to issues and resources required. As the network idea solidifies, leadership may shift less often and rest within the most active and most resourced members.

An example would be the need for a dedicated facility and staff to take on the duties of a network secretariat or hub where concerns and support services for the network are addressed at the outset. This was the case in the Philippines with the NCC-CICT (National Computer Center of the Commission on ICT) that had the reach and the resources for the Philippine Community eCenter Network (PhilCeCNet) to get itself on the launching pad, as presented in this chapter’s case study.
The organizational member who contributes the most to creating and operating such a facility usually finds itself in the leadership role at that point in time, a phase usually characterized as the transition phase before the network formally defines its structure, policies, and operations. A consensus for leadership is essential at this sensitive point. Such a consensus may be easy to arrive at when members recognize the need, and willingly allow leadership to be determined by means and capability. But in cases where similar means and capability may exist together with a certain rivalry among some members, the general interest of the network must come to the fore. In such a case, the strategy of leadership rotation by tenure may be adopted, and may be maintained as a leadership policy even in the general management of the network.
When the network matures, the management style and leadership must be rooted in the original climate that gave birth to the network – participatory and multi-sectoral. Aided by equal representation and leadership rotation, it enables the network to remain true to its essence.

Network management, especially the day-to-day aspect of administration and support, requires that an extent of decision-making be centralized in the interest of speed, effective response, and manageability.  It would be impractical to expect that every decision the network has to make is to be derived from general deliberation.

An effective and practical organizational structure helps this process, where a leadership component such as a representative executive council may be effective in handling decisions of a level and priority that need not be submitted to the general membership for approval.

Of course, one of the main points of decision-making refers to what kind of decisions are made, and where. A highly decentralized network that has agreed on a minimum set of rules but which uses consultation among the telecentres will in effect have a highly decentralized decision-making scheme. We will reflect on what this entails further ahead in the concluding chapter, when comparing ‘aggregating’ and ‘enabling’ network styles.

Some quick additional points to consider on network leadership:

# The network leader must see its role as facilitatory to be able to work their ideas into the network, searching for kindred spirits who want to share their pursuit.
# Networks do not require personal relationships between all members but a central issue is the coordination of the network leader. The leader or the leading organization must have good ‘chemistry’ with the members.
# It is common to have a formal agreement on the conditions of the relationship.
# Network leadership, as compared to traditional organizational leadership, tends to be more value-based than control-based. Trust becomes the central tenet to take advantage of the flexibility and agility afforded by networks.

There are several other factors that influence network management. Culture is one such factor. Some cultures are more collaborative-oriented while others may lay claim to fierce individualism. It is important to understand such external influences and appreciate how to align them harmoniously for the benefit of the network.

==== Norms and accountability ====

The mentioned strategy of leadership rotation as well as the desired balance between centralized and general decision making are examples of certain norms and defined processes a network must arrive at to achieve effective network management.

Norms cover a broad range of organizational concerns that may include:

* Membership eligibility, types, and responsibilities
* Codes of conduct
* Delineated roles and functions of network components, officers, staff, etc.
* Internal network coordination
* Monitoring and evaluation methodologies and related tasks
* Selection of officers, tenures and rules of succession
* Decision-making procedures
* Disciplinary/conflict resolution procedures
* Merit recognition
* External relations

There may be other areas where norms and processes may be developed for an effective governance system.

It is vital that norms and processes be developed after consultation with members. The diverse membership of a telecentre network requires that certain social, cultural, religious, and political sensitivities be considered carefully in the crafting of norms and procedures so as to avoid the obvious pitfalls. What may be acceptable or tolerable to one group may be offensive and insulting to another.

While the developing rules and procedures require consultation, the formalization of these rules may be the task of a special group formed for the purpose. Call it a charter, rules and guidelines, or a code of conduct: an explicit statement of these norms and processes may prove invaluable to a network's effective management.

==== Financial and other enabling resources ====
A telecentre network can determine its structure, formulate its objectives, craft a common vision and even enjoy an outstanding leadership. But it can dissipate fairly quickly if the appropriate enabling factors are not set in place. Key amongst these factors are financial resources, support human resources, technology, facilities and access to expert knowledge in areas of network concern.

The chapter on Financial Sustainability treats in some detail the challenges of ensuring necessary monetary resources and some of the means to get them. In this section we simply highlight some aspects of governance that are intimately related to financial resources.

The network start-up effort where members with the means and the most to contribute assumed temporary leadership to get things off the ground is often a curtain-raiser to the realization that once the network gets underway, that interim arrangement will cease. Telecentre network managers then have to identify resources from external sources and/or from their own members, weighting the realistic possibilities that each option presents.

The second (internal) option is directly within the control of the network and can be activated from the start. It will entail some rules regarding member financial contributions resulting in formal commitments binding on all concerned. But the first option of external resource generation will probably demand much more attention from a telecentre network manager.

Often, the chronic scarcity of resources steers a network to prioritize a culture of collective volunteerism in network management. The network is not a revenue-generating business enterprise that can support a salaried management team. But it needs to find a common basket of support sources, as the Financial Sustainability chapter discusses.

As a telecentre network matures, it often moves towards more stable management schemes: &lt;u&gt;professionalized&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;u&gt;salaried&lt;/u&gt; and &lt;u&gt;specialized&lt;/u&gt;. Business models will include a combination of sourcing. Institutional agreements may be reached with government entities, such as in government-led national telecentre or information society programs, covering management and operational costs of the network. Funding special projects from external sources may enable the recruitment of certain specialists or support staff to ensure success of the projects. Members may pay membership fees and a subsidy for some of the services provided by the telecentre network (e.g. technical service). Telecentre networks may offer services to outside organizations (evaluations, research, and so on) that could also help it to mobilize resources.

Finally, it should be pointed out that for many telecentre networks, especially those whose members are either struggling to generate a positive revenue stream from services to sustain operations or whose operations seem to have stalled due to resource scarcity, membership in the network may carry the hope that additional opportunities will arise to find new answers to their needs.

==== Why do some networks fail? ====
In this guidebook we are examining a plethora of factors related to managing telecentre networks that can help a network succeed. Some of them are in the realm of TCN managers – those ‘popular’ individuals are fully dedicated to the success of their networks. Many are applicable to the member telecentres.

But learning often comes from failures, and it would be wise, or simply realistic, to acknowledge that much of what is covered in the guidebook comes from the arduous road travelled by the telecentre movement worldwide and which caused many telecentres to close over the last two decades. This, together with issues inherent to networked modes of organization, can help us reflect on some of the main causes of telecentre network failure.

The following points are simply stated to make us think and to further the debate among telecentre networks:

'''Fading vision''' — When members of a network get over the first euphoric phase of networking and see that nothing much has changed and nothing new has taken place, the spirit of a network wanes and the exit of involvement and participation spells the end of a network.

'''Unequal interaction and benefits''' — some members get more out of the network than others. Some have difficulty sharing and interacting. Language problems, technology problems, resource problems, cultural and social barriers, or a combination of these may lead a number of members to conclude that the network may be suited only for a select few. Some members who are unable to establish an identity or find their place in the network may wander away and thereby weaken the network.

'''Poor leadership''' — when leadership fails to build trust and commitment, when it cannot be perceived as ethical and results-oriented, or when it fails to sustain the created culture of cooperation and sharing that is born with a network, the network withers.

Excessive control — if those tasked with coordinating or managing the network end up taking and imposing too many decisions, or if the power in the network is perceived to be too centralized or concentrated on a handful of nodes, the network will suffer in terms of shared commitment – and some members may quietly sit on the sidelines or simply step out.

'''Cliques and rivalry''' — another failure of network leadership involves the existence of dysfunctional cliques that undermine the essential spirit of the network. It worsens when leadership itself is perceived to belong to a clique. Rivalries that are allowed to flourish can sap the unity and cooperation within the organization. The sense of ‘betrayal’ that sets in is toxic for the network.

'''Resource famine''' —when a network is perceived by members as being unable to meet even the most basic of its functions due to inadequate resources it might be a good time to leave the sinking ship. If network leadership fails to show positive results for resource generation, and even the most basic network maintenance tasks falter, the network also fades away.

'''Network fatigue''' — It may occur when a members feel overwhelmed by the demands of the network (and this is a rather relative perception based on one’s own capacities) or from involvement in one network too many. When network fatigue sets in, members become silent spectators – without giving much of a clue about their relative withdrawal or inactivity. .

'''Inadequate monitoring''' — Sometimes an organization is run with little concrete information on what it is actually doing, or about how is it operating. In the case of a network, with its predominantly horizontal relationships, the absence of ‘traditional’ control by authority mechanisms make it even more important to base decisions on information and feedback. Telecentre network management should have a clear picture of what the needs of the members are (and some vision as well about the opportunities).

=== Case Study: The Philippine Community eCenter Network, Inc.[http://www.philcecnet.ph www.philcecnet.ph]===

Sometimes, there's no stopping something once the ball is rolling. When the National Computer Center of the Commission on Information and Communications Technology of the Philippines initiated a series of Knowledge Exchange Conferences (KEC), bringing together all key players, operators, and managers of 755 telecentres in the Philippines in 2005, the momentum started for what would become the Philippine Community eCenter Network or PhilCeCNet. The network idea didn't come immediately. But it arrived soon afterwards – before 2006 had even ended.

As PhilCeCNet began to take shape, it did so systematically. It drew up a charter for the network and positioned itself as an implementing partner for the Philippine CeC Program and its mandate for responsive, efficient, valuable, and sustainable Community eCenters, a role highlighted in the CeC Roadmap for 2008-2010. It also helped establish the telecentre.org Philippine Community eCenter Academy (tPCA) as the network’s capacity building arm.

With members from eight different telecentre initiatives in the Philippines, PhilCeCNet’s general assembly, the highest policy body, was organized into nine sector clusters:  National Government Agencies, Academia, NGOs, the Private Sector, Media, CeC Managers, CeC Users, Funding Agencies, and Local Government Units. Each of the sectors nominated three representatives to the Executive Council to represent each of the country's island groups – Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The members at large then elected from among the nominees a sector representative to an Executive Council, which led by a Chairperson, implements the network’s initiatives.

Four committees corresponding to the four thrusts (or lines of work) of the national CEC program currently prepare work and implementation plans that are evaluated and approved by the Council. These Committees also draft revisions to any strategies formulated by the Executive Council and recommend options. Special committees on resource mobilization and membership development are also in place.

PhilCeCNet's administrative operations are handled by a National Secretariat. This Secretariat is led by an Executive Secretary who oversees day-to-day operations and carries out Council mandates. All CeC member concerns and affairs pass through this clearinghouse and are routed to the appropriate respondents for their information and action.

Secretariat staff keeps a close eye on PhilCeCNet's network hub website ([http://www.philcecnet.ph www.philcecnet.ph]) which is a beehive of sharing about CeCs: what they’re doing, what’s happening to them, and what’s coming up. People asking questions, others posting answers, information exchanges, and communication to network management mainly take place here. The website is a dynamic news board for all that concerns CeCs and was recently a semi-finalist for the Philippine Web Awards.  This is the hub that actualizes the interaction-sharing aspect of the network vision.

PhilCeCNet made its debut on April 3, 2008 — and it is expected to play a vital role in realizing the Philippines’ national vision of “A Community eCenter in Every Municipality” by 2010.

=== Quick tips about Network Governance ===
Network governance presents many challenges, especially when we consider that network organizations such as telecentre networks are not the same as traditional organizations in terms of structure, scope, culture or stability.

In light of what we have stated, the following tips emerge as brief reminders for telecentre network managers of priorities to keep in the back of their minds - and at the forefront of their actions!

* '''Nourish 	the vision '''	— the lifeblood and spirit of the network must always be visible, 	vibrant, and given life through progress-based results.
*'''Strengthen 	the interaction '''— 	A sustained effort to build a culture of sharing and cooperation 	within a network shows that the network is true to its intentions 	and binds members to the roots of the organization. Dynamic 	interaction also sustains one of the basic pillars of the telecentre 	network: the exchange of knowledge, skills and experience.
* '''Meet 	member needs with network objectives''' — 	When members see their own objectives reflected in the network’s 	objectives and when the advances in the network’s attainment of 	its objectives contribute to their own achievements, the commitment 	level is increased or remains high.
* ''' Organize 	well''' — 	Take time and focus closely on organizing the network well, tuning 	its structure to network objectives and member needs. This will make 	it easier to manage the network.
* '''Transparent 	and responsive communications''' — 	Good network management requires good communications between 	management and members. Being informed clearly and in a timely 	manner provides a strong sense of inclusiveness, even if the 	information communicated is bad news!
* '''Let 	leadership be true to participative management '''	—While network leadership assumes a special operational and 	administrative role, its philosophy must remain true to the original 	democratic and volunteer spirit of sharing and interaction that gave 	birth to the network.
* '''Put 	the essential systems in place '''— 	Policies, norms and processes, functions and responsibilities are 	vital to network management. They set standards, promote order, and 	prescribe the elements and codes of organizational culture.
* '''Be 	sensitive to member values''' — 	Consideration of member values in implementing network management 	shows that the network cares about its members and generates 	invaluable premiums of mutual respect and appreciation. A network 	that shows its sensitivity reflects sincerity, engenders trust and 	builds commitment.
* '''Reach 	out to partners''' — 	In sustaining the network through resources, thinking out of the box 	and discovering opportunities beyond network boundaries shows a 	network’s innovative spirit and resourcefulness. There is never a 	lack of possible partners with whom to travel the road. If the road 	leads the same way that the network is going, a fellow traveller can 	be welcome company, especially if both have something the other may 	find useful.

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      <text bytes="33082" sha1="7m2fv805atswvv1xwkahqdlo9xr6oif" xml:space="preserve">==Participatory Telecentre Networks – A Collective Enterprise==

{{center|1=&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''''Olga P. Paz Martínez (COLNODO, Colombia)'''''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;}}

Networks are sources of social and organizational support where interactions, exchanges and relations between different actors take place. Partnership networks enable the realization of individual goals which otherwise could not be reached as an individual person or organization. This is precisely why we integrate telecentres into networks.

Establishing interactive networks is not an easy task, due to the many factors that come into play. We have to structure a network, set goals and long-term plans as equitably as possible, which is always a challenge because it involves fulfilling the demands and requests from various members.

When several members decide to join a network, it is because they find value in the benefits, but at the same time they assume shared responsibility and take charge in making it stronger. We have to understand that participation is not an engine that generates profits for its network nodes/members; rather, &lt;u&gt;the participatory dynamic is itself the main potential benefit&lt;/u&gt;, where the social capital for these organizations increases as a result.

This is why the management of a telecentre network should include an outline or plan of participation to promote collaboration among each telecentre member through flexibility, freedom and incentives. Bear in mind that a high level of participation will significantly promote sustainability of the network.

We hope that this chapter will help you to discover ways of increasing the levels of participation within your telecentre network. First, we discuss the motivation of members to participate in a telecentre network and how to get these members involved or committed once they are in. We will talk about some aspects of network governance directly related to promote participation (linked with the previous chapter about telecentre network governance). Next, we will explore the issue of a distributed leadership and the principles of a collaborative culture, after which we will identify different factors and methodological tools that can help to make participation more effective. Finally, we will discuss a key issue for telecentre networks that directly depends on their collaborative culture: knowledge management.

=== Participation as an Engine of Telecentre Networks ===
==== Commitment and motivation to create a telecentre network====

Participation is at the core of telecentre networks. Almost by definition, a network results from the following participation exercise: several individuals and organizations come together and decide on the principles, objectives and structure of the network. But before creating a network, they identify several common motivations; some in their own interest, and others for the benefit of everyone, such as:

* To build and strengthen political positions for specific actors or situations;
* To create initiatives and joint projects between several telecentres based on a common goal and for the benefit of members;
* To share content, courses, knowledge, etc.;
* To face situations and risks that would be significantly more difficult to handle individually.

These fundamentals of participation and collaboration may be obvious enough for founding members, or at least implicitly felt. But as new nodes or members join the network, the participation base can become diffused or unclear. Therefore, it is very important to communicate to new members the importance of the participation and collaboration principles so that they can fully share the principles, objectives, policies and ways of acting inside the network. It will also help to &lt;u&gt;document&lt;/u&gt; the participation and collaboration activities, in order to maintain these goals.

==== Involving members in the network ====

When you start the process of setting up a network, one of the first issues is the process of membership. It is important to have a formal procedure that involves the communication of a request from the member interested in being part of the network. This document has to indicate that the member agrees and fully shares the principles of the network, including in the participatory and collaborative aspects.

Although it is generally assumed that if new members choose to join a network it is because they agree with the principles, some may want to join only because they want the prestige of belonging to the network (especially if it is widely recognized), so they may not have a full understanding of the participation and collaborative aspects.

In this sense, it is worth running an introduction or training session for new telecentres members. This can be done as a talk, a meeting, a workshop or an interactive online workshop where the member telecentre can have the opportunity to ask questions and propose activities to be developed. Also, it would be good to consider doing the introduction or training before formally accepting new members in the telecentre network, so that introduction is part of the procedure of joining the network.

If the new telecentres can understand and share in the principles, values and goals of the network, it is easier to generate good ideas, proactive attitudes and new lines of collaborative work. On the other hand, if new members do not share in the ideas, values, principals and goals of the network, it will be harder to reach agreement and take constructive actions that ensure compliance with the network’s goals. We may actually jeopardize the stability of a network if new members cause a disturbance or are difficult to negotiate with.

==== Participation and governance ====

As the network grows, one of the most important issues that helps to ensure the future of the network is in the way that it is managed. The nature of a network as an organizational structure implies that a network is not meant to be lead, it is meant to be coordinated.

The governance of a telecentre network (as mentioned in the previous chapter) is largely characterized by coordination. Whether as individual or a collective coordination, this implies – almost by definition – that members of the network will work together for the benefit of the network as a whole group.

Therefore, active participation is one of the main indicators of good governance of the telecentre network. The management team of the network must pay special attention to issues related to coordination and governance, such as:

* To undertake the action plan of the network during a specific time period that is defined by members, in order to facilitate their commitment and interest in planning;
* To manage and share with new members the network values and principles so they all know how to participate in the network, as previously noted. 
* To design, develop and implement training on how to participate and collaborate on networking activities. 
* To collectively determine monitoring and evaluation methodologies for the network.
* To include the telecentre in taking on monitoring tasks, maintaining an open and participatory point of view. 
* To encourage member telecentres to promote their visibility through external communications, on topics such as news, projects, event announcements, calls for publications and so on, so that people outside the network stay informed.

In practice, people involved with telecentre networks know that coordination involves a delicate balance between centralization and decentralization. But to maintain coordination does not necessarily imply that decision-making processes are centralized, or that the actions are carried out without the support of members. Put simply, it is important to ensure there is a person or team in place that takes responsibility for general network tasks. If there is a lack of coordination, there is a risk that the responsibility becomes dispersed and therefore that no one takes care of tasks.

To coordinate without centralization means maintaining a healthy balance between taking action and delegating responsibilities, while including the members of the network. This is not an easy balance to achieve, and needs to be negotiated between several aspects:

* The coordination involves making decisions and the delegation of duties that must be synchronized with the network principles and objectives. There should be a margin of discretion for those making decisions.
* Members often (wrongly) believe that if there is a person or group in charge of coordination, that that specific person or group has to take care of all networks tasks.
* Being proactive and collectively making decisions as a team implies a high investment of time and resources, and members are not always available to meet such requirements.
* The leadership style of the coordinating team should be one that is inclusive, participatory and well oriented. This coordination must be carried out by a network leader who is open to constructive dialogue.

==== Participatory Leadership ====

To ensure that members feel like part of a telecentre network, it is important to avoid any hierarchical planning which works against the horizontal nature of a network, since that is one of the most positive attributes of a network. A network consists of nodes that normally interact with one other with a margin of freedom and autonomy. In this sense, the network is a space where ideas are freely exchanged, relationships are maintained and information and knowledge circulates between the telecentres (and other non-telecentre members who may also be part of the network).

We want to promote collaborative activities and operationalize the desired horizontality of our telecentre networks. But to 'impose' or ‘demand’ participation is not an effective way to encourage collaboration; rather, networks should work towards creating a collaborative culture, which can be done by supporting a participatory style of leadership, rather than one that is ‘top-down’.

Participatory (or distributed) leadership implies 'harmonious leadership', based on common values. It may not be the kind of leadership style that most of us are used to, but there are ways to promote it within telecentre networks. Participatory leadership does not imply sharing leadership responsibilities between network members, nor does it mean that members each have a particular level of leadership to live up to. What is actually implies is described by the following:

* Various actors in a network can exhibit leadership in parallel, which corresponds to their shared interests and objectives;
* Taking care that leadership does not become 'obligatory' or 'decreed' for any person or entity; and that
* Actively building leadership skills among members of the network is critical.

For starters, it is advantageous that telecentre networks are open systems that are continually bringing on new members, while existing members always have the option of leaving the network. Individual roles can change (where formal management tasks may shift from one telecentre to another), as well as leaders, who may change or move around between telecentres.

In the majority of telecentre networks, there exists some kind of entity that governs the network, such as a Coordinating Committee, or an Executive Secretariat, and so on. This entity depends on the effective functioning of the network, and actually makes the coordination easier, especially when the focus is on facilitation  (i.e. actions) rather than on concentration (i.e. power).

On the other hand, participatory leadership is useful when the network wants to bring forth a particular action (since the network does not always represent one single actor), or when negotiating actions that encourage the active participation of various members (where certain leadership responsibilities can even be delegated).

In any case, we should avoid comparing leadership and management styles, and neither should it be assumed that people or entities with more leadership skills will automatically take on management or administration duties. Leadership and management styles will vary depending on the characteristics of the telecentre network.

Participatory leadership can also help to resolve conflicts and provide solutions in difficult situations. A network of telecentres can have a remarkably heterogeneous composition, with nodes and members that coexist rather than compete, whereas with others there may be competition and power struggles. A highly centralized leadership can sometimes effectively resolve differences between members. That said, for the sustainable and healthy growth of a telecentre network, it is important that the governance of network take on a participatory leadership style, where many problems can be solved collegially.

==== Collaborative culture ====

To establish a collaborative culture is one of the most difficult – but also critical – points in creating a productive telecentre network. It is difficult (and quite likely impossible) to develop participatory leadership within an environment that does not embrace a culture of collaboration. That is, this type of leadership can help to promote collaboration, but it is virtually impossible to be the sole cause behind the creation of a collaborative culture. On the one hand, it can help to delegate work and distribute activities among members. On the other hand, the first step towards creating the initiative for collaborative working must come directly from members themselves.

The value of a network greatly increases when there is a real culture of collaboration among member telecentres. The more spontaneous the collaborative activities (as a result of the tools, methods and even the possibility of access to funding), the easier it will be to launch joint projects whose results can actually feed into each other and increase mutual trust. This may be an area where a collaborative culture of networks can play a bigger role: in the end, organizations with a highly rigid structure can also work in a decentralized manner (like an army, for example). Networks can create an ecosystem of collaborative working characterized by the freedom, merit and shared visions that often lead to very interesting results – in the area open source software, for example.

A network of telecentres that enjoys a healthy collaborative culture will be a productive one, and most likely sustainable as well. But like distributed leadership, a collaborative culture also requires types of participation that do not negatively impact the efficiency or results of the network.

==== Effective participation====

It is not possible (nor recommendable) to achieve 100% participation while including all network nodes and members in the decision making process of a network, and even less with respect to specific network-related projects and activities. Participation for the sake of participation alone can risk becoming an aimless process, like a book without words. What we need is a well-designed model of participation, one that is results-oriented, designed to achieve the desired outcomes. For example, the level of participation necessary for the strategic planning of a network of telecentres is not the same as would be needed for the redesign of the network website.

A well-functioning network is not one that maximizes participation quantitatively (measuring the number of participants), but rather one that qualitatively maximizes the products/results achieved in a participatory manner. A network usually distributes its work along particular lines of action, while some members tend to be more committed to the development strategies than others because it is within their particular interest to do so. For example, some telecentres are more able to participate than others in activities such as research, or in the generation of content rather than in the provision of services.

It is therefore important to strengthen and stimulate people’s networking ability, with the so-called 'generative capacity' to which we referred in the previous chapter and which we will also describe in the last chapter. An important function of a TCN is the capacity for building leadership, planning, collaboration, and negotiation skills from &lt;u&gt;a network point of view&lt;/u&gt;. In other words, to be able to perform all those network functions within a network environment (for the purposes of our own network and more broadly for the ‘network society’).

In addition to training, another way to generate those capabilities is simply through practice, such as by managing a project or organization that requires coordination and working in a network. Coordinating a network involves a lot of difficult negotiation, like the daily work of a spider that weaves its web and tries to keep it from breaking.

It is critical for the people who take on coordination of the network to promote effective participation, in a way that does not wear out the participants and which generates results effectively and efficiently. One way to achieve this is through the continual identification of opportunities for collaboration through projects, activities, campaigns, and so on.

Additionally, network coordinators tend to be very familiar with each of the network members, and can therefore steer the most appropriate opportunities towards the individual nodes (telecentres) best suited for the work.

==== Knowledge Management ====

Knowledge is one of the main assets of a telecentre network. It can be either tacit or explicit, but in any case it is conditional to the uses and social and cultural history background of each person, organization or community. Tacit knowledge is based on individual experience, skills, abilities, values, judgments, beliefs, viewpoints and mental maps of each person, and therefore is not easy to share with others, at least not in a systematic way.

Explicit knowledge is that which can be expressed in words, a song, numbers, charts, formulas, and so on. It is a kind of knowledge we can find in different learning tools such as videos, books, articles, websites, and we can access in different places such as libraries, hard disk drives, databases, museums or newspapers. The application and use of this type of knowledge is one of the biggest attractions to becoming part of a network. To make the most use of it, it is recommendable to have a knowledge management strategy plan, especially one that can be documented.

Knowledge management (KM) refers to different processes that seek to transform, generate and transfer knowledge. One of KM’s main challenges is to capture tacit knowledge in order to share it with other people, sometimes becoming explicit knowledge in the process. A good strategy takes both tacit and explicit knowledge into account, each involving the most appropriate tools and mechanisms. In this way, the strategy will draw on the most appropriate people, organizations (i.e. telecentres in this case) or telecentre network to involve.
 
The concept of knowledge management goes beyond knowledge transfer alone, and therefore the concept of ‘participation’ is also addressed in this chapter. Participation is the core principle for network growth. It’s more like a kind of ‘know-how’, a social discursive knowledge that shifts through media and products of knowledge. The knowledge within each node can be expressed in many different ways in the telecentre network, such as through workshops, meetings, books, websites, videos, etc.

A good knowledge management strategy is that it is ‘open’ rather than imposed, and it should be based on the respect for the knowledge of others. Knowledge can be shared in the form of lessons learned, experiences, or best practices and it should always be used to contribute to, and complement, existing knowledge and practices in telecentres – not to replace them.

Knowledge management should consider both live and virtual presence, by taking advantage of ICTs to facilitate collaboration and participation, including:

* Virtual communities (such as ning used by telecentre.org, or Dgroups);
* Social networks (including Facebook, Sonico, Tuenti, etc.);
* Places to share content (flickr, YouTube, Slideshare, GoogleMaps, etc.);
* Collaborative editing documents, such as a wiki or googledoc; or 
* Virtual training courses.

A knowledge management workplan can specify the tools and communication media to use to share information, as well as frequency of use, structure, design, content production, editorial policies or a style manual.

But the ease of access to these tools should not cause a sea of information and content that can overwhelm members. Just like effective participation, knowledge management must incorporate effective methods for the input/output of specific knowledge available to members: when and where they need it. However, this is without a doubt much easier to say than do; in many jobs, information overload impacts productivity and stress levels.

In order to avoid such problems, and to effectively take on knowledge management within a community or group, it is useful to identify one or more facilitators who can facilitate knowledge flows. Knowledge management is more an art than science, and it benefits from people in the community who know how to motivate others and who can find the correct channels to spread useful information to the right people. Very few knowledge networks can claim success without the constant and dedicated work of these ‘infomediaries’.

It is possible for knowledge to be efficiently managed without using participatory processes; this is something that happens every day in centralized organizations. In networks, however, participation is essential to ensure knowledge flows that do not depend on instructions from above, but rather on collaborative participation where each member adds value to the network.

In summary, the value of a network is a function of the possibility of creating shared knowledge through the experience base of each of the actors.

=== Case Study – The National Telecentre Network in Colombia ===

The National Telecentre Network in Colombia has been informally functioning as a network since mid-2001, with participation from the civil society, business and government sectors.

The aim of the network is to “create an efficient and sustainable model of collaboration between members, with the aim of creating a positive impact on the development dynamics in the communities”.&lt;ref&gt;From the National Network of Telecentres Action Plan document 2009&lt;/ref&gt; In other words, the network focuses specifically on participatory and collaborative processes.

The strategic objectives of the network are:

* To strengthen ICT community access centres;
* To promote information and knowledge exchange (experiences, lessons learned, ideas, resources, teaching materials, methodologies, tools, etc.) between network members and other communication networks, public media and social movements;
* To promote the consolidation of the national telecentre.org Academy;
* To promote the development of virtual communities, including both thematic and regional;
* To encourage the participation of network members in various fora for discussion and learning about ICT and Development, at both the national and international levels. 
* To promote the development of regional networks of telecentres (at state, municipal, and local levels).

The network brings together the people and organizations who coordinate, research, lead, train and assist in national telecentre processes. It aims to open spaces for dialogue between telecentre initiatives that are led by various players, helping to connect telecentres put in place by the national government (through the Compartel program), and those by local governments, private companies, universities, NGOs, research centers, or community organizations.

Currently, the network is coordinated by a Coordinating Committee, which is composed of the following organizations:

* Colnodo ([http://www.colnodo.apc.org www.colnodo.apc.org])
* Makaia Corporation ([http://www.makaia.org www.makaia.org])
* Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, UAO ([http://www.uao.edu.co www.uao.edu.co]) 
* University of Cauca ([http://www.unicauca.edu.co www.unicauca.edu.co]) 
* Ministry of Communications of Colombia ([http://www.mincomunicaciones.gov.co www.mincomunicaciones.gov.co]) and the Compartel Program ([http://www.compartel.gov.co www.compartel.gov.co]); and 
* Digital Corporation of Colombia ([http://www.colombiadigital.net www.colombiadigital.net])

Telecentres in Colombia vary according to their financial structure, how they are installed, overall operation and location. However, they all share in their aim to achieve social and financial sustainability and the meeting of local needs in order to positively impact on the community, to achieve development goals.

The network has run '''National Telecentre Meetings''', which have been financed, coordinated and convened by civil society organizations with help and support of national and local governments.

Up until now they have held five meetings. The objectives of the meetings have varied between exchanging experiences to building collaborative strategies and consolidating the network. Although the first meetings were intended to bring everyone together, share experiences and identify lessons learned, and common needs and challenges, they have evolved into active learning spaces through live workshops, discussion forums about public access to ICTs, and debate about a common agenda to strengthen the network.

The main impact of the network is reflected in these meetings and on the fact that they have gathered hundreds of telecentre managers together from different areas of the country. The meetings maintain their purpose as regular spaces for discussion and sharing experiences, learning, training telecentre leaders and creating partnerships.

The conference has grown from 30 participants in the first meeting to over 80 in the second and third, reaching 110 participants in the fourth and 200 in the fifth and latest meeting. The meetings were intentionally focused on being participatory spaces for exchange and discussion rather than academic spaces, particularly to promote the participation of those directly involved in the day-to-day running of telecentres. In the fourth meeting it was possible for the first time to include the participation of Compartel telecentres managers, a new government initiative that has put in place about 1,700 telecentres throughout the country.

Each meeting saw an increase in regional participation. Colombia is divided into 32 districts, and by the fifth meeting they managed to include telecentre leaders and managers from 20 districts, which represents a significant portion of the whole country.

Other important areas of the Colombian national network’s emphasis on participation are:

'''Knowledge Management:''' To facilitate access and improve communication within the network, the following activities are encouraged:
 
* The creation of virtual communities for knowledge sharing and dialogue;
* The exchange of teaching materials, methodologies and tools on various issues that may impact the telecentre development;
* The participation of network members in various scenarios of discussion and learning about ICTs and development;
* The reflection and discussion of new proposals for community communication, new technologies for virtual interactive meetings, at the regional and national levels.

'''Information and Communication:''' The goal is to build a communication strategy that strengthens network information channels by promoting interaction and dialogue among members. The main network spaces for information and virtual communication on the internet are:

* The national telecentre portal: [http://www.telecentros.org.co www.telecentros.org.co]
* The network distribution list: [mailto:colombia@tele-centros.org colombia@tele-centros.org]
* The telecentre network virtual community: [http://comunidad.telecentros.org.co comunidad.telecentros.org.co]

'''Education &amp; Training:''' The network strengthens the skills and abilities of people who manage telecentres through a process of in-class and virtual training. The first virtual training project is the national '''telecentre.org Academy'''. For in-class training, local and national telecentre meetings are held.

Each of these lines of work is undertaken in a collaborative way. While the leadership for each of these processes lies in the hands of a member organization (according to its individual mission), attempts are made to include members from different parts of country in their implementation.

In order to undertake more network-related activities, more information about the network was gathered, including the total number of telecentres in Colombia, their associated characteristics, and where they are located. Further, it is hoped that in the future:

* Hundreds of telecentre managers and leaders will formally confirm their participation in the network;
* The telecentres will be mapped geographically (available online);
* Effective channels of information and communication between members to publish information through the virtual community;
* An online library of materials and resources will be created;
* There will be a continued production of free tools that all telecentres in Colombia can use, in order to improve their skills and performance;
* A user registration system will be created.

Through the participation of our members we have achieved the following things as a network:

* The consolidation of the national telecentre.org Academy, where more than 350 telecentre managers and leaders have been certified via virtual training courses.
* The organization of five national and regional telecentre meetings, which have been attended by more than 400 people in total who are all associated with the telecentre movement in Colombia (particularly telecentre managers and leaders);
* The creation of information and communication media for the network, such as the portal that includes the experiences, materials, resources and virtual community for more than 40 telecentres with more than 350 people registered.
* The mapping of 864 telecentres, of which 131 are online and the rest are near to completion.
* Influence on ICT policy in Colombia. One example refers to the implementation model for 1669 new Compartel telecentres operating from within educational institutions and which will use a methodology for social telecentre appropriation designed, tested and published by the network;
* The recognition of the network as a leader in telecentre issues in Colombia. In fact, when completed, the new Compartel telecentres will be joining the national network.

One of the most important &lt;u&gt;lessons learned&lt;/u&gt; is that the network will not function without an organizing agency to guide it and lead activities in collaboration with other members. Despite the initial successes, particularly with respect to the national meetings, it through the managing committee that many beneficial activities were brought about for telecentres in Colombia, also incorporating decision-makers at the local and national levels.

However, it is nevertheless a challenge for the managing committee to become much more involved in telecentre work, not just as beneficiaries but also as executives. For collaboration between members to really be strengthened, communication channels need to be relied upon, including virtually, as well as through face-to-face exchanges such as workshops, meetings and forums.

=== Quick tips about participation in telecentre networks ===

* A collaborative spirit and constant support from those members who wish for a network of telecentres should be pursued deliberately – it does not usually happen by itself.
* Most decisions in networks must be come about through consensus, in order to enhance the process of negotiation and compromise.
* Trust among members and transparency of actions are some of the core requirements for participation to take place.
* Training on networking activities helps to improve teamwork and productivity and therefore encourages participation.
* Collaborative cultures are not achieved in the short term, but must be gradually advanced and taken into consideration in the medium-term.
* One should always ask ‘what can I do for the network?’ over ‘what can the network do for me?’
* Proactive collaboration between network members contributes significantly to the sustainability of the network.
* It is essential to prevent competition between members, nodes, projects, or events in the network. The role of the network is to encourage complementarity, not competition.
* It is necessary to strengthen channels of communication and information and to have a fluid flow of ongoing communication with members.

===  References and Resources===
== Note ==

&lt;references/&gt;

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    <title>A Guidebook for Managing Telecentre Networks/Looking to the future: Networks that empower</title>
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      <text bytes="44571" sha1="7x26pbf1swm6exz02ygcvom6ftg0f4w" xml:space="preserve">==Looking to the future: Networks that empower==

{{center|1=&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Manuel Acevedo Ruiz'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;}}

In the previous chapter we explored the integrated nature of telecentre network management, taking into account the interaction of its various aspects. We also pointed out the significant and aggregated impact of network effects when those management aspects relate productively to one another. However, an important issue remains to be considered: how can we improve ways of working so that we can fully exploit the networking potential of TCNs?
This chapter contemplates the road ahead in telecentre network management. And since this is a living document that will change via a wiki, this section will likely change accordingly. After all, the view of a road depends on where you are in it.

The question posed in the first paragraph implies that there are gaps in collaborative methodologies in network environments, and arguably this is often the case. Sometimes an entity that describes itself as a network actually follows traditional, linear practices. Or it has strict, hierarchical strings of power and control. In other words, it calls itself a network, but it does not truly act as one.

Let’s take, as a hypothetical example, a telecentre network that is undertaking a project to extend educational content about the country’s history from local stories and traditions. Through observation it is determined that (i) only a small percentage of the telecentres actually gets involved, (ii) each participating telecentre provides content in whatever format it wants and (iii) there are no means through which to determine the assessment of the membership about specific submissions. The end result is nevertheless a reasonable repository of historical local content.

In spite of having carried out an activity resembling network practices, the project will lack the power of the network to (i) include a wide participation from its telecentres (so that perhaps some of the best stories are missing); (ii) determine a proper way to prepare the content, so that stories and traditions are not presented in comparable formats and make it hard to process the entries; and (iii) include the opinions and judgements of the involved telecentres on the selected content. The final product will be less representative, have less quality, have demanded more work to produce and will have a lower educational value than could have been attained through a proper networked process.

In this concluding chapter we discuss network strategies that can help us get the most out of telecentre networks and examine some of the key challenges ahead in the short and mid-term, such as:

* What strategies can help us to better collaborate (and more productively so) in telecentre networks?
* What kind of networks can best empower member telecentres, individually as well as collectively? and;
* What measures and policies could help the telecentre movement to advance towards a stable, firmly-rooted and networked future?’

Finally, let us mention that collaborative networking initiatives are not restricted to the social or development arena. It is increasingly reaching into the business and corporate environments as well. As Tapscott &amp; Williams (2008) observe in the preface to their popular ‘Wikinomics’ book, ''“Thanks to Web 2.0, companies are beginning to conceive, design, develop and distribute products and services in profoundly new ways”'' (p. ix), and there are many examples of how companies are embracing this collaborative, networked style of working, from small upstarts to established giants such as IBM or Procter and Gamble.

=== Formulating a networking strategy for telecentre networks===

Just like any for any type of organization, it is important to formulate the strategy of a telecentre network so it is best suited or prepared to meet the objectives it has set for itself. Formulating a suitable strategy for a particular TCN is therefore indispensable to obtain the best results.

A simple way to consider strategy formulation to optimize telecentre networking begins by considering four key elements, as indicated in Figure 10.1 (Moreno, Mataix &amp; Acavedo, 2007).

''' a) Architecture''' refers to the organizational network structure, and will identify its members and their intended relationships (transactions). The architecture should be conducive and coherent with the emergence of a corporate networked culture favouring collaboration and horizontal working relationships.

''' b) Processes''' refer to the working procedures or methods to be implemented, or the modifications to existing ones, aimed at favouring networking (and in particular, collaboration). The ways of handling knowledge management and monitoring, evaluation and learning are among such processes.

''' c) Tools''' are the instruments or resources needed to implement the strategy according to the selected processes (and within the architecture already in place). Among the essential instruments for a successful networked strategy will certainly be a set of ICTs, but there are others: financial, physical infrastructure and facilities, events, etc.

''' d) Capacities''' refer to the ability to carry out selected processes using the tools at our disposal. It includes both human and institutional capacities. Specific individual and collective capacity gaps relative to tools (e.g. ICTs) and processes (e.g. knowledge management) should be identified and measures designed to address them. This can range from training on digital collaborative platforms (i.e. groupware) to training about monitoring methodologies.

[[File:Figure 10.1 Key elements for networking strategy.jpg|thumb|center|350px|Figure 10.1 Key Elements for Networking Strategy]]

This process requires a review of the aspects of TCN management as examined in Chapters 2 to 8 across these strategy elements, in order to determine with relative precision the elements of strategy that would be required to perform each management aspect satisfactorily. For example, when examining the aspect of participation, we can consider which components of the network’s architecture, processes, capacities and tools need to be in place.

When the review is thus carried out for all management aspects, we will have arrived at the crux of a strategy to maximize networking potential for our TCN. The results could be displayed in a matrix form like that sketched below. At this point it is highly likely we will find that many components of those four network strategy elements will serve for more than one of our network management aspects. For example, tools like content management systems and/or a web 2.0 type of community platform or groupware (like ning) will be applicable for participation, communication, content and services and M&amp;E and learning.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
!
! style=&quot;background:#DCDCDC; color:#000000;&quot; | '''Architecture'''
! style=&quot;background:#DCDCDC; color:#000000;&quot; | '''Processes'''
! style=&quot;background:#DCDCDC; color:#000000;&quot; | '''Capacities'''
! style=&quot;background:#DCDCDC; color:#000000;&quot; | '''Tools'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Financial Sustainability'''
| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Network Governance'''
| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Participation'''
| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Communication'''
| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Content and services'''
| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''TCN and ICT Policy'''
| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning'''
| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''International TCN Collaboration'''
| || || ||
|-
|}

=== Aggregating and Enabling networks ===

[[File:Figure 10.2 A representation of a 2-D Network.JPG|thumb|Figure 10.2 A Representation of a 2-D Network]]
In terms of overall orientation of a network towards collaboration, we can broadly speak of two models: '''aggregating''' networks and enabling networks. An aggregating network pulls together contributions from their members (e.g. to generate a newsletter) or represents its members (e.g. for advocacy purposes or to defend members’ common interests). The connections in such networks are usually to either nearby (i.e. similar)&lt;ref&gt;‘Nearby’ is not expressed literally, related to physical location, but rather in terms of identity, affinity, etc.&lt;/ref&gt; nodes, or to the center node. In functional terms, their geometry is two-dimensional (2-D) or planar. Performance for aggreagting networks is measured in terms of joint actions undertaken by the network on behalf of the member nodes.

On the other hand, an '''enabling''' network seeks to strengthen the capacities of its members to achieve their individual objectives, particularly via collaborative tools and practices within as well as outside the network. The functional geometry of enabling networks is three dimensional (3-D) or spatial, where any node is free to connect with any other node, like the one in figure 10.2.&lt;ref&gt;As in: in comparison with 2-D networks where nodes typically interact only with nearby nodes.&lt;/ref&gt; In this case, performance derives from the number of collective activities undertaken by member nodes and supported by the network.

Let’s characterize the two types of networks to better understand how they compare in functional terms (Acevedo, 2009):

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#00008B; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Aggregating network (2-D)'''
! style=&quot;background:#00008B; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Enabling network (3-D)'''
|-
| The central or principal node acts as the network '''coordinator''' (as in a secretariat or coordinating unit); it largely determines which nodes will carry out particular functions/actions, and will know about these actions in advance.  
| The main node (if there is one) acts as a network '''dynamizer''' or animator, providing resources and tools to favor networked activities among other nodes.
|-
| Established '''procedures''' are very important: network operations are based primarily on a series of norms or protocol that give order and regulate the network’s activities.
| Network operations proceed in an '''ad-hoc''' fashion (given the freedom and ease to establish productive relations among nodes), while adhering to a few basic institutional norms. 
|-
| '''Planning''' for the network is very important, since the central node (the ‘coordinator’ above) should direct resources and efforts towards their implementation. This determines a clear orientation towards &lt;u&gt;input-allocation&lt;/u&gt; management.
| '''Periodic monitoring''' is essential to know how the network is functioning, since it is not possible to plan all the possible collaborative activities among nodes. This points to a strong orientation towards &lt;u&gt;results-based&lt;/u&gt; management.
|-
| The network prioritizes '''access to information'''; the central node fosters the availability of the information and provides access systems. 
| The network prioritizes '''access to knowledge''' through the communication among nodes, the relationship with external entities and the systematization of information. The main node (if there is one) works on shared criteria for knowledge management, prioritizing the provision of tools/services that facilitate the efficacy of knowledge management.  
|-
|}

It can be argued that enabling networks offer more adequate environments in relation to maximizing the collaborative potential of networks. They are focused on strengthening each member in relation to the member’s own objectives, primarily by providing tools/methodologies that favour the open collaboration of the members within the network (and also outside of it). This generates a much greater volume and range of collective, network-powered results than what could be derived from a network planned and directed by a central point. There are limitations to how well a coordinating unit can effectively and efficiently orchestrate the collective capacities of the nodes – and it will get more difficult as those capacities grow.

Moreover, by empowering their members to use networking methods to suit their specific purposes, enabling networks can encourage members’ own initiative and responsive attitudes. In this respect, such a structure takes more advantage of network traits such as relational freedom and flexibility. Conversely, embedding hierarchical practices into networked structures reduces the network’s possibilities.

[[File:Figure 10.3 A representation of a 3-D or spatial network.png|thumb|center|400px|Figure 10.3 A representation of a 3-D or spatial network]]

Real development networks exhibit both profiles, activating desired traits as needed. For example, a TCN may follow a more aggregating approach when providing relevant information to its members, carrying out campaigns and acting as an important interlocutor to external governmental entities. However, when promoting projects, looking to expand resource mobilization or strengthening communications capacities, these networks act on their enabling mode.

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #E0FFFF; color:#0000FF; border: solid 1px #00a5ff; padding: 1em;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:#000000&quot;&gt;'''Box 10.1: Examining examples of aggregaing and enabling networks'''&lt;/div&gt;

{{center|1='''Aggregating Networks'''}}
'''Open-source programming networks'''. Most free/open-source software (FOSS) products are created by networks of skilled, volunteer programmers who use specific platforms and methods for program development (like ‘SourceForge’ in the picture). While the programmers will find support from the coordinators to make their work easier and more efficient, these networks are highly centralized. Essentially all the contributions from volunteers are meant to contribute to a single objective – the final software product. The network does not seek to deliberately strengthen the programmers (they are already rather skilled) nor their collaborative actitivies (collaborative methods are strictly set). Thus, these networks do not function in ad-hoc fashion; adherence to the procedures is mandatory. 
[[Image:Apache_project_website.png |thumb|center|650px]]

'''Confederation of Spanish Development NGOs (CONGDE)''' ([http://www.congde.org www.congde.org]) 
CONGDE brings together NGOs in Spain that participate in development activities of all types. It is set up as a network, and some of its members are in turn regional networks that represent entities from parts of the country (Catalonia, Andalusia, etc.). Its mission is to coordinate and support the joint work of the member organizations. This is done through campaigns such as the one promoting the Millennium Development Goals, activities to educate the Spanish public about development, and most importantly by acting as interlocutor to the government and in policy-making fora. There are some services provided to members like training, promoting codes of conduct and information bulletins. So, while it exhibits some enabling traits, CONGDE functions more like an enabling-type network. 
[[Image:Congde.org website screenshot.png |thumb|center|650px]]

{{center|1='''Enabling Networks'''}}

'''Association for Progressive Communications (APC)''' ([http://www.apc.org www.apc.org])  
APC is possibly the best-known civil society organization in the Information Society and ICT for Development area. It is composed of country nodes, such as WOUGNET (Uganda), Colnodo (Colombia), GreenNet (United Kingdom), ArabDev (Egypt) or WomensHub (Philippines), represented in a Council, and it also has a small staff. While APC carries out corporate actions as an organization in its own right (e.g. it was very active in WSIS), it is constantly supporting its members to undertake their own projects (at the national level) as well as collaborative actions among them, in areas such as communications/information policy, access to infrastructure, strategic use of ICT, gender and ICT, etc. So it is mostly an enabling network, though displaying some clear characteristics of an aggregating network as well.

'''International Year of the Volunteer 2001  (IYV2001)''' ([http://www.iyv2001.org www.iyv2001.org])  
The year 2001 was declared as the International Year of Volunteers by the United Nations to promote and visualize their contributions to development. The approach taken to operationalize its related activities was different than for other similar years. Instead of a few large events, it sought to energize the volunteer community worldwide to carry out a multitude of local and national events. For this, the UN Volunteers agency set up a small team in its Bonn offices whose responsibility was to enable and strengthen volunteer organizations worldwide to carry out IYV2001 related activities. An informal network of marked enabling characteristics emerged during a three-year preparation, in which people and institutions not only communicated with UNV’s team, but with many others through the internet’s platform set up for the year. The result was a resounding success, at almost no cost to the UN, and literally mobilizing millions of people worldwide. 
[[Image:Www.iyv2001.org website screenshot.png |thumb|center|650px]]
&lt;/div&gt;

If the assumption of favouring collaborative potential proves correct, then it is relevant to explore how to deliberately make the transition from aggregating to enabling network environments for TCNs. This entails focusing on the so-called generative capacities (Moreno ''et al.'' 2007), mentioned briefly in Chapter 2 on telecentre network governance. These are new and essential capacities in a knowledge-based, collaborative context (like our telecentre networks). The applicability of generative capacities extends beyond the individual (although they may still be useful) and into the collective realm.

To promote and strengthen '''generative capacities''', we can follow a two-pronged approach. At the member (telecentre) level, these are capacities that focus on (i) learning, (ii) systemic vision, (iii) collective leadership, (iv) collaboration and (v) feedback (i.e. to the organization or the network).

At the institutional (network) level, generative capacities are improved by actions led at management level, and complementary to outcomes sought at the member level, such as:

* Producing flexibility in the modes of participation (so that ‘weaker’ telecentres or non-telecentre actors can also participate); 
* Training telecentres on collaborative techniques; 
* Promoting participatory monitoring and continuous feedback practices; and
* Designing projects as ‘networked’ initiatives.

Networks are ideal environments to foster generative capacities, since they favour sharing and collective commitment. In turn, such capacities also help to construct creative and productive networks.

A final remark about network strategy: a primary instance for participation, with a view to effective network management, should be precisely the time of determining its strategy. By the very nature of a network as a highly participatory organizational environment, the process of crafting its strategy should be open and participatory as well. Such a philosophy will not only result in a better strategy, but the process leading to it will already be developed as a practical exercise in common decision making – a very useful skill when working in networks. There are no tried-and-tested rules to set up and handle development networks. Much is learned along the way through trial and error. A truly participatory strategy then, despite some flaws and limitations, will have a stronger sense of collective commitment – including making the necessary corrections on the way.

=== Network analysis for telecentre networks ===

Even the best network management arrangements need to be validated, otherwise they can simply remain attractive institutional exercises with no clear return. The definitive measures for success will undoubtedly come from the results generated, both for the individual telecentres as well as for the overall TCN. However, a potentially useful previous step in assessing the success of a network (and possibly a decisive one in some cases) is to know whether we are indeed constructing and running the kind of network we had in mind. In other words, to respond to the question “What kind of network do we really have?” The answer to this question allows us to compare it with the intended design and clarify the direction we haven taken and are planning to move forward on.

For this we depend on network analysis, a set of methodological approaches, techniques and tools drawn from sociology that allow us to diagnose how a given network is functioning in order to manage it better. It’s similar to an internal organizational analysis often performed in companies, universities or government units, which helps determine whether they are set up as initially intended. This guidebook does not set out to provide a detailed design and instruction manual on performing a network analysis. However, it does encourage interested telecentre managers to consider exploring such type of analysis and describes briefly what may be involved – references are provided for further reading.&lt;ref&gt;Including Anheir &amp; Katz (2005) and (2006), Arquilla &amp; Ronfeldt (1999), Kilduff &amp; Tsai (2008), and Nooteboom (2004).&lt;/ref&gt;

Network analysis provides us with an understanding of the relationships among the nodes of a network. It examines complex personal or inter-organizational networks to reveal underlying patterns that are easier to recognize and thus to possibly re-shape. It is based on the functional structure of the networks rather than on the attributes of its nodes.

In the case of a TCN, network analysis would focus on the relationships and transactions among the members (primarily the telecentres) rather than in the characteristics of the members (size, thematic orientation, urban/rural, etc.). This type of analysis gives us a relatively objective determination on whether the network as a whole is functioning as expected and whether potential changes have occurred in terms of the relationships among the nodes in order to improve its performance.

There are different methodologies, and some will fit a particular TCN better than others. Anhier and Katz (2005) propose one for developmental (or more precisely, for NGO) networks, which could be applicable for TCNs. It includes five parameters to examine the relations among nodes, described in the following table together with one sample application for network management and for an individual telecentre:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Parameter'''
! style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Network management group'''
! style=&quot;background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | '''Telecentre'''
|-
| '''Cohesion:''' characterizes the interconnection of social relations and their tendency to form areas of high relational density (hubs) where there are higher probabilities for links to exist or develop.
| What action areas of the network are drawing the most participation?
| Would it be possible for us to get involved in activities where few other telecentres participate?
|-
| '''Equivalence:''' describes to what extent the members of a network have similar relations with others, which helps to find zones or bands that facilitate the analysis by studying the relationships among those zones. 
| What are the different categories of network members based on their participation in the TCN?
| Are some of our needs shared and already satisfied by other telecentres? 
|-
| '''Prominence:''' identifies the prominent positioning of nodes in relation to others, which serves to visualize power relations.
| How is leadership evolving within the network, and is it convenient to stimulate some capable but little active telecentre managers?
| Are we leading work in an area which is of genuine interest for our community? 
|-
| '''Bridge:''' identifies nodes that connect groups of nodes (or networks) not connected through other links or paths. Identifying nodes with stronger bridging attributes helps to visualize/understand information flows and mobilization processes among groups.
| Which telecentres are pivotal in identifying project possibilities for others (including outside the TCN)?
| Do we have links to organizations through other networks or associations that could be valuable for our TCN?
|-
| '''Agency:''' refers to situations in networks in which an actor observes the possibility of connecting empty spaces or nodes. This helps to characterize the enterprising role of some nodes in the establishment and interconnection of networks. 
| Who are the real innovators in this network?
| What are the main unexplored aspects of content and services in the network, and where do we perceive demand from our users?
|-
|}

It is important to recognize that a network analysis exercise will only provide a simplified picture of the complexity of social relations that exist in institutionally-rich environment like that of a telecentre network. Also, the analysis can be as simple or as sophisticated as we want, selecting network attributes/parameters that we care about. The important thing, particularly for TCN managers, is to pinpoint trends in behaviour and functional patterns that can be contrasted over time (e.g. over a five-year period). The motivation is the same as for establishing network strategies in the first place: to have the most productive and effective possible TCN network.

=== Telecentre networks as national ICT policy actors ===

Telecentre networks are becoming significant actors in the definition and implementation of national policies dealing with ICT and the consolidation of inclusive information societies. This is because their telecentre members are involved in their day-to-day work at the community level, where they can play decisive roles in carrying out such policies and from where they can extract realistic expressions of popular ICT-related needs and demands to feed into the policy-making process. It is in the TCNs’ direct interest too: telecentre networks can be important actors in ICT policy shaping and development, contributing to policies that may be directed at supporting and strengthening them.

Telecentre networks will mainly get involved in such policy processes from the perspective (and for the aim) of digital inclusion. TCNs can play a key role in ensuring that digital inclusion is at the core of any national policies related to ICT or the information society. Moreover, from a developmental point of view they can add to pressure ensuring so that that ICT policies become intertwined with national development policies. Telecentres themselves, particularly in countries that are carrying out large telecentre programs, are the subject of ICT policies in relation to extending ICT access and capacity across a country.

An example of how telecentres have become necessary actors for implementing ICT and information society related policies is the Brazilian ‘Digital Inclusion Program’ (Programa ID Brasil) of the Ministry of Communications ([http://www.mc.gov.br/ www.mc.gov.br]). It aims to deploy telecentres in all 5,500 Brazilian counties, quite an ambitious target. Thousands of city halls around the country received equipment already,&lt;ref&gt;A typical telecentre kit consists of 10 computers, together with a server, monitoring unit with security video, a wireless router, laser printer, multimedia projector. It also includes the needed furniture, ie. tables, desks and chairs.&lt;/ref&gt; and they had the responsibility of establishing the telecentres, whose common and stated purpose was to contribute to the digital and social inclusion of their communities through access to ICTs. The focus has been on small cities and villages in the countryside with deficient telecommunication infrastructure and notable barriers to access. The Digital Inclusion portal ([http://www.idbrasil.gov.br/ www.idbrasil.gov.br]) contains data about the progress of the program.

=== Volunteer programs for TCNs ===

Many successful telecentres enjoy the involvement of volunteers, who can carry a variety of supporting tasks for their telecentre:

* To raise awareness about the telecentre it is important to understand the needs, problems and hopes of the various actors in the community, in order to determine what elements of information and ICTs may be more suitable. Frequent outreach to different groups and profiles of people will serve to make them more aware of the opportunities and practical uses of the technologies they can expect at their telecentre. 
* For information brokering since it is essential to help users find the right information for their needs and thus to get immediate practical benefits from the telecentre. The same could be said in terms of services, such as finding the right type of e-gov application for the specific needs of a user. 
* For basic ICT training, which is needed by many telecentre users, it is crucial to develop the skills for general use of computers, for creating content (e.g. word processing), for viewing images (e.g. digital pictures, scanning), and to use email and the Web. Some potential telecentre users may feel an initial ‘fear’ of computers, thus requiring ICT training to incorporate personalized attention and to be amenable – in order to learn to do things quickly which are fun and make people feel good about their progress.
* For building capacity, which takes place once the familiarity and basic skills are at hand. Meanwhile, it is important to ensure periodic monitoring of progress in applying the skills learned (and acquiring new ones) for well-defined purposes. Building capacity requires human interaction and understanding, which most effectively develop via direct and continued personal contact and exposure, something typical of volunteer work. Whether for advanced applications (website creation, digital video processing) or for simpler uses (e.g. finding market price information using email), where volunteers can build and expand the capacity of each individual user so s/he can really benefit from accessing and using ICT products and services.

In other words, volunteers can help to achieve the most critical dimension of sustainability for telecentres; that is, social sustainability, by generating awareness, interest and ultimately demand from people in the community surrounding the telecentre. As such, volunteers are able to transform a ‘technology access community center’ into a ‘local development center with access to technology’ (Nath, 2001). The first is ‘instrumental’, essentially granting physical access to the internet and other ICTs, while the latter is ‘transformational’, promoting and supporting developmental processes with resources that include ICTs.

So what about volunteers and TCNs? Such networks are ideally placed to organize and manage TCN-wide volunteer programs.&lt;ref&gt;In fact, international initiatives like telecentre.org could set up a type of “Telecentre Volunteer Exchange” facility, to allow people from successful telecentres to share their experience with others, given the proliferation of telecentres around the world.&lt;/ref&gt; They can be oriented to support individual telecentres as well as to directly support the TCN structure itself (for example, help desks, a national telecentre academy, etc.). Such volunteers can be onsite or online. Onsite (physical) volunteers can essentially be locals who are interested in what the telecentres do and who could benefit by collaborating with them (gaining technical experience, connection time at a telecentre, etc.). At the national scale, partnerships can be formed with universities or companies to promote such volunteer programs.

Online volunteers can also play a role. Specialized programs such as the UN’s Online Volunteering Service ([http://www.onlinevolunteering.org www.onlinevolunteering.org]) provide the infrastructure and mechanisms so that people around the world can collaborate through the internet with development-oriented organizations. They can help in the provision of content and services (particularly for quality control), designing websites, revising project proposals, adapting content, doing translations, moderating discussion fora, publishing e-bulletins, etc. The aforementioned website contains many examples of actual tasks performed by online volunteers. In fact we could envisage interesting possibilities for cooperation between onsite and online volunteers too.

=== Telecentres 3.0 ===
A key book about telecentres was written in 2006: “From the Ground Up: The Evolution of the Telecentre Movement”. It came at a turning point, after WSIS, when telecentres started gaining wider support again, after having been all but discarded by major international development agencies in their digital divide agendas. It appeared at the dawn of the telecentre movement, which in fact it helped to describe.&lt;ref&gt;“From the Ground Up” is relatively frugal in terms of text, and it contains many images. In an elegantly produced volume that can easily pass for a coffee-table book, it managed to convey the essential concepts weaved around its stories and pictures. It almost seems to be saying that “the stories themselves tell ‘the story’ ” of the telecentre movement. It is accompanied by an online edition, and even a Flash version (see [http://ebook.telecentre.org/flash ebook.telecentre.org/flash).]&lt;/ref&gt;

In looking to the future, ‘From the Ground Up’ serves as a lucid reference for all of us. It starts with the following:

{{cquote|“Most early telecentres started with a modest goal: giving people a chance to access and learn about technology. A telephone, a photocopier, a computer, the internet. Yet telecentres have evolved. It’s no longer just about access and skills. Today’s telecentres use computers and the internet to do everything from improving public health to extending education to a wider audience to strengthening local democracy. No matter what they are called—telecentres, community multimedia centres, telecottages, village knowledge centres, community technology centres, telehuts, internet learning centres, community access points, library computer labs and so on—they share a common commitment: to help communities enter the information age and embrace the knowledge economy on their own terms. This is the telecentre movement today.”}}

[[File:Figure 10.4. Cover of ‘From the Ground Up’.png|thumb|center|Figure 10.4. Cover of ‘From the Ground Up’]]

The concluding chapter, entitled Telecentre 2.0, identifies “'''Seven things we still need (to scale up and scale sideways)'''”:

* Flexible, responsive and innovative social investment mechanisms to support the establishment of new telecentres at the grassroots level.
* Well-packaged, easy-to-replicate community services for telecentres such as telemedicine, remote learning, financial remittances and e-government.
* Simple, proven social enterprise models that telecentres can use to generate community impact and financial revenue.
* Flexible, on going training and support for hundreds of thousands of grassroots technology activists around the world.
* Low-cost, easy-to-implement telecentre technology platforms, including affordable and stable internet connections for rural areas.
* Networks and partnerships that help good ideas travel far and wide —and help the telecentre movement reach a global scale.
* An enduring commitment to telecentres and other grassroots technology initiatives from all sectors: governments, businesses, development agencies and communities.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ebook.telecentre.org/html/en/telecentre-2-0/ ebook.telecentre.org/html/en/telecentre-2-0]&lt;/ref&gt;

We could say that the sixth point about networks and partnerships has advanced significantly, with dozens of national and cross-national telecentre networks around the world.&lt;ref&gt;Such as those participating in the telecentre.org initiative, such as Ugabytes, ATACH (Chile), the Bangladesh Telecentre Network, and many others.&lt;/ref&gt; And yet we know they can deliver more than they do today – to take a deeper look at the how is the purpose of this guidebook. The intention has been for the previous chapters to assist in some way to advance on the other six points: how can networks help achieve that vision?

Three years later, in mid-2009, the telecentre movement has grown, with thousands of them springing up in diverse countries around the world. In India, the degree of telecentre growth is coherent with its vast scale: official policies focus on goals such as having as many telecentres that reach each one of its 600,000-plus villages, a tremendously ambitious objective. For successful stable growth (that is, sustainability), whether for large places like India or for other smaller countries or at the global sphere, '''the key is networking'''. This includes &lt;u&gt;smart&lt;/u&gt; networking that goes beyond simply joining together and adding efforts. &lt;u&gt;Creative&lt;/u&gt; networking builds on enterprising attitudes and innovative ideas. &lt;u&gt;Productive&lt;/u&gt; networking, through a mix of art and science, transforms limited resources into changes that make a difference to people. &lt;u&gt;Open networking&lt;/u&gt; encourages an inclusive approach to collaboration, an approach which ‘adds and never subtracts’.

In looking ahead at the next two to four years (hardly any professional publication these days has a longer shelf-life) let us take a quick look at the Telecentre 2.0 precedent and propose factors for a vibrant Telecentre 3.0 stage (network-based, of course):

* Investment of public funds for telecentre networks (see the point below about building the ‘public good’ nature of telecentres) and encouragement of public-private initiatives to strengthen them (in terms of technologies, management, communications, etc.).
* Provision and delivery of content, services and other telecentre products via networked models, which can also move across networks (or countries).
* Decisive support and stimulus to social enterprise models for establishing and supporting telecentre networks, as well as for extending the range of telecentre offerings and services provided (e.g. a social enterprise offering telemedicine services through the telecentres).
* Support for network training initiatives tailored to telecentres (including the telecentre.org Academy). Encouragement of educational offerings for and from telecentre practitioners, including e-learning platforms that facilitate independent authorship (by telecentre staff or users), flexible course delivery and administrative tasks.
* Implement universal-service provisions managed nationwide through telecentre networks that deliver connectivity to telecentres which is free/low cost, dependable, hi-speed and ubiquitous. Mobile telephone infrastructure should be included to this end.
* Extension of telecentre networks to most countries (and among countries), with adequate telecentre network management methodologies, in ways to present TCN managers with one multi-actor, virtual ‘global telecentre ecosystem’ from where TCN members and partners can join.
* Integrate telecentres into national policies as (networked) public goods, and promote their role as publicly supported local development centres1. Introduce telecentre networks into wider development networks.

Throughout this guidebook, we have explored ways of '''encouraging greater networking between telecentres''' for the benefit of the men, women and children in the communities who will experience positive changes from the resources and support offered by their local telecentres. Its preparation has been a networked project in itself, with lead authors for each chapter that have been supported by others who have reviewed and/or provided some content, and a larger group in a dedicated section of telecentre.org, together with IDRC staff. We’ve all learned and will continue to do so through the debate and contributions to a new wiki book on telecentre networks. The initial version of this guidebook is simply the first contribution to a wiki that has an unending potential to grow. And throughout the process, a valuable asset is created: a type of networked social capital, the kind that stimulates collaboration across boundaries and extends collaborative opportunities limited only by the will and the imagination of those involved.

=== Useful References and Resources ===

Acevedo, M. (2009). Networked Cooperation in the Network Society. International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development, 1(1), pp.&amp;nbsp;1–21. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from [http://www.igi-global.com/downloads/LockedJournals/IJICTHD1(1).pdf www.igi-global.com/downloads/LockedJournals/IJICTHD1(1).pdf]

Anheir, H. Anheir, H., &amp; Katz, H. (2006). Global connectedness: the structure of transnational NGO networks. In F. Holland, H. Anheir, M. Glasius, &amp; M. Kaldor (Eds.), Global Civil Society 2005/2006  (pp.&amp;nbsp;240–265). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Arquilla, J., &amp; Ronfeldt, D. F. (1999). The emergence of noopolitik: toward an American information strategy. Santa Monica (California): Rand Corp. 
Kilduff, M., &amp; Tsai, W. (2008). Social Networks and Organizations. London: SAGE Publications. (Reprinted in 2008, first published in 2003).

Moreno, A., Mataix, C., &amp; Acevedo, M. (2007). Estructuras en red: diseño y modelos para el Tercer Sector. Madrid: UNED (Spanish National Distance University), Fundación Luis Vives - Module 8, 2007-2008 Course on Strategic Management and Management Skills for Non-Profits Organizations.

McIver Jr., W. J. (2003). The need for tools to support greater collaboration between transnational NGOs: Implications for transnational civil society networking. State University of New York at Albany. Retrieved July 20, 2005 from [http://www.ssrc.org/programs/itic/publications/knowledge_report/memos/mcivermemo.pdf www.ssrc.org/programs/itic/publications/knowledge_report/memos/mcivermemo.pdf]

Myanja, M. (2008). Telecentre Network Strategy 2008-2009. Ottawa: IDRC.

Nath, V. (2000). ''Knowledge Networking for Sustainable Development.'' Knownet Initiative, www.knownet.org. Retrieved November 14, 2001 from [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/knownet/articles/exchanges-ict.html www.cddc.vt.edu/knownet/articles/exchanges-ict.html]

Nooteboom, B (2004). ''Inter-firm collaboration, learning and networks: and integrated approach.'' London: Routledge.

Tapscott, D., &amp; Williams, A. D. (2008). ''Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything.'' New York: Penguin Group.

===Appendix 10.1 Matrix of inter-dependencies for Telecentre Networks ===

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
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! style=&quot;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | Financial Sustainability
! style=&quot;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | Network Governance
! style=&quot;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | Participation
! style=&quot;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | Communication
! style=&quot;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | Content and services
! style=&quot;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning
! style=&quot;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | International TCN collaboration
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== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

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      <text bytes="23447" sha1="8i5h0zmj5l2humv1oekwbfzd9ct9007" xml:space="preserve">==International Telecentre Networks Collaboration ==

{{center|1=&lt;big&gt;'''Ndaula Sulah – UgaBYTES, Uganda'''&lt;/big&gt;}}

Telecentre people like to work, share and learn together. This occurs in a multiplicity of ways and intensities. Information sharing is often triggered by enthusiastic people who want to learn or by people who want to help their friends do better – either informally or formally. Together, these two groups form the creative core of any telecentre network. When these people are in managerial positions or have a high level of responsibility in telecentre networks, collaborations can quickly turn international.

Telecentre network collaboration is increasing as TCNs continue to encounter benefits from working together. It has helped in the establishment of new telecentre networks and in the strengthening others. Collaboration is also the foundation of telecentre.org community, a community of people and organizations working together to improve the social and economic impact of grassroots telecentres.

This chapter discusses the benefits of international network collaboration and the ways in which networks can collaborate. It also aims to examine the future of network-to-network collaborations and the extent to which the partnerships will be valued and used by members. It also highlights the example of the global '''telecentre.org Academy''' as a case study, which since 2008 has provided the ground for collaboration for networks and institutions in Spain, Colombia, Philippines, and Brazil among many others.

=== Potential and experiences arising from collaboration across telecentre networks ===

A telecentre network loses its capacity to support, analyze and strengthen telecentres as soon as it stops learning. That is why since 2005, telecentre.org has been at the front of fostering network collaboration and creating new networks. The broad aim of telecentre.org in this context is to connect people and networks, build social capital, facilitate partnerships and sow the seeds of new networks by regularly convening telecentre leaders and champions to share their knowledge.

The benefits of telecentre network collaborations may include:

* '''New services and products''' – Such as the telecentre.org Academy (as reviewed in the case study in this chapter);
* '''Improving network operation''' – Such as the Kenya Nework of Telecentres (KenTel) which developed its network strategic plan through collaboration with UgaBYTES;
* '''Opportunities for network staff exchange''' – For example, where networks from Burkina Faso and Mali collaborated to develop services and online resources;
* Alliances that require efforts for '''multi-stakeholder resource''' mobilization and bigger task accomplishment;
* '''Solving problems''' (short and long-term) based on information and knowledge sharing.

==== Emerging forms of international networking ====

The rise of telecentre network collaboration has taken three main stages, '''personal connections, informal networks and formalized networks'''. For example, the telecentre.org initiative has been supporting networks through the transformation through these stages, where it now acts as a ‘clearance house’ for many telecentre networks and moving towards formalizing into a networks’ network.

In its beginning phase from 2003 to 2005, telecentre.org depended on personal connections and focused on information gathering and knowledge sharing at the global level. It was concerned mostly with skills identification and engagement from existing networks all over the world. But in the process, it built complex informal networks that would later lead to its present, already significantly formalized, stage.

At the launch of telecentre.org in 2005 there were very few TCNs, among them UgaBYTES in Uganda, Somos Telecentros in Latin America, SchoolNet in Bangladesh and the Telecentre Association of South Africa (TASA). The emergence of the telecentre.org initiative had a strong catalyzing effect, and since then, more than 45 telecentre networks or associations have been formed, some of which are included in the table below:

&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 2px #800000; &quot;&gt;

{|style=&quot;border:1px solid white;background:#DCDCDC;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| Réseau des Télécentres Communautaires du Congo, Congo Brazzaville   [http://www.telecentrescongo.org www.telecentrescongo.org]
| Community Information Communication Support Centre (CAICC), Mozambique  [http://www.caicc.org.mz www.caicc.org.mz]
|-
| Réseau des Cybercentres Communautaires du Burkina, Burkina Faso  [http://www.recycom.org www.recycom.org]
| Rwanda Telecentre Network (RTN), Rwanda [http://www.ugabytes.org/rtn www.ugabytes.org/rtn]
|-
| Yam Pukri, Burkina Faso  [http://www.burkina-ntic.net www.burkina-ntic.net]
| Sudan Telecentre Network, Sudan [http://www.gedarefcity.org www.gedarefcity.org ]
|-
| Réseau des CMC en RD Congo, RD Congo   
| Tanzania Telecentre Network (TTN), Tanzania 
|-
| Réseau des Télécentres Communautaires du Burundi
| Bangladesh Telecentre Network (BTN), Bangladesh [http://www.mission2011.net.bd/index.php www.mission2011.net.bd/index.php]
|-
| Mali Federation of Telecentres (FETEMA), Mali  [http://fetema.org fetema.org ]
| SchoolNet Foundation Bangladesh, Bangladesh [http://www.schoolnetbd.org www.schoolnetbd.org]
|-
| Associação Telecentro de Informação e Negócios (ATN), Brazil  [http://www.atn.org.br www.atn.org.br ]
| Nepal Telecentre Network (Mission Swaabhimaan), Nepal [http://www.fitnepal.org.np www.fitnepal.org.np ]
|-
| Commission on Information and Communication Technology, the Philippines [http://www.cict.gov.ph www.cict.gov.ph ]
| Telecentres Europe, Romania [http://telecentreeurope.ning.com telecentreeurope.ning.com ]
|-
| Asociación de Telecentros Activos de Chile (ATACH), Chile  [http://telecentrosatach.ning.com telecentrosatach.ning.com ]
|
|-
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

The importance of informal networks cannot be underestimated, and deserve support and cultivation even if they are hard to manage, as exemplified by telecentre.org. Three types of networking modes can be highlighted in informal networks, namely &lt;u&gt;advice networks&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;u&gt;trust networks&lt;/u&gt; and &lt;u&gt;communication networks&lt;/u&gt;. However, none of them operates in isolation, as illustrated by the example drawn from the Telecentre Times, below.

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #E0FFFF; border: solid 1px #00a5ff; padding: 1em;&quot;&gt;

{{center|1=&lt;big&gt;'''Box 7.1: The Telecentre Times: a case for international collaboration among networks'''&lt;/big&gt;}}

The Telecentre Times ([http://www.ugabytes.org/telecentretimes www.ugabytes.org/telecentretimes]) story is energizing as a success of inter-network collaboration. In 2005, telecentre.org organized the first Global Telecentre Leaders' Forum as a side event to the World Summit on the Information Society. In their leisure time, network leaders chatted and shared. Part of the many ideas that went around was one by D.Net, [http://dnet-bangladesh.org dnet-bangladesh.org], (Bangladesh), Sarvodaya [http://www.sarvodaya.org www.sarvodaya.org] (Sri Lanka) and UgaBYTES [http://www.ugabytes.org www.ugabytes.org] (Uganda)&lt;ref&gt;In fact, the discussion started as a simple midnight talk between Ndaula Sulah of UgaBYTES and Harsha Liyanage of Sarvodaya in Sri Lanka.&lt;/ref&gt; to develop a project together. This continued on as a conversation lasting for about another year.

The idea to create a Telecentre Times magazine gained ground, and it would later attract support from telecentre.org for a face-to-face follow-up meeting in Sri Lanka, with advisory support from telecentre.org. The meeting was also attended by D.Net, which resulted not only in the establishment of the Telecentre Times, but also in the expansion of another telecentre.org project, the '''Helpdesk''', for Bangladesh.

In the process of improving the English version, the telecentre.org team provided reviews and advisory support while the other networks took the role of collecting the articles, designing and disseminating the publication to UgaBYTES. Other networks also supported the editorial team at UgaBYTES. And through sharing lessons, other networks have now translated the publication into their local languages.

As the people involved got to know each other and built up trust, the process moved forward quickly and today the Telecentre Times is also published in French, Arabic and Bengali (in addition the initial English version). The process now requires minimal involvement of the initial players, while still benefiting from some telecentre.org support.

The Telecentre Times exemplifies a good example of a product of knowledge management achieved through inter-network collaboration. It captures periodical grassroots telecentre innovations, experiences, novel solutions and many more, and it globally disseminates them in a single publication, through regional networks, websites and mailing lists.

As a paper publication, it can be pleasantly read while sipping tea without having to turn anything on (except the light, if it’s dark…).

&lt;/div&gt;

Like when building a network, network collaboration thrives on trust and good relationships. It may be informal or informal. Networks need opportunities to develop the necessary trust as well as ongoing ways of nurturing and deepening relationships. Often, collaboration starts with a face-to-face meeting. Relationships grow faster when networks work together on a concrete activity of mutual benefit and maintain regular communication. They learn to understand and value each other more and more. Therefore, concrete projects such as the Telecentre Times have a kind of ‘double value’: as products of network collaboration as well as in sparking future collaborations among TCNs.

Effective network collaboration also needs leadership and mentoring. As we saw in the case of the Telecentre Times, telecentre.org provided resources for face-to-face meetings, occasionally facilitating online conversations and providing advisory support on a variety of issues. Additionally, telecentre.org encourages and facilitates documentation and sharing of experiences across networks involved in the publication.

==== Experiences in network collaboration ====

Networks (and thus their individual nodes) have much to gain from collaboration. As pointed out, together they find innovative solutions to challenges, develop new products, build up community development resources and strengthen institutional capacities.

In East Africa, UgaBYTES brought together network leaders and helped East African national networks like the Kenya Network of Telecentres (KenTel), Burundi Community Telecentre Network (BCTN), Tanzania Telecentre Network (TTN) and Rwanda Telecentre Network (RTN) to work more closely together. UgaBYTES contributed to the development of the mailing list and the website of the French network in Mali (Afriklinks), while Mozambique sent a representative on a one-week staff exchange program to Uganda in order to share experiences between UgaBYTES and the CAICC (The Community Information and Communication Support Centre in Mozambique). Telecentre networks in Latin America started a regular networking Skype chat in 2007. Community content facilitators based in Egypt, Peru, Uganda, India, Sri Lanka, Spain and Benin are also holding regular online chats to share strategies.

Networks have collaborated to create and manage telecentre helpdesks. Helpdesks are forums that enable telecentre practitioners to access support on demand. They use instant messenger (such as Skype, yahoo), emails, telephone and fax among other technology options. There are helpdesks in Portuguese (run by CAICC in Mozambique), in English (run by UgaBYTES in Uganda and the Bangladesh Telecentre Network), in French (run by Afriklinks, the Réseau des Télécentres du Burkina in Burkina Faso) and in Spanish (run by CEPES in Peru). Network leaders regularly discuss how to make the helpdesks effective, accessible and sustainable.

Bilateral, project-oriented collaborations are also occurring. One example involves Brazil’s Telecentre Information and Business Association (ATN) and its exchanges in Mozambique for content adaptation (both being Lusophone countries) and capacity building programs for telecentre operators. The counterpart in Mozambique is the Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) in Maputo,&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.uem.mz/ www.uem.mz]&lt;/ref&gt; a pioneer in providing internet access that has also helped other digital inclusion initiatives.

==== Challenges to inter-network collaboration ====

Network collaboration can offer substantial benefits, but it is not without its challenges. Telecentre network collaborations are constrained by the fact that most networks are not at the same level of development, with some just in the emerging stages while others are well established, perhaps causing a barrier to fluid integration. For instance, it is a significant challenge to agree on procedures and requirements across networks at the stage of emerging large services, because most TCNs are in their initial stages, after all. Advanced members in this position typically feel that collaboration is less rewarding and does not provide mutual benefits. Let us examine other challenges for network collaboration:

* '''Participation''': Most of the time networks actively engage in collaborating in activities of their choice and interest. But a few individuals and networks may appear to collaborate without actually contributing. This skews the process of sharing and learning. And its negative results end up reducing network collaborations.
* '''Coordination and control:''' There is a saying that everybody’s responsibility is nobody’s responsibility and that somebody will blame everyone for not doing something about that responsibility. In network collaboration there is a very big dilemma in resolving this phenomenon. Members are afraid that once one of them is chosen to coordinate, it is easy for that network to take the credit and in the end assume a controlling role. Or worse even, that once your network is picked to coordinate, you will have to perform all the work!
* '''Inclusion and focus:''' Most network collaborations draw on people interested in a specific part of the collaboration – such as about a telecentre.org Academy, staff exchange, or social enterprise models. This approach risks losing out on useful people who are not necessarily interested in several specific themes. A broader inclusion, on the other hand, opens up many opinions and perspectives, although it requires more complex coordination.
* '''Process and structure:''' Network collaboration may start from personal contacts and via informal processes before focusing on concrete actions. There is no standard time for network collaboration to mature. The one thing we know, however, is that if networks change the collaborative dynamics too early, the process may fail.

=== Case study – The telecentre.org Academy ===

The telecentre.org Academy is a global initiative to provide telecentre managers with ongoing training, capacity building, and professional development opportunities. Structured as a consortium of national academies and partners with a small global support unit, the academy supports and coordinates training programs, promotes the collaborative development and sharing of resources, and maintains accreditation and certification standards. At the global level, the telecentre.org Academy does the following:

* Establishes national academies in partnership with academic institutions, government, NGOs, and the private sector, and provides support for business and sustainability planning;
* Sets standards to accredit national academies and develops a certification scheme that recognizes telecentre managers' training achievements as well and skills gained through work experience;
* Supports the development of open curricula and promotes the creation, coordination, and improvement of common resources;
* Facilitates events, networking, and knowledge sharing activities, including engaging the community to contribute to a shared, multilingual repository based on UNESCO's Open Training Platform (to include curricula, certification standards, best practices, models, list of experts, etc.)
* Develops a web-based learning management system;
* Establishes partnerships to secure additional resources and support, encouraging other training organizations, technology companies and donor organizations to join as partners in the academy;
* Reaches out to governments and donors supporting telecentres to help them incorporate continuous and sustainable capacity building into their program design.

At the national or regional level, each academy localizes materials, delivers training, and links managers to ongoing mentoring and coaching opportunities. The telecentre.org Academy is a participatory initiative, where national academies and TCNs come together to determine the direction and activities of the global support unit.

==== Background ====

The telecentre.org program initiative was launched in 2005 with a commitment to developing the management capacity of telecentre practitioners and network managers around the world. It was clear that any initiative that would respond to this need would have to be owned by the telecentre community and be led by national networks. The initiative would need a multitude of reputable stakeholders like government, universities and other training and curriculum development bodies. Simply put, the initiative required more complex partnerships than could be developed in Ottawa (where telecentre.org was based), if the academy was to be a truly global training infrastructure.

For that reason, telecentre.org spearheaded discussions and provided grants for some networks that were picking up the idea. Involved networks shared their experiences through workshops, telecentre leaders’ forums, and online spaces. Now, national academies have been established in Spain, Colombia, and the &lt;u&gt;Philippines&lt;/u&gt;, which are to be followed by Peru, Chile, Brazil, Sudan, Egypt, India, and Mozambique with other academies in the pipeline. It is expected that by 2012 the telecentre.org-supported academies will have trained one million people.

==== How it works ====

The telecentre.org Academy is built on global network collaborations. It is focused on ensuring multi-stakeholder involvement and as such it has remained oriented to building trust and stimulating adaptation of its work to the needs of TCNs around the world. It fosters global debate through an open discussion forum at [http://www.telecentre.org/groups/telecentreacademy www.telecentre.org/groups/telecentreacademy], and it contributes training materials to the &lt;u&gt;Open Training Platform&lt;/u&gt; run by UNESCO.It also professionalizes, motivates, and supports one million telecentre knowledge workers in the making.

Telecentre.org invites national TCNs to set up their own national academies, committing to help them establish a national-level training system for telecentre workers that use telecentre.org's &lt;u&gt;Curriculum Commons resources&lt;/u&gt;. Thus, in the Academy, telecentre.org provides space to members as well as being an active partner, since it also contributes resources, materials and logistics.

==== Early Outcomes ====

The key result from the telecentre.org Academy so far is a strengthened operational capacity for hundreds of thousands of telecentre practitioners, as more networks incorporate the academy as part of their national training programs.

But other things have also happened as a result of this engagement. As an example, the international collaboration activities strengthen the bargaining power of the telecentre community, and it has therefore become simpler for national networks to engage with other partners like universities to support the training agenda of their telecentres.

=== Quick tips on international telecentre network collaboration ===

* '''Embrace ‘win-win’ situations'''. Right from the start, establish a give-and-take exchange as you begin to build a network. Let all the content for the interaction depends on what’s happening in each participating network’s objectives, strategy, brand, products, services and member experiences; such that everyone feels that he is gaining in one way or the other. The goal should be on how to increase your knowledge and how you will benefit your diverse members.
* '''Create results and define processes aimed at successful relations'''. In cases where you have meetings or collaborative engagements, design your meetings to achieve results, process and relationship success. Clear desired outcomes, agendas and effective facilitation to support results and process satisfaction.
* '''Include members from diverse functions and industries'''. If you have supporters based on a particular sector (and with differing job functions) include them; this cross-pollination of partnerships and functions adds depth and breadth to networks’ communication and it creates diversity of thought, new perspectives, and alternative approaches to problem solving.
* '''Build trust'''. For meaningful collaborations to happen, there should be a certain level of trust between actors. However, trust takes time to build up: it cannot happen overnight, and everything that happens either builds or destroys the trust (where it´s easier to destroy than build). Using interactive collaborations tools to build and maintain trust as well as undertake collaborative works is the best way to get to know a partner.
* '''Get your own website'''. First, having and maintaining a website for your network is key to open up to the rest of the world. It gives you a communication platform for all that you do and a market to sell your ideas for whoever is interested. The telecentre.org website has proved to be one of its most powerful tools in enhancing collaborations.
* '''Meet face-to-face'''. Meeting people face-to-face remains one the most effective ways to work together, manage knowledge and develop trust. In the telecentre community, several telecentre leaders’ forums – global, continental, regional, and national – have been organized. Since they are expensive and time consuming, their objectives should be thought out carefully to justify the effort.
* '''Take advantage of online social networks'''. Today, one of the most common methods of networking is through online social networks. In general, the idea is to create a place where network leaders, members, and all stakeholders can meet to exchange experiences at the lowest cost: online of course. Some of these spaces include ning, Facebook, or Twitter.
* '''Use online communication channels'''. Once you have Internet access, you may need to engage in cheap and powerful online communication channels like Skype (for voice and video).&lt;ref&gt;Skype, for example, is used for the African Telecentre Network Leaders' monthly meeting and the community facilitators' weekly meeting.&lt;/ref&gt; List servers/online forums remain essential communication channels that make it easy to share and collaborate ideas asynchronously, regardless of locations. Blogs provide a simple and yet powerful means of sharing and collaborating on key issues of network enhancement, from anywhere (as they are web based).

== Note ==
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      <text bytes="36481" sha1="t99810sm5jwwj7cq1t81dv4cdxvp9p8" xml:space="preserve">==Financial Sustainability for Telecentre Networks==

{{center|1=&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Aminata Maiga (AFRIKLINKS, Mali)&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;}}

This chapter identifies resource challenges, business models for telecentre networks and discusses ways for networks to undertake resource mobilization programs. Since the first telecentres were established in the early 1980s, a number of different models have emerged around the world. The models often take varied management approaches, technologies, connectivity options, and services. Yet no single telecentre model has so far proved inherently superior in terms of ensuring financial sustainability. Issues underlying financial sustainability of telecentre networks have been mostly similar to those of the network members – i.e. the telecentres themselves. The difference however, is that as a network, there is more potential for finding working solutions.
=== The Financial Picture for Telecentre Networks===
The telecentres of today and of the future are increasingly networked telecentres. The impact of telecentre networks has been significant in terms of providing quality support to telecentres, strengthening their mission of delivering ICT training and services to rural and marginalised urban communities, and in bridging the digital divide (or specific digital divides, such as urban-rural).

Telecentre networks function well if they have a heart – a core team of people – that champion the exchange of ideas, propose projects, ensure lessons are documented, make connections with potential partners and oversee long-term planning. It does not matter whether a network is virtual or physical. But there is only so much that a core team can do if it does not have the financial resources needed for the tasks at hand. Ultimately, a lack of resources often results in frustration and undermines the spirit of the network. In fact, the collapse of many telecentre networks has been attributed to lack of financial resources.

Before entering into the relevant aspects of financial sustainability for telecentre networks, we will start by quickly identifying other dimensions of TCN sustainability, besides the financial one, which have an effect on overall sustainability. The remainder of the chapter focuses on financial sustainability:

*'''Social sustainability''' – This may be the most influential dimension of the various types of sustainability, since it is driven by demand of its members.&lt;ref&gt;The sustainability of telecentres is highly dependent on their ability to offer the right mix of products and services. The types of services that telecentres provide is rapidly evolving, as the areas of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGovernment eGovernment], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHealth eHealth], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Learning e-Learning], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECommerce eCommerce] advance. Telecentres and TCNs need to take advantage of opportunities to extend the benefits to the community at large, through their public access and geographical coverage. Some governments are pursuing the deployment of telecentres programs precisely as a means of ensuring that larger segments of the population are able to access government services and information through electronic channels.&lt;/ref&gt; As Fillip and Foote say “sustaining a network is first and foremost about providing value to the telecentre managers who belong” (2007, p.&amp;nbsp;151). 
*'''Institutional Sustainability''' – It is beneficial to increase the scale of telecentre networks through partnerships with other telecentres, and with sectors including government, the private sector, academia, and civil society. By involving an extended set of organizations, responsibilities and costs are shared, collective commitment is increased, and risks are reduced. 
*'''Technological sustainability''' – Telecentre networks require good access to the proper technologies and skilled technicians needed to provide adequate services to the member telecentres.

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #E0FFFF; border: solid 1px #00a5ff; padding: 1em;&quot;&gt;
{{center|1='''Box 5.1 Achieving institutional sustainability: the Brazil Community program'''}}

The project Brazil Community ([http://www.ec-corp.com.br/midia/2002/nov/cam_comunidade.htm www.ec-corp.com.br/midia/2002/nov/cam_comunidade.htm]) was created in 2002 with the purpose of creating so-called ‘Community Rooms’ that have internet access in the whole country. It put in motion an interesting public-private partnership model in telecentre-related initiatives.

The partnerships model was based on a union between the Brazilian government, civil society organizations and the business sector. In so doing, it gained the commitment of a diverse set of partners, each with different contributions and responsibilities:

* Intel ([http://www.intel.com www.intel.com]) donated equipment for the telecentre;
* Microsoft([http://www.microsoft.com www.microsoft.com]) provided licensed software;
* Web-Class ([http://www.webaula.com.br www.webaula.com.br]) offered the technology for a distance education program;
* Planner ([http://www.plannermob.com.br www.plannermob.com.br]) provided Marketing Intelligence Service tools;
* Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF) ([http://www.caixa.gov.br/ www.caixa.gov.br]) provided some of the funding;
* The Federal Data Processing Service (SERPRO) ([http://www.serpro.gov.br www.serpro.gov.br]), committed to giving technological support to telecentres;
* Câmara Brasileira de Comércio Eletrônico ([http://www.camara-e.net/ www.camara-e.net]) provided a little funding and e-commerce technology;
* An e-consulting business ([http://www.ec-corp.com.br www.ec-corp.com.br])created the web portal www.comunidade-brasil.net;
* The NGO Moradia e Cidadania ([http://www.moradiaecidadania.org.br www.moradiaecidadania.org.br]), supported local workers;
* The NGO Sampa.org ([http://www.sampa.org www.sampa.org]), provided telecentre management training; and
* Brasil Telecom ([http://www.brasiltelecom.com.br www.brasiltelecom.com.br]) offered free internet access.
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Financial challenges for telecentre networks ====

Telecentre networks face various types of challenges while trying to achieve financial sustainability, as listed below:

* &lt;u&gt;Low financial diversification&lt;/u&gt;: Many telecentres and telecentre networks, in their initial stages, are funded 100% by donors, and later experience a reduction in this funding. This generates a high level of risk if key donors withdraw their support.
* &lt;u&gt;Restrictions on the use of funding&lt;/u&gt;: Some grants include restrictions that inhibit a telecentre network’s ability to grow and develop independently. That is, some grants may only be provided to carry out specific activities or hire particular staff for the duration of a project. Moreover, there are usually no provisions for subsequent funding. It is important to limit expectations to the explicit terms of an agreement.
* &lt;u&gt;Lack of funding for non-project work&lt;/u&gt;: It is often hard to secure funding for advocacy and institutional strengthening activities. For example, in many countries, the benefits that telecentres and ICT4D activities may bring to communities need to be more widely and publicly communicated, since these tasks figure under ‘soft’ operations, and are therefore hard to finance outright.
* &lt;u&gt;Proposal-related hassle&lt;/u&gt;: There are often difficulties related to the preparation and presentation or follow-up of funding proposals. Each donor organization requires the submission of proposals in a particular format; and naturally, each donor targets specific interests. In this way, the preparation of multiple proposals often becomes too time consuming for TCNs with limited capacity (with respect to technical and human resources).
* &lt;u&gt;Project-only funding&lt;/u&gt;: Funds are often limited to short-term projects that are financed by a handful of donors (such as national governments and international agencies), compared to a lack of funding for projects supporting overall organizational development or projects with a broader social impact.

Bearing these challenges in mind, it must also be understood that if many telecentres in a network are not sustainable themselves, then it is difficult for the network to be sustainable as a whole. Therefore, apart from supporting telecentres individually, telecentre networks also have a vested interest in contributing to their financial stability.

==== Planning for financial sustainability ====

Effective financial sustainability starts with a clear strategic plan: a long-term perspective of what the network is about and what it plans to do. This strategy should outline network objectives, priorities, resources required, and a means to track performance and resource levels. Each of these aspects is discussed in detail in other chapters of this guidebook, where this chapter focuses mainly on locating resources for the implementation stage of a telecentre network.

A telecentre network strategic plan may include obtaining resources from internal and external sources. &lt;u&gt;Internal financial resources&lt;/u&gt; may include:

* '''Membership fees''' – Who pays, and how much, are questions that should be carefully thought out. Collecting membership fees requires transparency, accountability and ample reporting on the part of the network leadership. Otherwise, fees can become a source of network instability.
* '''Consultancy services''' – Networks can provide technical services for a fee to their telecentre members, governments, private or civil society organizations. In several countries around the world, telecentre networks are leaders in universal access issues and enjoy good access to communities, which makes them valuable project partners. For instance, UgaBYTES in Uganda provides technical maintenance support to telecentres at a discounted fee.
* '''Sale of products''' – This may include discounted software, hardware, training programs or telecentre supplies. Products that are connected to the core business of a telecentre network may be the most feasible to sell since they may not require the development of new skills.

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #E0FFFF; border: solid 1px #00a5ff; padding: 1em;&quot;&gt;
{{center|1='''Box 5.2 Growing the market for telecentres: Cooking school (and other services)'''}}

''“I had a chat with Mohamed (Afriklinks) yesterday – kind of trying to digest the focus of eight telecentres that were launched early this month by government of Algeria which provides 100% support. This program is supported by InWent (Germany). They visited a telecentre in Djelfa, Algeria almost 300 km from the capital.''

''The catch for me, these telecentres provide certified training in cookery and adult literacy in addition to your usual telecentre style services. I think that is really revolutionary. This is why; if rural communities where most telecentres are located are largely illiterate and therefore unable to effectively use most services, how will a telecentre helps to address that problem and therefore drive more use?''

''You have probably heard of telecoms and other private companies spending time and energy to grow the market…working with young people and investing in schools (tomorrow’s market). How can a telecentre grow its future market? &lt;u&gt;Well, adult literacy training is one great way to do just that&lt;/u&gt;”.''

This blog post has been drawn from:

[http://www.digitaldivide.net/blog/Meddie/view?PostID=27668 www.digitaldivide.net/blog/Meddie/view?PostID=27668]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Resource mobilization from external sources====

There are many resource mobilization opportunities from &lt;u&gt;external network sources&lt;/u&gt;. Perhaps this is an area within which telecentre networks have focused significantly, but still not enough. The foundation of a good external resources mobilization plan is based on a strong awareness of what a network can do well, knowledge of its internal capacities (to offer as services to other organizations) and a recognition of the organizations that might be interested in working with the network. This implies an objective partnership analysis, and one that requires regular updates.

One way for telecentre networks to raise external resources is to directly cover '''operational overheads'''. This may mean getting another organization to pay for the salary of key network staff member(s) or paying for the internet connectivity. The network, in this instance, does not have to receive the money directly.

Telecentre networks can also mobilize external resources through '''endorsements'''. When a network can demonstrate its network value in terms of quantity, it is possible to use it to endorse products and services in return for economic value. Some telecentre networks such as the [http://www.atn.org.br Brazilian Telecentre Information and Business Association] (ATN)&lt;ref&gt;The website can be found at: [http://www.atn.org.br/ www.atn.org.br]&lt;/ref&gt; have developed a highly regarded public reputation so that private sector companies and local governments may even provide funding just in order to be associated with the network brand. Clearly, network value can be highly valuable if it is properly communicated and marketed.

One of the most significant ways to generate resources externally is for a telecentre network to act as a '''distribution channel''' of content and services. This implies working with private sector companies, civil society organizations and governments to distribute, implement, test and demonstrate products or services. TCNs can obtain significant resources this way. It gives networks an opportunity to expand the range of products and services they offer beyond the traditional ICT-related ones. And it places TCNs as significant actors in public-private partnerships.

Telecentre networks with the capacity and processes in place to act as distribution channels can work together with international partners such as UN agencies, multinational corporations with corporate social responsibility programs and universities. They can work either from the &lt;u&gt;demand side&lt;/u&gt;, such as bringing online university courses to telecentre users. And they could also work the &lt;u&gt;supply-side&lt;/u&gt;, such as offering project collaboration opportunities for a UN agency at the telecentre/community level. For instance, the partnership between the [http://www.atn.org.br/ Brazilian Telecentre Information and Business Association] (ATN) and Microsoft will provide 40,000 Windows XP/Office Package licenses for telecentres. Another benefit from this partnership is the email service hosted and operated by Microsoft in the platform Windows Live Custom Domains.

ATN provides another interesting example of helping telecentres’ financial needs with respect to university education. Through a partnership with the Metropolitan University of Santos (Unimes), telecentres are able to offer graduate and post-graduate courses accredited by Brazil’s Ministry of Education. Through this program, students attend classes once a week in the telecentres which are given by teachers from the university. Throughout the week, students can use any computer and other telecentre services they may need. By the end of the course, students receive an accredited degree while the telecentre receives 20% of each student’s monthly payment.

Perhaps the most frequent approach taken presently by telecentre networks is to raise external funds is via '''direct project funding'''. However, this is also the most unreliable of all sources. External funding may come from national or foreign donors. It is common for industrialized countries such as Canada, Finland, Australia or Spain to provide telecentre services for free to individual users in their territory. The Government of Western Australia, for example, gives recurrent support to most of an estimated 150 telecentres via its well-established WA Telecentre Network &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dlgrd.wa.gov.au/RegionDev/Telecentres.asp www.dlgrd.wa.gov.au/RegionDev/Telecentres.asp]&lt;/ref&gt; and makes use of the distributed potential discussed in the previous section to provide a range of educational and government services to the local communities served. This implies that the Western Australia Government considers its financial support to be an investment and not a simple ‘donation’.

Less developed countries that try to follow this type of highly subsidized project funding for telecentre development may find it to be financially unsustainable. It may lead to an abrupt stop in funding, or limit the extent and reach of telecentre programming. But this makes an even stronger selling point for supporting telecentre networks: if, as a government, you cannot maintain individual telecentres, at least try to strongly support telecentre networks that will work to stabilize the situation of the individual telecentres.

In the Philippines and Brazil, as in Australia and Spain, some telecentre networks are run by government organizations where workers and operational fees are paid for by the government. In Mali, the government wants to establish telecentres called ‘Community Access Points’ (CAPs) in all 703 communes, and to provide support for them (at least initially). The existing telecentre network in Mali, called FETEMA, is lobbying the government to demonstrate the advantages of networking and to send the message that FETEMA has the required expertise to support telecentres – and can probably do it more effectively and efficiently than government officials with lesser expertise and who are busy with other issues. This is a proper way to seek official support for a telecentre network, in promoting a partnership with a government department.

====  Social enterprises and telecentre networks ====

Telecentre networks can turn to the ‘social enterprise’ concept for effectively and efficiently complying with its essentially social objective (i.e. to support its member telecentres), as a logical extension of the social enterprise models exhibited by individual telecentres. This model can be applied to income-generating activities to supplement existing program funding and individual telecentre contributions.

The term ‘social enterprise’ refers to any entrepreneurial activity that generates revenue for an organization (that is, the ‘enterprise’) while at the same time helping to achieve social objectives. A network that ‘sells’ market information to telecentres to strengthen their services in the community and allows them to generate revenues is operating as a social enterprise. A different example could relate to a national NGO that wishes to disseminate good practices and training about family planning but that finds it difficult to reach municipal areas - the national telecentre network could then negotiate a fee with the NGO to send the relevant content to its telecentres, and thus provide the information to the NGO’s target audience in effective manner.

A social enterprise model for a telecentre network can bring a series of potential benefits such as:
* Increased and diversified income resulting from a social enterprise’s ‘profitability’, which helps to reduce dependence on uncertain funding sources;
* Greater flexibility because, unlike grant funding, a social enterprise’s income is not restricted to a specific use, thereby allowing networks to use the funds in ways that best meet their organizational needs;
* Improved overall organizational performance as the proper financial and managerial discipline required for running a successful social enterprise will improve the network’s organizational efficiency and planning skills;
* A positive impression on donors as they may appreciate that the telecentre network is being proactive in generating its own resources;
* Increased visibility and network self-confidence: marketing for social enterprise purposes can reach new audiences for the network, making the same the network leaders and staff realise that they have the ability to generate income on their own.

A telecentre network can manage more than one social enterprise, depending on its size (or, to be more precise, its management capacity). It also depends on the level of demand from telecentres or other clients (such as government entities or businesses) for delivering value-added services such as health content, tax information, delivery of official forms, and so on. 
While social enterprise models may bring significant benefits for telecentre networks, network managers should be aware of potential limitations. Managing a social enterprise of any type is not easy, and it may run against local economic or business cultures. Social enterprises also require a certain level of financial stability and expertise that not all telecentre networks have, and therefore they must be professionally managed. Furthermore, there is no direct recipe for success. Rather, each social enterprise model should be tailored to each particular telecentre network’s mission, and level of capacity, expertise, and technical skills.

According to Loïc Comolli, a social enterprise is not a way to get ‘quick money’ because it requires a long-term financial strategy and it may take several years before a financial return is realised (2008). In addition, as with any kind of business, a social enterprise is vulnerable to socio-economic conditions and market fluctuations, and if it not well managed it can place the network’s reputation and financial integrity at risk. A social enterprise’s activities may also cause a variety of internal organizational and cultural dilemmas as well as ideological conflicts with the core mission of the TCN.

==== Types of social enterprise models for telecentre networks ====

There is a range of possible social enterprise elements or activities that can be appropriate for telecentre networks. Some are closely related to the network's mission to strengthen telecentres, while others may be unrelated to the network's core missions and thus have a more limited – or even nonexistent – direct social impact. We take a look now at some of the various types, with tendencies ranging from lower to higher profit generation.

What will emerge from this quick examination of social enterprise aspects in telecentre networks is an apparent trade-off between network mission impact and impending profit levels. In general, the less related the social enterprise is from the telecentre network mission, the lower the resulting ‘impact’ of the activities in achieving network goals, but the higher the expected profit. Working on activities unrelated to the network mission may prove risky to the TCN, because the market and product is less familiar. In any case, the primary goal of non-mission related social enterprises would be to generate enough revenues to either cover operational costs (what is commonly referred to as 'overhead') of the telecentre network and/or support specific projects.

* &lt;u&gt;Implementing telecentre network program activities and providing services specified in the telecentre network’s charter without charging any fees from members&lt;/u&gt;: For example, a TCN may provide IT support to telecentres which strengthens a telecentre’s capacities, but additional funding is still required from other sources to pay staff members. The social impact of this kind of activity is high (telecentres cannot operate without staff) but the network relies 100% on grants and subsidies. Generally this kind of telecentre network is not seen as a social enterprise but rather as a type of NGO unless they use their social enterprise label to access funding as a regular component of their income generation strategy.
* &lt;u&gt;Using a partial cost-recovery goal, covering a percentage of their existing program costs through fees&lt;/u&gt;. This implies that the remaining costs would have to be covered by grants or donations. For example, the TCN may charge fees for providing IT support to telecentres. This helps to increase the prospects of sustainability of the program by reducing the amount of grant funding needed.
* &lt;u&gt;Offering new services to existing clients (such as telecentres)&lt;/u&gt;. For example, they can sell ICT course curriculum to telecentres to offer higher quality training to community members. This type of social enterprise has a high mission impact, i.e. it aims at the core purpose of the organization, its mission, and is funded by cost-recovery. It can either allow for these tasks to be performed on a break-even basis or may even have a potential to create a financial profit.
* &lt;u&gt;Offering extended program activities to new paying clients&lt;/u&gt;. For example, a telecentre network may charge fees for IT support for local schools or NGOs for a small profit.
* &lt;u&gt;Providing completely new products or services to new paying clients&lt;/u&gt;. For example, a telecentre network social enterprise that sells refurbished PCs to non-profit organizations and to the general public is not directly related to the network missiong since it does not directly involve the strengthening of telecentres; not in the service delivery, nor in the sharing of revenues from the enterprise. The overall goal is to make a profit that subsidizes the telecentre network's core activities and organizational development.

Since telecentre networks support and interact with a large number of telecentres (sometimes numbering in the hundreds or even thousands), the type of social enterprise that strikes a better balance may be one that provides new product or services to the existing clients (that is, member telecentres). At any rate, a rigorous analysis of TCN objectives, telecentre needs, revenue streams and resource mobilization possibilities is always required. The most appealing scenario, in most cases, is one where both networks and telecentres generate some revenue, offering products and services that are useful to the communities.

The Rural Center of Digital Inclusion (CRID) ([http://www.multimeios.ufc.br www.multimeios.ufc.br]) based at the Federal University of Clara ([http://www.ufc.br www.ufc.br]) presents an interesting example of a social enterprise within a telecentre network. A project they run helps to mobilize the community to become acquainted with the process of digital culture, as a road towards ‘knowledge transformations’. As stakeholders in a public-private partnership scheme, the project involves rural communities in managing the telecentres, which offer services in digital inclusion, educational informatics, distance courses and telecommunications in a context of social, personal, economic and cultural empowerment. The telecentres are well-managed, the communities are empowered, and useful services are provided to the users of the telecentres.

=== Case Study - A Project Partnership with Malian Telecentres ===

'''“Building the capacities of young girls/women who are school drop-outs through Malian Telecentres: A partnership between Afriklinks, Microsoft CTSP and FETEMA”'''

====Background ====

Telecentres in Mali do not typically receive subsidies from initial funding partners to support operating costs. Among the various types of telecentres that exist, only those known as Community Learning and Information Centers (or Clicks) ever received direct subsidies, which ended in March 2005. The role of Afriklinks and its partners is to support these individual telecentres to achieve a higher level of sustainability (including within the network itself).

With the support of telecentre.org, in addition to technical support from Afriklinks, the Federation des Telecentres du Mali (FETEMA) was created in 2006. However, FETEMA needed additional funds to become operational as an independent entity. Most of its funding was originally supposed to come from network members. But annual subscription fees were not allowed to cover network activities, and Afriklinks’ staff in Bamako constituted the de-facto permanent secretariat of FETEMA, essentially providing free human resources for the federation. In order to mobilize resources, therefore, FETEMA carried out many formal and informal meetings with potential partners. This case study is the result of one of those meetings.

==== The project ====

This project process started in Benin during the African Telecentre Leaders’ Forum that was held at Centre Songhai, in December 2007, where the Afriklinks team met with Microsoft representatives. We learned that Microsoft can fund community based ICT projects, and we knew that the person dedicated to Mali-based projects was based in Senegal.  After initial contact, we learned about the eligible areas for project funding at the community level, through Microsoft’s Community Technology Skills Program (CTSP) initiative.

In Mali, many young girls drop out of school because they marry or have children at a young age. The majority of these girls do not have access to any ‘professional’ training of any kind, due to their poverty level, or for cultural reasons (for example, their husbands are not willing to pay to send them to another locality in order to attend courses). These young women therefore stay home to take care of domestic chores, and have little to aspire to besides raising a family.

There emerged an opportunity to develop a project to provide these young women with ICT skills. The project covered their training fees, which in turn could help them make a new start. They were given the chance to improve their lives (if allowed the possibility to apply for jobs or manage a personal activity at the local level), while having access to useful information in telecentres which enabled them to better care for themselves and their families.

==== How it was designed ====

We submitted a proposal online at the Microsoft Unlimited potential website in June 2007. Two months later, we received an invitation to participate in a workshop organised by Microsoft in Senegal as a potential partners. The cost of travel (about USD $1,500) needed to be covered by the invited organizations, and Afriklinks invested in the project and sent one delegate to this workshop. There were meetings with Microsoft to clarify doubts and answer questions about the project, and one month later (in October 2007) the proposal was selected. The grant was for USD $50,000, which allowed for approximately 200 young girls/women to be trained through the community telecentres.

We opened a bid for FETEMA’s members to apply to be project partners to help with the execution of the project. FETEMA members were informed through the federation website and the distribution list about the project, including eligibility criteria. Twelve telecentres were chosen according to the manager’s level of technical capacity, as well as the availability of adequate equipment. We used communication via the local community radio over a two-week period to broadcast project information and beneficiary criteria in French and in at least one local language. A national press conference was held to formally present the project and the locations of the chosen telecentres.

==== Project outcomes ====

After the first year of implementation, 42 young girls out of the total 200 involved in the project got a job in their communities. The remaining girls were either hoping to open their own local cybercafés, or to continue studying to obtain a professional diploma.

The project budget covered the telecentres’ training costs, and it provided FETEMA with some core funding (approximately 5% of the total funds). All telecentres involved in the project agreed to share their resources between them.

We see this activity as a social enterprise that permitted young girls/women at the local community level to develop ICT skills, bringing some revenue to individual telecentres, and also to the network as a franchise fee.

In 2008, Afriklinks presented another proposal to Microsoft to help young girls create their own businesses. If approved, the project will receive USD $50,000 to be implemented in February 2009. The project would allow for ten new telecentres to be created by Afriklinks using refurbished computers, to be managed by some of the newly trained girls in their communities. FETEMA will order the refurbished computers and re-sell them to telecentres that need to improve their technical equipment, getting some revenue in the process.

==== Lessons learned ====

* The rather new FETEMA executive board, whose members are fully employed within the telecentres or their hosting institutions, did not have the capacity to write effective proposals at the time of application. It is therefore recommendable for the FETEMA telecentre network to initiate training sessions on fundraising for its members. The 
* Afriklinks team had the capacity to submit the proposal due to support from telecentre.org and USAID, otherwise it would have been very difficult to conduct the process.
* Access to some initial funds is critical to begin network activities: the network needs to be able to hire people who competent in communication and fundraising activities.
* The project was one of ‘learning by doing’ for both the telecentre network and the selected telecentres involved.
Accountability and regular reporting to donors and partners are a crucial part of the fundraising process.

=== Quick Tips for Financial Sustainability ===

* Dependence on only one source of financing should be avoided, even if it provides significant funding or if it appears stable: the situation can change from one day to the next.
* It is (operationally) necessary to plan for the short term, called annual action plans. It is also (strategically) necessary to have long-term strategies and planning (that is, planning at least five years ahead).
* Financial sustainability for telecentres or for telecentre networks does not guarantee overall sustainability: other dimensions like social, institutional and technological sustainability are important as well.
* Content and services from individual telecentres can be combined into a network-wide catalogue of content and services, to respond to the needs of telecentres users all around the network.
* A telecentre network can help telecentres to expand their range of products and services beyond the traditional ICT-related ones, such as ICT technical support and training, to include health, e-government, and educational related products and services, for example.
* Using a proper distribution strategy, a telecentre network can offer products and services that come from national and international entities.
* Building the capacity of individual telecentres to formulate good project proposals (including the provision of helpful materials like proposal templates) is a practical way to help the overall sustainability of the network by contributing to individual telecentre sustainability.
* It may prove useful to provide incentives for telecentres to keep financially contributing to the network, for example, by inviting only those telecentres to events who are consistently paying their fees.
* If a government is going to set up a telecentre program, or if it already supports telecentre programs, one of its central ‘smart’ investments should be in telecentre networks.
* It should never be assumed that project funding will be extended beyond the life of a given project. Therefore, any related measures for extended financing or in seeking additional project phases should be timely and taken accordingly. For example, networks can negotiate with the donor early on, arrange for project evaluations, become familiar with the donor’s calendar, prepare new projects, etc.).
* Non-financial resource contributions such as expertise and human and technological resources can contribute powerfully to sustainability needs (including the financial sustainability).
* Social enterprise business models can be appropriate for telecentre networks, just as they are for individual telecentres. But they require a relatively strong level of institutional capacity to succeed.
* The closer a social enterprise is to the telecentre’s overall mission of strengthening telecentres, the higher its potential impact.

=== References and Resources===

Comolli, L. (2008). Increasing Telecentre Network Sustainability through Social Enterprise. Telecentre Magazine, 2:4, pp.&amp;nbsp;18–22.

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

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[[File:Sorbus torminalis Trunk and canopy.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]&lt;br /&gt;
Most of my wiki contributions are made to [[:species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] where I'm an administrator, bureaucrat and interface admin,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist (verify)]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; as administrator and interface ditto at the Swedish version of [[wikivoyage:sv:Huvudsida|Wikivoyage]]&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://sv.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and to the Swedish Wikimedia Chapter [[WMSE:|Wikimedia Sverige]], where I'm also an admin.&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://se.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Användare&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

I've made a total of [[:meta:Special:CentralAuth/Tommy_Kronkvist|391,600 edits]] to 153 different Wikimedia sister projects, since August 2008 when I first registered my user account. (Data per April 29, 2026.)

Swedish is my mother tongue&amp;nbsp;– even though I was born in Finland&amp;nbsp;– but I feel fairly comfortable speaking and writing English and some German as well. Odd as it may seem, unfortunately I can't speak any Finnish.

My family name consists of two parts: ''kron'' – a short form of the Swedish word ''krona'' meaning 'crown', as in coronation crown or tree crown – and ''kvist'', meaning 'bough' or 'twig'. Hence the name ''Kronkvist'' refers to a twig in the canopy of a forest. I'm the fourth generation of Kronkvist's. Before that our family name was ''Mattus'', dating back from at least 1637. I've lived all over Sweden (for example in Stockholm and in the Gothenburg area) but nowadays reside in Uppsala, the fourth biggest city and former capital of Sweden.</text>
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*[http://www.rtog.org/ RTOG Website]  
*Wikibooks list of [[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials|RTOG trials]]

{|border=1 width=100%
|+'''Endometrial Cancer: RTOG OPEN TRIALS''' 
|''Number''||''Title''
|-
| [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/0921/0921.pdf 09-21] || A Phase II Study of Postoperative Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) with Concurrent Cisplatin and Bevacizumab Followed By Carboplatin and Paclitaxel For Patients With Endometrial Cancer
|}


{|border=1 width=100%
|+'''Endometrial Cancer: RTOG CLOSED TRIALS'''
|''Number''||''Title'' || ''Publication''
|-
| [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/0418/0418.pdf 04-18] || A Phase II Study of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) to the Pelvis +/- Chemotherapy for Post-operative Patients with either Endometrial or Cervical Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/99-05/99-05.pdf 99-05] || A Phase III Study of Adjuvant Postoperative Irradiation With or Without Cisplatin/Paclitaxel Chemotherapy Following TAH/BSO For Patients With Endometrial Cancer || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/97-08/97-08.pdf 97-08] || A Phase II Study of Adjuvant Postoperative Irradiation Combined With Cisplatin/Taxol Chemotherapy Following TAH/BSO For Patients With High-Risk Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|16545437}}
|}</text>
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*[http://www.gog.org GOG Website]  
*Wikibooks list of [[Radiation_Oncology/GOG|GOG trials]]

{|border=1 width=100%
|+'''Endometrial Cancer: GOG OPEN TRIALS''' 
|''Number''||''Title''
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=649079&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0258] || '''Phase III Randomized Study of Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Comprising Cisplatin and Tumor Volume-Directed Radiotherapy Followed by Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Versus Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Alone in Patients With Stage III or IVA Endometrial Carcinoma'''
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=629591&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0249] || '''Phase III Randomized Study of Pelvic Radiotherapy Versus Vaginal Cuff Brachytherapy, Paclitaxel, and Carboplatin in Patients With High-Risk Stage I or II Endometrial Carcinoma'''
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=668836&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0247] || Study of Patient, Physician, and Nurse Factors Associated With Entry Onto Clinical Trials and Completion of Treatment in Patients With Primary or Recurrent Invasive Carcinoma of the Uterine Corpus or Uterine Cervix
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=646813&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0244] || Prospective Study of the Incidence, Risk Factors, and Impact of Lymphedema After Radical Surgery in Patients With Stage I-II Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer, Stage IA-IIA Cervical Cancer, or Stage I-IV Vulvar Cancer
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=550975&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0238] || Phase II Randomized Study of Pelvic Radiotherapy With Versus Without Cisplatin in Patients With Recurrent Endometrial Cancer
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=521453&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0233] || '''Phase I/II Study of the Utility of Preoperative Fludeoxyglucose F 18 Positron Emission Tomography/CT Scanning and Ferumoxtran-10 MRI Scanning Prior to Primary Chemoradiotherapy in Detecting Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients With Locoregionally Advanced Carcinoma of the Cervix or High-Risk Endometrial Carcinoma'''
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=651456&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0229H] || Phase II Study of MEK inhibitor AZD6244 in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=322261&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0210] || Study to Collect Clinical Specimens For Molecular Staging of Endometrial Carcinoma
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=78647&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0136] || Research Study of Collection of Gynecological Tumor Specimens
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=654472&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-0086P] || Phase II Randomized Study of Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and Bevacizumab Versus Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and Temsirolimus Versus Ixabepilone, Carboplatin, and Bevacizumab in Patients With Stage III-IV or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=580419&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617753 GOG-9920] || Phase I Study of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in Combination With Intraperitoneal (IP) Paclitaxel and Intravenous or IP Cisplatin in Patients With Endometrial Cancer At High Risk for Peritoneal Failure
|}


{|border=1 width=100%
|+'''Endometrial Cancer: GOG CLOSED TRIALS INVOLVING RADIATION'''
|''Number''||''Title'' || ''Publication''
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68020&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0184] || Phase III Randomized Adjuvant Study of Tumor Volume-Directed Pelvic Radiotherapy With or Without Paraaortic Radiotherapy Followed By Cisplatin and Doxorubicin With or Without Paclitaxel in Patients With Stage III Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|19108877}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=64171&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0156] || Phase III Randomized Study of Adjuvant Pelvic Irradiation vs DOX/CDDP for Stage IB/IC/IIA/IIB Endometrial Carcinoma || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67844&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9908] || Phase I Study of Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Followed By Whole Abdominal Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage III or IV Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|19135232}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67856&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9907] || Phase I Study of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin With Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage III or IV Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|18962846}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68040&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9905] || Phase III Randomized Study of Adjuvant Radiotherapy With or Without Cisplatin and Paclitaxel After Total Abdominal Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy in Patients With Stage I or II Endometrial Cancer (also RTOG 9905) || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=64001&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9403] || Phase I Dose-Seeking Study of TAX Administered During Pelvic Irradiation for Advanced or Recurrent Cancer of the Cervix, Vagina, Endometrium, or Bladder || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=78244&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9301] || Phase I Study of Weekly CDDP and Whole-Abdominal Radiotherapy Followed by DOX/CDDP in Patients with Stage III/IV Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|15385116}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=63265&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-147] || Companion Protocol to Evaluate the Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced Endometrial Cancer Simultaneously Enrolled on GOG-122 || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77572&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-122] || Phase III Randomized Trial of Whole-Abdominal Irradiation vs DOX/CDDP in Patients Who Have Undergone Maximum Debulking of Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|16330675}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=74340&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-99] || Phase III Randomized Evaluation of Adjuvant Postoperative Pelvic Radiotherapy vs No Adjuvant Therapy for Surgical Stage I and Occult Stage II Intermediate-Risk Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|14984936}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=74147&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-94] || Phase II Study of Whole-Abdominal Radiotherapy in Patients with Papillary Serous Carcinoma and Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Endometrium or with Maximally Debulked Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|16213007}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75340&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-18] || Multimodality Therapy with Surgery and Radiotherapy for Stage II Adenocarcinoma and Adeno-Acanthoma of the Endometrium || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75329&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-17] || Radiotherapy plus Endocrine Therapy with Progestin for Stage III and Stage IV Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75318&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7618023 GOG-16] || Preoperative vs Postoperative Radiotherapy Adjunctive to Surgery for Stage I Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium || Terminated
|}


{|border=1 width=100%
|+'''Endometrial Cancer: GOG CLOSED TRIALS'''
|''Number''||''Title'' || ''Publication''
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=609740&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0248] || Phase II Randomized Study of Temsirolimus With or Without Hormonal Therapy Comprising Megestrol Acetate and Tamoxifen Citrate in Patients With Advanced, Persistent, or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=641191&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0229I] || Phase II Study of Brivanib Alaninate in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|- 
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=601291&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0229G] || Phase II Study of Bevacizumab and Temsirolimus in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|- 
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=540237&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0229F] || Phase II Study of VEGF Trap in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=465502&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0229E] || Phase II Study of Bevacizumab in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=393398&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0229D] || Phase II Study of Lapatinib in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=69057&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0229C] || Phase II Study of Gefitinib in Patients With Persistent or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68964&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0229B] || Phase II Study of Thalidomide in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|17306350}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=555427&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0224] || Phase II Randomized Study of Megestrol Acetate in Patients With Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia or Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=306440&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0211] || Phase II Pilot Study of Medroxyprogesterone in Patients With Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Corpus || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=305940&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0209] || Phase III Randomized Study of Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, Paclitaxel, and Filgrastim (G-CSF) Versus Carboplatin and Paclitaxel in Patients With Stage III or IV or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68624&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0189] || Phase III Randomized Study of Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, Paclitaxel, and Filgrastim (G-CSF) Versus Tamoxifen and Megestrol in Patients With Stage III or IV or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68339&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0188] || Phase II Study of Fulvestrant in Patients With Newly Recurrent, Persistent, or Metastatic Endometrial Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68020&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0184] || Phase III Randomized Adjuvant Study of Tumor Volume-Directed Pelvic Radiotherapy With or Without Paraaortic Radiotherapy Followed By Cisplatin and Doxorubicin With or Without Paclitaxel in Patients With Stage III Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68091&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0181B] || Phase II Study of Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) in Patients With Advanced, Recurrent, or Persistent Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || {{PMID|1984088}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=66794&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0177] || Phase III Randomized Study of Doxorubicin/Cisplatin With or Without Paclitaxel and Filgrastim (G-CSF) Support in Patients with Stage III, Stage IV, or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=64758&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0163] || Phase III Randomized Study of Doxorubicin/Cisplatin vs Doxorubicin/Paclitaxel/G-CSF for Primary Stage III/IV or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=64171&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0156] || Phase III Randomized Study of Adjuvant Pelvic Irradiation vs DOX/CDDP for Stage IB/IC/IIA/IIB Endometrial Carcinoma || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=65498&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0137A] || Phase III Randomized Study of Estrogen Replacement Therapy Versus Placebo in Women With Stage I or II Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=631591&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0129Q]] || Phase II Study of Gemcitabine Hydrochloride in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=391849&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0129P] || Phase II Study of Ixabepilone in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || {{PMID|19451430}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=372921&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0129O] || Phase II Study of Pemetrexed Disodium in Patients With Persistent or Recurrent Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || {{PMID|19804902}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=368634&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0129N] || Phase II Study of Docetaxel in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|18675446}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68874&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0129M] || Phase II Study of Flavopiridol in Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|15978659}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68235&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0129K] || Phase II Study of Oxaliplatin in Patients With Persistent or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|16712905}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67809&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0087J] || Phase II Study of Doxorubicin HCl Liposome in Patients With Recurrent or Advanced Uterine Sarcoma || {{PMID|15721421}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67891&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0086M] || Phase II Study of Doxorubicin HCl Liposome in Patients With Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|15975638}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68825&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-0026A] || Master Protocol Template for Individual Phase II Studies of New Drug Therapies in Patients With Metastatic or Recurrent Gynecologic Malignancies || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67844&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9908] || Phase I Study of Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Followed By Whole Abdominal Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage III or IV Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|19135232}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67856&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9907] || Phase I Study of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin With Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage III or IV Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|18962846}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=68040&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9905] || Phase III Randomized Study of Adjuvant Radiotherapy With or Without Cisplatin and Paclitaxel After Total Abdominal Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy in Patients With Stage I or II Endometrial Cancer (also RTOG 9905) || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=66938&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9902] || Quality of Life of Gynecologic Cancer Survivors || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=66705&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9805] || Phase II Study of Amifostine for Protection Against Cisplatin and Paclitaxel Induced Neurotoxicity in Women With Ovarian, Peritoneal, Cervical, Fallopian Tube, Uterine, or Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|14615449}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=63922&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9405] || Phase I Study of Paclitaxel Combined with Fixed Doses of CDDP/DOX for Advanced Gynecologic Malignancies and Recurrent Bladder Cancer with or without Pelvic Irradiation || {{PMID|11181665}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=64001&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9403] || Phase I Dose-Seeking Study of TAX Administered During Pelvic Irradiation for Advanced or Recurrent Cancer of the Cervix, Vagina, Endometrium, or Bladder || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=78244&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9301] || Phase I Study of Weekly CDDP and Whole-Abdominal Radiotherapy Followed by DOX/CDDP in Patients with Stage III/IV Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|15385116}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=78388&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9206] || Phase II Study of Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy/Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy, Intraperitoneal Staging, and Pelvic and Aortic Lymph Node Sampling in Patients with Presumed Stage I/IIA Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium || {{PMID|15086735}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77970&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9102] || The Effect of Alopecia on the Cancer Patient's Body Image and the Role of Audiovisual Information on Improving Body Image || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77200&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9101] || Phase I Study of Intraperitoneal TAX in Patients with Recurrent Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cavity Carcinoma || {{PMID|8523061}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=76552&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-9001] || Phase I Limited-Access Study of Weekly Cisplatin and Whole-Abdominal Irradiation in Patients with Stage III/IV Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|8946862}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=76379&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-8909] || Phase I Study of CDDP plus Cyclosporine in Patients with Refractory Gynecologic Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=76194&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-8808] || Phase I Study of Intraperitoneal Taxol in Patients with Recurrent and/or Persistent Gynecologic Carcinoma || {{PMID|7912515}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75636&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-7892] || Phase II Hormone Therapy with Tamoxifen for Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67139&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-180] || Phase II Study of Danazol in Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|12798713}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=65358&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-168] || Phase II Study of Anastrozole (Arimidex) in Advanced, Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|10926805}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=65999&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-167] || Prospective Study of Immediate Hysterectomy and Phase II Randomized Study of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (Provera) Versus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Suspension (Depo-Provera) Prior to Hysterectomy in Patients With Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia || {{PMID|16400639}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=65236&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-166] || Phase II Study of High-Dose Intravenous Progesterone and Doxorubicin for Progressive Endometrial Carcinoma Resistant to Ongoing Doxorubicin Alone || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=64056&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-159] || Phase II Study of ZDX in Advanced, Recurrent, or Persistent Endometrial Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=63605&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-153] || Phase II Study of Alternating Courses of Megestrol and Tamoxifen for Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || {{PMID|14751131}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=63265&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-147] || Companion Protocol to Evaluate the Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced Endometrial Cancer Simultaneously Enrolled on GOG-122 || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=78088&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-139] || Phase III Randomized Study of DOX/CDDP Administered on Standard vs Circadian-Timed Schedules in Patients with Primary Stage III/IV/Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|14551299}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67554&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-129L] || Phase II Study of 6-Hydroxymethylacylfulvene (Irofulven) in Patients With Persistent or Recurrent, Refractory Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|15122083}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=66792&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-129J] || Phase II Study of Topotecan in Patients With Persistent, Recurrent, or Refractory Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|12468321}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=65872&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-129I] || Phase II Study of Pyrazoloacridine (PZA) in Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|11812081}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=65355&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-129H] || Phase II Study of the Effects of DOXIL in the Treatment of Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|11981008}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=64454&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-129E] || Phase II Study of Dactinomycin for Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|10600310}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=63851&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-129C] || Phase II Study of TAX for Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Cancer  || {{PMID|12648575}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=78503&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-129B] || Phase II Study of Prolonged Oral VP-16 in Patients with Recurrent or Advanced Endometrial Cancer || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77572&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-122] || Phase III Randomized Trial of Whole-Abdominal Irradiation vs DOX/CDDP in Patients Who Have Undergone Maximum Debulking of Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|16330675}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77171&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-121] || Phase II Trial of High-Dose MEG in Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma ||  &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77010&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-119] || Phase II Study of Tamoxifen plus Medroxyprogesterone for Advanced, Recurrent, or Metastatic Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|14751130}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75322&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-107] || Phase III Randomized Study Comparing ADR vs ADR/CACP in Patients with Recurrent Primary Stage III/IV Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|15459211}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=74340&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-99] || Phase III Randomized Evaluation of Adjuvant Postoperative Pelvic Radiotherapy vs No Adjuvant Therapy for Surgical Stage I and Occult Stage II Intermediate-Risk Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|14984936}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73876&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-96] || Phase II Circadian-Timed Combination Chemotherapy with ADR/CDDP in Patients with Advanced Primary Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|8256764}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=74147&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-94] || Phase II Study of Whole-Abdominal Radiotherapy in Patients with Papillary Serous Carcinoma and Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Endometrium or with Maximally Debulked Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|16213007}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77903&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-860] || Phase II Master Protocol for Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Carcinoma of the Endometrium --- TAX/G-CSF || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75022&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-86J] || Phase II Master Protocol for Treatment of Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Carcinoma of the Endometrium --- Tumor Necrosis Factor || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77174&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-86I] || Phase II Study of IFF/Mesna for Advanced or Recurrent Carcinoma of the Endometrium || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73980&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-86E] || Phase II Master Protocol for Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Carcinoma of the Endometrium --- Vincristine || {{PMID|8424397}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73979&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-86D] || Phase II Master Protocol for Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Carcinoma of the Endometrium --- MTX || {{PMID|2407104}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73275&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-86] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced or Recurrent Carcinoma of the Endometrium: Phase I/II Study of Hexamethylmelamine || {{PMID|3141250}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73397&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-083] || Phase II Clinico-Pathological Study of Adjuvant Chemotherapy with L-PAM in Patients with Simultaneous Endometrial and Ovarian Carcinoma || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73273&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-81F] || Master Protocol for Hormonal Treatment of Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma --- Phase II Tamoxifen for Disease Responsive to Progestins || {{PMID|11208827}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75577&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-81] || Phase III Randomized Study of Low-Dose vs High-Dose Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (Provera) in Patients with Advanced, Persistent, or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma || {{PMID|11208827}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=74591&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-62] || Data Collection Form for Extravasation Injury with Doxorubicin || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=70956&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-48] || Phase III Provera (MPA) vs ADR vs ADR/CTX for Stage III/IV or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|8021731}}
|- 
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75515&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-28] || Phase III L-PAM/5-FU/MEG Chemotherapy vs ADR/CTX/5-FU/MEG for Primary Stage III or IV Recurrent or Residual Endometrial Cancer || {{PMID|6371627}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=69642&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-34] || Phase III Randomized Trial of Surgery plus Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy with ADR vs Surgery plus Radiotherapy Alone in Patients with High-Risk Stage I/High-Risk Occult Stage II Endometrial Carcinoma, Including Those with Adnexal Metastases || {{PMID|2298404}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75537&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-30] || Phase II Chemotherapy with Adriamycin for Endometrial Adenocarcinoma || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=77114&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26MM] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Gynecologic Malignancies: EDAM || {{PMID|7900709}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=76663&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26KK] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma: Merbarone || {{PMID|8554040}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=76034&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26HH] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Pelvic Gynecologic Malignancies: Fluorouracil/Leucovorin || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=76265&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26GG] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Pelvic Gynecologic Malignancies: Fazarabine || {{PMID|7534978}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73873&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26Y] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Gynecologic Malignancies: Vinblastine || {{PMID|2239800}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73394&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26W] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Gynecologic Malignancies: Echinomycin || {{PMID|2198794}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=73393&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26V] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Gynecologic Malignancies: N-Methylformamide || {{PMID|2384305}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=72422&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26T] || Phase II Master Protocol Chemotherapy with 4'-Deoxydoxorubicin for Advanced, Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies || {{PMID|2557300}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=70980&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26P] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies: AT-125 || {{PMID|3700040}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75492&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26M] || Phase II Chemotherapy with PALA for Advanced Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies || {{PMID|6731346}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75481&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26K] || Phase II Chemotherapy with Chlorozotocin for Advanced, Recurrent and Metastatic Pelvic Malignancies in Progression || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75470&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26J] || Phase II Chemotherapy with YOSHI-864 for Advanced, Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies || {{PMID|6288239}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75459&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26H] || Phase II Chemotherapy with Maytansine for Advanced Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies || {{PMID|6869315}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=70316&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26I] || Phase II Chemotherapy with AMSA for Advanced, Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies (Cervix) || {{PMID|6687445}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=70944&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26G] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies: ICRF-159 || {{PMID|3953488}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75448&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26F] || Phase II Chemotherapy with Baker's Antifol for Advanced Recurrent Pelvic Malignancies || {{PMID|6236163}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=70943&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26E] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Gynecologic Malignancies: Dianhydrogalactitol || {{PMID|6511240}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=70940&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26D] || Phase II Master Protocol for Advanced, Recurrent Gynecologic Malignancies: VP-16 || {{PMID|6509456}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75437&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-26B] || Phase II Chemotherapy with Piperazinedione for Advanced Gynecologic Malignancies in Women || {{PMID|3754086}}
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75408&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-23] || Chemotherapy with ADR/VCR/CTX for Carcinoma of the Cervix and for Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium ||  &amp;nbsp;
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75340&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-18] || Multimodality Therapy with Surgery and Radiotherapy for Stage II Adenocarcinoma and Adeno-Acanthoma of the Endometrium || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75329&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-17] || Radiotherapy plus Endocrine Therapy with Progestin for Stage III and Stage IV Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75318&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7618023 GOG-16] || Preoperative vs Postoperative Radiotherapy Adjunctive to Surgery for Stage I Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium || Terminated
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75307&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-15] || Modified Phase II-III Chemotherapy with CCNU or MeCCNU for Advanced Gynecologic Cancers || {{PMID|350400}} 
|-
| [http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=75244&amp;version=HealthProfessional&amp;protocolsearchid=7617864 GOG-P12] || Relation of Progestin Receptor Concentration to Efficacy of Progestin Therapy for Endometrial Adenocarcinoma - Pilot Study || &amp;nbsp;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lentis</title>
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        <username>~2026-26280-63</username>
        <id>3580058</id>
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      <comment>add new chapter &quot;drone warfare&quot;</comment>
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[[Image:UVa Rotunda.jpg|thumb|196px|right|The Rotunda at The University of Virginia]]

''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology'' is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a [[w:Lens (geometry)|lens]] in shape. Hence the short title of the book, ''Lentis,'' which is Latin for &quot;of [or about] the lens.&quot; If the title (with its association with [[w:Lens|lenses]]) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the &quot;social interface of technology.&quot;

The chief authors of ''Lentis'' are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering.

As a wikibook, ''Lentis'' will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 20, 2024, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question.

''Lentis'' is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, &quot;true fables&quot; that offer &quot;morals&quot; of practical value in diverse endeavors.

More specifically, ''Lentis'' is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there.

If &quot;those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it,&quot; then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects.

Most of the chapters in ''Lentis'' are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2024. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value.

== Table of Contents ==

=== '''Preliminaries''' ===
* [[/Chapters: Active and Candidates/]]

=== '''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology''' ===

==== Food and Energy ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby|Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby]]

* [[/Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Politics of Biofuels/]]
* [[/Opposition to GMOs in Europe/]]
* [[/Patenting of GM Seeds/]]
* [[/Corn, Beef and Feedlots/]]
* [[/Dakota Access Pipeline/]]
* [[/High-Fructose Corn Syrup/]]
* [[/The Organic Foods Movement/]]
* [[/Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation/]]
* [[/Local Food as a Social Movement/]]
* [[/Marketing of Natural Foods/]]
* [[/Corn Ethanol in the United States/]]
* [[/Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power/]]
* [[/Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake?/]]
* [[/Fracking/]]
* [[/Wind Energy/]] 
* [[/Rare Earth Metals/]]
* [[/Carbon Offsets/]]
* [[/Clean Coal/]]
* [[/Food Waste in the United States/]]
* [[/Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States/]]
*[[/Solar Energy Policy in Germany/]]
*[[/Peak Oil/]]
*[[/U.S. Arctic Oil Mining/]]
*[[/How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves/]]
* [[/Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value/]]
*[[/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values/]]
*[[/Energy from Trash/]]
*[[/Life Off the Grid/]]
* [[/Soylent/]]
* [[/Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States/]]
* [[/Urban Farming/]]
* [[/Oil Palm Plantations/]]
* [[/Golden Rice/]]
* [[/Miracle Rice/]]
*[[/The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight/]]
*[[/Atlantic Coast Pipeline/]]
* [[/Cooking with Wood Fuel/]]
* [[Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States|Solar Panel Recycling in the United States]]
* [[Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy|Line 3 Pipeline Controversy]]
* [[/Data Centers and Energy/]]
* [[/Conflicts of Interest in US Nutrition Research/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Environmental Values and Climate Change ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/8 House|8 House]]
* [[Lentis/Plastic Bags|Plastic Bags]]
* [[Lentis/Water Bottles|Water Bottles]]
* [[Lentis/Competition for Water in California|Competition for Water in California]]
* [[Lentis/Green Roofing|Green Roofing]]
* [[Lentis/Hypoxic Zones|Hypoxic Zones]]
* [[Lentis/Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds|Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds]]
* [[Lentis/Masdar City|Masdar City]]
* [[Lentis/World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector|World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector]]
* [[Lentis/Noise pollution|Noise pollution]]
* [[Lentis/Ecovillages|Ecovillages]]
* [[Lentis/Climate Change Denial|Climate Change Denial]]
* [[Lentis/Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest|Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest]]
* [[Lentis/Marine Waste|Marine Waste]]
* [[Lentis/Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru|Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru]]
* [[Lentis/The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019|The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019]]
* [[Lentis/Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles|Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles]]
* [[Lentis/BedZED|BedZED]]
* [[Lentis/Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise|Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise]]
* [[Lentis/Light pollution|Light pollution]]
* [[Lentis/The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.|The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.]]
* [[Lentis/les Zadistes|les Zadistes]]
*[[/Flight Shaming/]]
*[[/Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing/]]
*[[/Zero-Plastic Retailing/]]
*[[/The PFAS Controversy/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Health and Medicine ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/The Ebola Outbreak of 2014|The Ebola Outbreak of 2014]]

* [[AI &amp; Medical Imaging]]
* [[Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products]]
* [[Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market]]
* [[/Nicotine Addictions/]]
* [[/Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti/]]
* [[/Fluoridation/]]
* [[/Medicine and Disgust/]]
* [[/Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices/]]
* [[/Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital/]]
* [[/Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill/]]
* [[/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy/]]
* [[/Chatbots as Therapists/]]
* [[/Placebos/]]
* [[/Baby Formula/]]
* [[/Sick Building Syndrome/]]
* [[/Football and Concussions/]]
* [[/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States  /|The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States]]
* [[/Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States/]]
* [[/Steroids and Baseball/]]
* [[/Nanotechnology and Health/]]
* [[/Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)/]]
* [[/Malaria and Mosquito Nets/]]
* [[/International Air Travel as a Disease Vector/]]
* [[/Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism/]]
* [[/Religious Opposition to Vaccination/]]
* [[/Physician-Assisted Suicide/]]
* [[/Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures/]]
* [[/The D.A.R.E. Program/]]
* [[/Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Athletes, Superstition, and Performance/]]
* [[/Gattaca Revisited/]]
* [[/Artificial Wombs/]]
* [[/The Weight Loss Industry in the United States/]]
* [[/Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics/]]
* [[/Vaping/]]
* [[/Neuroprosthetics/]]
* [[/Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon/]]
* [[/Antibiotics in India/]]
* [[/Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns/]]
* [[/Public Health Responds to Physical Inactivity/]]
* [[/Mobility and Access for the Disabled/]]
* [[/Power Lines and Public Health/]]
* [[/The HPV Vaccine/]]
* [[/Medication Overload/]]
* [[/The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy/]]
* [[/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons/]]
* [[/Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic/]]
* [[/Pain Scales/]]
* [[/Augmented Reality in Medicine/]]
* [[/COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution/]]
* [[/Chloramination of Drinking Water/]]
* [[/Manual Water Collection in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919/]]
* [[/Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics/]]
* [[/Caffeine Addiction/]]
* [[/The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US/]]
* [[/Pharma’s influence in FDA/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Mobility and Land Use ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/Cascadia Earthquake Preparation/]]
* [[/Bicyclists in Cities/]]
* [[/Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other/]]
* [[/American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture/]]
* [[/Congestion Pricing/]]
* [[/Urban Sprawl/]]
* [[/Planned Communities/]]
* [[/Slugging/]]
* [[/Bicycling in the Netherlands/]]
* [[/Tata Nano and Mobility in India/]]
* [[/How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture/]]
* [[/Autonomous Vehicles/]]
* [[/The Disappearing American Streetcar/]]
* [[/Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs/]]
* [[/Real-time Ridesharing/]]
* [[/Hitchhiking in the Digital Age /]]
* [[/Arcology/]]
* [[/Lowriding/]]
* [[/California High Speed Rail/]]
* [[/Self-Driving Cars/]]
* [[/The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945/]]
* [[/Road Rage/]]
* [[/The Ogallala Aquifer/]]
* [[/Rail in America/]]
* [[/The Belt and Road Initiative/]]
* [[/Car Dependency in the U.S./]]
* [[/Guerrilla Urbanism/]]
*[[/The Transformation of Times Square/]]
*[[/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming/]]
*[[/Vision Zero/]]
*[[/Shared Space and Woonerven/]]
*[[/Eyjafjallajökull 2010/]]
*[[Lentis/Driving Speed Enforcement|Driving Speed Enforcement]]
*[[/E-bikes and Personal Mobility/]]
*[[Lentis/Zoning Laws in the United States|Zoning Laws in the United States]]
*[[Lentis/Carpooling|Carpooling]]
*[[The Politics of Electric Vehicle Subsidies]]
*[[Lentis/Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities|Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities]]
*[[/New Urbanism/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Computers and the Internet ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/AI: More Human Than You Think/]]
* [[/Antipiracy/]]
* [[/Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution/]]
* [[/Compulsive Connectivity/]]
* [[/Screen-Free Child Rearing/]]
* [[/Crowdsourcing Higher Education/]]
* [[/Cryptocurrency/]] 
* [[/&quot;Data is the new oil&quot;/]]
* [[/Deepfakes/]]
* [[/Fake Users/]]
* [[/Hacker Culture/]]
* [[/Human Flesh Search Engine/]]
* [[/Social Engineering/]]
* [[/Internet Memes/]]
* [[/Internet Subcultures/]]
* [[/The Open-Source Movement/]]
* [[/Electronic Voting/]]
* [[/Online Consumer Reviews/]]
* [[/Online Dating Scams/]]
* [[/Online Shopping/]]
* [[/Online Reputation Management/]]
* [[/Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups/]]
* [[/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing/]]
* [[/Program and High Frequency Trading/]]
* [[/Social Networks/]]
* [[/Social Media and the Arab Spring/]]
* [[/Social Norms in Virtual Worlds/]]
* [[/Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News/]]
* [[/Street View/]]
* [[/Second Life/]]
* [[/User-Generated Content in the Internet Age/]]
* [[/password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture/]]
* [[/Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms/]]
* [[/Wikipedia/]]
* [[/Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems/]]
* [[/Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare/]]
* [[/Mass Collaboration/]]
* [[/Net Neutrality/]]
* [[/Mass Control of a Single Gamer/]]
* [[/Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China/]]
* [[/Web Induced Risk Taking/]]
* [[/Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage/]]
* [[/Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China/]]
* [[/Facebook Cheating/]]
* [[/Intellectual Property in the Internet Age/]]
* [[/The Social Psychology of YouTube/]]
* [[/Learning from a Distance/]]
* [[/Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships/]]
* [[/Identity Theft/]]
* [[/Higher Education Online/]]
* [[/The Culture of Instagram/]]
* [[/New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008/]]
* [[/Targeted Advertising/]]
* [[/Viral Marketing/]]
* [[/Web Tracking/]]
* [[/Internet Anonymity/]]
* [[/The Culture of Snapchat/]]
* [[/Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites/]]
* [[/Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009/]]
* [[/The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists/]]
* [[/Google Translate|Google Translate]]
* [[/The Deep Web/]]
* [[/Social Media Mining/]]
* [[/Internet Witch Hunts/]]
* [[/News Echo Chambers/]]
* [[/Featuritis/]]
* [[/Content Moderation/]]
* [[/Virtual Reality/]]
*
* [[/Social Media Shaming Campaigns/]]
* [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok|The Geopolitics of TikTok]]
* [[/AI Music, Creativity, and Intellectual Property/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Portable Electronics ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading|Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading]]
* [[Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain]]
* [[/Driving while Texting/]]
* [[/GPS and Driving/]]
* [[/Sociology of Texting/]]
* [[/The Text Effect/]]
* [[/Norms of Handheld Device Use/]]
* [[/Happy Slapping/]]
* [[/The Walkman Effect/]]
* [[/Electronically Enabled Test Cheating/]]
* [[/Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction/]]
* [[/Children and Cell Phones/]]
* [[/Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry/]]
* [[/Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras/]]
* [[/Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics/]]
* [[/Pokémon Go/]]
* [[/Phone Cinematography/]]
* [[/Cell Phones in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Wearable Activity Trackers/]]
* [[/Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society/]]
* [[/The Looking Glass/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Entertainment and Media ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games/]]
* [[/Gambling/]]
* [[/Game Addictions/]]
* [[/The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion/]]
* [[/The Proliferation of Music Production Capability/]]
* [[/Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]]
* [[/Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]]
* [[/Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion/]]
* [[/Portrayal of Women in Video Games/]]
* [[/Children,Video Games and Obesity/]]
* [[/Electronic Sports (eSports)/]]
* [[/Electronic Music Popular/]]
* [[/From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony/]]
* [[/The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL/]]
* [[/Gold Farming/]]
* [[/Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation/]]
* [[/Anti-TV Social Movements/]]
* [[/Media Format Wars/]]
* [[/Microtransactions in Videogames/]]
* [[/Moe Anthropomorphism/]] 
* [[/Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More/]] 
* [[/Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty/]]
* [[/Dance Dance Revolution/]]
* [[/Super Smash Bros./]]
* [[/Twitch/]]
* [[/Instant Replay in International Soccer/]]
* [[/Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World/]]
* [[Lentis/TikTok|TikTok]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/JEDI Cloud/]]
* [[/Digital Rights Management/]]
* [[/Military Industrial Complex/]]
* [[/Tasers and Stun Guns/]]
* [[/Probation Technology/]]
* [[/International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement/]]
* [[/Air Travel Security/]]
* [[/The United States - Mexico Border/]]
* [[/Recording Police Activity/]]
* [[/Video Surveillance/]]
* [[/Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power/]]
* [[/Cell Phones in Prison/]]
* [[/Cell Phone Jamming in the United States/]]
* [[/Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks/]]
* [[/Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth/]]
* [[/Cyberslacking/]]
* [[/Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft/]]
* [[/Video Surveillance in Great Britain/]]
* [[/Technology and Incarceration in the United States/]]
* [[/Additive Manufacturing/]]
* [[/Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data/]]
* [[/Amateurs with Drones/]]
* [[/Body Cameras/]]
* [[/Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness/]]
* [[/Law Enforcement and Social Media/]]
* [[/Cyber-attack Attribution/]]
* [[/China’s Social Credit System/]]
* [[/Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests/]]
* [[/8chan/]]
* [[/Lockheed Martin F-35/]]
*[[/Capital Punishment in the United States/]]
* [[/The Yellow Vests Movement/]]
* [[Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike|The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike]]
* [[Lentis/Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace|Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace]]
* [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine|The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine]]
* [[/Drone Warfare/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Systemic Racism in the U.S. ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/Gentrification/]]
* [[/Predictive Policing/]]
*[[The Prison-Industrial Complex]]
*[[/The War on Drugs/]]
*[[Lentis/Algorithmic Bias|Algorithmic Bias]]
*[[Lentis/The School to Prison Pipeline|The School to Prison Pipeline]]
*[[Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance|The HBCU Renaissance]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Technology and Gender ====
* [[Lentis/Algorithmic_bias_by_gender|Algorithmic Bias by Gender]]

==== History of Technology ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[The Decline of Public Transport in the U.S., 1945-1975]]

* [[/The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics/]]
* [[/Education and the Space Race in the United States/]]
* [[/Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States/]]
* [[/Disease Prevention in the First World War/]]
* [[/Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s/]]
* [[/Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy/]]
* [[/Phreaking/]]
* [[/Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970/]]
*[[/The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1946/]]
*[[/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Sociotechnical Theories and Movements ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/Protection Motivation Theory|Protection Motivation Theory]]
* [[/The Singularity/]]
* [[/Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States/]]
* [[/Disintermediation/]]
* [[/Jevons Paradox/]]
* [[/Path Dependence/]]
* [[/Neoluddism and Technophilia/]]
* [[/Emergent Behavior/]]
* [[/Free Range Kids/|Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility]]
* [[/User Trust/]]
* [[/The Panopticon/]]
* [[/Planned Obsolescence/]]
* [[/Fake News/]]
*[[/Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government/]]
*[[/Risk Compensation/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

{{BookCat}}
{{Shelves|general engineering|Class projects}}
{{alphabetical|L}}
{{status|100%}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>1015207</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26280-63|~2026-26280-63]] ([[User talk:~2026-26280-63|talk]]) to last version by BDaws</comment>
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      <text bytes="20272" sha1="fuc5cnynmfsz7o21ksqhrdzcvcmno3j" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
[[Image:UVa Rotunda.jpg|thumb|196px|right|The Rotunda at The University of Virginia]]

''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology'' is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a [[w:Lens (geometry)|lens]] in shape. Hence the short title of the book, ''Lentis,'' which is Latin for &quot;of [or about] the lens.&quot; If the title (with its association with [[w:Lens|lenses]]) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the &quot;social interface of technology.&quot;

The chief authors of ''Lentis'' are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering.

As a wikibook, ''Lentis'' will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 20, 2024, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question.

''Lentis'' is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, &quot;true fables&quot; that offer &quot;morals&quot; of practical value in diverse endeavors.

More specifically, ''Lentis'' is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there.

If &quot;those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it,&quot; then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects.

Most of the chapters in ''Lentis'' are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2024. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value.

== Table of Contents ==

=== '''Preliminaries''' ===
* [[/Chapters: Active and Candidates/]]

=== '''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology''' ===

==== Food and Energy ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby|Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby]]

* [[/Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Politics of Biofuels/]]
* [[/Opposition to GMOs in Europe/]]
* [[/Patenting of GM Seeds/]]
* [[/Corn, Beef and Feedlots/]]
* [[/Dakota Access Pipeline/]]
* [[/High-Fructose Corn Syrup/]]
* [[/The Organic Foods Movement/]]
* [[/Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation/]]
* [[/Local Food as a Social Movement/]]
* [[/Marketing of Natural Foods/]]
* [[/Corn Ethanol in the United States/]]
* [[/Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power/]]
* [[/Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake?/]]
* [[/Fracking/]]
* [[/Wind Energy/]] 
* [[/Rare Earth Metals/]]
* [[/Carbon Offsets/]]
* [[/Clean Coal/]]
* [[/Food Waste in the United States/]]
* [[/Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States/]]
*[[/Solar Energy Policy in Germany/]]
*[[/Peak Oil/]]
*[[/U.S. Arctic Oil Mining/]]
*[[/How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves/]]
* [[/Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value/]]
*[[/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values/]]
*[[/Energy from Trash/]]
*[[/Life Off the Grid/]]
* [[/Soylent/]]
* [[/Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States/]]
* [[/Urban Farming/]]
* [[/Oil Palm Plantations/]]
* [[/Golden Rice/]]
* [[/Miracle Rice/]]
*[[/The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight/]]
*[[/Atlantic Coast Pipeline/]]
* [[/Cooking with Wood Fuel/]]
* [[Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States|Solar Panel Recycling in the United States]]
* [[Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy|Line 3 Pipeline Controversy]]
* [[/Data Centers and Energy/]]
* [[/Conflicts of Interest in US Nutrition Research/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Environmental Values and Climate Change ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/8 House|8 House]]
* [[Lentis/Plastic Bags|Plastic Bags]]
* [[Lentis/Water Bottles|Water Bottles]]
* [[Lentis/Competition for Water in California|Competition for Water in California]]
* [[Lentis/Green Roofing|Green Roofing]]
* [[Lentis/Hypoxic Zones|Hypoxic Zones]]
* [[Lentis/Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds|Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds]]
* [[Lentis/Masdar City|Masdar City]]
* [[Lentis/World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector|World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector]]
* [[Lentis/Noise pollution|Noise pollution]]
* [[Lentis/Ecovillages|Ecovillages]]
* [[Lentis/Climate Change Denial|Climate Change Denial]]
* [[Lentis/Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest|Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest]]
* [[Lentis/Marine Waste|Marine Waste]]
* [[Lentis/Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru|Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru]]
* [[Lentis/The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019|The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019]]
* [[Lentis/Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles|Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles]]
* [[Lentis/BedZED|BedZED]]
* [[Lentis/Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise|Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise]]
* [[Lentis/Light pollution|Light pollution]]
* [[Lentis/The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.|The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.]]
* [[Lentis/les Zadistes|les Zadistes]]
*[[/Flight Shaming/]]
*[[/Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing/]]
*[[/Zero-Plastic Retailing/]]
*[[/The PFAS Controversy/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Health and Medicine ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/The Ebola Outbreak of 2014|The Ebola Outbreak of 2014]]

* [[AI &amp; Medical Imaging]]
* [[Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products]]
* [[Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market]]
* [[/Nicotine Addictions/]]
* [[/Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti/]]
* [[/Fluoridation/]]
* [[/Medicine and Disgust/]]
* [[/Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices/]]
* [[/Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital/]]
* [[/Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill/]]
* [[/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy/]]
* [[/Chatbots as Therapists/]]
* [[/Placebos/]]
* [[/Baby Formula/]]
* [[/Sick Building Syndrome/]]
* [[/Football and Concussions/]]
* [[/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States  /|The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States]]
* [[/Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States/]]
* [[/Steroids and Baseball/]]
* [[/Nanotechnology and Health/]]
* [[/Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)/]]
* [[/Malaria and Mosquito Nets/]]
* [[/International Air Travel as a Disease Vector/]]
* [[/Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism/]]
* [[/Religious Opposition to Vaccination/]]
* [[/Physician-Assisted Suicide/]]
* [[/Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures/]]
* [[/The D.A.R.E. Program/]]
* [[/Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Athletes, Superstition, and Performance/]]
* [[/Gattaca Revisited/]]
* [[/Artificial Wombs/]]
* [[/The Weight Loss Industry in the United States/]]
* [[/Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics/]]
* [[/Vaping/]]
* [[/Neuroprosthetics/]]
* [[/Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon/]]
* [[/Antibiotics in India/]]
* [[/Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns/]]
* [[/Public Health Responds to Physical Inactivity/]]
* [[/Mobility and Access for the Disabled/]]
* [[/Power Lines and Public Health/]]
* [[/The HPV Vaccine/]]
* [[/Medication Overload/]]
* [[/The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy/]]
* [[/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons/]]
* [[/Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic/]]
* [[/Pain Scales/]]
* [[/Augmented Reality in Medicine/]]
* [[/COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution/]]
* [[/Chloramination of Drinking Water/]]
* [[/Manual Water Collection in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919/]]
* [[/Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics/]]
* [[/Caffeine Addiction/]]
* [[/The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US/]]
* [[/Pharma’s influence in FDA/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Mobility and Land Use ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/Cascadia Earthquake Preparation/]]
* [[/Bicyclists in Cities/]]
* [[/Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other/]]
* [[/American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture/]]
* [[/Congestion Pricing/]]
* [[/Urban Sprawl/]]
* [[/Planned Communities/]]
* [[/Slugging/]]
* [[/Bicycling in the Netherlands/]]
* [[/Tata Nano and Mobility in India/]]
* [[/How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture/]]
* [[/Autonomous Vehicles/]]
* [[/The Disappearing American Streetcar/]]
* [[/Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs/]]
* [[/Real-time Ridesharing/]]
* [[/Hitchhiking in the Digital Age /]]
* [[/Arcology/]]
* [[/Lowriding/]]
* [[/California High Speed Rail/]]
* [[/Self-Driving Cars/]]
* [[/The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945/]]
* [[/Road Rage/]]
* [[/The Ogallala Aquifer/]]
* [[/Rail in America/]]
* [[/The Belt and Road Initiative/]]
* [[/Car Dependency in the U.S./]]
* [[/Guerrilla Urbanism/]]
*[[/The Transformation of Times Square/]]
*[[/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming/]]
*[[/Vision Zero/]]
*[[/Shared Space and Woonerven/]]
*[[/Eyjafjallajökull 2010/]]
*[[Lentis/Driving Speed Enforcement|Driving Speed Enforcement]]
*[[/E-bikes and Personal Mobility/]]
*[[Lentis/Zoning Laws in the United States|Zoning Laws in the United States]]
*[[Lentis/Carpooling|Carpooling]]
*[[The Politics of Electric Vehicle Subsidies]]
*[[Lentis/Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities|Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities]]
*[[/New Urbanism/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Computers and the Internet ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/AI: More Human Than You Think/]]
* [[/Antipiracy/]]
* [[/Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution/]]
* [[/Compulsive Connectivity/]]
* [[/Screen-Free Child Rearing/]]
* [[/Crowdsourcing Higher Education/]]
* [[/Cryptocurrency/]] 
* [[/&quot;Data is the new oil&quot;/]]
* [[/Deepfakes/]]
* [[/Fake Users/]]
* [[/Hacker Culture/]]
* [[/Human Flesh Search Engine/]]
* [[/Social Engineering/]]
* [[/Internet Memes/]]
* [[/Internet Subcultures/]]
* [[/The Open-Source Movement/]]
* [[/Electronic Voting/]]
* [[/Online Consumer Reviews/]]
* [[/Online Dating Scams/]]
* [[/Online Shopping/]]
* [[/Online Reputation Management/]]
* [[/Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups/]]
* [[/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing/]]
* [[/Program and High Frequency Trading/]]
* [[/Social Networks/]]
* [[/Social Media and the Arab Spring/]]
* [[/Social Norms in Virtual Worlds/]]
* [[/Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News/]]
* [[/Street View/]]
* [[/Second Life/]]
* [[/User-Generated Content in the Internet Age/]]
* [[/password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture/]]
* [[/Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms/]]
* [[/Wikipedia/]]
* [[/Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems/]]
* [[/Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare/]]
* [[/Mass Collaboration/]]
* [[/Net Neutrality/]]
* [[/Mass Control of a Single Gamer/]]
* [[/Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China/]]
* [[/Web Induced Risk Taking/]]
* [[/Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage/]]
* [[/Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China/]]
* [[/Facebook Cheating/]]
* [[/Intellectual Property in the Internet Age/]]
* [[/The Social Psychology of YouTube/]]
* [[/Learning from a Distance/]]
* [[/Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships/]]
* [[/Identity Theft/]]
* [[/Higher Education Online/]]
* [[/The Culture of Instagram/]]
* [[/New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008/]]
* [[/Targeted Advertising/]]
* [[/Viral Marketing/]]
* [[/Web Tracking/]]
* [[/Internet Anonymity/]]
* [[/The Culture of Snapchat/]]
* [[/Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites/]]
* [[/Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009/]]
* [[/The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists/]]
* [[/Google Translate|Google Translate]]
* [[/The Deep Web/]]
* [[/Social Media Mining/]]
* [[/Internet Witch Hunts/]]
* [[/News Echo Chambers/]]
* [[/Featuritis/]]
* [[/Content Moderation/]]
* [[/Virtual Reality/]]
*
* [[/Social Media Shaming Campaigns/]]
* [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok|The Geopolitics of TikTok]]
* [[/AI Music, Creativity, and Intellectual Property/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Portable Electronics ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading|Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading]]
* [[Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain]]
* [[/Driving while Texting/]]
* [[/GPS and Driving/]]
* [[/Sociology of Texting/]]
* [[/The Text Effect/]]
* [[/Norms of Handheld Device Use/]]
* [[/Happy Slapping/]]
* [[/The Walkman Effect/]]
* [[/Electronically Enabled Test Cheating/]]
* [[/Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction/]]
* [[/Children and Cell Phones/]]
* [[/Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry/]]
* [[/Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras/]]
* [[/Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics/]]
* [[/Pokémon Go/]]
* [[/Phone Cinematography/]]
* [[/Cell Phones in Developing Countries/]]
* [[/Wearable Activity Trackers/]]
* [[/Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society/]]
* [[/The Looking Glass/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Entertainment and Media ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games/]]
* [[/Gambling/]]
* [[/Game Addictions/]]
* [[/The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion/]]
* [[/The Proliferation of Music Production Capability/]]
* [[/Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]]
* [[/Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]]
* [[/Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion/]]
* [[/Portrayal of Women in Video Games/]]
* [[/Children,Video Games and Obesity/]]
* [[/Electronic Sports (eSports)/]]
* [[/Electronic Music Popular/]]
* [[/From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony/]]
* [[/The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL/]]
* [[/Gold Farming/]]
* [[/Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation/]]
* [[/Anti-TV Social Movements/]]
* [[/Media Format Wars/]]
* [[/Microtransactions in Videogames/]]
* [[/Moe Anthropomorphism/]] 
* [[/Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More/]] 
* [[/Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty/]]
* [[/Dance Dance Revolution/]]
* [[/Super Smash Bros./]]
* [[/Twitch/]]
* [[/Instant Replay in International Soccer/]]
* [[/Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World/]]
* [[Lentis/TikTok|TikTok]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/JEDI Cloud/]]
* [[/Digital Rights Management/]]
* [[/Military Industrial Complex/]]
* [[/Tasers and Stun Guns/]]
* [[/Probation Technology/]]
* [[/International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement/]]
* [[/Air Travel Security/]]
* [[/The United States - Mexico Border/]]
* [[/Recording Police Activity/]]
* [[/Video Surveillance/]]
* [[/Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power/]]
* [[/Cell Phones in Prison/]]
* [[/Cell Phone Jamming in the United States/]]
* [[/Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks/]]
* [[/Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth/]]
* [[/Cyberslacking/]]
* [[/Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft/]]
* [[/Video Surveillance in Great Britain/]]
* [[/Technology and Incarceration in the United States/]]
* [[/Additive Manufacturing/]]
* [[/Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data/]]
* [[/Amateurs with Drones/]]
* [[/Body Cameras/]]
* [[/Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness/]]
* [[/Law Enforcement and Social Media/]]
* [[/Cyber-attack Attribution/]]
* [[/China’s Social Credit System/]]
* [[/Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests/]]
* [[/8chan/]]
* [[/Lockheed Martin F-35/]]
*[[/Capital Punishment in the United States/]]
* [[/The Yellow Vests Movement/]]
* [[Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike|The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike]]
* [[Lentis/Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace|Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace]]
* [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine|The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Systemic Racism in the U.S. ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[/Gentrification/]]
* [[/Predictive Policing/]]
*[[The Prison-Industrial Complex]]
*[[/The War on Drugs/]]
*[[Lentis/Algorithmic Bias|Algorithmic Bias]]
*[[Lentis/The School to Prison Pipeline|The School to Prison Pipeline]]
*[[Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance|The HBCU Renaissance]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Technology and Gender ====
* [[Lentis/Algorithmic_bias_by_gender|Algorithmic Bias by Gender]]

==== History of Technology ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[The Decline of Public Transport in the U.S., 1945-1975]]

* [[/The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics/]]
* [[/Education and the Space Race in the United States/]]
* [[/Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States/]]
* [[/Disease Prevention in the First World War/]]
* [[/Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s/]]
* [[/Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy/]]
* [[/Phreaking/]]
* [[/Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970/]]
*[[/The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1946/]]
*[[/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Sociotechnical Theories and Movements ====
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* [[Lentis/Protection Motivation Theory|Protection Motivation Theory]]
* [[/The Singularity/]]
* [[/Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States/]]
* [[/Disintermediation/]]
* [[/Jevons Paradox/]]
* [[/Path Dependence/]]
* [[/Neoluddism and Technophilia/]]
* [[/Emergent Behavior/]]
* [[/Free Range Kids/|Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility]]
* [[/User Trust/]]
* [[/The Panopticon/]]
* [[/Planned Obsolescence/]]
* [[/Fake News/]]
*[[/Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government/]]
*[[/Risk Compensation/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

{{BookCat}}
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  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/A Supplement to the Texas US History Textbook</title>
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      <text bytes="20276" sha1="baoc952wqvf1b3ykair9r5g2debcx2j" xml:space="preserve">== [[A Supplement to the Texas US History Textbook]] ==
{{closed|Closed as [[File:Symbol redirect vote.svg|15px]] '''transwikied''' to [[v:A supplement to the Texas US history textbook]]. &amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Adrignola|Adrignola]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Adrignola|talk]]&lt;/small&gt; 16:29, 25 October 2010 (UTC)}}
Original research, profound NPOV issues, using WB as a webhost...
&quot;It is a pro-test in the fullest, truest sense of the word, a testimony that contests the version of history espoused by the Texas Board of Education...&quot;
This is a personal essay, and has no place here [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:52, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

:[[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px]] '''Delete'''. The underlying goals of the book were to provide textbook materials covering areas censored or distorted by the recently approved Texas history curriculum.  I myself would be very POV in saying that the new curriculum provides more fodder for making fun of Americans.  For all the good intentions, the presentation as described above is flawed and no content of serious note has been added to the book.  [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Supplement_to_the_Texas_US_History_Textbook%2F8th_Grade_-_History_of_the_United_States&amp;action=historysubmit&amp;diff=1920363&amp;oldid=1918651 This] edit by the main logged-in editor to the book adds fuel to the fire for the lack of NPOV.  If content had been added to the book, it might have been worthwhile to refactor it.  However, as it is now, it would be a lot of effort to refactor it just to be left with an abandoned skeleton of a book.  &amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Adrignola|Adrignola]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Adrignola|talk]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:01, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

:[[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px]] '''Delete''' Regardless of Texas textbook situation, it is not our place to create textbooks written from the opposing point of view.  There is no real content in this book that I could find, better to start with a clean slate in developing NPOV history texts. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 00:07, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

:The author has made it clear that the supplement will adhere to an NPOV (although that's a little difficult since declaring that the textbooks have POVs itself is a POV). There are OR problems, although I have warned the user about this, but I think the author might find a way or two to resolve this. &lt;s&gt;Still, the whole book seems to be abandonned. I say wait a couple more months. If there is still no progress, then delete.&lt;/s&gt; [[User:Kayau|Kayau]] ([[User talk:Kayau|talk]] &amp;#124; [[Special:Emailuser/Kayau|email]] &amp;#124; [[Special:Contributions/Kayau|contribs]]) 01:31, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
:BTW, this is the perfect example of why I think NPOV should be (re)considered/redefined. [[User:Kayau|Kayau]] ([[User talk:Kayau|talk]] &amp;#124; [[Special:Emailuser/Kayau|email]] &amp;#124; [[Special:Contributions/Kayau|contribs]]) 01:31, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

:{{keep}} per Kayau. [[Special:Contributions/71.198.176.22|71.198.176.22]] ([[User talk:71.198.176.22|talk]]) 05:32, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

:I don't see an issue in keeping the work for now since the editor has expressed willingness to improve it POV issues is not alone a deciding factor for deletion, the ability to fix the contributions is, tag it as a NPOV violation and work to help fix it.  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|talk]]) 21:17, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

:: I tagged it for deletion rather than NPOV as I believe it is fundamentally not possible to express a neutral point of view in a book that is written to &quot;contest&quot; the version of history published by a reputable source. [[User:QuiteUnusual|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#E66C2C&quot;&gt;'''QU'''&lt;/span&gt; ]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:QuiteUnusual|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#306754&quot;&gt;TalkQu&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:30, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
::: Did you attempt to interact with the editor prior to the RfD tag? (I've checked and didn't find any previous action) A rename proposal would start to address the POV issue. I think that it should be kept or moved to Wikiversity.  --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|talk]]) 23:45, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

:'''Transwiki to Wikiversity.''' A Wikiversity resource is not required to be NPOV; Wikiversity is subject to overall WMF neutrality policy, but neutrality can be achieved by overall balance, rather than by prohibiting original research and opinion. One of the features of a Wikiversity educational resource can be a collaborative attempt to write a neutral text that could satisfy Wikibooks policy, but there is far more freedom to explore initially. WV pages can be tagged NPOV. On the other hand, a &quot;supplement&quot; to a possibly biased collection would not ''necessarily'' be POV, properly done. It would be more complete, and could give what is reliably sourced but left out of the official, politically-approved text. Textbooks, as tertiary sources, are not necessarily &quot;reliable,&quot; by the way, and the ability to sell textbooks that pander to a particular political POV turns the normal presumptions about &quot;academic publishing&quot; on its head. --[[User:Abd|Abd]] ([[User talk:Abd|talk]]) 22:06, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

: [[Image:Symbol comment vote.svg|15px]] '''Comment''' : The author's intentions are discussed [http://www.boingboing.net/2010/10/08/write-or-be-written.html here] and [http://www.examiner.com/web-2-0-in-dallas/righting-the-texas-textbook-debacle-through-the-internet here]. --[[User:Hagindaz|hagindaz]] 14:09, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

:{{keep}} for now, or find a better home for the project. Wikibook might not be the ideal place for this kind of project and I welcome other suggestions of places to move the project. For example, I recently learned of curriki.org which I'm currently looking into. The main thing the project needs is a reliable wiki format that lets anyone participate in creating this textbook. All I would ask is that we not delete the project until it finds a better place to move it and that some kind of link is provided at the current address to re-direct people. On the other hand maybe Wikibooks is the best place for this project in which case it should stay. It is important to me that my &quot;artists statement&quot; that describes the overall project remains long enough to get the project going. At a certain point, if the project develops enough momentum, it might not be necessary anymore. At the point that the project can speak for itself we can remove this statement. There is not much in the book at present, I've just posted a few suggested topic headings to get people started, but the book has recently received a bit of press and I'm hoping it will catch on as the school year progresses. My hope is that this project will develop into something similar to [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ohio_Social_Studies_7th_Grade_World_History_Textbook Ohio Social Studies 7th Grade World History Textbook].

:It seems to me that there are two main concerns about whether Wikibooks is the best place for this kind of project: 1) can this project be written from a NPOV? and 2) will this project result in OR?

:I don't think that NPOV means some purely objective view from nowhere, since no such view is possible. So what does it mean, and what should it mean for this project? Again I think one of the best examples here is the book &quot;History Lessons&quot; which collects high school textbooks from around the world and shows what other countries teach about American history. What stands out glaringly when reading this book is that some of these histories are responsible and others are not. The North Korean textbooks are maybe the best example of irresponsible history and I think that the new Texas standards reach an eerily similar level of irresponsibility (I think we can all agree that if were were to upload the future Texas textbooks to Wikibooks they would fail the NPOV test). So what makes a history responsible or irresponsible? What should count as a neutral point of view and what should count as a violation of neutrality?

:All knowledge is situated knowledge, so pure objectivity is not an option. There is no view from no where but that doesn't mean that we can make history into anything we want it to be. There are human-independent historical facts. These facts have a life of their own and offer their own resistance to our ideals. Part of what makes a history responsible in my view is that there are elements of it that you don't like and wish were not so. These elements will stick in our craw, they will annoy and pester and pain us. The main problem with the Texas standards is that they smooth out history too much, it is much too pleasing to those on the right, there is nothing that makes them scratch their head or concede an ideal in the face of the actual course of history.

:In addition to the memory in our minds, there is a kind of material memory that is mind-independent and embedded in the world itself. As a thought experiment lets imagine that we had some of those Men In Black [http://blog.tmcnet.com/blog/tom-keating/images/men-in-black-neuralizer.jpg forgetting devices]. Let's imagine that we could make every single person on the planet forget that there was ever slavery in the United States (btw, the Texas Board of Education actually did try to get rid of the word 'slavery' from their textbook). If history was just purely subjective enterprise then this collective act of forgetting would actually change history and make slavery something that didn't actually happen. But the fact of slavery would have a force of its own apart from our awareness of it. Slavery is embedded in material history and is still creating effects today. The great great great grandchildren of rich slave owners have a very different socio-economic status than the great great great grandchildren of slaves do.

:So I would define a responsible history and a NPOV as one that, from within one's given situation, seeks fidelity to the facts of history. This means allowing the facts to be themselves and trying to figure out how they work. What is their form? How does it function?

:Another area that touches on NPOV is what counts as worthy of attention. The Texas textbooks have edited out a lot of important history, and this type of project requires editing it back in, including events that might normally not be taught in a high school history textbook. This is essential to the project, but it also touches on questions of neutrality. I do think that there are aspects of history that we can flush out that wouldn't normally be treated. Take for example the decision of the Kennedy administration to divide up Native American reservations into allotments. Instead of tribes owning the land collectively, they were now owned by individual families. Today this fateful decision is widely regarded as a mistake. Individuals sold off their land (many were conned into selling it), the identity of the tribe broke down, and widespread poverty resulted. I think that a single article that was edited by multiple people who had first hand knowledge of this topic would be much much stronger than one written by a few historians (in fact, how many history textbooks even treat the this topic in the first place?)

:I think that a Wikibook will result in a much denser and more accurate picture of American history and will include many topics not usually considered, or place a different set of priorities on the themes presented. Imagine the range of issues people care about passionately on-line compared to the limited range of stories treated on cable news.

:I'm hoping that what we create together won't just be a useful educational resource, but that it might also have elements of good literature. That it will capture the essence of certain events and personalities and social forces in their complexity. That it will allow history to be its own rorschach splot. The Texas standards have literally outlawed this kind of result. They want a picture of America that has only one conclusion, real Americans are conservative and conservative values are they only &quot;real&quot; American values. The best literature presents events and characters to us that act like rorschach splots to different readers. If we succeed our wikibook will be such that as some students engage US history they will come to conservative positions on their own, because they will draw those positions out of this rorschach splot. Others will come to progressive positions on their own.

:I think our project will be a failure if we just create a mirror result of the Texas textbooks, one that forces a liberal reading. I think these types of culture wars are a trap. We can't ignore them, but to engage in them often means conceding the terms of debate to the other side. The best response is a kind of serious indifference which focuses on doing responsible history and brushes off the glen beck type figures.

:I have total confidence that these project will be much closer to the impossible idea of a NPOV than the Texas textbooks themselves, the more serious issue for me personally is the question of OR. I want this project to have a forceful authorial voice, one that is exciting to read. Wikimedia has many benefits, but it also has a few drawbacks. One drawback that I see is that if often results in an uninspiring text, factually quite good, but nothing that makes you want to sing. I would like to contact particular historians to get articles started on topics that they are experts on. It could still be edited and improved by others, but allowing some responsible, fact based OR would, I think, result in a better textbook. For this reason, more than the NPOV, I'd be interested to see what other options are out there besides Wikibooks. Thanks for all of your help! [[User:Tgokey|Thomas Gokey]]

::{{comment}} You write with an infectious passion about your chosen subject, and I cannot say I am unmoved.  But, as impossible and nonexistant as NPOV must be, it is still absolutely necessary to strive for.  It is precisely this policy that keeps help keeps horrendously biased works on just about any subject at bay.  If a book existed on this wiki for some reason had all the appropriate omissions, word choices, etc to meet Texas's standards, it is our NPOV policy that ensures someone could add the important missing figures back in, call the US a democracy, etc.  
::Hopefully our texts on American history provide the unique, in depth text you describe.  The difficulty with the current project is that is specifically designed to be a ''reaction'' to the Texas standards.  It stands up and says &quot;Those standards are inadequate, this is what is needs to be filled in&quot;, and as much as I personally admire that, I don't think this is the right wiki for that project.  It is a very strong POV to simply state that the educational board in Texas is wrong.  Instead I hope we develop a far better history book, not as a reaction to choices made in Texas or anywhere else, but as a standalone work.
:: If you'd like to continue your project as it is, on a wikimedia wiki, I would suggest you take a look at [[v:|Wikiversity]].  Which allows both for a POV and OR and gladly hosts textbooks that cannot be hosted here for NPOV and NOR reasons. 
:: If you'd like to write passionately about history, but not necessarily has a reaction to the standards put forward in Texas, you might take a glance at how we could improve the [[US History]] text. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 03:25, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
:::And, if the historians you mentioned are involved in a significant current event, you can try to interview them and write a [[n:Main Page|Wikinews article]]. [[User:Kayau|Kayau]] ([[User talk:Kayau|talk]] &amp;#124; [[Special:Emailuser/Kayau|email]] &amp;#124; [[Special:Contributions/Kayau|contribs]]) 10:36, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
::::[[File:Symbol redirect vote.svg|15px]] '''Transwiki''' '''to [[v:|Wikiversity]].''' I've been looking into Wikiversity and it does look like a better place for the project. I like the ability to use OR, although I still want the project to have a NPOV as I understand it and outlined it above. I'm pretty busy right now, but over the course of the next couple of weeks I can start to move the project over to Wikiversity. I would like to leave a re-direct link at the current location. I do have a few questions/concerns about Wikiversity. One of the things that I like about Wikibooks is that it has people like you to help monitor projects and help moderate disputes. My early impression of Wikiversity is that the projects are more isolated with less supervision from people like you. Is that correct? I would prefer to have a group of expert wikimedia users to give the project some guidance when it runs into problems (I've edited a bit on Wikipedia, but other than that this is my first major wikimedia project).
::::I do want to respond to the claim that this project forfeits a NPOV by having a project that is a &quot;reaction&quot; to the Texas textbooks. As I see it this project needs to avoid any reactionary motivation. I would prefer to say that it is a response rather than a reaction. A reaction lets itself be defined by what it is reacting too, it is a rear-guard tactic. This project aims at simply creating a more responsible textbook and as such it should not let it be defined by the shoddy Texas textbook. I'm hoping that the end result will be a far superior text that aims higher and is more of an avant-garde tactic. I'm bothered by any kind of neutrality that takes the form of &quot;some people think the moon is made of cheese, while other people think it is made of rock.&quot; I don't think that one forfeits neutrality by saying that the people who think the moon is made of cheese are just plain wrong. There are elements of the new Texas standards that are demonstrably, transparently false. We don't forfeit neutrality by saying so. [[User:Tgokey|Thomas Gokey]]

:::::{{comment}} Here are a couple of comments to answer your questions.  First, it will almost no work on your part to move the book over to wikiversity, particularly if you've merged your accounts so that you have one user name and password for all the wikimedia projects.  This can be done by visiting the page [[Special:MergeAccount]], more information can be found at [[meta:Help:Unified login|Unified login help page]].  To transfer data between the wiki's you can simply request the admins at wikiversity import the book from here.  Then the contents of the book, together with the whole edit history get copied over to wikiversity.  This can be done by leavnig a note at [[v:WV:Import|this page]].  And we do usually leave a &quot;soft redirect&quot;.  You can look at the example of [[Wikijunior:KinderCalculus]] for an example of what the soft redirect looks like.  In addition the request to import it to wikiversity is still at [[v:WV:Import]] so it might give a fairly explicit example of how everything ends up looking.  Over all I think wikiversity is a smaller project, perhaps because it split off from us at some point in the past so it is not &quot;as old&quot;.  That being said many of the people there are just as knowledgeable, friendly, etc. as the people here.  In fact a few if us  edit at both wiki's.  They are large enough to have lots of experience with conflict.  There is less supervision, but projects here (after being categorized and put onto a subject page) also have a tendency to be isolated if you didn't turn up to the reading rooms to ask questions.  At wikiversity questions can be asked in the [[v:WV:Colloquium|Colloquium]].  I agree with your moon made out of cheese example.  I originally had a very long post discussing my thoughts about this, which I have decided, we can discuss it on my talk page if you like.  I will summarize it by saying that I may be incorrect in thinking this was a reaction to Texas but with what is written so far it is difficult to know.  Hope this helps. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 23:27, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
{{end closed}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Cheminformatics/Academic Programs</title>
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        <username>Proof finder</username>
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      <comment>/* Europe */ Fixed LMU name</comment>
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      <text bytes="5524" sha1="d5c14vrgf7r0e2bfqjyilc32z97vtqd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;
'''SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry'''
&lt;/center&gt;

=====United States=====

Indiana
*Indiana University Cheminformatics Graduate Programs: 
**[http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/academics/phd.asp PhD in Informatics] (Cheminformatics Track)
**[http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/academics/chem.asp MS in Cheminformatics]
**[http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/academics/chem_certificate.asp Graduate Certificate in Cheminformatics]
*[http://www.chembiogrid.org/ CICC] Chemical Informatics and Cyberinfrastructure Collaboratory (an NIH-funded Exploratory Center for Cheminformatics Research) 

Georgia
*[http://www.ccc.uga.edu/ Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry] (Henry F. Schaefer, III, University of Georgia) 
Massachusetts
*[http://yuri.harvard.edu/ CHARMM] (Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics) (Martin Karplus) 
Michigan
*[http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~kshedden/MACE/ MACE] Michigan Alliance for Cheminformatic Explortion (University of Michigan)
*[http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/undergrad/index.php Michigan Technological University]  (undergraduate only) 
New Jersey
*[http://www.montclair.edu/AcademicAdvising/fouryear/SIBC.pdf Montclair State University]  Science informatics (undergraduate only) 
New York
*[http://reccr.chem.rpi.edu/index.html Rensselaer Exploratory Center for Cheminformatics Research] (Curt Breneman)
*[http://www.rpi.edu/it/undergraduate/concentrations/fall07/science_informatics.html Rensselaer Polytech] Science informatics (undergraduate only) 
North Carolina
*[http://eccr.stat.ncsu.edu/ Exploratory Center for Cheminformatics Research] (North Carolina State University)
*[http://ceccr.unc.edu/ Carolina Exploratory Center for Cheminformatics Research] (Alex Tropsha - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) 
Ohio
*[http://www.dendrimers.com/ Center for Molecular Design and Recognition] (George R. Newkome, University of Akron) 
Pennsylvania
*[http://research.chem.psu.edu/pcjgroup/ Jurs Research Group] (Peter Jurs, Penn State University) 
*[http://www.temple.edu/psm/program.htm Temple University (Professional Science Master's] (Chemical Informatics Concentration)
Texas
*[http://www.utexas.edu/pharmacy/divisions/pharmaceutics/faculty/pearlman.html Pearlman's Laboratory for the Development of Computer-Assisted Drug Design] (Robert S. Pearlman, University of Texas at Austin)

=====Europe=====
France
*[http://infochimie.u-strasbg.fr/master/master_home.htm Master Chem Info at Universite Louis Pasteur Strasbourg] (Alexandre Varnek) 
*[http://cheminformatics.epfl.ch/diplome.shtml Chemical Information at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne]
 
Germany
*[http://www.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/ccc/ Computer Chemistry Center] (Johann Gasteiger and Tim Clark at the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nurnberg) 
*[http://gecco.org.chemie.uni-frankfurt.de/ The Molecular Design Laboratory] (Gisbert Schneider, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology (OCCB) at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University) 
*[http://www.chemie.uni-muenchen.de/cicum/ CICUM] Chemie Information Computer Universität München (Hans-Ulrich Wagner, LMU Munich)
*[http://wwwzenger.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/ Scientific Computing in Computer Science] Technische Universität München-Fakultet für Informatik
 
Great Britain
*[http://www.shef.ac.uk/is/research/groups/chem Chemoinformatics Research Group] (Peter Willett at the University of Sheffield) 
*[http://www.chemistry.manchester.ac.uk/postgraduate/mscbyresearch/ MSc by Research in Cheminformatics] (University of Manchester) 
*[http://www-ucc.ch.cam.ac.uk/ Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics] (Robert C. Glen, University of Cambridge) 
*[http://wwmm.ch.cam.ac.uk/wikis/wwmm/index.php/Main_Page Murray-Rust Group] (Peter Murray-Rust, University of Cambridge) 
*[http://www-jmg.ch.cam.ac.uk/ Molecular Modelling Research Group] (Jonathan Goodman, University of Cambridge) 
*[http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/ICAMS/new_web/ ICAMS] Institute for Computer Applications in the Molecular Sciences (A. Peter Johnson, University of Leeds) 
*[http://www.chem.rdg.ac.uk/g50/mmrg/mmrg.html Computational Chemistry and Modelling Group] (University of Reading) 
*[http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/biocomp/index.html Biocomputing Group] (Janet Thornton, University College London) 
*[http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/h.rzepa/ Chemoinformatics] (Henry Rzepa at Imperial College, London)
 
Netherlands
*[http://theochem.chem.rug.nl/ Theoretical Chemistry Group] (Ria Broer at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) 
*[http://www2.cmbi.ru.nl/ CMBI] Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (Radboud University Nijmegen, formerly CAOS/CAMM Center)

=====Other Locations=====
 
India
*[http://www.cheminformaticscentre.org/files/index.asp Institute of Cheminformatics Studies] 
*[http://www.ncl-india.org/CareersatNCL/searchdetails.jsp?mid=10# National Chemical Laboratory, Pune] (M. Karthikeyan)
 
South Korea
*[http://chem.snu.ac.kr/english/details.asp?BoardName=EnglishContents&amp;TableName=kspace182&amp;Num=5&amp;ScrollAction=1 Structural Biology and Cheminformatics] Seoul National University
 
=====Miscellaneous=====
*[http://www.emolecules.com/doc/cheminformatics-101.htm Cheminformatics 101] (eMolecules tutorial) 
*Schofield, H.; Wiggins, G.; Willett, P. &quot;Recent developments in chemoinformatics education.&quot; Drug Discovery Today 2001, 6(18), 931-934. 
*Wild, D.J.; Wiggins, G.D. &quot;Challenges for chemoinformatics education in drug discovery.&quot; Drug Discovery Today 2006, 11(9-10), 436-439.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Endometrium/Guidelines</title>
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'''&lt;big&gt;Endometrial Cancer Guidelines&lt;/big&gt;'''


*'''SFGO''': Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Gynecologique
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21697683}} -- &quot;Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with endometrial cancer in france: recommendations of the Institut National du Cancer and the Société Française d'Oncologie Gynécologique&quot; (Querleu D, Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011 Jul;21(5):945-50.)
    
*Stage I - Low risk (IAG1-G2)
**Surgery: TH/BSO, PLND not recommended
**RT: HDR VB if myometrial invasion; EBRT not recommended
**Chemo: not recommended
*Stage I - Intermediate risk (IAG3, IBG1-G2)
**Surgery: TH/BSO, PLND not recommended but can be considered IBG2 or IAG3 with myometrial involvement
**RT: HDR VB; EBRT not recommended
**Chemo: not recommended
*Stage I - High risk (IBG3, IA-B type 2, I with LVI+)
**Surgery: TH/BSO, P/PALND recommended
**RT: pelvic EBRT; additional VBT can be considered
**Chemo: not recommended
*Stage I - Clear cell or papillary serous
**Surgery: TH/BSO, P/PALND, infracolic omentectomy, periotoneal cytology, biopsy
**RT: pelvic EBRT; additional VBT can be considered
**Chemo: can be considered
*Stage I - Carcinosarcoma
**Surgery: TH/BSO, P/PALND
**RT: pelvic EBRT; additional VBT can be considered
**Chemo: can be considered
*Stage II
**Surgery: Hysterectomy, +/- vaginectomy, PLND, 
***For type I: consider PLND
***For type II: P/PALND, infracolic omentectomy, peritoneal cytology, biopsy
**RT: EBRT with HDR VBT; if large volume cervix disease, can consider preop RT
**Chemo: Can be considered for type 2
*Stage IIIA
**Surgery: TH/BSO, infragastric omentectomy, P/PALND, peritoneal cytology
**RT
***Serosa alone: pelvic EBT with HDR VBT
***Cervix affected: HDR VBT
**Chemo: if adnexa affected
*Stage IIIB
**RT as sole therapy is the main option (pelvic EBRT with uterine/vaginal BT)
**PLND as staging can be considered
**Chemo: concomitant chemotherapy can be considered
**Surgery: can be considered if partial response to RT
*Stage IIIC (pathologic)
**Surgery: immediate or delayed PALND
**RT: pelvic RT (IIIC1) or pelvic/para-aortic RT (IIIC2) with HDR VBT
**Chemo: adjuvant CT must be discussed
*Stage IIIC1 (imaging)
**Surgery: TH/BSO, PPALND
**RT: pelvic EBRT, with VBT
**Chemo: adjuvant CT may be discussed
*Stage IIIC2 (imaging)
**Pelvic and para-aortic RT, followed by lymphatic boost, and uterine/vaginal BT
**If conditions favorable for surgery, TH/BSO and PPALND recommended, followed by pelvic EBRT and VBT
**Chemo: must be discussed
*Stage IV (Bowel/bladder)
**Pelvic EBRT with BT
**Chemo: can be considered 
**If RT fails, pelvic exenteration can be considered
*Stage IV (Distant mets, including intra-abdominal or inguinal nodes)
**Cytoreductive surgery only for operable peritoneal carcinosis
**Chemo: recommended
**Hormone therapy: recommended for ER+
**RT: pelvic EBRT recommended to primary tumor
**If inguinal LN, additional lymphadenectomy recommended

'''''Brachytherapy'''''
*'''ABS:''' American Brachytherapy Society
**'''2012: Vaginal cuff''' {{PMID|22265439}} -- &quot;American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy after hysterectomy.&quot;
***Note: also includes indications for vaginal cuff irradiation for cervical cancer</text>
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|name=Clickjacking
|intro=
In Clickjacking attacks, the target site is embedded in an IFRAME on the attacking site and either kept in the background, but mostly covered by other elements or made transparent and kept in the foreground. The user is then incited to click a certain location (e.g. when using the transparency method by placing a button in the background). Instead of the visible button, the click hits the invisible window. The placement of the IFRAME and button is chosen so that the click triggers the action wanted by the attacker (e.g. change settings). As the user is logged into the target site, the click can trigger actions that would otherwise be unreachable for the attacker. Multiple Facebook spam waves were generated using this method.

|checklist=
* Prevent (i)framing of your application in current browsers by including the HTTP response header “&lt;code&gt;X-Frame-Options: deny&lt;/code&gt;”
* Prevent (i)framing in outdated browsers by including a JavaScript frame breaker which checks for (i)framing and refuses to show the page if it is detected
* For applications with high security requirements where you expect users to use outdated browsers with JavaScript disabled, consider requiring users of older browsers to enable JavaScript


|rationale=
The X-Frame-Options header is required as JavaScript frame breakers could be ineffective in some newer browsers that allow undetectable framing. However, older, still common browsers ignore the header and thus require additional protection using classic JavaScript based frame breakers. Since (as opposed to the header method) those do not work if JavaScript is disabled, additional measures may be necessary.

}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Web Application Security Guide/Session fixation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>260912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633116</id>
      <parentid>2217811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:34:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4633116</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1043" sha1="5o8wzji2bvemaji9gkf3vq4qx0n90m2" xml:space="preserve">{{Web_Application_Security_Guide/Topic|mode={{{1|full}}}
|name=Session fixation
|intro=
In a session fixation attack, an attacker creates an unauthenticated session and then tricks a user to use and authenticate the session. As soon as the user has authenticated, the attacker can then use the session, as he knows the session id.

|checklist=
* Regenerate (change) the session ID as soon as the user logs in (destroying the old session)
* Prevent the attacker from making the user use his session by accepting session IDs only from cookies, not from GET or POST parameters (PHP: php.ini setting “&lt;code&gt;session.use_only_cookies&lt;/code&gt;”)


|rationale=
Regenerating the ID makes the old session ID worthless to the attacker. Even if the attacker manages to fix a session, his session will never be authenticated. The second countermeasure is aimed at making it impossible to fix the session. However, XSS or similar issues with other applications on the same domain (not necessarily sub-domain!) may allow attackers to set false cookies.

}}</text>
      <sha1>5o8wzji2bvemaji9gkf3vq4qx0n90m2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Web Application Security Guide/Truncation attacks, trimming attacks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>260914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633118</id>
      <parentid>2217813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4633118</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1892" sha1="q9pes087d41edz3spx6q38mheczfgt4" xml:space="preserve">{{Web_Application_Security_Guide/Topic|mode={{{1|full}}}
|name=Truncation attacks, trimming attacks
|intro=
Truncating input can be problematic if the truncation affects comparisons (e.g. checking users against a blacklist before truncation, and then truncating the name to perform the login). SQL queries can be truncated if they exceed a certain length. This can be used to execute a query with significantly different meaning (e.g. cutting of a part of a &lt;code&gt;WHERE&lt;/code&gt; clause).
Strings can also be automatically trimmed (leading/trailing whitespace removed), leading to the same vulnerabilities (e.g. checking the input &quot;&lt;code&gt;eviluser␣&lt;/code&gt;&quot; against the blacklist, then logging in &quot;&lt;code&gt;eviluser&lt;/code&gt;&quot;). SQL may do such trimming automatically.


|checklist=
* Avoid truncating input. Treat overlong input as an error instead.
* If truncation is necessary, ensure to check the value after truncation and use only the truncated value
* Make sure trimming does not occur or checks are done consistently
* Introduce length checks
** care about different lengths due to encoding
* Make sure SQL treats truncated queries as errors by setting an appropriate &lt;code&gt;SQL MODE&lt;/code&gt;


|rationale=
Avoiding truncation makes sure no issues can arise. If truncation is applied, performing all necessary checks after the truncation and using only the truncated value is equivalent to receiving the value in truncated condition. The same rules apply for trimming. Length checks prevent unexpected truncation due to length limits. Encoding needs to be taken into account because the byte-lengths and character-lengths of a UTF-8 string may be different. Setting the SQL MODE so that truncation causes errors ensures that truncation cannot be abused to modify queries. However, the resulting errors can still cause queries to fail unexpectedly, which should be handled in a secure manner.

}}</text>
      <sha1>q9pes087d41edz3spx6q38mheczfgt4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Importing Geometry</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>264535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633172</id>
      <parentid>4549173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T18:46:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26091-10</username>
        <id>3580025</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* crane hook */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4633172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4470" sha1="o5hvgfsrfevx8unpg7kua18fpzyd6dj" xml:space="preserve">== Deprecated ==
If import_stl() is deprecated then this page should now describe import(). [[User:Aegidian|Aegidian]] ([[User talk:Aegidian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aegidian|contribs]]) 17:24, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

:How can i import .stl file to scad? [[Special:Contributions/62.16.141.106|62.16.141.106]] ([[User talk:62.16.141.106|discuss]]) 22:17, 12 February 2025 (UTC)

== history of this page -  ==

a draft of this page was written in 2017 

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:LABoyd2/Import
--
[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 19:51, 2 July 2025 (UTC)

== what is this BundtCake example doing here? ==

it does not use the import module at all

and the line after it about requiring 2015 version .. if that applies to the import module the Requires should follow the header for the module's section, yes? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 09:47, 6 October 2025 (UTC)

== crane hook ==

// =====================================================

// ADJUSTABLE DUAL HOIST HOOK SPREADER - 3D PRINT PROTOTYPE

// Scale: 1:4 (Prototype) | Print Time: ~4hrs | Material: PLA/PETG

// Full Size: Scale 400% for Production

// =====================================================

$fn = 100; // Smooth curves

// PARAMETERS (Easily Adjustable)

bar_length = 200; // Prototype span (800mm full scale)

arm_length = 50;

hook_dia = 25;

pin_dia = 8;

// MAIN SPREADER BAR (Telescoping)

module spreader_bar() {

    difference() {

        // Outer tube

        cylinder(h=20, d=40, center=true);

        // Inner slide tube

        translate([0,0,-2]) cylinder(h=24, d=32, center=true);

        // Adjustment holes (4 positions)

        for(i = [-40, -20, 20, 40]) {

            rotate([0,90,0]) translate([i,0,0]) cylinder(h=25, d=pin_dia, center=true);

        }

    }

}

// PIVOT ARM

module pivot_arm() {

    hull() {

        translate([0,0,-10]) cylinder(h=5, d=15);

        translate([0,0,10]) cylinder(h=5, d=15);

        translate([arm_length,0,0]) cylinder(h=20, d=12);

    }

}

// HOOK ASSEMBLY (Safety latch included)

module hoist_hook() {

    difference() {

        union() {

            // Hook body

            hull() {

                cylinder(h=8, d=hook_dia);

                translate([0,-15,0]) sphere(d=hook_dia);

                translate([0,-25,0]) cylinder(h=8, d=hook_dia*0.7);

            }

            // Swivel joint

            translate([0,25,0]) cylinder(h=12, d=hook_dia*0.8);

            // Safety latch

            translate([12,15,0]) cube([20,6,8], center=true);

        }

        // Hook throat opening

        translate([0,-12,0]) cylinder(h=20, d=15);

        // Latch pivot

        translate([22,15,-1]) rotate([0,90,0]) cylinder(h=10, d=3);

    }

}

// SHACKLE CONNECTOR

module shackle() {

    difference() {

        cylinder(h=15, d=25, center=true);

        cylinder(h=17, d=18, center=true);

        translate([0,0,5]) cube([30,20,10], center=true);

    }

}

// ASSEMBLY

module full_assembly() {

    // Spreader bar

    translate([0,0,0]) spreader_bar();

    
    // Left side

    translate([-bar_length/2 + 10, 0, 10]) rotate([0,0,90]) pivot_arm();

    translate([-bar_length/2 + 10, 0, 30]) rotate([0,0,90]) hoist_hook();

    translate([-bar_length/2 + 10, 35, 20]) shackle();

    
    // Right side (mirror)

    translate([bar_length/2 - 10, 0, 10]) rotate([0,0,-90]) pivot_arm();

    translate([bar_length/2 - 10, 0, 30]) rotate([0,0,-90]) hoist_hook();

    translate([bar_length/2 - 10, 35, 20]) shackle();

    
    // Adjustment pins (inserted)

    translate([-30,0,0]) rotate([0,90,0]) cylinder(h=10, d=pin_dia*1.1);

    translate([30,0,0]) rotate([0,90,0]) cylinder(h=10, d=pin_dia*1.1);

}

// RENDER FOR PRINT

full_assembly();

// Print Instructions:

// 1. Copy to OpenSCAD → F6 Render → Export STL

// 2. Scale 400% for full size (metal casting pattern)

// 3. No supports needed • 0.2mm layer • 100% infill [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-26091-10|&amp;#126;2026-26091-10]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-26091-10|talk]]) 18:46, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>o5hvgfsrfevx8unpg7kua18fpzyd6dj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/1E000-1EFFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>266214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633183</id>
      <parentid>4633010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T20:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unicode Roadmap Changer</username>
        <id>3580040</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Byblos</comment>
      <origin>4633183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="123753" sha1="9hzuhiswjhvw582uqpo37yb5bz5bzdd" xml:space="preserve">{{:Unicode/Character reference}}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Glagolitic Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E00x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER AZU|&amp;#x1e000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BUKY|&amp;#x1e001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER VEDE|&amp;#x1e002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER GLAGOLI|&amp;#x1e003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER DOBRO|&amp;#x1e004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YESTU|&amp;#x1e005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ZHIVETE|&amp;#x1e006;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ZEMLJA|&amp;#x1e008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IZHE|&amp;#x1e009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER INITIAL IZHE|&amp;#x1e00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER I|&amp;#x1e00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER DJERVI|&amp;#x1e00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER KAKO|&amp;#x1e00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER LJUDIJE|&amp;#x1e00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER MYSLITE|&amp;#x1e00f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E01x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER NASHI|&amp;#x1e010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ONU|&amp;#x1e011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER POKOJI|&amp;#x1e012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER RITSI|&amp;#x1e013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SLOVO|&amp;#x1e014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER TVRIDO|&amp;#x1e015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER UKU|&amp;#x1e016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER FRITU|&amp;#x1e017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER HERU|&amp;#x1e018;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SHTA|&amp;#x1e01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER TSI|&amp;#x1e01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER CHRIVI|&amp;#x1e01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1e01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YERU|&amp;#x1e01f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E02x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YERI|&amp;#x1e020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YATI|&amp;#x1e021;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YU|&amp;#x1e023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SMALL YUS|&amp;#x1e024;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YO|&amp;#x1e026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IOTATED SMALL YUS|&amp;#x1e027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BIG YUS|&amp;#x1e028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IOTATED BIG YUS|&amp;#x1e029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER FITA|&amp;#x1e02a;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cyrillic Extended-D'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E03x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL A|&amp;#x1e030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BE|&amp;#x1e031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL VE|&amp;#x1e032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL GHE|&amp;#x1e033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL DE|&amp;#x1e034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL IE|&amp;#x1e035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ZHE|&amp;#x1e036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ZE|&amp;#x1e037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL I|&amp;#x1e038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL KA|&amp;#x1e039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EL|&amp;#x1e03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EM|&amp;#x1e03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL O|&amp;#x1e03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL PE|&amp;#x1e03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ER|&amp;#x1e03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ES|&amp;#x1e03f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E04x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL TE|&amp;#x1e040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL U|&amp;#x1e041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EF|&amp;#x1e042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL HA|&amp;#x1e043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL TSE|&amp;#x1e044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL CHE|&amp;#x1e045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL SHA|&amp;#x1e046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YERU|&amp;#x1e047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL E|&amp;#x1e048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YU|&amp;#x1e049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL DZZE|&amp;#x1e04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL SCHWA|&amp;#x1e04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&amp;#x1e04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL JE|&amp;#x1e04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BARRED O|&amp;#x1e04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL STRAIGHT U|&amp;#x1e04f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E05x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL PALOCHKA|&amp;#x1e050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#x1e051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BE|&amp;#x1e052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER VE|&amp;#x1e053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GHE|&amp;#x1e054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DE|&amp;#x1e055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER IE|&amp;#x1e056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ZHE|&amp;#x1e057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ZE|&amp;#x1e058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x1e059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER KA|&amp;#x1e05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER EL|&amp;#x1e05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x1e05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER PE|&amp;#x1e05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ES|&amp;#x1e05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#x1e05f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E06x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER EF|&amp;#x1e060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER HA|&amp;#x1e061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER TSE|&amp;#x1e062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER CHE|&amp;#x1e063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1e064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN|&amp;#x1e065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER YERU|&amp;#x1e066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN|&amp;#x1e067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&amp;#x1e068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DZE|&amp;#x1e069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DZHE|&amp;#x1e06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ES WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x1e06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YERU WITH BACK YER|&amp;#x1e06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL STRAIGHT U WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1e06d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E07x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E08x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&amp;#x1e08f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E09x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E0Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E0Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E0Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E0Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E0Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E0Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E10x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER MA|&amp;#x1e100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TSA|&amp;#x1e101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTA|&amp;#x1e102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TA|&amp;#x1e103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HA|&amp;#x1e104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NA|&amp;#x1e105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER XA|&amp;#x1e106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NKA|&amp;#x1e107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER CA|&amp;#x1e108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER LA|&amp;#x1e109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER SA|&amp;#x1e10a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER ZA|&amp;#x1e10b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NCA|&amp;#x1e10c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTSA|&amp;#x1e10d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER KA|&amp;#x1e10e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER DA|&amp;#x1e10f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E11x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1e110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NRA|&amp;#x1e111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER VA|&amp;#x1e112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTXA|&amp;#x1e113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TXA|&amp;#x1e114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER FA|&amp;#x1e115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER RA|&amp;#x1e116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER QA|&amp;#x1e117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER YA|&amp;#x1e118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NQA|&amp;#x1e119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER PA|&amp;#x1e11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER XYA|&amp;#x1e11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NPA|&amp;#x1e11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER DLA|&amp;#x1e11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NPLA|&amp;#x1e11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HAH|&amp;#x1e11f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E12x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER MLA|&amp;#x1e120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER PLA|&amp;#x1e121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER GA|&amp;#x1e122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER RRA|&amp;#x1e123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER A|&amp;#x1e124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER AA|&amp;#x1e125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER I|&amp;#x1e126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER U|&amp;#x1e127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER O|&amp;#x1e128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER OO|&amp;#x1e129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER E|&amp;#x1e12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER EE|&amp;#x1e12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER W|&amp;#x1e12c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E13x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-B|&amp;#x1e130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-M|&amp;#x1e131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-J|&amp;#x1e132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-V|&amp;#x1e133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-S|&amp;#x1e134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-G|&amp;#x1e135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-D|&amp;#x1e136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR PERSON|&amp;#x1e137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR THING|&amp;#x1e138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR LOCATION|&amp;#x1e139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR ANIMAL|&amp;#x1e13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR INVERTEBRATE|&amp;#x1e13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN XW XW|&amp;#x1e13c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SYLLABLE LENGTHENER|&amp;#x1e13d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E14x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1e140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1e141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1e142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1e143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1e144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1e145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1e146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1e147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1e148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1e149;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LOGOGRAM NYAJ|&amp;#x1e14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG CIRCLED CA|&amp;#x1e14f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Eebee Hmong'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E15x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E16x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E17x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E18x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E19x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E1Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E1Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E1Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E1Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E1Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E1Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Western Cham'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E20x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER KA|&amp;#x1e200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1e201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER GA|&amp;#x1e202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER GHA|&amp;#x1e203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NGUE|&amp;#x1e204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1e205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER CHA|&amp;#x1e206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER CHHA|&amp;#x1e207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER JA|&amp;#x1e208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER JHA|&amp;#x1e209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NHUE|&amp;#x1e20a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NHA|&amp;#x1e20b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NHJA|&amp;#x1e20c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER TAK|&amp;#x1e20d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER THA|&amp;#x1e20e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER DA|&amp;#x1e20f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E21x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER DHA|&amp;#x1e210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NUE|&amp;#x1e211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER NA|&amp;#x1e212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER SIGN NOEN|&amp;#x1e213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER DDA|&amp;#x1e214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PA|&amp;#x1e215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PA TNAW|&amp;#x1e216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PA PRONG|&amp;#x1e217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER PHA|&amp;#x1e218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER BA|&amp;#x1e219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER BHA|&amp;#x1e21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER MUE|&amp;#x1e21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER MA|&amp;#x1e21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER BBA|&amp;#x1e21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER YA|&amp;#x1e21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER RA|&amp;#x1e21f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E22x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER LA|&amp;#x1e220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER VA|&amp;#x1e221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER SSA|&amp;#x1e222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER SA|&amp;#x1e223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A|&amp;#x1e224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A DHA|&amp;#x1e225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A DHA|&amp;#x1e226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A BA|&amp;#x1e227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER A U|&amp;#x1e228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER I|&amp;#x1e229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER U|&amp;#x1e22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER E|&amp;#x1e22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER AI|&amp;#x1e22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LETTER OH|&amp;#x1e22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AA|&amp;#x1e22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1e22f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E23x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN II|&amp;#x1e230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AI|&amp;#x1e231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN OEK|&amp;#x1e232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN OE|&amp;#x1e233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x1e234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AAY|&amp;#x1e235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN AW|&amp;#x1e236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1e237;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E24x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E25x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1e250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1e251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1e252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1e253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1e254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1e255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1e256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1e257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1e258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1e259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA PATOK SAP|&amp;#x1e25a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM SHADDAH|&amp;#x1e25b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA PATOK PHUN|&amp;#x1e25c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA TAMA PHUN|&amp;#x1e25d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA TAMA PHUN|&amp;#x1e25e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TANA PDAEM IU|&amp;#x1e25f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E26x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DANDA|&amp;#x1e260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM DOUBLE DANDA|&amp;#x1e261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM TRIPLE DANDA|&amp;#x1e262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM SIGN TANA TAMAT AYAT|&amp;#x1e263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM SIGN TANA TAMAT TAKUE|&amp;#x1e264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WESTERN CHAM LUNAR TEN|&amp;#x1e265;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ethiopic Numbers'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E27x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1e270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER ELEVEN|&amp;#x1e271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWELVE|&amp;#x1e272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTEEN|&amp;#x1e273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER FOURTEEN|&amp;#x1e274;}}|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTEEN|&amp;#x1e275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTEEN|&amp;#x1e276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x1e277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x1e278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETEEN|&amp;#x1e279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER THOUSAND|&amp;#x1e27a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED THOUSAND|&amp;#x1e27b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER MILLION|&amp;#x1e27c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER BILLION|&amp;#x1e27d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E28x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Toto'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E29x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER PA|&amp;#x1e290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BA|&amp;#x1e291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER TA|&amp;#x1e292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER DA|&amp;#x1e293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER KA|&amp;#x1e294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER GA|&amp;#x1e295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER MA|&amp;#x1e296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER NA|&amp;#x1e297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1e298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER SA|&amp;#x1e299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER CHA|&amp;#x1e29a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER YA|&amp;#x1e29b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER WA|&amp;#x1e29c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER JA|&amp;#x1e29d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER HA|&amp;#x1e29e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER RA|&amp;#x1e29f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E2Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER LA|&amp;#x1e2a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER I|&amp;#x1e2a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY I|&amp;#x1e2a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER IU|&amp;#x1e2a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY IU|&amp;#x1e2a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER U|&amp;#x1e2a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER E|&amp;#x1e2a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY E|&amp;#x1e2a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER EO|&amp;#x1e2a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY EO|&amp;#x1e2a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER O|&amp;#x1e2aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER AE|&amp;#x1e2ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY AE|&amp;#x1e2ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER A|&amp;#x1e2ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO SIGN RISING TONE|&amp;#x1e2ae;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E2Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Wancho'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E2Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AA|&amp;#x1e2c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER A|&amp;#x1e2c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER BA|&amp;#x1e2c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER CA|&amp;#x1e2c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER DA|&amp;#x1e2c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER GA|&amp;#x1e2c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER YA|&amp;#x1e2c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER PHA|&amp;#x1e2c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER LA|&amp;#x1e2c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NA|&amp;#x1e2c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER PA|&amp;#x1e2ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TA|&amp;#x1e2cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER THA|&amp;#x1e2cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER FA|&amp;#x1e2cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER SA|&amp;#x1e2ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1e2cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E2Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER JA|&amp;#x1e2d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ZA|&amp;#x1e2d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER WA|&amp;#x1e2d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER VA|&amp;#x1e2d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER KA|&amp;#x1e2d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER O|&amp;#x1e2d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AU|&amp;#x1e2d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER RA|&amp;#x1e2d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER MA|&amp;#x1e2d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1e2d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER HA|&amp;#x1e2da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER E|&amp;#x1e2db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER I|&amp;#x1e2dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1e2dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER U|&amp;#x1e2de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER LLHA|&amp;#x1e2df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E2Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TSA|&amp;#x1e2e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TRA|&amp;#x1e2e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ONG|&amp;#x1e2e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AANG|&amp;#x1e2e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ANG|&amp;#x1e2e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ING|&amp;#x1e2e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ON|&amp;#x1e2e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER EN|&amp;#x1e2e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AAN|&amp;#x1e2e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1e2e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER UEN|&amp;#x1e2ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER YIH|&amp;#x1e2eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE TUP|&amp;#x1e2ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE TUPNI|&amp;#x1e2ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE KOI|&amp;#x1e2ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE KOINI|&amp;#x1e2ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E2Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1e2f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1e2f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1e2f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1e2f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1e2f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1e2f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1e2f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1e2f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1e2f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1e2f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO NGUN SIGN|&amp;#x1e2ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Loma'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E30x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E31x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E32x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E33x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E34x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E35x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E36x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E37x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E38x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E39x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E3Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E3Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E3Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E3Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E3Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E3Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E40x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E41x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Bagam'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E42x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E43x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E44x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E45x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E46x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E47x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E48x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E49x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E4Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E4Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E4Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Nag Mundari'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E4Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER O|&amp;#x1e4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OP|&amp;#x1e4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OL|&amp;#x1e4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OY|&amp;#x1e4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ONG|&amp;#x1e4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER A|&amp;#x1e4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AJ|&amp;#x1e4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AB|&amp;#x1e4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ANY|&amp;#x1e4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AH|&amp;#x1e4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER I|&amp;#x1e4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IS|&amp;#x1e4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IDD|&amp;#x1e4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IT|&amp;#x1e4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IH|&amp;#x1e4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER U|&amp;#x1e4df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E4Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UC|&amp;#x1e4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UD|&amp;#x1e4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UK|&amp;#x1e4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UR|&amp;#x1e4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER E|&amp;#x1e4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ENN|&amp;#x1e4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EG|&amp;#x1e4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EM|&amp;#x1e4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EN|&amp;#x1e4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ETT|&amp;#x1e4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ELL|&amp;#x1e4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN OJOD|&amp;#x1e4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN MUHOR|&amp;#x1e4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN TOYOR|&amp;#x1e4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN IKIR|&amp;#x1e4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN SUTUH|&amp;#x1e4ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E4Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1e4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1e4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1e4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1e4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1e4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1e4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1e4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1e4f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1e4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1e4f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Pungchen'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E50x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E51x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E52x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E53x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E54x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E55x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E56x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E57x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E58x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E59x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | 
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E5Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E5Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E5Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ol Onal'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;

!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E5Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER O|&amp;#x1e5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OM|&amp;#x1e5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ONG|&amp;#x1e5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ORR|&amp;#x1e5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OO|&amp;#x1e5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OY|&amp;#x1e5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER A|&amp;#x1e5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AD|&amp;#x1e5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AB|&amp;#x1e5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AH|&amp;#x1e5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AL|&amp;#x1e5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AW|&amp;#x1e5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER I|&amp;#x1e5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IT|&amp;#x1e5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IP|&amp;#x1e5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ITT|&amp;#x1e5df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E5Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ID|&amp;#x1e5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IN|&amp;#x1e5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER U|&amp;#x1e5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UK|&amp;#x1e5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UDD|&amp;#x1e5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UJ|&amp;#x1e5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UNY|&amp;#x1e5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UR|&amp;#x1e5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER E|&amp;#x1e5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ES|&amp;#x1e5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EH|&amp;#x1e5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EC|&amp;#x1e5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ENN|&amp;#x1e5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EG|&amp;#x1e5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN MU|&amp;#x1e5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN IKIR|&amp;#x1e5ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E5Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN HODDOND|&amp;#x1e5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1e5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1e5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1e5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1e5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1e5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1e5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1e5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1e5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1e5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1e5fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL ABBREVIATION SIGN|&amp;#x1e5ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Chola'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E60x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E61x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E62x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E63x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E64x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E65x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Box-Headed'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E66x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E67x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E68x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E69x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E6Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E6Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tai Yo'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E6Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KO|&amp;#x1e6c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KO|&amp;#x1e6c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KHO|&amp;#x1e6c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KHO|&amp;#x1e6c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER GO|&amp;#x1e6c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER NGO|&amp;#x1e6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER CO|&amp;#x1e6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW XO|&amp;#x1e6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH XO|&amp;#x1e6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW NYO|&amp;#x1e6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH NYO|&amp;#x1e6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER DO|&amp;#x1e6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW TO|&amp;#x1e6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH TO|&amp;#x1e6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER THO|&amp;#x1e6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER NO|&amp;#x1e6cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E6Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER BO|&amp;#x1e6d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW PO|&amp;#x1e6d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH PO|&amp;#x1e6d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER PHO|&amp;#x1e6d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW FO|&amp;#x1e6d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH FO|&amp;#x1e6d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER MO|&amp;#x1e6d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER YO|&amp;#x1e6d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LO|&amp;#x1e6d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER VO|&amp;#x1e6d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW HO|&amp;#x1e6da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH HO|&amp;#x1e6db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER QO|&amp;#x1e6dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KVO|&amp;#x1e6dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KVO|&amp;#x1e6de;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E6Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AA|&amp;#x1e6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER I|&amp;#x1e6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UE|&amp;#x1e6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN UE|&amp;#x1e6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER U|&amp;#x1e6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AE|&amp;#x1e6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN AU|&amp;#x1e6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER O|&amp;#x1e6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER E|&amp;#x1e6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER IA|&amp;#x1e6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UEA|&amp;#x1e6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UA|&amp;#x1e6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER OO|&amp;#x1e6ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AUE|&amp;#x1e6ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN AY|&amp;#x1e6ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN ANG|&amp;#x1e6ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E6Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AN|&amp;#x1e6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AM|&amp;#x1e6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AK|&amp;#x1e6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AT|&amp;#x1e6f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AP|&amp;#x1e6f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN OM|&amp;#x1e6f5;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SYMBOL MUEANG|&amp;#x1e6fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO XAM LAI|&amp;#x1e6ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Lampung'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E70x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E71x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E72x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E73x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Kerinci'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E74x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E75x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E76x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Buginese Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E77x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E78x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E79x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E7Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E7Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E7Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E7Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ethiopic Extended-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E7Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYA|&amp;#x1e7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYU|&amp;#x1e7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYI|&amp;#x1e7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYAA|&amp;#x1e7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYEE|&amp;#x1e7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYE|&amp;#x1e7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYO|&amp;#x1e7e6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE HHWA|&amp;#x1e7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWI|&amp;#x1e7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWEE|&amp;#x1e7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWE|&amp;#x1e7eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWI|&amp;#x1e7ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWEE|&amp;#x1e7ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E7Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWI|&amp;#x1e7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWEE|&amp;#x1e7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWE|&amp;#x1e7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWI|&amp;#x1e7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWEE|&amp;#x1e7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWI|&amp;#x1e7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWEE|&amp;#x1e7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWE|&amp;#x1e7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWI|&amp;#x1e7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWEE|&amp;#x1e7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWE|&amp;#x1e7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWI|&amp;#x1e7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWEE|&amp;#x1e7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWI|&amp;#x1e7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWEE|&amp;#x1e7fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mende Kikakui'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E80x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M001 KI|&amp;#x1e800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M002 KA|&amp;#x1e801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M003 KU|&amp;#x1e802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M065 KEE|&amp;#x1e803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M095 KE|&amp;#x1e804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M076 KOO|&amp;#x1e805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M048 KO|&amp;#x1e806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M179 KUA|&amp;#x1e807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M004 WI|&amp;#x1e808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M005 WA|&amp;#x1e809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M006 WU|&amp;#x1e80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M126 WEE|&amp;#x1e80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M118 WE|&amp;#x1e80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M114 WOO|&amp;#x1e80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M045 WO|&amp;#x1e80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M194 WUI|&amp;#x1e80f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E81x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M143 WEI|&amp;#x1e810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M061 WVI|&amp;#x1e811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M049 WVA|&amp;#x1e812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M139 WVE|&amp;#x1e813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M007 MIN|&amp;#x1e814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M008 MAN|&amp;#x1e815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M009 MUN|&amp;#x1e816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M059 MEN|&amp;#x1e817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M094 MON|&amp;#x1e818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M154 MUAN|&amp;#x1e819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M189 MUEN|&amp;#x1e81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M010 BI|&amp;#x1e81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M011 BA|&amp;#x1e81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M012 BU|&amp;#x1e81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M150 BEE|&amp;#x1e81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M097 BE|&amp;#x1e81f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E82x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M103 BOO|&amp;#x1e820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M138 BO|&amp;#x1e821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M013 I|&amp;#x1e822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M014 A|&amp;#x1e823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M015 U|&amp;#x1e824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M163 EE|&amp;#x1e825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M100 E|&amp;#x1e826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M165 OO|&amp;#x1e827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M147 O|&amp;#x1e828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M137 EI|&amp;#x1e829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M131 IN|&amp;#x1e82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M135 IN|&amp;#x1e82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M195 AN|&amp;#x1e82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M178 EN|&amp;#x1e82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M019 SI|&amp;#x1e82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M020 SA|&amp;#x1e82f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E83x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M021 SU|&amp;#x1e830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M162 SEE|&amp;#x1e831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M116 SE|&amp;#x1e832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M136 SOO|&amp;#x1e833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M079 SO|&amp;#x1e834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M196 SIA|&amp;#x1e835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M025 LI|&amp;#x1e836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M026 LA|&amp;#x1e837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M027 LU|&amp;#x1e838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M084 LEE|&amp;#x1e839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M073 LE|&amp;#x1e83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M054 LOO|&amp;#x1e83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M153 LO|&amp;#x1e83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M110 LONG LE|&amp;#x1e83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M016 DI|&amp;#x1e83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M017 DA|&amp;#x1e83f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E84x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M018 DU|&amp;#x1e840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M089 DEE|&amp;#x1e841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M180 DOO|&amp;#x1e842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M181 DO|&amp;#x1e843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M022 TI|&amp;#x1e844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M023 TA|&amp;#x1e845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M024 TU|&amp;#x1e846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M091 TEE|&amp;#x1e847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M055 TE|&amp;#x1e848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M104 TOO|&amp;#x1e849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M069 TO|&amp;#x1e84a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M028 JI|&amp;#x1e84b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M029 JA|&amp;#x1e84c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M030 JU|&amp;#x1e84d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M157 JEE|&amp;#x1e84e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M113 JE|&amp;#x1e84f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E85x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M160 JOO|&amp;#x1e850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M063 JO|&amp;#x1e851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M175 LONG JO|&amp;#x1e852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M031 YI|&amp;#x1e853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M032 YA|&amp;#x1e854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M033 YU|&amp;#x1e855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M109 YEE|&amp;#x1e856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M080 YE|&amp;#x1e857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M141 YOO|&amp;#x1e858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M121 YO|&amp;#x1e859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M034 FI|&amp;#x1e85a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M035 FA|&amp;#x1e85b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M036 FU|&amp;#x1e85c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M078 FEE|&amp;#x1e85d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M075 FE|&amp;#x1e85e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M133 FOO|&amp;#x1e85f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E86x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M088 FO|&amp;#x1e860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M197 FUA|&amp;#x1e861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M101 FAN|&amp;#x1e862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M037 NIN|&amp;#x1e863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M038 NAN|&amp;#x1e864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M039 NUN|&amp;#x1e865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M117 NEN|&amp;#x1e866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M169 NON|&amp;#x1e867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M176 HI|&amp;#x1e868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M041 HA|&amp;#x1e869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M186 HU|&amp;#x1e86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M040 HEE|&amp;#x1e86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M096 HE|&amp;#x1e86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M042 HOO|&amp;#x1e86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M140 HO|&amp;#x1e86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M083 HEEI|&amp;#x1e86f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E87x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M128 HOOU|&amp;#x1e870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M053 HIN|&amp;#x1e871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M130 HAN|&amp;#x1e872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M087 HUN|&amp;#x1e873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M052 HEN|&amp;#x1e874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M193 HON|&amp;#x1e875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M046 HUAN|&amp;#x1e876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M090 NGGI|&amp;#x1e877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M043 NGGA|&amp;#x1e878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M082 NGGU|&amp;#x1e879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M115 NGGEE|&amp;#x1e87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M146 NGGE|&amp;#x1e87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M156 NGGOO|&amp;#x1e87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M120 NGGO|&amp;#x1e87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M159 NGGAA|&amp;#x1e87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M127 NGGUA|&amp;#x1e87f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E88x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M086 LONG NGGE|&amp;#x1e880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M106 LONG NGGOO|&amp;#x1e881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M183 LONG NGGO|&amp;#x1e882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M155 GI|&amp;#x1e883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M111 GA|&amp;#x1e884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M168 GU|&amp;#x1e885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M190 GEE|&amp;#x1e886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M166 GUEI|&amp;#x1e887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M167 GUAN|&amp;#x1e888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M184 NGEN|&amp;#x1e889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M057 NGON|&amp;#x1e88a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M177 NGUAN|&amp;#x1e88b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M068 PI|&amp;#x1e88c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M099 PA|&amp;#x1e88d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M050 PU|&amp;#x1e88e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M081 PEE|&amp;#x1e88f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E89x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M051 PE|&amp;#x1e890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M102 POO|&amp;#x1e891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M066 PO|&amp;#x1e892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M145 MBI|&amp;#x1e893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M062 MBA|&amp;#x1e894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M122 MBU|&amp;#x1e895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M047 MBEE|&amp;#x1e896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M188 MBEE|&amp;#x1e897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M072 MBE|&amp;#x1e898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M172 MBOO|&amp;#x1e899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M174 MBO|&amp;#x1e89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M187 MBUU|&amp;#x1e89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M161 LONG MBE|&amp;#x1e89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M105 LONG MBOO|&amp;#x1e89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M142 LONG MBO|&amp;#x1e89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M132 KPI|&amp;#x1e89f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E8Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M092 KPA|&amp;#x1e8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M074 KPU|&amp;#x1e8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M044 KPEE|&amp;#x1e8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M108 KPE|&amp;#x1e8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M112 KPOO|&amp;#x1e8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M158 KPO|&amp;#x1e8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M124 GBI|&amp;#x1e8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M056 GBA|&amp;#x1e8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M148 GBU|&amp;#x1e8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M093 GBEE|&amp;#x1e8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M107 GBE|&amp;#x1e8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M071 GBOO|&amp;#x1e8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M070 GBO|&amp;#x1e8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M171 RA|&amp;#x1e8ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M123 NDI|&amp;#x1e8ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M129 NDA|&amp;#x1e8af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E8Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M125 NDU|&amp;#x1e8b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M191 NDEE|&amp;#x1e8b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M119 NDE|&amp;#x1e8b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M067 NDOO|&amp;#x1e8b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M064 NDO|&amp;#x1e8b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M152 NJA|&amp;#x1e8b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M192 NJU|&amp;#x1e8b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M149 NJEE|&amp;#x1e8b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M134 NJOO|&amp;#x1e8b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M182 VI|&amp;#x1e8b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M185 VA|&amp;#x1e8ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M151 VU|&amp;#x1e8bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M173 VEE|&amp;#x1e8bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M085 VE|&amp;#x1e8bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M144 VOO|&amp;#x1e8be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M077 VO|&amp;#x1e8bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E8Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M164 NYIN|&amp;#x1e8c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M058 NYAN|&amp;#x1e8c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M170 NYUN|&amp;#x1e8c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M098 NYEN|&amp;#x1e8c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M060 NYON|&amp;#x1e8c4;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1e8c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1e8c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1e8c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1e8ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1e8cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1e8cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1e8cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1e8ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1e8cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E8Dx
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TEENS|&amp;#x1e8d0;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TENS|&amp;#x1e8d1;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER HUNDREDS|&amp;#x1e8d2;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER THOUSANDS|&amp;#x1e8d3;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TEN THOUSANDS|&amp;#x1e8d4;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER HUNDRED THOUSANDS|&amp;#x1e8d5;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER MILLIONS|&amp;#x1e8d6;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E8Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E8Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Adlam'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E90x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ALIF|&amp;#x1e900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER DAALI|&amp;#x1e901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER LAAM|&amp;#x1e902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER MIIM|&amp;#x1e903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER BA|&amp;#x1e904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER SINNYIIYHE|&amp;#x1e905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER PE|&amp;#x1e906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER BHE|&amp;#x1e907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER RA|&amp;#x1e908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER E|&amp;#x1e909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER FA|&amp;#x1e90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x1e90b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x1e90c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER DHA|&amp;#x1e90d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER YHE|&amp;#x1e90e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER WAW|&amp;#x1e90f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E91x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NUN|&amp;#x1e910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KAF|&amp;#x1e911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER YA|&amp;#x1e912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER U|&amp;#x1e913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER JIIM|&amp;#x1e914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER CHI|&amp;#x1e915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER HA|&amp;#x1e916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER QAAF|&amp;#x1e917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER GA|&amp;#x1e918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1e919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER TU|&amp;#x1e91a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NHA|&amp;#x1e91b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER VA|&amp;#x1e91c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1e91d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER GBE|&amp;#x1e91e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ZAL|&amp;#x1e91f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E92x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KPO|&amp;#x1e920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1e921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER ALIF|&amp;#x1e922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER DAALI|&amp;#x1e923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER LAAM|&amp;#x1e924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER MIIM|&amp;#x1e925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER BA|&amp;#x1e926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER SINNYIIYHE|&amp;#x1e927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER PE|&amp;#x1e928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER BHE|&amp;#x1e929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER RA|&amp;#x1e92a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#x1e92b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER FA|&amp;#x1e92c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x1e92d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x1e92e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER DHA|&amp;#x1e92f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E93x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER YHE|&amp;#x1e930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER WAW|&amp;#x1e931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NUN|&amp;#x1e932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KAF|&amp;#x1e933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER YA|&amp;#x1e934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#x1e935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER JIIM|&amp;#x1e936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER CHI|&amp;#x1e937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER HA|&amp;#x1e938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER QAAF|&amp;#x1e939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER GA|&amp;#x1e93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1e93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER TU|&amp;#x1e93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NHA|&amp;#x1e93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER VA|&amp;#x1e93e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1e93f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E94x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER GBE|&amp;#x1e940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER ZAL|&amp;#x1e941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KPO|&amp;#x1e942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1e943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM ALIF LENGTHENER|&amp;#x1e944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM VOWEL LENGTHENER|&amp;#x1e945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM GEMINATION MARK|&amp;#x1e946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM HAMZA|&amp;#x1e947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CONSONANT MODIFIER|&amp;#x1e948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM GEMINATE CONSONANT MODIFIER|&amp;#x1e949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM NUKTA|&amp;#x1e94a;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM NASALIZATION MARK|&amp;#x1e94b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E95x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1e950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1e951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1e952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1e953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1e954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1e955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1e956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1e957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1e958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1e959;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM INITIAL EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x1e95e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM INITIAL QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x1e95f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''N'Ko Supplement'''
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E96x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E97x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E98x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E99x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E9Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E9Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E9Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E9Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E9Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E9Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Oduduwa'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EA9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EAAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EABx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EACx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EADx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EAEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EAFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Byblos'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EB9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EBAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EBBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EBCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EBDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EBEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EBFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Persian Siyaq Numbers'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Indic Siyaq Numbers'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC7x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE|&amp;#x1ec71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO|&amp;#x1ec72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE|&amp;#x1ec73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR|&amp;#x1ec74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE|&amp;#x1ec75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX|&amp;#x1ec76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN|&amp;#x1ec77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT|&amp;#x1ec78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE|&amp;#x1ec79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x1ec7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x1ec7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY|&amp;#x1ec7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY|&amp;#x1ec7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY|&amp;#x1ec7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY|&amp;#x1ec7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY|&amp;#x1ec80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY|&amp;#x1ec81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY|&amp;#x1ec82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ec8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EC9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ec9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER LAKH|&amp;#x1ec9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER LAKHAN|&amp;#x1ec9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ECAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ LAKH MARK|&amp;#x1eca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER KAROR|&amp;#x1eca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER KARORAN|&amp;#x1eca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED ONE|&amp;#x1eca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED TWO|&amp;#x1eca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED THREE|&amp;#x1eca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED FOUR|&amp;#x1eca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED FIVE|&amp;#x1eca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED SIX|&amp;#x1eca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED SEVEN|&amp;#x1eca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED EIGHT|&amp;#x1ecaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED NINE|&amp;#x1ecab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ PLACEHOLDER|&amp;#x1ecac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION ONE QUARTER|&amp;#x1ecad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION ONE HALF|&amp;#x1ecae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION THREE QUARTERS|&amp;#x1ecaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ECBx
|style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ RUPEE MARK|&amp;#x1ecb0;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE ONE|&amp;#x1ecb1;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE TWO|&amp;#x1ecb2;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE TEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ecb3;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ ALTERNATE LAKH MARK|&amp;#x1ecb4;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ECCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ECDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ECEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ECFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED0x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE|&amp;#x1ed01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO|&amp;#x1ed02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE|&amp;#x1ed03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR|&amp;#x1ed04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE|&amp;#x1ed05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX|&amp;#x1ed06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN|&amp;#x1ed07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT|&amp;#x1ed08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE|&amp;#x1ed09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x1ed0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x1ed0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY|&amp;#x1ed0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY|&amp;#x1ed0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY|&amp;#x1ed0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY|&amp;#x1ed0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY|&amp;#x1ed10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY|&amp;#x1ed11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY|&amp;#x1ed12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ MARRATAN|&amp;#x1ed2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TWO|&amp;#x1ed2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER THREE|&amp;#x1ed30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FOUR|&amp;#x1ed31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FIVE|&amp;#x1ed32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SIX|&amp;#x1ed33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SEVEN|&amp;#x1ed34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER EIGHT|&amp;#x1ed35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER NINE|&amp;#x1ed36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x1ed37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&amp;#x1ed39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x1ed3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ FRACTION ONE HALF|&amp;#x1ed3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ FRACTION ONE SIXTH|&amp;#x1ed3d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ED9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EDAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EDBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EDCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EDDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EDEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EDFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ALEF|&amp;#x1ee00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL BEH|&amp;#x1ee01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL JEEM|&amp;#x1ee02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DAL|&amp;#x1ee03;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL WAW|&amp;#x1ee05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ZAIN|&amp;#x1ee06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL HAH|&amp;#x1ee07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAH|&amp;#x1ee08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL YEH|&amp;#x1ee09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL KAF|&amp;#x1ee0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LAM|&amp;#x1ee0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL MEEM|&amp;#x1ee0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL NOON|&amp;#x1ee0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SEEN|&amp;#x1ee0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL AIN|&amp;#x1ee0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL FEH|&amp;#x1ee10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SAD|&amp;#x1ee11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL QAF|&amp;#x1ee12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL REH|&amp;#x1ee13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SHEEN|&amp;#x1ee14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TEH|&amp;#x1ee15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL THEH|&amp;#x1ee16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL KHAH|&amp;#x1ee17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL THAL|&amp;#x1ee18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DAD|&amp;#x1ee19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ZAH|&amp;#x1ee1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL GHAIN|&amp;#x1ee1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS BEH|&amp;#x1ee1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS NOON|&amp;#x1ee1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS FEH|&amp;#x1ee1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS QAF|&amp;#x1ee1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE2x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL BEH|&amp;#x1ee21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL JEEM|&amp;#x1ee22;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL HEH|&amp;#x1ee24;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL HAH|&amp;#x1ee27;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL YEH|&amp;#x1ee29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL KAF|&amp;#x1ee2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL LAM|&amp;#x1ee2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL MEEM|&amp;#x1ee2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL NOON|&amp;#x1ee2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SEEN|&amp;#x1ee2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL AIN|&amp;#x1ee2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL FEH|&amp;#x1ee30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SAD|&amp;#x1ee31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL QAF|&amp;#x1ee32;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SHEEN|&amp;#x1ee34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL TEH|&amp;#x1ee35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL THEH|&amp;#x1ee36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL KHAH|&amp;#x1ee37;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL DAD|&amp;#x1ee39;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL GHAIN|&amp;#x1ee3b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED JEEM|&amp;#x1ee42;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED HAH|&amp;#x1ee47;}}||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED YEH|&amp;#x1ee49;}}||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED LAM|&amp;#x1ee4b;}}||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED NOON|&amp;#x1ee4d;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SEEN|&amp;#x1ee4e;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED AIN|&amp;#x1ee4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE5x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SAD|&amp;#x1ee51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED QAF|&amp;#x1ee52;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SHEEN|&amp;#x1ee54;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED KHAH|&amp;#x1ee57;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DAD|&amp;#x1ee59;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED GHAIN|&amp;#x1ee5b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DOTLESS NOON|&amp;#x1ee5d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DOTLESS QAF|&amp;#x1ee5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE6x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED BEH|&amp;#x1ee61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED JEEM|&amp;#x1ee62;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED HEH|&amp;#x1ee64;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED HAH|&amp;#x1ee67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED TAH|&amp;#x1ee68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED YEH|&amp;#x1ee69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED KAF|&amp;#x1ee6a;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED MEEM|&amp;#x1ee6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED NOON|&amp;#x1ee6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SEEN|&amp;#x1ee6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED AIN|&amp;#x1ee6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED FEH|&amp;#x1ee70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SAD|&amp;#x1ee71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED QAF|&amp;#x1ee72;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SHEEN|&amp;#x1ee74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED TEH|&amp;#x1ee75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED THEH|&amp;#x1ee76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED KHAH|&amp;#x1ee77;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DAD|&amp;#x1ee79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED ZAH|&amp;#x1ee7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED GHAIN|&amp;#x1ee7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DOTLESS BEH|&amp;#x1ee7c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DOTLESS FEH|&amp;#x1ee7e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ALEF|&amp;#x1ee80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED BEH|&amp;#x1ee81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED JEEM|&amp;#x1ee82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED DAL|&amp;#x1ee83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED HEH|&amp;#x1ee84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED WAW|&amp;#x1ee85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ZAIN|&amp;#x1ee86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED HAH|&amp;#x1ee87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED TAH|&amp;#x1ee88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED YEH|&amp;#x1ee89;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED LAM|&amp;#x1ee8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED MEEM|&amp;#x1ee8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED NOON|&amp;#x1ee8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SEEN|&amp;#x1ee8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED AIN|&amp;#x1ee8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EE9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED FEH|&amp;#x1ee90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SAD|&amp;#x1ee91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED QAF|&amp;#x1ee92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED REH|&amp;#x1ee93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SHEEN|&amp;#x1ee94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED TEH|&amp;#x1ee95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED THEH|&amp;#x1ee96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED KHAH|&amp;#x1ee97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED THAL|&amp;#x1ee98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED DAD|&amp;#x1ee99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ZAH|&amp;#x1ee9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED GHAIN|&amp;#x1ee9b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EEAx
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK BEH|&amp;#x1eea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK JEEM|&amp;#x1eea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DAL|&amp;#x1eea3;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK WAW|&amp;#x1eea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK ZAIN|&amp;#x1eea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK HAH|&amp;#x1eea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK TAH|&amp;#x1eea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK YEH|&amp;#x1eea9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK LAM|&amp;#x1eeab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK MEEM|&amp;#x1eeac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK NOON|&amp;#x1eead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SEEN|&amp;#x1eeae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK AIN|&amp;#x1eeaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EEBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK FEH|&amp;#x1eeb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SAD|&amp;#x1eeb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK QAF|&amp;#x1eeb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK REH|&amp;#x1eeb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SHEEN|&amp;#x1eeb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK TEH|&amp;#x1eeb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK THEH|&amp;#x1eeb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK KHAH|&amp;#x1eeb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK THAL|&amp;#x1eeb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DAD|&amp;#x1eeb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK ZAH|&amp;#x1eeba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK GHAIN|&amp;#x1eebb;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EECx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EEDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EEEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EEFx
|style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATOR MEEM WITH HAH WITH TATWEEL|&amp;#x1eef0;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATOR HAH WITH DAL|&amp;#x1eef1;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Arabic Miscellaneous Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EF0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EF1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EF2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EF3x
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| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
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  <page>
    <title>Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Meet the Authors</title>
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      <id>4633112</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Arided</username>
        <id>335813</id>
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      <comment>Fix typo: Charlottee → Charlotte (M-peeragogy-rewrite)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3159" sha1="qlbs0cq5xyyhmve6x39lrk1gsk31abt" xml:space="preserve">Bryan Alexander, Paul Allison, Régis Barondeau,Doug Breitbart, Suz Burroughs, Joseph Corneli, Jay Cross, Charles Jeffrey Danoff, Julian Elve,María Fernanda, James Folkestad, Kathy Gill,Gigi Johnson, Anna Keune, Roland Legrand, Amanda Lyons, Christopher Neal, Ted Newcomb,Stephanie Parker, Charlotte Pierce, David Preston,Howard Rheingold, Paola Ricaurte, Stephanie Schipper, Fabrizio Terzi, and Geoff Walker, 

==Authors &amp; Contributors==
A number of persons not listed below have also made important contributions to this book.

{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=center&quot;
 !Name
 !Role
 !Affiliation
 !Quote
 |-
 |[[User:Bryan Alexander|Bryan Alexander]] 
 |Author
 |Former 
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise. 
 |-
 |[[User:Régis Barondeau|Régis Barondeau]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Doug Breitbart|Doug Breitbart]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User: Suz Burroughs| Suz Burroughs]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Joseph Corneli| Joseph Corneli]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Jay Cross|Jay Cross]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Charles Jeffrey Danoff| Charles Jeffrey Danoff]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Julian Elve|Julian Elve]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:María Fernanda|María Fernanda]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User: James Folkestad| James Folkestad]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Kathy Gill|Kathy Gill]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Gigi Johnson|Gigi Johnson]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Anna Keune|Anna Keune]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Roland Legrand|Roland Legrand]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:,Amanda Lyons|,Amanda Lyons]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Christopher Neal|Christopher Neal]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Ted Newcomb|Ted Newcomb]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Stephanie Parker|Stephanie Parker]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Charlotte Pierce|Charlotte Pierce]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:David Preston|David Preston]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Howard Rheingold|Howard Rheingold]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Paola Ricaurte|Paola Ricaurte]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Stephanie Schipper|Stephanie Schipper]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[w:User:Fabrizio Terzi P2PU|Fabrizio Terzi]]
 |90:9:1
 |Bergamo Hub
 |The more people we inspire, the more people will inspire us.
|-
 |[[User:Geoff Walker|Geoff Walker]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <comment>Mark Jay Cross deceased with † (M-peeragogy-rewrite)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3163" sha1="rvt5pl86ij3ojf495xngzj7gdduzof8" xml:space="preserve">Bryan Alexander, Paul Allison, Régis Barondeau,Doug Breitbart, Suz Burroughs, Joseph Corneli, Jay Cross, Charles Jeffrey Danoff, Julian Elve,María Fernanda, James Folkestad, Kathy Gill,Gigi Johnson, Anna Keune, Roland Legrand, Amanda Lyons, Christopher Neal, Ted Newcomb,Stephanie Parker, Charlotte Pierce, David Preston,Howard Rheingold, Paola Ricaurte, Stephanie Schipper, Fabrizio Terzi, and Geoff Walker, 

==Authors &amp; Contributors==
A number of persons not listed below have also made important contributions to this book.

{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=center&quot;
 !Name
 !Role
 !Affiliation
 !Quote
 |-
 |[[User:Bryan Alexander|Bryan Alexander]] 
 |Author
 |Former 
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise. 
 |-
 |[[User:Régis Barondeau|Régis Barondeau]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Doug Breitbart|Doug Breitbart]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User: Suz Burroughs| Suz Burroughs]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Joseph Corneli| Joseph Corneli]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Jay Cross|Jay Cross]] †
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Charles Jeffrey Danoff| Charles Jeffrey Danoff]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |-
 |[[User:Julian Elve|Julian Elve]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:María Fernanda|María Fernanda]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User: James Folkestad| James Folkestad]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Kathy Gill|Kathy Gill]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Gigi Johnson|Gigi Johnson]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Anna Keune|Anna Keune]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Roland Legrand|Roland Legrand]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:,Amanda Lyons|,Amanda Lyons]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Christopher Neal|Christopher Neal]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Ted Newcomb|Ted Newcomb]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Stephanie Parker|Stephanie Parker]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Charlotte Pierce|Charlotte Pierce]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:David Preston|David Preston]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Howard Rheingold|Howard Rheingold]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Paola Ricaurte|Paola Ricaurte]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[User:Stephanie Schipper|Stephanie Schipper]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
|-
 |[[w:User:Fabrizio Terzi P2PU|Fabrizio Terzi]]
 |90:9:1
 |Bergamo Hub
 |The more people we inspire, the more people will inspire us.
|-
 |[[User:Geoff Walker|Geoff Walker]]
 |Author
 |Former
 |Welcomes any criticism or praise.
 |}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Peeragogy in Action</title>
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        <username>Arided</username>
        <id>335813</id>
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      <comment>Restore leading 'W' in opening sentence (typo from import) (M-peeragogy-rewrite)</comment>
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      <text bytes="11108" sha1="b6a2e4rvhm953afyxw1myt481xj9k0w" xml:space="preserve">We have been writing the missing manual for peer-produced peer learning - the “Peeragogy Handbook” ([http://peeragogy.org/ peeragogy.org]). Throughout the building of this work, we, ourselves peer learners in this quest, have been mindful of these four questions:

# ''How does a motivated group of self-learners choose a subject or skill to learn?''
# ''How can this group identify and select the best learning resources about that topic?''
# ''How will these learners identify and select the appropriate technology and communications tools and platforms to accomplish their learning goal?''
# ''What does the group need to know about learning theory and practice to put together a successful peer-learning program?''

It is clear to us that the techniques of peer production that have built and continue to improve ''Wikipedia'' and GNU/Linux have yet to fully demonstrate their power in education. We believe that the ''Peeragogy Handbook'' can help change that by building a distributed community of peer learners/educators, and a strongly vetted collection of best practices. Our project complements others’ work on sites like Wikiversity and P2PU, and builds upon understandings that have developed informally in distributed communities of hobbyists and professionals, as well as in (and beyond) the classrooms of generations of passionate educators. Here, we present Peeragogy in Action, a project guide in four parts. Each part relates to one or more sections of our handbook, and suggests activities to try while you explore peer learning. These activities are designed for flexible use by widely distributed groups, collaborating via a light-weight infrastructure. Participants may be educators, community organizers, designers, hackers, dancers, students, seasoned peeragogues, or first-timers. The guide should be useful for groups who want to build a strong collaboration, as well as to facilitators or theorists who want to hone their practice or approach. Together, we will use our various talents to build effective methods and models for peer produced peer learning. Let’s get started! [[Image:http://metameso.org/~joe/OpenBook-2-1.jpg]]

'''Setting the initial challenge and building a framework for accountability among participants is an important starting point.'''

''Activity'' – Come up with a plan for your work and an agreement, or informal contract, for your group. You can use the suggestions in this guide as a starting point, but your first task is to revise the plan to suit your needs. It might be helpful to ask: What are you interested in learning? What is your primary intended outcome? What problem do you hope to solve? How collaborative does your project need to be? How will the participants' expertise in the topic vary? What sort of support will you and other participants require? What problems won’t you solve?

''Technology'' – Familiarize yourself with the collaboration tools you intend to use (e.g. Wordpress, Git and LaTeX, YouTube, GIMP, a public wiki, a private forum, or something else) and create a first post, edit, or video introducing yourself and your project(s) to others in the worldwide peeragogy community.

''Suggested Resources'' – The Peeragogy Handbook, parts I (‘[http://peeragogy.org/ Introduction]’) and II (‘[http://peeragogy.org/peer-learning/ Peer Learning]’). You may also want to work through a short lesson called [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Arided/ImplementingParagogy Implementing Paragogy], from the early days before the Peeragogy project was convened. For a succinct theoretical treatment, please refer to our literature review, which we have adapted into a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_learning Wikipedia page].

''Further Reading'' – Boud, D. and Lee, A. (2005). ''‘Peer learning’ as pedagogic discourse for research education''. Studies in Higher Education, 30(5):501–516.

''Observations from the Peeragogy project'' – We had a fairly weak project structure at the outset, which yielded mixed results. One participant said: “I definitely think I do better when presented with a framework or scaffold to use for participation or content development.” Yet the same person wrote with enthusiasm about models of entrepreneurship, saying she was “freed of the requirement or need for an entrepreneurial visionary.” In short,

=== [[Image:http://metameso.org/~joe/OpenBook-2-2.jpg]] ===

'''Other people can support you in achieving your goal and make the work more fun too.'''

''Activity'' – Write an invitation to someone who can help as a co-facilitator on your project. Clarify what you hope to learn from them and what your project has to offer. Helpful questions to consider: What resources are available or missing? What do you already have that you can build on? How will you find the necessary resources? Who else is interested in these kinds of challenges? The two of you should be able to come up with a respectable list.

''Technology'' – Identify tools that could potentially be useful during the project, even if it's new to you. Start learning how to use them. Connect with people in other locales who share similar interests or know the tools.

''Suggested resources'' – The Peeragogy Handbook, parts III (‘[http://peeragogy.org/convening-a-group/ Convening a Group]’) and IV (‘[http://peeragogy.org/organizing-a-learning-context/ Organizing a Learning Context]’).

''Recommended Reading'' – Schmidt, J. Philipp. (2009). Commons-Based Peer Production and education. Free Culture Research Workshop Harvard University, 23 October 2009.

''Observations from the Peeragogy project'' – We used a strategy of &amp;quot;open enrollment.&amp;quot; New people were welcome to join the project at any time. We also encouraged people to either stay involved or withdraw; several times over the past year, we required participants to explicitly reaffirm interest in order to stay registered in the forum and mailing list. This choice cut down on the distraction of wondering if inactive members would reconnect. Still, the project continued to accumulate content, which gave some newcomers the discouraging feeling that there was too much to catch up on. Those who ended up being the most productive dove right in and didn't worry about making mistakes. The most active members were gracious and patient with the newcomers - an important quality in successful peer-learning facilitators.

=== [[Image:http://metameso.org/~joe/OpenBook-2-3.jpg]] ===

'''Solidifying your work plan and learning strategy together with concrete measures for ‘success’ can move the project forward significantly. Working in teams and sharing information with others will help you to develop your project.'''

''Activity'' – Distill your ideas by writing an essay, making visual sketches, or creating a short video to communicate the unique plans for organization and evaluation that your group will use. By this time, you should have identified which aspects of the project need to be refined or expanded. Dive in!

''Technology'' – Take time to mentor others or be mentored by someone, meeting up in person or online. Pair up with someone else and share knowledge together about one or more tools. You can discuss some of the difficulties that you’ve encountered, or teach a beginner some tricks.

''Suggested resources'' – The Peeragogy Handbook, parts V (‘[http://peeragogy.org/co-facilitation/ Co-Facilitation and Co-Working]’), VI (‘[http://peeragogy.org/assessment/ Assessment]’), and part VII (‘[http://peeragogy.org/patterns-usecases/ Patterns, Use cases, and Examples]’).

''Recommended reading'' – Argyris, Chris. &amp;quot;Teaching smart people how to learn.&amp;quot; Harvard Business Review 69.3 (1991); and, Gersick, Connie J.G. &amp;quot;Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development.&amp;quot; Academy of Management Journal 31.1 (1988): 9-41.

''Observations from the Peeragogy project'' – Perhaps one of the most important roles in the Peeragogy project was the role of the ‘Wrapper’, who prepared and circulated weekly summaries of forum activity. This helped people stay informed about what was happening in the project even if they didn’t have time to read the forums. We’ve also found that small groups of people who arrange their own meetings are often the most productive.

=== [[Image:http://metameso.org/~joe/OpenBook-2-4.jpg]] ===

'''Wrap up the project with a critical assessment of progress and directions for future work. Share any changes to this syllabus that you think would be useful for future peeragogues!'''

''Activity'' – Identify the main obstacles you encountered. What are some goals you were not able to accomplish yet? Did you foresee these challenges at the outset? How did this project resemble or differ from others you’ve worked on? How would you do things differently in future projects? What would you like to tackle next?

''Writing'' – Communicate your reflection case. Prepare a short written or multimedia essay, dealing with your experiences in this course. Share the results by posting it where others in the broader Peeragogy project can find it.

''‘Extra credit’'' – Contribute back to one of the other organisations or projects that helped you on this peeragogical journey. Think about what you have to offer. Is it a bug fix, a constructive critique, pictures, translation help, PR, wiki-gnoming or making a cake? Make it something special, and people will remember you and thank you for it.

''Suggested resources'' – The Peeragogy Handbook, parts VIII (‘[http://peeragogy.org/resources/technologies/ Technologies, Services, and Platforms]’) and IX (‘[http://peeragogy.org/resources/ Resources]’).

''Recommended reading'' – Stallman, Richard. &amp;quot;[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html Why software should be free]&amp;quot; (1992).

''Observations from the Peeragogy project'' – When we were deciding how to license our work, various Creative Commons licences were proposed (CC Zero, CC By-SA and CC By-SA-NC). After a brief discussion, no one was in favor of restricting downstream users, so we decided to use CC0. In connection with this discussion, we agreed that we would work on ways to explicitly build ‘re-usability’ into the handbook content.

== Micro-Case Study: The Peeragogy Project, Year 1 ==

Since its conception in early 2012, the Peeragogy Project has collected over 3700 comments in our discussion forum, and over 200 pages of expository text in the handbook. It has given contributors a new way of thinking about things together. However, the project has not had the levels of engagement that should be possible, given the technology available, the global interest in improving education, and the number of thoughful participants who expressed interest. We hope that the handbook and this accompanying syllabus will provide a seed for a new phase of learning, with many new contributors and new ideas drawn from real-life applications.

[[Image:http://metameso.org/~joe/OpenBook-3.jpg|frame|none]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Style Guide</title>
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== Keep it short ==

The easiest sections to read are those that are shorter and include some kind of visual (video or image) and have some personal connection (i.e. they tell a story). For anything longer, break it up into sub-pages, add visuals, make sure each sub-page is accessible to someone (who is it?). Think clearly of this reader, talk to them.

== Make it clear ==

We'll illustrate this point by example. The original full title of the book was &amp;quot;The Peeragogy Handbook: A resource for self-organizing self-learners&amp;quot;. But &amp;quot;self-organizing&amp;quot; is a technical term, and &amp;quot;self-learner&amp;quot; is a confusing neologism. We shouldn't use technical terms unless we explain them. So we really shouldn't use it in the first sentence or paragraph, or title, of the book because we'll scare people off or confuse them. If we want to explain what &amp;quot;self-organization&amp;quot; means and why it is relevant for peeragogy, then we can take a chapter to do that much later on in the book. At the same time, we shouldn't try to &amp;quot;say the same thing in a simpler way.&amp;quot; We should try to get rid of the technical concept completely and see what's left. The easiest thing to do in such cases is to delete the sentence completely and start over: when in doubt, speak plainly.

== Don't overdo it with bullet points ==

Maybe this is just a &amp;quot;pet peeve&amp;quot;, but I find text very hard to read when there are more than a few bullet points included. For me, it works better when the bullet points are replaced with numbered lists (which should still be used sparingly). It also seems that when many disjointed bullet points appear, sometimes the author is really just indexing the main points that are presented better in someone else's narrative. Therefore, consider replacing an entire bulleted list with a reference to someone else's book/webpage/chapter. In today's hyperlinked world, it's easy enough for the reader to go elsewhere to get good content (and indeed, we should make it easy for them to find the best treatments around!). In particular, it is not entirely pleasant to ''read'' a taxonomy. Maybe that sort of thing can be moved into an appendix if we need to have it.

== Include activities ==

In today's live meeting, we agreed that activities would not magically solve all possible usability/readability problems, but they are good to have anyway. And, according to our page layout, each chapter should have at least one activity (linked to from the sidebar). So, when reading the book, please make note of any activity that can be included. (Also make note of problems that ''won't'' be solved by adding activities!)

== Don't be overly chatty ==

In our efforts to escape from academia-speak and simplify the text in the handbook, it's important to make sure we are not heading towards the other extreme -- being too conversational. When we're having a conversation with someone, we tend to pepper our ideas with transitional or pivotal phrases (&amp;quot;In any event,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;With that said,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;As I mentioned elsewhere,&amp;quot; etc.) that help to keep the talk flowing. We also go off on brief tangents before making our way back to the main topic, and sometimes express ourselves in run-on sentences. While this is perfectly natural in speech, it can be confusing and complex when being read (in our handbook or elsewhere). Let's stay conscious of our audience and try to meet that perfect balance of simple, yet professional in our writing.

== Additional style bonus points ==

* Avoid double spaces after paragraphs; this is a leftover from the age of typewriters and can create &amp;quot;rivers&amp;quot; of white space.
* Capitalize the first word of each item in a bulleted list, especially if items include a verb form (this list and the one above are examples!).
* Capitalize the first word of headings and subheadings; lower case all others.

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= From peer production to peer learning =
=== Main actor ===

Julian, an enthusiastic convert to the power of peer-learning.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Reflecting on the success of [http://socialmediaclassroom.com/host/peeragogy/forum/patterns-and-use-cases#comment-1749 Strategy as Learning], Julian notes that other housing associations might benefit from this process. He also notes that as most housing association boards are made up of volunteers like himself, there is a very wide variation in background, knowledge and skills, and therefore not only a need for low cost (free) learning opportunities, but a range of skills available to enable them.
# Julian sets up a peer learning resource on the web, drawing on the experiences in implementing [http://socialmediaclassroom.com/host/peeragogy/forum/patterns-and-use-cases#comment-1749 Strategy as Learning], and promotes it through industry-specific web forums. He draws attention from an online journalist writing in the housing field who writes a positive article, and as a result a growing number of collaborators come forward.
# Over a period of a year or so, the core team of active users collaborate to create standards and exemplars in relation to different aspects of housing association governance that become a de facto standard in the sector.

=== Thoughts ===

# Obviously a very specific use case that could easily be generalised
# Possible patterns to extract? Seeding Peer Communities, Emergent Standards, Emergent Assessment ???

= C'est la vie=

=== Main Actors ===

Pierre and Marie - recently married.

=== Main Success Scenario ===

# They furnished off an apartment from a Sears &amp; Roebuck sale. Their coolerator was crammed with TV dinners and ginger ale. (She couldn't cook.)
# But when Pierre found work, the little money coming in worked out well. They got a hi-fi phono, and boy, did they let it blast -- Seven hundred little EPs, all rock, rhythm and jazz.
# When the sun went down, the rapid tempo of the music sort of fell (for various reasons).
# They bought a souped up Mercedes -- a cherry red '53 -- and drove it down to New Orleans to celebrate their anniversary.
# &quot;C'est la vie,&quot; say the old folks, &quot;It goes to show you never ca E
(Après Chuck Berry.)

=== Thoughts ===

I tried to use the familiar song to suggest that pæragogy works in personal relationships, too. Compare the above story with this quote from Leopold von Sacher-Massoch...:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;quot;That woman, as nature has created her and as man is at present educating her, is his enemy. She can only be his slave or his despot, but ''never his companion''. This she can become only when she has the same rights as he, and is his equal in education and work.&amp;quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
I don't know if Sacher-Massoch is particularly reliable as a feminist. But it ''is'' interesting to look at &quot;companionship&quot; (along with membership in the same age cohort) as a criterion for a peer-like and working relationship in the story. It's unclear as to whether Pierre &amp; Marie have &quot;equal&quot; roles (he found work, but it's not in any way implied that she was working... so how did she spend her time? Etc.).

=Distributed project management=


=== Main Actor ===

Kim, a Ph. D. student in Geography.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Kim has 5 different people on her supervision team: some in her field, others from geology. They all have somewhat different ideas about what she should be doing with her thesis work. None of them are co-located. This situation can be quite frustrating.
# Kim decides to go spend a few weeks working in close proximity to the one member of the team who she has the most rapport with. This will also give her a chance to be in touch with other students in her field.
# In the mean time, she establishes contact with yet another researcher whose work is quite closely related to hers. Although he does not have any formal responsibilities or ties to her project, they are already colleagues in an academic sense, and they have more congruent views on what her project is about. After she visits her favorite supervisor, she may plan to spend a month or so visiting this other researcher in his home country.

=== Note ===

I think this sort of networking to create an informal supervision team happens fairly frequently for postgrad students in the UK system. Certainly there are other examples of distributed project management - e.g. W3C working groups come to mind.

= Prolegomena =


=== Main Actor ===

A student, Madeleine, who is trying to learn multivariable calculus.

=== Main Success Scenario ===

# Madeleine is enrolled in an advanced calculus course at university. She learns about PlanetMath from her instructor who recommends it as a place for extra practice with homework problems. Madeleine creates an account, fills in basic profile information, and starts solving problems that the system supplies based on the information she supplied in her profile.
# The problems that the system supplies are automatically linked to reference resources in PlanetMath’s encyclopaedia. This expository material gives Madeleine easy access to the relevant mathematical concepts, examples, and hints needed for solving the increasingly difficult practice problems. However, she eventually runs into a problem where neither the automatically supplied information, nor her current knowledge of the subject, is sufficient. She’s completely stuck on a problem having to do with water flow in a pipe! Madeleine attaches a help request to the problem: “I understand that I have to use the two variables ''x'' and ''y'' to solve for water flow, but I don’t understand what the boundary limits of the equations would be: do I have to convert it to polar coordinates?&amp;quot;
# This request is noticed by Natalie, a mathematics graduate student who regularly looks at the feed showing “recent requests for help with advanced calculus.” She sees that the reference resources linked to Madeleine’s problem are probably not sufficient, and that Madeleine’s idea about using polar coordinates would work. Natalie makes some changes to the encyclopaedia indicating that converting to converting to polar coordinates can be necessary in pipe flow problems, and sketches an example. Natalie then checks that this information links to Madeleine’s problem correctly, and alerts Madeleine to the changes. With this new information, Madeleine is not only able to solve her problem, but can proceed with confidence: she had the right idea after all!

= Improved adaptivity = 

=== Main Actor ===

Madeleine, a few years later on, trying to learn real analysis.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Madeleine has been using a peer-learning website for mathematics for a while now. When she gets stuck, she asks for help in context, and her request is brought to the attention of the appropriate community member, who improves the pedagogic quality of the material. This help enables her to solve math problems very effectively.
# Now, however, the system's software is being updated. Instead of being solely a &quot;Web 2.0&quot; system for communicating about the subject, the system can keep track of new concepts that Madeleine is using in the problems she solves and the questions she asks. It can suggest heuristics that have been used by other students solving similar problems. (It knows about these things through a combination of textual analysis and &quot;tagging&quot; of text by Madeleine and other users, e.g. Natalie, who sometimes gives comments on problems that Madeleine solves.)
# As the system grows and improves (through efforts of students and mentors), learning mathematics becomes increasingly easy. The material has been gone over by 100s of students and learning pathways are optimized. Madeleine sometimes can get a quick tutoring gig helping out another younger student, and make some money, but mostly she's thinking about what other subjects she will need to add to her portfolio in order to become an architect... by the time she's 23!

= Research funding =

=== Main actor ===

Javier, who works for the European Commission.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Javier is interested in research topics like &quot;data analytics&quot; and &quot;emerging topics in ICT&quot; -- things that will influence learning technology in the next 5 years. He is also concerned about how best to fund work on new learning and teaching environments.
# He wonders what the barriers and incentives are in this niche. For example, why does research work frequently not have the broad-scale societal impact that the EC hopes it might?
# Javier is invited to a pæragogy event, in which some unexpected experts on &quot;broad scale impact&quot; help him understand that intensive funding for research is often not going to have the desired effect, since, for various reasons, even well-funded research projects are frequently not well connected to actual practice.
# He starts to build pæragogy into funding calls: smaller pots of money going to projects that connect with what people actually do, working with partners like the Wikimedia Foundation and the Free Software Foundation to multiply effort by involving volunteers. It's time for him to take a well-earned vacation.

= A journalist enters the whispering gallery =

=== Main actor ===

Jorge Luis is a journalist for a London business paper.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Jorge Luis writes on a daily and even hourly basis about the eurozone crisis. He uses social dashboards and curating tools and produces lots of curated stories about the causes of the problems, the stupidity of the continental europeans and how it will all end soon in complete and utter disaster. His sources are other journalists, well-known economists and famous bloggers.
# On his way to the newsroom he usually passes St Pauls cathedral, where Occupy London people protest. He thinks they rather look like losers, except for one very interesting young lady. She tells him where he can find the center of the universe: at the Whispering Gallery of the cathedral. He thinks she is nuts, but also very beautiful and interesting, so he walks the 259 steps from ground level to the Gallery. Once he gets there, he realizes that the girl was right. It IS the center of the universe. There are murmurs to be heard there - it seems they come from everywhere. He hears about guilds and the craftsmen who built the cathedral. He learns about how proud they were and how they formed communities of practice, educating the uninitiated, teaching each other to create.
# He returns to ground level. The girl is gone, but yet he feels happy. He realizes he can do more than repackage the social media streams, that there is more than Twitter-the-new broadcast medium. He starts a new journey: finding a guild, a community of practice, but restyled in a 21st century fashion. It will be more open, more connected to others then the old guilds. He will still use a social dashboard and curaring tools, but also he uses wikis, and synchronous communication. And most importantly, he starts building, together with others. For instance, together with the people formerly known as his readers. They will co-create the analysis, the search for solutions and sense-making, rather than helplessly listening to &quot;experts&quot;, passively consuming the knowledge and information. Instead, they'll start building their own destiny as a community, and the newsroom will be part of the platform.

= Living the OER dream =

=== Main Actor ===

Charlie, who does tutoring and educational consulting, and who has been doing research on paragogy.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Charlie usually tutors one-on-one but has been putting work into understanding and exploring peer learning and peer production, putting it into practice on P2PU and in courses and projects with Howard Rheingold.
# X-Y-Z peer learning theory (paragogy?) helps him design learning activities that work well for groups of students
# He deploys the new model on [http://paragogy.net paragogy.net] as an educational startup, and realizes the &quot;OER dream&quot;!

=Making our own tools=

=== Main Actor ===

Howard runs [http://www.rheingold.com/university/ Rheingold University] and teaches courses at UCB and Stanford.

# Howard created the peeragogy project, as a place to experiment and learn: &quot;I want to experiment as much as possible with peeragogy, with the group of contributors here, with the co-learners in Rheingold U, and with other groups in the future. I want to personally use the tools we're building. I know something about how to do it, and can make substantial contributions. But I also am learning a lot about how to do it from others, and expect that to continue.&quot;
# Although &quot;bringing a volunteer project to completion [...] isn't a guaranteed slam-dunk&quot;, Howard learns by doing: &quot;If I had it to do over again, I would have thought out the work flow and delineated it before we started talking about how to do the project.&quot;
# With both frequent, and other less frequent, but thoughtful, contributors, the project continues to develop, and will indeed complete somehow (even if no one knew quite what to expect in advance). Howard and other contributors have learned a lot in the process - and this will be useful both for the duration of the peeragogy project, and in future projects. As hoped!


= Work at the technical edge =

=== Main Actor ===

Jess, a hacker and engineer who develops new libraries and programs quickly and on the bleeding edge of new technologies.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Jess develops something new and totally cool and drops the source code in GitHub. These tools are developed rapidly and are a much lighter &quot;learning lift&quot; than learning say an entirely new programming language.
# She creates documentation for her new library and puts it up on a web site for other developers to read.
# She is trying to find a better way for other developers to learn how to use the new tools and libraries she creates and starts thinking about peer learning.
# How can she use what tools and processes or methods that are already out there to engage other developers to learn from and with each other digitally? (Jess has no background in learning theory and is not in the educational field.) She finds the peeragogy handbook and a lot of this stuff starts to click.

=Peeragogy helps connect the dots=

=== Main Actor ===

Neo, who is a hacker by night, and an office worker by day (and who reads Baudrillard in his spare time).

=== Main Success Scenario ===

# Neo lives in New York City, and works as a programmer in an office near Wall Street. His day-job involves finding patterns in market data (see Kevin Slavin's [http://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_slavin_how_algorithms_shape_our_world.html TED talk]).
# He has been walking past [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuccotti_Park Zucotti Park] on his way home and more or less he finds this protest stuff annoying (he has other stuff on his mind). But one of these evenings, one of the protestors catches his attention (she's dressed rather strikingly...). They talk a bit, and he comes away thinking about what she said: “[http://www.nycga.net/files/2011/11/DeclarationFlowchart_v2_large.jpg All our grievances are interconnected.]” What if all the solutions are interconnected too?
# Night time: Neo becomes increasingly obsessed with this idea. He's pulling down lots of web pages from OWS activists, from companies, from government websites -- again, looking for patterns. What would it take for OWS folks to solve the problems they worry so much about?
# He eventually stumbles across the idea of pæragogy and it works like the “red pill”: it's possible to solve the problems but only by working together. It would be hard to engineer a social media platform that will actually help with this (OWS folks mostly use Tumblr and aren't necessarily all that technologically minded). But he starts working on a [http://campus.ftacademy.org/wiki/index.php/Free_Technology_Guild tool] that's geared towards learning and sharing skills, while working on real projects. At first, it's just hackers who are using the tool, but over time they adapt it for popular use. Then things start to get interesting...

=Starting a company=

=== Introduction ===

I think that Peeragogy has flavors -- learning for learning sake for personal ends in a progression toward learning about the world to take action as a group. The latter gets heavily into Action Research (Stringer, 2007), which I love and work heavily in. It is research in cycles, or loops with feedback to try something, measure it, see how it worked with the real world, then plan the next question and set of actions. In each cycle, the group is Learning. I look with that lens at company start-ups as a perpectual action research cycle. I heard Eric Reis at SXSW talk about the Lean Startup in this mode, including this direction in how he even wrote the book. Hypothesis, experiment, feedback, learn, pivot, next hypothesis... Is the group in this peeragogy learning set knowledge or creating new knowledge? Or through new knowledge making a change in the world? A great spectrum of alternatives! Here, my scenario about a company I was on the board on early on:

=== Main actors ===

* Cycle 1: Nick, an MBA student, plus a Computer Science PhD, John, at a major university. John had created a unique technology for identifying video clips and had no idea what to do with it. Nick was an ex-engineer learning about how to launch new businesses.

* Cycle 2: Additional &quot;learners&quot; and co-teachers as board members, each adding new learning elements and expertise.

* Cycle 3+: New learners as investors and clients.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Nick and John used a new business plan competition as the catalyst and structure to experiment with what ideas might be possible to grow this idea. They named it Findable (not the real name; the company did launch with some interesting success, but we'll come to that later). They brought three other MBAs into the initial group, and within the confines of a business plan structure, researched the stereotypical elements of a business plan -- addressable market, competition, expense and revenue projections, etc. They knew nothing of the area, and each person did independent research work to provide some primary (interview-based) and secondary (existing text) information about their hypothesis of what the technology could do for what audience in what environment. They worked hard up until the competition deadline, and won the business plan competition, gaining $15,000 in the process plus the attention of some VCs on the judging panel. Each person had learned a lot about the technology, the creative process of writing the business plan, the rituals involved of asking for money, and the flaws in their own plan that they found on its creation. They used fairly traditional technology tools: email, shared Word and Excel files, telephone, search, and a shared file system to store everything that they worked on.
# Nick and Fred wanted to move forward with this project. Their next hypothesis was that they could launch this in a specific market. They first came to the idea, from the learning from the business plan and lots of feedback from the VCs, that they could start with the advertising market, as they could now identify and &quot;tag&quot; any ad that they could find on cable or the internet. They got seed capital from three interested parties, who become part of their Action Research learning team. They realized to launch that they needed more voices on their learning team, so they added their first 3 employees to design and sell the product. They also added an advisory board, including yours truly, assuming they would be working in the advertising market. Technologies? Traditional, though they now included all sorts of tech development resources. New information into the mix? They had not put together great resources to optimize their time learning, and spent a lot of energy keeping up with things, information, and opportunities. Learning? Some initial users loved their product, but the market size was smaller than they thought...plus was very entrenched. The companies did not see a real pain point that was being solved.
# Cycle 3 -- what the heck do Nick and Fred do with this? This became the true learning phase. Different companies and advisors saw different needs for their intriguing product set. They spent 4 years (!!!) getting pulled this way and that, using the VC money and needing more. (This is VERY much the learning path I see in many small tech companies.) Technologies? Same stuff. Learning team? Ebbed and flowed with new opportunities and people's patience. My expertise was in the &quot;old&quot; model, so peaceably left the team (but got options!).
# Cycle 4+ -- a major public company &quot;found&quot; them through their learning cycles, and found that they solved a pain point. They invested a sizeable sum into a chunk of the company, and launched their product into that solution. This opened a whole other set of learning doors.
# Final cycle -- Happily, I cashed out my options. Two major media technology companies ended up buying two areas of key technologies in 2011, much to my own pocketbook's happiness. Nick and Fred had moved on earlier, turning the company learning over to specialized managers. I need to see what Nick is up to next....

=== Thoughts ===

# Many great patterns were tucked into many cycles of this use case, often unspoken assumptions in a new business start-up, including environment scanning, codifying specialist knowledge, themes, modeling, etc. Consensus building -- an interesting element.
# For me, the additional elements are (a) the scaffolding of the &quot;norms&quot; of cycles (e.g., business plan creation, a competition, a launch of a product) help provide &quot;norming&quot; frameworks that can help groups achieve as well as limit their looking at the structural norms as anything but &quot;required&quot; and (b) the lens of Action Research Cycles from my own POV. Are we setting a hard limit of providing a hypothesis in our co-creation, so we know when we are &quot;done&quot; and what we have to study? Then once that chunk is done (and CELEBRATED) that another hypothesis can be investigated, explored, proven, and co-created? I believe that having pre-structured points of learning achievement, reflection, and celebration can really help in moving forward.
# My own brain is rethinking these issues around content creation after hearing Eric Reis speak on how he tested his content creation for his ''New York Times'' best-selling book.
# How are we testing this Handbook, other than living through it? :)

=Steal this book =


&quot;Obviously such a project as Steal This Book could not have been carried out alone. Izak Haber shared the vision from the beginning. He did months of valuable research and contributed many of the survival techniques. Carole Ramer and Gus Reichbach of the New York Law Commune guided the book through its many stages. Anna Kaufman Moon did almost all the photographs. The cartoonists who have made contributions include Ski Williamson and Gilbert Sheldon. Tom Forcade, of the UPS, patiently did the editing. Bert Cohen of Concert Hall did the book's graphic design. Amber and John Wilcox set the type. Anita Hoffman and Lynn Borman helped me rewrite a number of sections. There are others who participated in the testing of many of the techniques demonstrated in the following pages and for obvious reasons have to remain anonymous. There were perhaps over 50 brothers and sisters who played particularly vital roles in the grand conspiracy. Some of the many others are listed on the following page. We hope to keep the information up to date. If you have comments, law suits, suggestions or death threats, please send them to: Dear Abbie P.0. Box 213, Cooper Station, New York, NY 10003. Many of the tips might not work in your area, some might be obsolete by the time you get to try them out, and many addresses and phone numbers might be changed. ''If the reader becomes a participating researcher then we will have achieved our purpose.''&quot; -- Abbie Hoffman (emphasis added)

= Strategy as learning =


'''Main actors'''

The non-executive (Jim, Pamela, Julian) and executive (Clare, Malcolm, Colin &amp; Jenny) directors of a housing association (a not-for-profit organisation building and letting &quot;social&quot; housing for families in housing need) '''Main success scenario'''

# The board of the housing association need to set a strategy that takes account of significant changes in legislation, the UK [welfare] benefits system and the availability of long term construction loans.
# Julian, eager to make use of his new-found peeragogical insights suggests an approach where individuals research specific factors and the team work together to draw out themes and strategic options. As a start he proposes that each board member researches an area of specific knowledge or interest.
# Jim, the Chairman, identifies questions he wants to ask the Chairs of other Housing Associations. Pamela (a lawyer) agrees to do an analysis of the relevant legislation. Clare, the CEO, plans out a series of meetings with the local councils in the boroughs of interest to understand their reactions to the changes from central government. Jenny, the operations director, starts modelling the impact on occupancy from new benefits rules. Colin, the development director, re-purposes existing work on options for development sites to reflect different housing mixes on each site. Malcolm, the finance director, prepares a briefing on the new treasury landscape and the changing positions of major lenders.
# Each member of the board documents their research in a private wiki. Julian facilitates some synchronous and asynchronous discussion to draw out themes in each area and map across the areas of interest. Malcolm, the FD, adapts his financial models to take differet options as parameters.
# Clare refines the themes into a set of strategic options for the association, with associated financial modelling provided by Malcolm.
# Individual board members explore the options asynchronously before convening for an all-day meeting to confirm the strategy.

'''Thoughts'''

# This may be a little close to the &quot;peer production&quot; end of peeragogy, but on the other hand, where (if anywhere) do we draw the line?
# This probably needs to be made a little more abstract to be a useful use case, and in doing so I suspect will start to overlap with [http://socialmediaclassroom.com/host/peeragogy/forum/patterns-and-use-cases#comment-1509 Pæragogy helps solve complex problems]
# It looks to me as if there may be some candidate patterns buried in this use case, e.g. Environment Scanning, Codifying Specialist Knowledge, Extracting Themes, Modelling Outcomes, Consensus Building

=We are the 1%=

=== Main Actor ===

Trinity, the daughter of a Texas oil magnate.

=== Soundtrack ===

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWsX9ggfL2Q You Make Me Like Charity] by The Knife

=== Main success scenario ===

# Trinity has spent the last year traveling around the world to join in various #Occupy protests. Her aim is to get people in the movement thinking about how they can empower themselves.
# It's tricky though, because as much as she knows she has an impact on individuals, she still sees a lot of problems in the world, which, given her manic-depressive tendencies, she tends to find very disturbing.
# She reaches out to other folks who are privileged in one way or another -- and a bunch of &quot;normal folks&quot; -- trying not only to bring about political change, but trying to establish a degree of personal friendship and camaraderie, and a feeling of &quot;belonging in the world&quot;. For her, this is a constant struggle. She finds that working with other people on concrete tasks keeps her from spiraling into a state of gloom. In the mean time, she's also building a tremendous amount of knowledge about the way social movements and political processes work.

=== Footnote ===

&quot;The Knife is now recording a new album to be released in 2012. Lately we have read a lot about the ongoing discrimination of Romani people in Europe which is totally unacceptable. The forced evictions must stop and adequate alternative housing must be arranged. Now!&quot; -- [http://theknife.net/take-action-for-the-housing-rights-of-roma-in-rome The Knife]

=Young aspiring blogger struggles to avoid starvation=


=== Main actor: Simone ===

Simone is a young media department graduate, who followed the adventures of the journalist Jorge Luis. Jorge Luis was transforming the newspaper operation into a kind of collective learning project, turning the newsroom into a platform for discussion and learning, and inciting the developers to provide an API for external coders. Simone wrote a paper about all this in her last year at the media department. She also runs a blog about tools which empower people to participate in politics (local, nation-wide and international).

=== Main success scenario ===

# Simone loves her blog. She believes verticals and specialization are the future in blogging. However, she needs money to live, and to pay back the debts she made to finance her studies. Her media department was moderately interesting, but nobody ever thought of organizing a course &quot;entrepreneurial blogging/journalism&quot;.
# Posting every day about collaborative online tools such as wikis, forums, blogs, mindmaps, synchronous sessions, social bookmarks, visualization tools, Simone decides to reach out and look online for others who are experiencing the same challenges.
# As she encounters various other people, they start curating stuff about blogging business models and best practices. They find lots of useful stuff for free at Robin Good's website, and they manage to get access to online resources at a strange group which seems to specialize in &quot;mind amplifying tools&quot; and &quot;literacies of cooperation&quot;. They also discover that &quot;entrepreneurial journalism&quot; is taught at various colleges, and invariably the professors and most of the students there indulge in blogging and publishing about their insights and experiments. All that material is being discussed on the collaborative platform Simone built.
# Simone uses the discussions to blog about her experience. After all, issues about financing media who empower people in order to broaden and deepen the democracy is something which is rather on topic for her own blogging practice. Also, because of her reaching out, her contacts increased considerably. She works together with someone to share a virtual co-working space, and people start noticing her. Some ask her for customized expert advice about collaborative tools and collaboration methodologies. The city council expresses some vague interest and considers hiring her as a consultant.
# Even though she gets several gigs, Simone realizes it's not easy to earn a living as a blogger. But it seems to open other doors... however, she continues her investigation about business models for collaborative media. As yet we don't know whether Simone's blog will be profitable in itself, but we do see a network around her projects, exchanging insights but also valuable business information and opening more doors.

=== Thoughts ===

I had the opportunity to give some seminars at media departments here in Belgium. In my experience, the students were not familiar with curation practices or infotention strategies. They also lack courses in entrepreneurial journalism. In other words, they're still educated for the big media companies, but they're not prepared to start the next TechCrunch or Huffington Post. Often the students asked me, after the seminar, &quot;how can we learn all this? they won't teach us these things here&quot;. I think there is a need for P2P learning about not only curation, infotention, social dashboards, communities and governance of common pool recourses, but also about publishing strategies, social media workflows and business models.
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= From peer production to peer learning =
=== Main actor ===

Julian, an enthusiastic convert to the power of peer-learning.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Reflecting on the success of [http://socialmediaclassroom.com/host/peeragogy/forum/patterns-and-use-cases#comment-1749 Strategy as Learning], Julian notes that other housing associations might benefit from this process. He also notes that as most housing association boards are made up of volunteers like himself, there is a very wide variation in background, knowledge and skills, and therefore not only a need for low cost (free) learning opportunities, but a range of skills available to enable them.
# Julian sets up a peer learning resource on the web, drawing on the experiences in implementing [http://socialmediaclassroom.com/host/peeragogy/forum/patterns-and-use-cases#comment-1749 Strategy as Learning], and promotes it through industry-specific web forums. He draws attention from an online journalist writing in the housing field who writes a positive article, and as a result a growing number of collaborators come forward.
# Over a period of a year or so, the core team of active users collaborate to create standards and exemplars in relation to different aspects of housing association governance that become a de facto standard in the sector.

=== Thoughts ===

# Obviously a very specific use case that could easily be generalised
# Possible patterns to extract? Seeding Peer Communities, Emergent Standards, Emergent Assessment ???

= C'est la vie=

=== Main Actors ===

Pierre and Marie - recently married.

=== Main Success Scenario ===

# They furnished off an apartment from a Sears &amp; Roebuck sale. Their coolerator was crammed with TV dinners and ginger ale. (She couldn't cook.)
# But when Pierre found work, the little money coming in worked out well. They got a hi-fi phono, and boy, did they let it blast -- Seven hundred little EPs, all rock, rhythm and jazz.
# When the sun went down, the rapid tempo of the music sort of fell (for various reasons).
# They bought a souped up Mercedes -- a cherry red '53 -- and drove it down to New Orleans to celebrate their anniversary.
# &quot;C'est la vie,&quot; say the old folks, &quot;It goes to show you never ca E
(Après Chuck Berry.)

=== Thoughts ===

I tried to use the familiar song to suggest that pæragogy works in personal relationships, too. Compare the above story with this quote from Leopold von Sacher-Massoch...:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;quot;That woman, as nature has created her and as man is at present educating her, is his enemy. She can only be his slave or his despot, but ''never his companion''. This she can become only when she has the same rights as he, and is his equal in education and work.&amp;quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
I don't know if Sacher-Massoch is particularly reliable as a feminist. But it ''is'' interesting to look at &quot;companionship&quot; (along with membership in the same age cohort) as a criterion for a peer-like and working relationship in the story. It's unclear as to whether Pierre &amp; Marie have &quot;equal&quot; roles (he found work, but it's not in any way implied that she was working... so how did she spend her time? Etc.).

=Distributed project management=


=== Main Actor ===

Kim, a Ph. D. student in Geography.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Kim has 5 different people on her supervision team: some in her field, others from geology. They all have somewhat different ideas about what she should be doing with her thesis work. None of them are co-located. This situation can be quite frustrating.
# Kim decides to go spend a few weeks working in close proximity to the one member of the team who she has the most rapport with. This will also give her a chance to be in touch with other students in her field.
# In the mean time, she establishes contact with yet another researcher whose work is quite closely related to hers. Although he does not have any formal responsibilities or ties to her project, they are already colleagues in an academic sense, and they have more congruent views on what her project is about. After she visits her favorite supervisor, she may plan to spend a month or so visiting this other researcher in his home country.

=== Note ===

I think this sort of networking to create an informal supervision team happens fairly frequently for postgrad students in the UK system. Certainly there are other examples of distributed project management - e.g. W3C working groups come to mind.

= Prolegomena =


=== Main Actor ===

A student, Madeleine, who is trying to learn multivariable calculus.

=== Main Success Scenario ===

# Madeleine is enrolled in an advanced calculus course at university. She learns about PlanetMath from her instructor who recommends it as a place for extra practice with homework problems. Madeleine creates an account, fills in basic profile information, and starts solving problems that the system supplies based on the information she supplied in her profile.
# The problems that the system supplies are automatically linked to reference resources in PlanetMath’s encyclopaedia. This expository material gives Madeleine easy access to the relevant mathematical concepts, examples, and hints needed for solving the increasingly difficult practice problems. However, she eventually runs into a problem where neither the automatically supplied information, nor her current knowledge of the subject, is sufficient. She’s completely stuck on a problem having to do with water flow in a pipe! Madeleine attaches a help request to the problem: “I understand that I have to use the two variables ''x'' and ''y'' to solve for water flow, but I don’t understand what the boundary limits of the equations would be: do I have to convert it to polar coordinates?&amp;quot;
# This request is noticed by Natalie, a mathematics graduate student who regularly looks at the feed showing “recent requests for help with advanced calculus.” She sees that the reference resources linked to Madeleine’s problem are probably not sufficient, and that Madeleine’s idea about using polar coordinates would work. Natalie makes some changes to the encyclopaedia indicating that converting to converting to polar coordinates can be necessary in pipe flow problems, and sketches an example. Natalie then checks that this information links to Madeleine’s problem correctly, and alerts Madeleine to the changes. With this new information, Madeleine is not only able to solve her problem, but can proceed with confidence: she had the right idea after all!

= Improved adaptivity = 

=== Main Actor ===

Madeleine, a few years later on, trying to learn real analysis.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Madeleine has been using a peer-learning website for mathematics for a while now. When she gets stuck, she asks for help in context, and her request is brought to the attention of the appropriate community member, who improves the pedagogic quality of the material. This help enables her to solve math problems very effectively.
# Now, however, the system's software is being updated. Instead of being solely a &quot;Web 2.0&quot; system for communicating about the subject, the system can keep track of new concepts that Madeleine is using in the problems she solves and the questions she asks. It can suggest heuristics that have been used by other students solving similar problems. (It knows about these things through a combination of textual analysis and &quot;tagging&quot; of text by Madeleine and other users, e.g. Natalie, who sometimes gives comments on problems that Madeleine solves.)
# As the system grows and improves (through efforts of students and mentors), learning mathematics becomes increasingly easy. The material has been gone over by 100s of students and learning pathways are optimized. Madeleine sometimes can get a quick tutoring gig helping out another younger student, and make some money, but mostly she's thinking about what other subjects she will need to add to her portfolio in order to become an architect... by the time she's 23!

= Research funding =

=== Main actor ===

Javier, who works for the European Commission.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Javier is interested in research topics like &quot;data analytics&quot; and &quot;emerging topics in ICT&quot; -- things that will influence learning technology in the next 5 years. He is also concerned about how best to fund work on new learning and teaching environments.
# He wonders what the barriers and incentives are in this niche. For example, why does research work frequently not have the broad-scale societal impact that the EC hopes it might?
# Javier is invited to a pæragogy event, in which some unexpected experts on &quot;broad scale impact&quot; help him understand that intensive funding for research is often not going to have the desired effect, since, for various reasons, even well-funded research projects are frequently not well connected to actual practice.
# He starts to build pæragogy into funding calls: smaller pots of money going to projects that connect with what people actually do, working with partners like the Wikimedia Foundation and the Free Software Foundation to multiply effort by involving volunteers. It's time for him to take a well-earned vacation.

= A journalist enters the whispering gallery =

=== Main actor ===

Jorge Luis is a journalist for a London business paper.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Jorge Luis writes on a daily and even hourly basis about the eurozone crisis. He uses social dashboards and curating tools and produces lots of curated stories about the causes of the problems, the stupidity of the continental europeans and how it will all end soon in complete and utter disaster. His sources are other journalists, well-known economists and famous bloggers.
# On his way to the newsroom he usually passes St Pauls cathedral, where Occupy London people protest. He thinks they rather look like losers, except for one very interesting young lady. She tells him where he can find the center of the universe: at the Whispering Gallery of the cathedral. He thinks she is nuts, but also very beautiful and interesting, so he walks the 259 steps from ground level to the Gallery. Once he gets there, he realizes that the girl was right. It IS the center of the universe. There are murmurs to be heard there - it seems they come from everywhere. He hears about guilds and the craftsmen who built the cathedral. He learns about how proud they were and how they formed communities of practice, educating the uninitiated, teaching each other to create.
# He returns to ground level. The girl is gone, but yet he feels happy. He realizes he can do more than repackage the social media streams, that there is more than Twitter-the-new broadcast medium. He starts a new journey: finding a guild, a community of practice, but restyled in a 21st century fashion. It will be more open, more connected to others then the old guilds. He will still use a social dashboard and curaring tools, but also he uses wikis, and synchronous communication. And most importantly, he starts building, together with others. For instance, together with the people formerly known as his readers. They will co-create the analysis, the search for solutions and sense-making, rather than helplessly listening to &quot;experts&quot;, passively consuming the knowledge and information. Instead, they'll start building their own destiny as a community, and the newsroom will be part of the platform.

= Living the OER dream =

=== Main Actor ===

Charlie, who does tutoring and educational consulting, and who has been doing research on paragogy.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Charlie usually tutors one-on-one but has been putting work into understanding and exploring peer learning and peer production, putting it into practice on P2PU and in courses and projects with Howard Rheingold.
# X-Y-Z peer learning theory (paragogy?) helps him design learning activities that work well for groups of students
# He deploys the new model on [http://paragogy.net paragogy.net] as an educational startup, and realizes the &quot;OER dream&quot;!

=Making our own tools=

=== Main Actor ===

Howard runs [http://www.rheingold.com/university/ Rheingold University] and teaches courses at UCB and Stanford.

# Howard created the peeragogy project, as a place to experiment and learn: &quot;I want to experiment as much as possible with peeragogy, with the group of contributors here, with the co-learners in Rheingold U, and with other groups in the future. I want to personally use the tools we're building. I know something about how to do it, and can make substantial contributions. But I also am learning a lot about how to do it from others, and expect that to continue.&quot;
# Although &quot;bringing a volunteer project to completion [...] isn't a guaranteed slam-dunk&quot;, Howard learns by doing: &quot;If I had it to do over again, I would have thought out the work flow and delineated it before we started talking about how to do the project.&quot;
# With both frequent, and other less frequent, but thoughtful, contributors, the project continues to develop, and will indeed complete somehow (even if no one knew quite what to expect in advance). Howard and other contributors have learned a lot in the process - and this will be useful both for the duration of the peeragogy project, and in future projects. As hoped!


= Work at the technical edge =

=== Main Actor ===

Jess, a hacker and engineer who develops new libraries and programs quickly and on the bleeding edge of new technologies.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Jess develops something new and totally cool and drops the source code in GitHub. These tools are developed rapidly and are a much lighter &quot;learning lift&quot; than learning say an entirely new programming language.
# She creates documentation for her new library and puts it up on a web site for other developers to read.
# She is trying to find a better way for other developers to learn how to use the new tools and libraries she creates and starts thinking about peer learning.
# How can she use what tools and processes or methods that are already out there to engage other developers to learn from and with each other digitally? (Jess has no background in learning theory and is not in the educational field.) She finds the peeragogy handbook and a lot of this stuff starts to click.

=Peeragogy helps connect the dots=

=== Main Actor ===

Neo, who is a hacker by night, and an office worker by day (and who reads Baudrillard in his spare time).

=== Main Success Scenario ===

# Neo lives in New York City, and works as a programmer in an office near Wall Street. His day-job involves finding patterns in market data (see Kevin Slavin's [http://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_slavin_how_algorithms_shape_our_world.html TED talk]).
# He has been walking past [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuccotti_Park Zucotti Park] on his way home and more or less he finds this protest stuff annoying (he has other stuff on his mind). But one of these evenings, one of the protestors catches his attention (she's dressed rather strikingly...). They talk a bit, and he comes away thinking about what she said: “[http://www.nycga.net/files/2011/11/DeclarationFlowchart_v2_large.jpg All our grievances are interconnected.]” What if all the solutions are interconnected too?
# Night time: Neo becomes increasingly obsessed with this idea. He's pulling down lots of web pages from OWS activists, from companies, from government websites -- again, looking for patterns. What would it take for OWS folks to solve the problems they worry so much about?
# He eventually stumbles across the idea of pæragogy and it works like the “red pill”: it's possible to solve the problems but only by working together. It would be hard to engineer a social media platform that will actually help with this (OWS folks mostly use Tumblr and aren't necessarily all that technologically minded). But he starts working on a [http://campus.ftacademy.org/wiki/index.php/Free_Technology_Guild tool] that's geared towards learning and sharing skills, while working on real projects. At first, it's just hackers who are using the tool, but over time they adapt it for popular use. Then things start to get interesting...

=Starting a company=

=== Introduction ===

I think that Peeragogy has flavors -- learning for learning sake for personal ends in a progression toward learning about the world to take action as a group. The latter gets heavily into Action Research (Stringer, 2007), which I love and work heavily in. It is research in cycles, or loops with feedback to try something, measure it, see how it worked with the real world, then plan the next question and set of actions. In each cycle, the group is Learning. I look with that lens at company start-ups as a perpectual action research cycle. I heard Eric Reis at SXSW talk about the Lean Startup in this mode, including this direction in how he even wrote the book. Hypothesis, experiment, feedback, learn, pivot, next hypothesis... Is the group in this peeragogy learning set knowledge or creating new knowledge? Or through new knowledge making a change in the world? A great spectrum of alternatives! Here, my scenario about a company I was on the board on early on:

=== Main actors ===

* Cycle 1: Nick, an MBA student, plus a Computer Science PhD, John, at a major university. John had created a unique technology for identifying video clips and had no idea what to do with it. Nick was an ex-engineer learning about how to launch new businesses.

* Cycle 2: Additional &quot;learners&quot; and co-teachers as board members, each adding new learning elements and expertise.

* Cycle 3+: New learners as investors and clients.

=== Main success scenario ===

# Nick and John used a new business plan competition as the catalyst and structure to experiment with what ideas might be possible to grow this idea. They named it Findable (not the real name; the company did launch with some interesting success, but we'll come to that later). They brought three other MBAs into the initial group, and within the confines of a business plan structure, researched the stereotypical elements of a business plan -- addressable market, competition, expense and revenue projections, etc. They knew nothing of the area, and each person did independent research work to provide some primary (interview-based) and secondary (existing text) information about their hypothesis of what the technology could do for what audience in what environment. They worked hard up until the competition deadline, and won the business plan competition, gaining $15,000 in the process plus the attention of some VCs on the judging panel. Each person had learned a lot about the technology, the creative process of writing the business plan, the rituals involved of asking for money, and the flaws in their own plan that they found on its creation. They used fairly traditional technology tools: email, shared Word and Excel files, telephone, search, and a shared file system to store everything that they worked on.
# Nick and Fred wanted to move forward with this project. Their next hypothesis was that they could launch this in a specific market. They first came to the idea, from the learning from the business plan and lots of feedback from the VCs, that they could start with the advertising market, as they could now identify and &quot;tag&quot; any ad that they could find on cable or the internet. They got seed capital from three interested parties, who become part of their Action Research learning team. They realized to launch that they needed more voices on their learning team, so they added their first 3 employees to design and sell the product. They also added an advisory board, including yours truly, assuming they would be working in the advertising market. Technologies? Traditional, though they now included all sorts of tech development resources. New information into the mix? They had not put together great resources to optimize their time learning, and spent a lot of energy keeping up with things, information, and opportunities. Learning? Some initial users loved their product, but the market size was smaller than they thought...plus was very entrenched. The companies did not see a real pain point that was being solved.
# Cycle 3 -- what the heck do Nick and Fred do with this? This became the true learning phase. Different companies and advisors saw different needs for their intriguing product set. They spent 4 years (!!!) getting pulled this way and that, using the VC money and needing more. (This is VERY much the learning path I see in many small tech companies.) Technologies? Same stuff. Learning team? Ebbed and flowed with new opportunities and people's patience. My expertise was in the &quot;old&quot; model, so peaceably left the team (but got options!).
# Cycle 4+ -- a major public company &quot;found&quot; them through their learning cycles, and found that they solved a pain point. They invested a sizeable sum into a chunk of the company, and launched their product into that solution. This opened a whole other set of learning doors.
# Final cycle -- Happily, I cashed out my options. Two major media technology companies ended up buying two areas of key technologies in 2011, much to my own pocketbook's happiness. Nick and Fred had moved on earlier, turning the company learning over to specialized managers. I need to see what Nick is up to next....

=== Thoughts ===

# Many great patterns were tucked into many cycles of this use case, often unspoken assumptions in a new business start-up, including environment scanning, codifying specialist knowledge, themes, modeling, etc. Consensus building -- an interesting element.
# For me, the additional elements are (a) the scaffolding of the &quot;norms&quot; of cycles (e.g., business plan creation, a competition, a launch of a product) help provide &quot;norming&quot; frameworks that can help groups achieve as well as limit their looking at the structural norms as anything but &quot;required&quot; and (b) the lens of Action Research Cycles from my own POV. Are we setting a hard limit of providing a hypothesis in our co-creation, so we know when we are &quot;done&quot; and what we have to study? Then once that chunk is done (and CELEBRATED) that another hypothesis can be investigated, explored, proven, and co-created? I believe that having pre-structured points of learning achievement, reflection, and celebration can really help in moving forward.
# My own brain is rethinking these issues around content creation after hearing Eric Reis speak on how he tested his content creation for his ''New York Times'' best-selling book.
# How are we testing this Handbook, other than living through it? :)

=Steal this book =


&quot;Obviously such a project as Steal This Book could not have been carried out alone. Izak Haber shared the vision from the beginning. He did months of valuable research and contributed many of the survival techniques. Carole Ramer and Gus Reichbach of the New York Law Commune guided the book through its many stages. Anna Kaufman Moon did almost all the photographs. The cartoonists who have made contributions include Ski Williamson and Gilbert Sheldon. Tom Forcade, of the UPS, patiently did the editing. Bert Cohen of Concert Hall did the book's graphic design. Amber and John Wilcox set the type. Anita Hoffman and Lynn Borman helped me rewrite a number of sections. There are others who participated in the testing of many of the techniques demonstrated in the following pages and for obvious reasons have to remain anonymous. There were perhaps over 50 brothers and sisters who played particularly vital roles in the grand conspiracy. Some of the many others are listed on the following page. We hope to keep the information up to date. If you have comments, law suits, suggestions or death threats, please send them to: Dear Abbie P.0. Box 213, Cooper Station, New York, NY 10003. Many of the tips might not work in your area, some might be obsolete by the time you get to try them out, and many addresses and phone numbers might be changed. ''If the reader becomes a participating researcher then we will have achieved our purpose.''&quot; -- Abbie Hoffman (emphasis added)

= Strategy as learning =


'''Main actors'''

The non-executive (Jim, Pamela, Julian) and executive (Clare, Malcolm, Colin &amp; Jenny) directors of a housing association (a not-for-profit organisation building and letting &quot;social&quot; housing for families in housing need) '''Main success scenario'''

# The board of the housing association need to set a strategy that takes account of significant changes in legislation, the UK [welfare] benefits system and the availability of long term construction loans.
# Julian, eager to make use of his new-found peeragogical insights suggests an approach where individuals research specific factors and the team work together to draw out themes and strategic options. As a start he proposes that each board member researches an area of specific knowledge or interest.
# Jim, the Chairman, identifies questions he wants to ask the Chairs of other Housing Associations. Pamela (a lawyer) agrees to do an analysis of the relevant legislation. Clare, the CEO, plans out a series of meetings with the local councils in the boroughs of interest to understand their reactions to the changes from central government. Jenny, the operations director, starts modelling the impact on occupancy from new benefits rules. Colin, the development director, re-purposes existing work on options for development sites to reflect different housing mixes on each site. Malcolm, the finance director, prepares a briefing on the new treasury landscape and the changing positions of major lenders.
# Each member of the board documents their research in a private wiki. Julian facilitates some synchronous and asynchronous discussion to draw out themes in each area and map across the areas of interest. Malcolm, the FD, adapts his financial models to take differet options as parameters.
# Clare refines the themes into a set of strategic options for the association, with associated financial modelling provided by Malcolm.
# Individual board members explore the options asynchronously before convening for an all-day meeting to confirm the strategy.

'''Thoughts'''

# This may be a little close to the &quot;peer production&quot; end of peeragogy, but on the other hand, where (if anywhere) do we draw the line?
# This probably needs to be made a little more abstract to be a useful use case, and in doing so I suspect will start to overlap with [http://socialmediaclassroom.com/host/peeragogy/forum/patterns-and-use-cases#comment-1509 Pæragogy helps solve complex problems]
# It looks to me as if there may be some candidate patterns buried in this use case, e.g. Environment Scanning, Codifying Specialist Knowledge, Extracting Themes, Modelling Outcomes, Consensus Building

=We are the 1%=

=== Main Actor ===

Trinity, the daughter of a Texas oil magnate.

=== Soundtrack ===

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWsX9ggfL2Q You Make Me Like Charity] by The Knife

=== Main success scenario ===

# Trinity has spent the last year traveling around the world to join in various #Occupy protests. Her aim is to get people in the movement thinking about how they can empower themselves.
# It's tricky though, because as much as she knows she has an impact on individuals, she still sees a lot of problems in the world, which, given her manic-depressive tendencies, she tends to find very disturbing.
# She reaches out to other folks who are privileged in one way or another -- and a bunch of &quot;normal folks&quot; -- trying not only to bring about political change, but trying to establish a degree of personal friendship and camaraderie, and a feeling of &quot;belonging in the world&quot;. For her, this is a constant struggle. She finds that working with other people on concrete tasks keeps her from spiraling into a state of gloom. In the mean time, she's also building a tremendous amount of knowledge about the way social movements and political processes work.

=== Footnote ===

&quot;The Knife is now recording a new album to be released in 2012. Lately we have read a lot about the ongoing discrimination of Romani people in Europe which is totally unacceptable. The forced evictions must stop and adequate alternative housing must be arranged. Now!&quot; -- [http://theknife.net/take-action-for-the-housing-rights-of-roma-in-rome The Knife]

=Young aspiring blogger struggles to avoid starvation=


=== Main actor: Simone ===

Simone is a young media department graduate, who followed the adventures of the journalist Jorge Luis. Jorge Luis was transforming the newspaper operation into a kind of collective learning project, turning the newsroom into a platform for discussion and learning, and inciting the developers to provide an API for external coders. Simone wrote a paper about all this in her last year at the media department. She also runs a blog about tools which empower people to participate in politics (local, nation-wide and international).

=== Main success scenario ===

# Simone loves her blog. She believes verticals and specialization are the future in blogging. However, she needs money to live, and to pay back the debts she made to finance her studies. Her media department was moderately interesting, but nobody ever thought of organizing a course &quot;entrepreneurial blogging/journalism&quot;.
# Posting every day about collaborative online tools such as wikis, forums, blogs, mindmaps, synchronous sessions, social bookmarks, visualization tools, Simone decides to reach out and look online for others who are experiencing the same challenges.
# As she encounters various other people, they start curating stuff about blogging business models and best practices. They find lots of useful stuff for free at Robin Good's website, and they manage to get access to online resources at a strange group which seems to specialize in &quot;mind amplifying tools&quot; and &quot;literacies of cooperation&quot;. They also discover that &quot;entrepreneurial journalism&quot; is taught at various colleges, and invariably the professors and most of the students there indulge in blogging and publishing about their insights and experiments. All that material is being discussed on the collaborative platform Simone built.
# Simone uses the discussions to blog about her experience. After all, issues about financing media who empower people in order to broaden and deepen the democracy is something which is rather on topic for her own blogging practice. Also, because of her reaching out, her contacts increased considerably. She works together with someone to share a virtual co-working space, and people start noticing her. Some ask her for customized expert advice about collaborative tools and collaboration methodologies. The city council expresses some vague interest and considers hiring her as a consultant.
# Even though she gets several gigs, Simone realizes it's not easy to earn a living as a blogger. But it seems to open other doors... however, she continues her investigation about business models for collaborative media. As yet we don't know whether Simone's blog will be profitable in itself, but we do see a network around her projects, exchanging insights but also valuable business information and opening more doors.

=== Thoughts ===

I had the opportunity to give some seminars at media departments here in Belgium. In my experience, the students were not familiar with curation practices or infotention strategies. They also lack courses in entrepreneurial journalism. In other words, they're still educated for the big media companies, but they're not prepared to start the next TechCrunch or Huffington Post. Often the students asked me, after the seminar, &quot;how can we learn all this? they won't teach us these things here&quot;. I think there is a need for P2P learning about not only curation, infotention, social dashboards, communities and governance of common pool recourses, but also about publishing strategies, social media workflows and business models.
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      <text bytes="1036" sha1="8t5g4njhp554w52h2qliejsfx6vtin5" xml:space="preserve">Thoughts are complex things. In AI, logic is a way to simplify thoughts to their essences in a formal manner so that they can be reasoned about by machines. Like any representation, logical representations ignore some details and make a big deal out of others. 

We will discuss propositional logic, and then predicate logic. But here we'll just give you a taste of what they are like. 

Let's suppose you have a thought: &quot;Ocelots are endangered.&quot; Propositional logic would represent this with a single letter, for example, &quot;P.&quot;

{{center/s}}
&lt;math&gt;
P
&lt;/math&gt;
{{center/e}}

Note that it ignores the fact that Ocelots are animals, that there is more than one, etc. In predicate logic, we might represent this fact like this:

{{center/s}}
&lt;math&gt;
Endangered(Ocelots)
&lt;/math&gt;
{{center/e}}

Notice that in predicate logic we have more structure. This is more powerful, and in AI, this makes it slightly less efficient. In AI, there is often a tradeoff between representational power and complexity and computational efficiency.

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  <page>
    <title>Social Statistics/Chapter 4</title>
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      <comment>practice problems, practice solutions, additional resources and referances.</comment>
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      <text bytes="43473" sha1="fxbqu4vmfd5uhvsqkcemvpto282xt8j" xml:space="preserve">=Means and Standard Deviations=

North Americans, Europeans, Japanese, Australians, Koreans, and New Zealanders, and people in a few other countries are very lucky.  However difficult life may be for individual people, our countries are very rich.  If we in the rich world have problems like poverty, homelessness, and malnutrition, it's because we choose to have them.  We could always just decide to spend the money to make sure that everyone could live a decent life.  We may choose not to spend the money, but at least we have the choice.  National income per person in the rich countries of the world is typically $30,000 - $45,000 per person per year, and all of the rich countries of the world have democratic governments.  It's up to us to decide how we want to spend our resources.
In many of the poorer countries of the world, the resources simply do not exist to make sure that everyone has a decent standard of living.  What's worse, many of these countries aren't democracies, so even where resources do exist people don't necessarily have the power to choose to share them out equally.  As a result, over one-third of the world's children under age 5 are stunted (shorter than they should be) due to malnutrition.  Over 20% of the world's population can't afford to eat on a regular basis.  About 40% of the people of the world -- roughly 2.5 billion people -- when they have to go to the bathroom literally shit on the ground.  Another 30% use outhouses.  Only about 30% of the world's people have toilets with running water.  It's hard to wash after you wipe if there's no running water in your bathroom.
Most rich countries make some effort to help make conditions better for the world's poor.  Some basic data on rich countries' overseas development assistance (ODA) budgets are presented in Figure 4-1.  Overseas development assistance is the amount a country spends on aid to help people in poorer countries.  This database draws together data from the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).  The cases in the database are 20 of the richest countries in the world, including the United States.  Included are two metadata items, the countries' names and three-digit country codes.  Four variables are also included:
AID/GNP -- a country's ODA spending in relationship to its total national income
ADMIN/AID -- the proportion of a country's aid that is spent on administrative costs
MIL/GNP -- a country's military spending in relationship to its national income
GDP_2008 -- a country's level of national income per capita
EUROPEAN -- an indicator that a country is European (1) versus non-European (0)

[[File:Figure 4-1a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-1. Database of overseas development assistance (ODA) and related figures for 20 rich countries from OECD and World Bank sources, 2008]]

The twenty rich countries included in Figure 4-1 are ranked by the generosity of their ODA spending in Figure 4-2.  Compared to other rich countries, the United States comes in dead last.  The United States spends less on aid (as a proportion of its total income) than any other country, 0.19%.  Other countries are more generous, but not much more generous.  Australia and Canada give 34 cents of every $100.  France and Germany give 40 cents.  Norway, Luxembourg, and Sweden are the most generous, giving about 1% of their total national incomes to help others.  To match the most generous countries in the world, the United States would have to quintuple its annual ODA spending.

[[File:Figure 4-2a.png|500px|thumb|right|Figure 4-2. Aid generosity rankings for 20 rich countries, 2008]]

An interesting pattern in ODA spending that is made clear by Figure 4-2 is that all of the most generous countries are European.  We might generalize from this observation to hypothesize that European country status is an important determinant of ODA spending levels.  The results of a regression of ODA spending on European country status are reported in Figure 4-3.  The intercept is 0.27, which is the expected value of ODA spending when European status = 0.  In other words, rich non-European countries tend to give about 0.27% of their national incomes.
The regression coefficients in Figure 4-3 can also be used to calculate the expected value of ODA spending for European countries.  For European countries, European status = 1, so ODA spending = 0.27 + 0.33 x 1 = 0.60% of national income.  This expected value could be used to predict ODA spending in a rich European country that was not included in the database, like Liechtenstein.  Based on the regression reported in Figure 4-3 the predicted value of ODA spending for Liechtenstein would be 0.60% of national income.  Since Liechtenstein is a European country (European status = 1), this prediction would be an interpolation, not an extrapolation.

[[File:Figure 4-3a.png|300px|thumb|right|Figure 4-3. Regression of ODA spending on European country status, 2008]]

A scatter plot of the relationship between European country status and ODA spending is depicted in Figure 4-4.  A regression line has been plotted on the graph.  The expected values of ODA spending for both non-European and European countries have also been noted.  As with any regression model, the regression line graphed in Figure 4-4 passes through the middle of the scatter of the data.  The only thing that is different from the scatter plots in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 is that the independent variable in Figure 4-4 takes only two values.  As a result, all the points line up over either European status = 0 or European status = 1.  This has no effect on the meaning of the regression line or how it is calculated.  The line still represents the most likely value of the dependent variable (ODA spending) for any given level of the independent variable (European country status).  Similarly, deviations from the regression line still represent error.

[[File:Figure 4-4a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-4. ODA spending versus European country status, 2008]]

This chapter explains how expected values and errors can be used to describe and compare variables.  First, even one variable alone can have an expected value, without any need for a linear regression model (Section 4.1).  A new model, the means model, is introduced to define the expected value of a variable when there are no other variables involved in the analysis.  Second, any expected value is associated with error, since in most cases the values of variables don't equal their expected values (Section 4.2).  In both mean models and regression models the errors balance each other out and average out to zero.  Third, in both mean models and regression models the amount of error can be measured using a standard deviation (Section 4.3).  Most of the data used in a statistical model fall within the standard deviation of the error.  An optional section (Section 4.4) demonstrates how standard deviations are actually calculated by statistical computer programs.
Finally, this chapter ends with an applied case study of income and employment levels across the 33 political divisions of China (Section 4.5).  This case study illustrates how means can be used to compare variables.  It also shows how regression standard deviations are related to the standard deviations of variables.  All of this chapter's key concepts are used in this case study.  By the end of this chapter, should have gained a much deeper understanding of the role played by error in statistical models.

4.1. The mean model
As Figure 4.4 demonstrates, a regression model can be used to calculate the expected value of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) either for non-European countries or for European countries.  The expected value of a dependent variable for a specific group of cases (like non-European or European countries) is known as a conditional mean.  Conditional means are the expected values of dependent variables for specific groups of cases.  Another example of the use of conditional means is illustrated in Figure 4-5.  Figure 4-5 depicts a scatter plot and regression of wage income on gender using data for employed Americans aged 20-29 from the 2008 US Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), Wave 2.  The SIPP database includes 4964 cases (2208 women and 2756 men).  Since these would be too many to plot on a scatter plot, 100 random cases (46 women and 54 men) have been graphed in Figure 4-5 to illustrate what the data look like.

[[File:Figure 4-5a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-5. Wage income versus gender for a random sample of 100 employed SIPP subjects ages 20-29 (2008)]]

The coefficients of the regression of income on gender are reported in Figure 4-6.  In this regression model, the independent variable is gender (coded as &quot;maleness&quot;: 0 for women and 1 for men) and the dependent variable is wage income (defined as income earned through working a job and calculated as twelve times the monthly income recorded in the SIPP).  The regression model has an intercept of 33876 and a slope of 4866.  In other words, the equation for the regression line is Income = 33876 + 4966 x Male.  For women (Male = 0), the expected value of wage income is 33876 + 4966 x 0 = 33876 + 0 = $33,876.  For men (Male = 1), the expected value of wage income is 33876 + 4966 x 1 = 33876 + 4966 = $38,842.  In other words, the conditional mean income for women is $33,876 while the conditional mean income for men is $38,842.

[[File:Figure 4-6a.png|300px|thumb|right|Figure 4-6. Table of regression results for the regression of wage income on maleness (from Figure 4-5 but using data from all 4964 cases)]]

If it's possible to calculate conditional mean incomes based on people's genders, it should be possible to calculate the mean income for people for people in general.  Means are the expected values of variables.  What would happen if we put all 4964 people in the SIPP database together into one big group and calculated the expected value of their income?  The result would look something like Figure 4-7, which takes the 46 women and 54 men from Figure 4-5 and groups them into a single category called &quot;people.&quot;

[[File:Figure 4-7a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-7. Wage income for a random sample of 100 employed SIPP subjects ages 20-29 (2008)]]

The mean income of all 4964 employed Americans age 20-29 is $36,633.  The mean income can be calculated by adding up the incomes of all 4964 people and dividing by 4964.  This is what most people would call the &quot;average&quot; value of a variable.  Social scientists usually use the term &quot;mean&quot; instead of the term &quot;average&quot; because &quot;average&quot; can also mean &quot;typical&quot; or &quot;ordinary.&quot;  The term &quot;mean&quot; always means just one thing: it is the expected value of a variable, calculated by summing up the values of all the individual cases of a variable and dividing by the number of cases.
The mean is more than just a mathematical calculation.  Like the mean income of $36,633 for all twentysomethings, the mean incomes for women ($33,876) and for men ($38,842) could have been calculated by summing up all the incomes of the women or men in the database and dividing by the number of women or men.  The conditional means of income for women and men from the regression model in Figure 4-6 are identical to the individual means of income for women and men.  The difference is that calculating the conditional means using a regression model provided both an equation and a statistical model for thinking of the conditional means as predicted values.
Based on the regression model for income (Figure 4-6), any employed twentysomething American woman would be predicted to have an income of $33,876.  Any employed twentysomething American man would be predicted to have an income of $38,842.  What would be the predicted income of an employed twentysomething American in general, if the SIPP database had included no information on gender?  Obviously, the answer would be $36,633, the mean income for all 4964 people in the database.  The statistical model behind this prediction is a mean model.  Mean models are very simple statistical models in which a variable has just one expected value, its mean.  The mean model can be thought of as a linear regression model with no independent variable.  If you squeeze all the data from Figure 4-5 into a single group like in Figure 4-7, you turn a linear regression model into a mean model.
The big difference between using a mean model as a statistical model and just calculating a mean by adding up all the values and dividing by the number of cases is how you think about it.  In the mean model, the mean is an expected value, not just a bunch of arithmetic.  Each time an individual case deviates from the mean, that deviation is a form of error.  In a linear regression model, regression error is the degree to which an expected value of a dependent variable differs from its actual value.  In the mean model, error is the degree to which the mean of a variable differs from its actual value.  In the mean model, if a person earns $30,000 per year, that income can be divided into two parts: the mean income ($36,633) and error ($6633).  If another person earns $40,000 a year, that income can be divided into two parts: the mean income ($36,633) and error ($3367).  In the mean model, your income isn't just your income.  Your income is composed of the mean income for a person like you, plus or minus some error.

4.2. Models, parameters, and degrees of freedom
Smoking causes more preventable disability and death worldwide than any other human activity.  It is an incredibly important challenge to the world's health.  In Canada, about 17.9% of the adult population identify themselves as smokers (Health Canada data for 2008).  Smoking rates, heavy drinking rates, and temperatures across the 13 Canadian provinces and territories are summarized in the database in Figure 4-8.  The mean rate of smoking across these 13 political divisions is 20.3%.  This differs from the overall national average because several low-population provinces and territories have high smoking rates.  A mean model for smoking rates in Canadian provinces and territories would suggest that smoking rates equal an expected value of 20.3% plus or minus some error in each case.

[[File:Figure 4-8a.png|500px|thumb|right|Figure 4-8. Smoking data for 13 Canadian provinces and territories, 2008]]

The mean model is a very simple approach to understanding smoking rates.  It says something about smoking rates -- that they're not 0% or 50% -- but doesn't say anything about why smoking rates differ from province to province.  All the variability in smoking rates across provinces is considered to be error in the model.
A regression model might help explain some of the differences in smoking rates across Canada's 13 provinces and territories.  One theory of the differences in smoking rates might be that smoking rates depend on the weather.  Canada is cold.  The mean annual temperature across the capital cities of Canada's 13 provinces and territories is less 38 degrees Fahrenheit.  This is much colder than New York (57 degrees), Chicago (51 degrees), or Los Angeles (66 degrees).   Even Minneapolis (average annual temperature 45 degrees) and Fargo (41 degrees) are warmer than most of Canada.  One theory might be that some people smoke because they get bored when they can't go out in the cold weather.  A specific hypothesis based on this theory would be that smoking rates rise as the average temperature falls.  The results of a regression model using average annual temperature as the independent variable and the smoking rate as the dependent variable are presented in Figure 4-9.

[[File:Figure 4-9a.png|300px|thumb|right|Figure 4-9. Regression of smoking rates on average temperatures across the 13 Canadian provinces and territories, 2008]]

The intercept of 37.00 means that a province with an annual average temperature of 0 degrees would have an expected smoking rate of 37.0%.  Since none of Canada's provinces is this cold, the intercept is an extrapolation.  Starting at the intercept of 37.0%, the expected value of the smoking rate declines by 0.44% for every 1 degree increase in temperature.  As predicted by the boredom theory of smoking, smoking rates fall as the temperature rises.
Which model is better for understanding smoking rates, the mean model or the linear regression model?  Both provide expected values.  The relationship between the mean model and the regression model for smoking is graphed in Figure 4-10.  The left side of Figure 4-10 depicts the mean model for smoking, lining up all the provinces just like the SIPP respondents in Figure 4-7.  The right side of Figure 4-10 depicts the regression model for smoking, spreading the provinces out according to their temperatures.  Arrows show how the data points in the mean model correspond to the data points in the regression model for four illustrative provinces.  In the case of smoking in Canadian provinces, the regression model seems to explain more about smoking than the mean model.  Given the availability of temperature data, the regression model seems more useful than the mean model.

[[File:Figure 4-10a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-10. Illustration of mean and regression models of smoking rates across the 13 Canadian provinces and territories, 2008]]

The mean model in Figure 4-10 gives an expected value for the overall level of smoking using just one figure (the mean) while the regression model gives different expected values of smoking for each province using two figures (the intercept and the slope).  These figures are called parameters.  Parameters are the figures associated with statistical models, like means and regression coefficients.  Calculating parameters like means and regression coefficients require data.  In the Canadian province data (Figure 4-8) there's plenty of data to calculate both the mean and the regression coefficients.  Usually it's not a problem to have enough data to calculate the parameters of a model, but when there are very few data points there can be problems.
What if you had a database with just one case?  For example, you might want to study the population of the world in 2010.  The population of the world is around 6.7 billion people.  Can you model the population of the world using a mean model?  Yes, the population of the world in 2010 has a mean of 6.7 billion people.  There's no error in this mean model, because there's only one case -- the world -- and its actual population is equal to the mean.  With a database of 1 case, it is possible to calculate the 1 parameter of the mean model, the mean.
Could you study the population of the world in 2010 using a linear regression model?  You might hypothesize that population is related to rainfall.  If the world were all one big dry desert, it would be expected to have a small population.  If the world were all a lush green paradise, it would be expected to have a large population.  This is a good idea, but the problem is that there is only one world to study.  It is impossible to calculate the affect of rainfall on the population of the world when there is only one world to study.  Regression models require the calculation of two parameters, and it turns out that you have to have a database of at least two cases in order to calculate both a slope and an intercept.
What if you had a database with two cases?  For example, you might want to model Korean populations.  There are two Korean countries, North Korea and South Korea.  North Korea has a population of 24 million people, while South Korea has a population of 48 million.  Using the mean model, the expected value of the population of a Korean country is the mean of these two cases, or 36 million people.  Both North Korea and South Korea have an error of 12 million (North Korea has 12 million less people than the mean, while South Korea has 12 million more than the mean).  Even though it seems like both cases have independent errors, in fact there is only one level of error in the model.  If North Korea is 12 million below the mean, South Korea has to be 12 million above the mean to balance it out.  There are two errors, but only one of them is free to vary.
This quirky mathematical fact means that in the mean model, every case isn't free to vary at random.  If a variable has 2 cases, and you know the mean of the variable, then only 1 case can vary freely.  The other case has to balance out the first case.  If there are three cases, then only two can vary freely.  More generally, if there are N cases, and you know the mean, only N-1 cases are free to vary.  This number, N-1, is knows as the degrees of freedom of a mean model.  Degrees of freedom are the number of errors in a model that are actually free to vary.  The degrees of freedom of a mean model is N-1 because the mean model has only one parameter, the mean.  On the other hand, the degrees of freedom of a regression model is N-2, because the regression model has two parameters (the slope and intercept).  That means that there have to be at least two cases in a database in order to use a regression model.
Since most databases have dozens or hundreds of cases, this usually isn't a problem.  The main use of degrees of freedom is in making statistical calculations about error.  The total amount of error in a statistical model depends on the total number of degrees of freedom, not on the total number of cases.  Statistical computer programs use degrees of freedom in calculating many of the figures associated with statistical models, and usually report the degrees of freedom of the model as part of their output of model results.  The basic idea, though, is just that any statistical model uses up one degree of freedom for every parameter it calculates.  A mean model with 1 parameter based on N cases has N-1 degree of freedom.  A linear regression model with 2 parameters has N-2 degrees of freedom.  No model can have negative degrees of freedom, so it takes at least 1 case to use a mean model and 2 cases to use a regression model.

4.3. Standard deviation and regression error
All statistical models that use parameters to produce expected values (like the mean model and the linear regression model) produce model error.  All this means is that statistical models usually describe the world perfectly well.  All statistical models are simplifications of the real world, so they all have error.  The error in a mean model is usually just called error or deviation from the mean, while the error in a regression model is usually called regression error.
In the mean model, the model explains none of the variability in the variable.  The mean model has only one parameter, the mean, and all of the variability in the variable becomes error in the mean model.  As a result, the spread of values of the error is just as wide as the spread of values of the variable itself.  This spread can be measured and expressed as a number.  The most commonly used measure of the spread of a variable is the standard deviation.  Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of spread in a variable, which is the same thing as the amount of spread in the error in a mean model.  The standard deviation of a variable (or the standard deviation of the error in a mean model) depends on two things: the amount of error in the mean model and the number of degrees of freedom in the mean model.  For the smoking rates of the 13 Canadian provinces and territories, the standard deviation is 5.3%.
In the linear regression model, some portion of the variability in the dependent variable is accounted for by variation in the independent variable.  This is illustrated in Figure 4-10, where the smoking rates of the 13 Canadian provinces and territories are spread out over the levels of their average annual temperatures.  If you look carefully at Figure 4-10, you'll see that the regression errors (the differences between the expected values on the regression line and the actual values of smoking rates on the right side of the chart) look pretty small compared to the overall variation in smoking rates (from the left side of the chart).  Part of the variation in smoking goes into the regression line and part of the variability in smoking goes into error.
As a result of this, the overall level of error in a regression model is always smaller than the overall level of error in the corresponding mean model.  Errors from both kinds of model are directly compared in Figure 4-11 for the Canadian provincial smoking data.  The table in Figure 4-11 shows the expected values and associated errors for each province for the mean model and for the regression model.  The expected value in the mean model is always 20.3% (the mean).  The expected value for each province in the regression model is calculated from the equation for the regression of smoking on temperature (Figure 4-9).  As the table in Figure 4-11 shows, the errors in the regression model are usually smaller in size than the errors in the mean model.  The difference is biggest for the provinces with the biggest errors.  The largest error in the regression model is 5.8% (Yukon).  Four different provinces (including Yukon) have errors larger then 5.8% in the mean model. 

[[File:Figure 4-11a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-11. Comparison of model error in mean and regression models of smoking rates across the 13 Canadian provinces and territories, 2008]]

The standard deviation of the model error in the regression model is 3.1%.  This is called regression model standard deviation.  Regression error standard deviation is a measure of the amount of spread in the error in a regression model.  Regression error standard deviation is based on the errors in the regression model and the degrees of freedom of the regression model.   Regression error standard deviation for a given regression model is almost always smaller than the standard deviation from the corresponding mean model.  In fact, the coefficients of regression models (slopes and intercepts) are selected in such a way as the produce the lowest possible regression error standard deviation.
Standard deviations measure the spread of the error in a model.  A higher standard deviation means more error.  Figure 4-12 illustrates the spread of the error for the mean model and regression model for Canadian provincial smoking rates.  The error figures plotted in Figure 4-12 are taken directly from the two error columns in Figure 4-11.  Some of the provinces and territories with the largest errors are marked on the chart.  In each model, the errors of most of the provinces and territories fall within one standard deviation of zero.  The error standard deviation of the mean model is 5.3%, and 9 out of 13 provinces fall between +5.3% and -5.3%.  All 13 provinces fall within two standard deviations (between +10.6% and -10.6%).
Figure 4-12. Illustration of standard deviation and regression error standard deviation for mean and regression models of smoking rates across the 13 Canadian provinces and territories, 2008

For the regression model, the error standard deviation is smaller, but still 9 out of 13 provinces fall within one standard deviation of their expected values, with errors ranging between +3.1% and -3.1%.  Again, all 13 provinces have model errors that fall within two standard deviations (+6.2% to -6.2%).  There is no rule that errors must fall within two standard deviations, but usually they do.  Usually model results look something like Figure 4-12, with most expected values falling within one standard deviation of their observed values (error less than one standard deviation) and the vast majority of expected values falling within two standard deviations of their observed values (error less than two standard deviations).  When a model has a small error standard deviation, that means that the model produces good, accurate estimates of the dependent variable.

4.4. Calculating variance and standard deviation (optional/advanced)
There is rarely any need to calculate the variance and standard deviation of a variable or of the error in a mean model or linear regression model.  Statistical computer programs, spreadsheet programs, and even calculators all are able to calculate standard deviation.  On the other hand, unlike calculating regression coefficients, calculating standard deviation is not too difficult.  There are six steps in the calculation of the standard deviation of a variable.  They are:
(1) Calculate the mean of the variable
(2) Calculate deviations from the mean for each case of the variable
(3) Square these deviations
(4) Sum up all the deviations into total squared deviation
(5) Divide total squared deviation by the degrees of freedom to arrive at variance
(6) Take the square root of variance to arrive at standard deviation
These six steps in the calculation of standard deviation are illustrated in Figure 4-13 using data on the number of subway stations in each borough of New York City.  Including the 22 stations of the Staten Island Railway as subway stations, there are a total of 490 stations in the five boroughs.  Dividing 490 by 5 gives a mean number of subway stations per borough of 98 (Step 1).  Each borough's deviation from this mean of 98 stations is given in the table (Step 2).  To the right of the deviations are the deviations squared (Step 3).  The sum total of these squared deviations is 14434 (Step 4).  Since there are five boroughs, and the deviations in Figure 4-13 are deviations from a mean model (not a regression model), there are 4 degrees of freedom (5 - 1 = 4).  Dividing the total squared deviation by the degrees of freedom (14434 / 4) gives the variance of the number of subway stations per borough.

[[File:Figure 4-13a.png|500px|thumb|right|Figure 4-13. Calculating the standard deviation of New York City subway stations per borough, 2010]]

Variance is sometimes used instead of standard deviation as a measure of the spread of a variable.  The problem with variance is that it is not very intuitively meaningful.  For example, the variance of the number of subway stations in Figure 4-13 is 14434.  Since variance is a sum of squared deviations, it is expressed in squared units.  As a result, the variance in Figure 4-13 is really 14434 squared stations.  Since there's no such thing as a squared station, it makes sense to take the square root of variance.  Taking the square root of variance give standard deviation.  The standard deviation in Figure 4-13 represents a number of stations.  The number of subway stations per borough of New York City has a mean of 98 stations and a standard deviation of 60.1 stations.  Calculating regression error standard deviation works exactly the same way as calculating standard deviation, except that the degrees of freedom equal N-2 instead of N-1.
This difference in the degrees of freedom is the reason why it is possible (though unlikely) for regression error standard deviation to be greater than the standard deviation from a mean model.  The expected values from a regression model are always closer to the observed values of the dependent variable than the expected values from a mean model.  This is because the expected values from a regression model vary, while the expected values from a mean model are constant (they're just the mean).  Since the regression expected values are closer to the observed values of the dependent variable, their errors (deviations) are smaller, and their squared errors (deviations) are smaller.  The degrees of freedom in the regression model, however, are smaller as well (N-2 instead of N-1).  It is just possible that the smaller degrees of freedom can offset the smaller squared error to produce a larger variance.
As a rule, linear regression models always have less error standard deviation than mean models unless both the slope and the number of cases (N) are very small.  When the slope is small, the expected values of the regression model are not very different from the expected values of the mean model: both are constant, or nearly so.  When the number of cases is small, the difference in the degrees of freedom can be big enough to matter (the difference between 4 and 3 is much more important than the difference between 4000 and 3999).  In practice, this (almost) never happens.  Where data are available to calculate expected and predicted values using a regression model, these will (almost) always be better than expected or predicted values from a mean model.  A mean model would only be used to make predictions where the data weren't available to use a linear regression model.

4.5. Case study: Income and wage employment in China
China has been experiencing extraordinarily rapid rates of economic growth since the late 1990s.  Nonetheless, China as a whole is still a relatively poor country.  It's average income levels are less than half that of Mexico.  One characteristic of poor countries all over the world is that many people live off the land growing their own food instead of working for pay.  As incomes rise, more and more people move off the land to seek employment in factories and other workplaces that pay money wages.  In China today, millions of people are moving from small farming villages to new urban areas every year, making the transition from subsistence farming to wage labor.  Social scientists debate whether people are better off as subsistence farmers or better off as wage laborers, but either way the trend is unmistakable.  Millions of Chinese join the ranks of wage laborers every year.
Like Canada and Australia, China had more than one kind of administrative division.  In China, there are 4 independent municipalities (the biggest cities in the country), 22 provinces, and 5 &quot;autonomous regions&quot; that have large minority populations and have different administrative procedures than regular provinces.  There are also two &quot;special administrative regions&quot; (Hong Kong and Macau) that for historical reasons are not included in many Chinese data.  In addition, China claims ownership of but does not control the island of Taiwan.  All told, most Chinese datasets include variables for the 31 main divisions, excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.  A database containing population, income, and employment data for these 31 divisions is reproduced as Figure 4-14.

[[File:Figure 4-14a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-14. Conditional means of labor force participation rates across Chinese cities, provinces, and regions, 2008]]

Two variables in Figure 4-14 are particularly interesting for understanding the transition from subsistence agriculture to wage labor.  The variable INC$2008 is the mean income level for wage earners in each administrative division, and the variable EMP(%) is the labor force participation rate (the proportion of people in each division who are employed in formal wage labor).  Conditional mean levels of income, conditional on the type of division, are plotted in Figure 4-15.  The mean income level in each type of division (municipality, province, or region) is reported on the graph.  The four municipalities are much richer than the provinces and regions, but there is one relatively poorer municipality, Chongquing, which is inland deep in the middle of China.  There is one apparently rich region, Tibet, but in fact Tibet is relatively poor.  The very high cost of living in Tibet keeps wages higher than they otherwise might be.

[[File:Figure 4-15a.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-15. Conditional means of labor force participation rates across Chinese cities, provinces, and regions, 2008]]

Figure 4-16 contrasts two models of labor force participation for the 22 Chinese provinces.  Figure 4-16 focuses on the provinces because there are more provinces than other divisions and municipalities and regions are different in many ways from provinces.  The left side of Figure 4-16 presents a mean model with 21 degrees of freedom for labor force participation (marked LFP).  The mean level of labor force participation across the 22 provinces is 54.4%, with a standard deviation of 6.9%.  All provinces except Zhijiang have labor force participation rates that fall within two standard deviations of the mean.  The right side of Figure 4-16 presents a linear regression model with 20 degrees of freedom that regresses labor force participation (dependent variable) on mean income level (independent variable).  The parameters of this model are reported in Figure 4-17.

[[File:Figure 4-16.png|700px|thumb|right|Figure 4-16. Mean and regression models of labor force participation rates across the 22 Chinese provinces, 2008]]

[[File:Figure 4-17a.png|300px|thumb|right|Figure 4-17. Regression of labor force participation on provincial mean income for 22 Chinese provinces, 2008]]

The regression model slope of 6.3 implies that for every $1000 rise in wage rates, the expected value of the labor force participation rate rises by 6.3%.  The regression error standard deviation of this model is 3.4%, which is less than half the mean model standard deviation of 6.9%.  The strong positive slope and the low level of error in the regression model suggest that the regression model provides a much better representation of labor force participation than the mean model.  Labor force participation in Chinese provinces does seem to rise at least in part in line with rising wage incomes.

==Chapter 4 Key Terms==
*'''Conditional means''' are ''the expected values of dependent variables for specific groups of cases''.
*'''Degrees of freedom''' are ''the number of errors in a model that are actually free to vary''.
*'''Mean models''' are ''very simple statistical models in which a variable has just one expected value, its mean''.
*'''Means''' are ''the expected values of variables''.
*'''Parameters''' are ''the figures associated with statistical models, like means and regression coefficients''.
*'''Regression error standard deviation''' is ''a measure of the amount of spread in the error in a regression model''.
*'''Standard deviation''' is ''a measure of the amount of spread in a variable, which is the same thing as the amount of spread in the error in a mean model''.
&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Exercises ==
'''Question #1'''

Refer to Figure 4.2 of this chapter explain why you can’t use mean and standard deviation tests on the effects of a country being European effect of AID/GNP percentage

'''Question #2'''

Analyze the constant in Figure 4-3.

'''Question #3'''

Interpret the slope on Figure 4-4.

'''Question #4'''

A)Considering real world examples, if there is a stock with a set of annualized returns in a variable X&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; of N as the sample/population size. As follows
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|year
|% of stock price year to date
|-
|2001
|10.2
|-
|2002
|12.5
|-
|2003
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-3.4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|2004
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-14.4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|2005
|5.6
|-
|2006
|3.8
|-
|2007
|6.3
|-
|2008
|4.6
|-
|2009
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-21.1&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|2010
|12
|-
|2011
|17.1
|-
|2012
|11.1
|-
|2013
|5.5
|-
|2014
|4.7
|-
|2015
|2.9
|-
|2016
|8.4
|-
|2017
|2.7
|-
|2018
|10
|-
|2019
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-7.8&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
Find the expected value from 2001 to present for each row.

B) what does the value in column 3 in the last row represent?, explain its meaning in applied terms

C)compared to the average annualized returns of the standard and poor index of the(S&amp;P 500) which we still assume at %10 over the same time horizon, what does this tell you about the growth of the stock X. Refer to additional resources for more terms. Answers must be stated in applied terms.

== Exercise Solutions ==
'''Solution #1'''

Since the European variable is nominal the mean would be the average of a variable without magnitude ordering and since means and standard deviations are useful since their magnitudes can provide statistical inference analyzing the mean and standard deviation of a nominal level variable won’t lead to inference standard metrics.

'''Solution #2'''

The constant is the y-axis intercept on an arbitrary point less than 0 on the european nominal scale of 0 and 1 thus the constant represents a data point which doesn’t exist in the population.

'''Solution #3'''

In the regression the nominal variable of “European countries” is treated as an interval level variable. Therefore the slope states that for a one unit increase in being a European country or not, there is a positive increase in ODA spending as a percentage of national income. As one may observe the units of analysis of the x-axis aren’t designed for regression analysis and thus interpreting the slope in inference terms is challenging.

'''Solution #4'''

A)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|year
|% of stock price year to date
|expected value from 2001 to present
|-
|2001
|10.2
|10.2
|-
|2002
|12.5
|11.35
|-
|2003
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-3.4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|6.433333333
|-
|2004
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-14.4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|1.225
|-
|2005
|5.6
|2.1
|-
|2006
|3.8
|2.383333333
|-
|2007
|6.3
|2.942857143
|-
|2008
|4.6
|3.15
|-
|2009
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-21.1&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|0.4555555556
|-
|2010
|12
|1.61
|-
|2011
|17.1
|3.018181818
|-
|2012
|11.1
|3.691666667
|-
|2013
|5.5
|3.830769231
|-
|2014
|4.7
|3.892857143
|-
|2015
|2.9
|3.826666667
|-
|2016
|8.4
|4.1125
|-
|2017
|2.7
|4.029411765
|-
|2018
|10
|4.361111111
|-
|2019
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-7.8&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|3.721052632
|}
B)

The last row represents the expected annual return over the time horizon of the sample which represents the average yearly growth in stock price.

C)

Based on additional research one can conclude that since the annualized returns of the S&amp;P 500 are greater than the Firm X then the Firm X underperforms the market on annualized return growth metrics.

== Additional resources ==

=== Special review for question #4 ===
[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sp500.asp S&amp;P 500 Index Investopedia article]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=S&amp;P 500 Index: What It’s for and Why It’s Important in Investing |language=en |work=Investopedia |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sp500.asp |access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Statistical review ===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNKOi08NxHs Mean and standard deviation versus median by Khan Academy]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Khan Academy |title=Mean and standard deviation versus median and IQR {{!}} AP Statistics {{!}} Khan Academy |date=2017-05-24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNKOi08NxHs |access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvDqbzu0i0E Statistics: Standard deviation by Khan Academy]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Khan Academy |title=Statistics: Standard deviation {{!}} Descriptive statistics {{!}} Probability and Statistics {{!}} Khan Academy |date=2009-01-25 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvDqbzu0i0E |access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Additional Practice problems ===
[https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_City_College/STAT_C1000/03%3A_Numerical_Summaries_of_Data/3.04%3A_Interpreting_the_Mean_and_Standard_Deviation 3.4: Interpreting the Mean and Standard Deviation - Mathematics LibreTexts] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-16 |title=3.4: Interpreting the Mean and Standard Deviation |url=https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_City_College/STAT_C1000/03%3A_Numerical_Summaries_of_Data/3.04%3A_Interpreting_the_Mean_and_Standard_Deviation |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Mathematics LibreTexts |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{chapter navigation|Chapter 3|Chapter 5}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>360 Assembly/360 Instructions/ACTR</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>correct misspelling</comment>
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      <text bytes="2135" sha1="eo7smloz8waa7on2svrad5wov3utdh0" xml:space="preserve">The '''ACTR''' [[360 Assembly/Pseudo Instructions|pseudo-instruction]] is used to instruct the assembler to limit the number of  [[360 Assembly//360 Instructions/AGO|AGO]] and [[360 Assembly//360 Instructions/AIF|AIF]] pseudo-instructions to be executed. The ACTR pseudo-instruction is primarily used to prevent endless loops during conditional assembly or macro processing.

Format
:&lt;code&gt;.SYM&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ACTR&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''value''&lt;/code&gt;
Where 
* .SYM is an optional conditional assembly label (a sequence symbol), which may be omitted, and
* ''value'' is a numeric expression greater than zero. The value indicates the maximum number of AGO or successfully executed AIF pseudo-instructions that this macro or conditional assembly is permitted to execute. 
Example
:&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ACTR&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;30000&lt;/code&gt;
Meaning that a maximum of 30000 AGO or successful AIF instructions may be executed before assembly is stopped (if inside a macro) or ends (if in conditional assembly). The assembler counts the number of these against the ACTR value, subtracting one for each and if the count becomes zero or negative, processing is terminated.

In a macro, if the number of AGO or successful AIF pseudo instructions that have been executed reaches this value, the macro is exited at that point. If this macro was called from another macro, assembly resumes at the place where this macro was called. This macro's ACTR value has no affect on the calling macro, if it did not have an ACTR pseudo-instruction it continues without limits. If it did have an ACTR pseudo instruction, it continues with the limit it had for whatever unused part of its limit it has remaining.

In conditional assembly outside of a macro, if the number of AGO or successful AIF instructions reaches that value, the assembly ends as if the source code file had ended at that point. The remainder of the program is treated as comments except errors will be flagged.

The value supplied is divided by 2 if a serious error is detected.

: &amp;nbsp;
{{360 pseudo}}
: &amp;nbsp;
{{BookCat}}
{{360 footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. Nf3</title>
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      <text bytes="1709" sha1="e285jaijvs187sadhw5njk2gf83b8ye" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Morphy gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B21]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[../|2...cxd4]]
}}
== 3. Nf3 ==

Rather than recapture the pawn with their queen, which would allow White to gain tempo with ...Nc6, White prepares to recapture with their knight. 

This looks to transpose into a regular open Sicilian. Black may play whatever move they would have played after 2. Nf3 ('''3...d6''', '''3...Nc6''' etc.) and allow the transposition.

However, the way to &quot;punish&quot; White for the irregular move order is [[/3...e5|'''3...e5''']], securing the pawn. 4. Nxe5?? fails to 4...Qa5+!. White's best continuation is 4. c3, the Andreaschek gambit, reaching a position similar to the Smith-Morra gambit when declined with ...e5.  

=== History ===

This line was popular in the nineteenth century. One of its earliest appearances was von der Lasa versus Mayet, 1857.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1266123 von der Lasa v. Mayet, 1857. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Paul Morphy|Paul Morphy]] played it frequently to reach open Sicilian positions&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1019056 Morphy v Anderssen, 1858. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259992 Morphy v Paulsen, 1857. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt; but also faced the line with 3...e5.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1258197 Morphy v Journoud, 1858. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1336531 Morphy v Prett, 1858. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Programming Fundamentals/Introduction Examples C++</title>
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      <text bytes="2129" sha1="iplqddlgyixsarbgc60ljfaksnverlg" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs starting in 1979 as an extension of the C language. The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia: C++]]&lt;/ref&gt;

C++ is one of the most popular current programming languages&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ TIOBE: Index]&lt;/ref&gt; and is often used in computer science courses.

== Example ==

=== Hello World ===
&lt;source lang=&quot;cpp&quot;&gt;
 // This program displays &quot;sup&quot;
 //
 // References:
 // http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/program_structure/
 #include &lt;iostream&gt;
 
 int main()
 {
     std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;sup!&quot;;
 }
&lt;/source&gt;

=== Output ===
 Hello world!

=== Discussion ===
Each code element represents:&lt;ref&gt;[[Programming Fundamentals/Hello World]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;//&lt;/code&gt; begins a comment
* &lt;code&gt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;&lt;/code&gt; includes standard input and output streams
* &lt;code&gt;int main()&lt;/code&gt; begins the main function, which returns an integer value
* &lt;code&gt;{&lt;/code&gt; begins a block of code
* &lt;code&gt;std::cout&lt;/code&gt; is standard output
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;&lt;&lt;/code&gt; directs the next element to standard output
* &lt;code&gt;&quot;Hello world!&quot;&lt;/code&gt; is the literal string to be displayed
* &lt;code&gt;;&lt;/code&gt; ends each line of C++ code
* &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt; ends a block of code

== C++ IDEs ==
There are many free cloud-based and local IDEs available to begin coding in C++. Check with your instructor or do your own research for recommendations.

=== Cloud-Based IDEs ===
* [https://www.codechef.com/ide CodeChef]
* [https://www.onlinegdb.com/ GDB Online]
* [http://ideone.com/ Ideone]
* [https://paiza.io/projects/new paiza.IO]
* [http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=&amp;py=cpp PythonTutor]
* [https://repl.it/languages/cpp repl.it]
* TutorialsPoint

=== Local IDEs ===
* [[Wikipedia: Code::Blocks]]
* [[Wikipedia: Dev-C++]]
* [[Wikipedia: Microsoft Visual Studio]]

== References ==
* [[Wikiversity: Computer Programming]]
{{reflist}}

{{subpage navbar}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26231-13|~2026-26231-13]] ([[User talk:~2026-26231-13|talk]]) to last version by Cyandie-overlord</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2146" sha1="e6f5vsn4foug05d4vniivb7a1rlczbh" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs starting in 1979 as an extension of the C language. The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia: C++]]&lt;/ref&gt;

C++ is one of the most popular current programming languages&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ TIOBE: Index]&lt;/ref&gt; and is often used in computer science courses.

== Example ==

=== Hello World ===
&lt;source lang=&quot;cpp&quot;&gt;
 // This program displays &quot;Hello world!&quot;
 //
 // References:
 // http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/program_structure/
 #include &lt;iostream&gt;
 
 int main()
 {
     std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Hello world!&quot;;
 }
&lt;/source&gt;

=== Output ===
 Hello world!

=== Discussion ===
Each code element represents:&lt;ref&gt;[[Programming Fundamentals/Hello World]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;//&lt;/code&gt; begins a comment
* &lt;code&gt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;&lt;/code&gt; includes standard input and output streams
* &lt;code&gt;int main()&lt;/code&gt; begins the main function, which returns an integer value
* &lt;code&gt;{&lt;/code&gt; begins a block of code
* &lt;code&gt;std::cout&lt;/code&gt; is standard output
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;&lt;&lt;/code&gt; directs the next element to standard output
* &lt;code&gt;&quot;Hello world!&quot;&lt;/code&gt; is the literal string to be displayed
* &lt;code&gt;;&lt;/code&gt; ends each line of C++ code
* &lt;code&gt;}&lt;/code&gt; ends a block of code

== C++ IDEs ==
There are many free cloud-based and local IDEs available to begin coding in C++. Check with your instructor or do your own research for recommendations.

=== Cloud-Based IDEs ===
* [https://www.codechef.com/ide CodeChef]
* [https://www.onlinegdb.com/ GDB Online]
* [http://ideone.com/ Ideone]
* [https://paiza.io/projects/new paiza.IO]
* [http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=&amp;py=cpp PythonTutor]
* [https://repl.it/languages/cpp repl.it]
* TutorialsPoint

=== Local IDEs ===
* [[Wikipedia: Code::Blocks]]
* [[Wikipedia: Dev-C++]]
* [[Wikipedia: Microsoft Visual Studio]]

== References ==
* [[Wikiversity: Computer Programming]]
{{reflist}}

{{subpage navbar}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3376" sha1="dmqg1y7o3se4zytiavkt43qzlevnglv" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Tennison gambit
|parent=&lt;br&gt;
*[[../|Scandinavian defence]]
*[[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|Zukertort opening]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...d5|1...d5]]
|eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A06]]
}}
== 2. Nf3 · Tennison gambit ==
White sacrifices their e-pawn in the hopes of a potential lead in development. The '''Tennison gambit''' may arise out of the Scandinavian defence or Zukertort opening. 

[[/2...dxe4|'''2...dxe4''']], '''accepting the gambit''', is usual and most critical. This attacks White's knight, so 3. Ng5, counter-attacking the e-pawn and pressuring f7 is the main move. White can leverage this pressure into a lead in development before recovering the pawn, or lay a number of traps for Black, especially if they get too invested in holding onto the extra pawn. Black is typically advised to accept the gambit then give the pawn back with 3...e5. 

To '''decline the gambit''', '''2...Nc6''' 3. exd4 Qxd4 keeps things in Scandinavian territory or Black has several transpositions to choose from:

*'''2...e5?''' transposes into the dubious Elephant gambit. 
*'''2...e6''' transposes into a French defence, e.g. 3. exd5 exd5 4. d4 is an Exchange French. 
*'''2...c6''' transposes into a Caro-Kann, e.g. the Two knights attack with 3. Nc3, or an Exchange Caro-Kann after 3. exd5 cxd5 4. d4 Nc6.

Declining with '''2...Nf6''' allows 3. e5 Nfd7 4. d4, and White has an easier game with central space. 

Pushing the pawn '''2...d4?!''', hoping to cramp White's position, loses a pawn against best play. One line is 3. c3 c5 4. cxd4 cxd4 5. Qa4+! Nc6 6. b4 and b5 is coming, and the knight can't keep defence of the d-pawn. 6...Nf6 7. b5 Qa5 8. Qxa5 Nxa5 9. Nxd4{{chess/not|++}}.

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}

{{Chess/theory table
|name1=Tennison gambit accepted|links=0
|line1=2...[[/2...dxe4|dxe4]] 3. Ng5 Nf6!? 4. Bc4 e6 5. Nc3 Be7 6. Ngxe4 Nxe4 7. Nxe4 
|eval1={{Chess/not|-}}

|line2=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. Nc3 Bf5 5. Qe2 Qd4?? 6. Qb5+ Bd7 7. Qxb7 Bc6?! 8. Bb5 Qb6?? 9. Qc8# 
|name2=Brigg's trap
|eval2=1-0

|line3=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. ... ... 8. ... Qd7 9. Bxc6 Qxc6?? 10. Qc8#
|eval3=1-0

|line4=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. d3?! exd3 5. Bxd3 h6?? 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Bg6+ Kxg6 8. Qxd8
|eval4={{chess/not|+++}}
|name4=Intercontinental Ballistic Missile gambit

|line5=2. ... ... 3...e5 4. Nxe4 f5 5. Ng3 Be6 6. Bb5+ c6 7. Ba4 Nf6 8. O-O Qa5 9. Nc3 
|eval5={{Chess/not|--}}
|name5=&lt;small&gt;(pawn return line)&lt;/small&gt;

|line6=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. d4! fxe4?! 6. Qh5+ Kd7□ 7. Qf5+ Ke8 8. Qh5+ Kd7 9. Qf5+ Ke8 10. Qh5+
|eval6=½-½

|line7=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. ... g6?? 7. Qxe5+ Qe7 8. Qxh8
|eval7={{chess/not|+++}}

|line8=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4.  ... ... 5.  ... ... 6. ... Ke7?? 7. Bg5+ Nf6 8. dxe5 Qd4!? 9. exf6+ gxf6 10. Nc3! fxg5 11. Qxg5+ Ke8? 12. Rd1
|eval8={{Chess/not|+++}}

|line9=2...e5?
|name9=Elephant gambit&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line10=2...c6 3. exd5 cxd5 4. d4 Nc6
|name10=Exchange Caro-Kann&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line11=2. ... ... 3. Nc3
|name11=Two Knights attack&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line12=2...e6 3. exd5 exd5 4. d4
|name12=Exchange French&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References==
{{reflist}}
===See also===
{{Wikipedia|Tennison Gambit}}

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    <revision>
      <id>4633242</id>
      <parentid>4633241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T07:30:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26114-70</username>
        <id>3580127</id>
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      <text bytes="3375" sha1="92iaaz29fy73jae4q71y8rgnzknnhm8" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Tennison gambit
|parent=&lt;br&gt;
*[[../|Scandinavian defence]]
*[[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|Zukertort opening]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...d5|1...d5]]
|eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A06]]
}}
== 2. Nf3 · Tennison gambit ==
White sacrifices their e-pawn in the hopes of a potential lead in development. The '''Tennison gambit''' may arise out of the Scandinavian defence or Zukertort opening. 

[[/2...dxe4|'''2...dxe4''']], '''accepting the gambit''', is usual and most critical. This attacks White's knight, so 3. Ng5, counter-attacking the e-pawn and pressuring f7 is the main move. White can leverage this pressure into a lead in development before recovering the pawn, or lay a number of traps for Black, especially if they get too invested in holding onto the extra pawn. Black is typically advised to accept the gambit then give the pawn back with 3...e5. 

To '''decline the gambit''', '''2...Nc6''' 3. exd4 Qxd4 keeps things in Scandinavian territory or Black has several transpositions to choose from:

*'''2...e5?''' transposes into the dubious Elephant gambit. 
*'''2...e6''' transposes into a French defence, e.g. 3. exd5 exd5 4. d4 is an Exchange French. 
*'''2...c6''' transposes into a Caro-Kann, e.g. the Two knights attack with 3. Nc3, or an Exchange Caro-Kann after 3. exd5 cxd5 4. d4 Nc6.

Declining with '''2...Nf6''' allows 3. e5 Nfd7 4. d4, and White has an easier game with central space. 

Pushing the pawn '''2...d4?!''', hoping to cramp White's position, loses a pawn against best play. One line is 3. c3 c5 4. cxd4 cxd4 5. Qa4+! Nc6 6. b4 and b5 is coming, and the knight can't keep defence of the d-pawn. 6...Nf6 7. b5 Qa5 8. Qxa5 Nxa5 9. Nxd4{{chess/not|++}}.

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}

{{Chess/theory table
|name1=Tennison gambit accepted|links=0
|line1=2...[[/2._dxe4|dxe4]] 3. Ng5 Nf6!? 4. Bc4 e6 5. Nc3 Be7 6. Ngxe4 Nxe4 7. Nxe4 
|eval1={{Chess/not|-}}

|line2=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. Nc3 Bf5 5. Qe2 Qd4?? 6. Qb5+ Bd7 7. Qxb7 Bc6?! 8. Bb5 Qb6?? 9. Qc8# 
|name2=Brigg's trap
|eval2=1-0

|line3=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. ... ... 8. ... Qd7 9. Bxc6 Qxc6?? 10. Qc8#
|eval3=1-0

|line4=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. d3?! exd3 5. Bxd3 h6?? 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Bg6+ Kxg6 8. Qxd8
|eval4={{chess/not|+++}}
|name4=Intercontinental Ballistic Missile gambit

|line5=2. ... ... 3...e5 4. Nxe4 f5 5. Ng3 Be6 6. Bb5+ c6 7. Ba4 Nf6 8. O-O Qa5 9. Nc3 
|eval5={{Chess/not|--}}
|name5=&lt;small&gt;(pawn return line)&lt;/small&gt;

|line6=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. d4! fxe4?! 6. Qh5+ Kd7□ 7. Qf5+ Ke8 8. Qh5+ Kd7 9. Qf5+ Ke8 10. Qh5+
|eval6=½-½

|line7=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. ... g6?? 7. Qxe5+ Qe7 8. Qxh8
|eval7={{chess/not|+++}}

|line8=2. ... ... 3. ... ... 4.  ... ... 5.  ... ... 6. ... Ke7?? 7. Bg5+ Nf6 8. dxe5 Qd4!? 9. exf6+ gxf6 10. Nc3! fxg5 11. Qxg5+ Ke8? 12. Rd1
|eval8={{Chess/not|+++}}

|line9=2...e5?
|name9=Elephant gambit&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line10=2...c6 3. exd5 cxd5 4. d4 Nc6
|name10=Exchange Caro-Kann&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line11=2. ... ... 3. Nc3
|name11=Two Knights attack&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;

|line12=2...e6 3. exd5 exd5 4. d4
|name12=Exchange French&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(by transposition)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References==
{{reflist}}
===See also===
{{Wikipedia|Tennison Gambit}}

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    <title>Unicode/Character reference/15000-15FFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>46022</id>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B (ctd.)'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1500x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1501x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1502x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1503x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1504x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1505x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1506x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1507x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1508x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1509x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|150Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|150Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|150Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|150Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|150Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|150Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1510x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1511x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1512x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1513x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1514x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1515x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1516x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1517x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1518x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1519x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|151Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|151Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|151Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|151Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|151Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|151Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mayan Hieroglyphs'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1520x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1521x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|156Dx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|156Ex
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1571x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1572x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1573x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|157Bx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|157Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|157Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|157Fx
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1581x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1582x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1583x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1584x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1585x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1586x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1587x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1588x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1589x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|158Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|158Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|158Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|158Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|158Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|158Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Proto-Elamite'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1590x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1591x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1592x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|15CCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|15CEx
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|15D6x
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|15DEx
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
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      <sha1>82drb3b0if7f6ux41knz538szo0fjo9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>65c02 Assembly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>444716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633123</id>
      <parentid>4489411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:49:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25941-18</username>
        <id>3579993</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Memory Addressing Modes */ reordered</comment>
      <origin>4633123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41072" sha1="n0z649ecxuu44pkeibjfnbetkhows3l" xml:space="preserve">{{TOCright}}{{Split}}
This book is a guide to the 65c02 Assembly language. This book will teach the different memory addressing modes and instructions of the 8-bit WDC 65c02 processor.

This is an edit of the [[6502 Assembly]] book, with the addition of the new instructions/modes on the 65c02.

== Syntax ==

Syntax will vary between assemblers - this book will use the following syntax throughout:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Numerical representations
! Syntax !! Base !! Example 
|-
| &lt;code&gt;%00001111&lt;/code&gt; || Binary || &lt;code&gt;LDA #%0001&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$FA&lt;/code&gt; || [[wikipedia:Hexadecimal|Hexadecimal]]|| &lt;code&gt;LDA #$0E&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;123&lt;/code&gt; || Decimal || &lt;code&gt;LDA #100&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Introduction ==
The 65C02 CPU has an [[wikipedia:8-bit_computing|8-bit]] data [[wikipedia:Bus_(computing)|bus]], and a 16-bit address bus. All [[wikipedia:Processor_register|registers]] are 8-bit except for the 16-bit [[wikipedia:Program_counter|Program Counter]] (PC) register. Therefore the CPU is considered to be 8-bit.

That the address bus is 16-bit means that the CPU can access 2^16 individual bytes of memory, from address $0000 to address $FFFF, which is 65536 bytes (64[[wikipedia:Kilobyte#Base_2_(1024_bytes)|KB]]).

Communication with peripheral units (e.g. video, audio, disk and controllers for a game system) is often performed with [[wikipedia:Memory-mapped_I/O|memory-mapped I/O]].

The memory is divided into &quot;pages&quot;, each of 256 bytes (within the range of an 8-bit offset). Page ''n'' is the ''n''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'th page in the memory, with a starting address of 256*n, and end address of (256*(n+1))-1. E.g. the &quot;zero page&quot; starts at address 0, and ends at address 255. See [[#Memory layout|memory layout]] below for more details.

Slightly less than half of the 65c02 CPUs [[wikipedia:Opcode|opcodes]] deal with memory stored in the Zero Page. Memory stored in the zero page often takes less time to process.

== Registers ==

{{Anchor|RegisterTable}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Registers
! Register !! Size (bits) !! Purpose
|-
| Accumulator (A) || 8
| Used to perform calculations on data.&lt;br/&gt;Instructions can operate directly on the accumulator instead of spending CPU cycles to access memory
|-
| X register (X) || 8
| Used as an index in some [[#Memory Addressing Modes|addressing modes]]
|-
| Y register (Y) || 8
| Used as an index in some [[#Memory Addressing Modes|addressing modes]]
|-
| Program Counter (PC) || 16
| Points to the address of the next instruction to be executed
|-
| Stack Pointer (SP) || 8
| Stores the stack index into which the next stack element will be inserted.&lt;br/&gt;The address of this position is &lt;code&gt;$0100 + SP&lt;/code&gt;. SP is initially set to &lt;code&gt;$FD&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| Status (SR) || 8
| Each bit represents a status flag. Flags indicate the state of the CPU, or information about the result of the previous instruction.&lt;br/&gt;See the table below for a description of each flag
|}

{{Anchor|StatusFlagTable}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Status Flags
! Bit !! Symbol !! Name !! Description
|-
| 7 || N || Negative
|
[[#Comparison|Compare]]: Set if the register's value is less than the input value&lt;br/&gt;
Otherwise: Set if the result was negative, i.e. bit 7 of the result was set
|-
| 6 || V || Overflow
|
[[#Arithmetic|Arithmetic]]: Set if a signed overflow occurred during addition or subtraction, i.e. the sign of the result differs from the sign of both the input and the accumulator&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;BIT&lt;/code&gt;: Set to bit 6 of the input
|-
| 5 || - || (Unused)
| Always set
|-
| 4
| B&lt;ref&gt;[http://nesdev.com/the%20'B'%20flag%20&amp;%20BRK%20instruction.txt], The B flag does not represent an actual CPU register&lt;/ref&gt;
| Break
| Set if an interrupt request has been triggered by a &lt;code&gt;BRK&lt;/code&gt; instruction
|-
| 3 || D || Decimal
| Decimal mode[https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal]: mathematical instructions will treat the inputs and outputs as decimal numbers.&lt;br/&gt;E.g. &lt;code&gt;$09 + $01 = $10&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| 2 || I || Interrupt Disable
| Disables interrupts while set
|-
| 1 || Z || Zero
|
[[#Comparison|Compare]]: Set if the register's value is equal to the input value&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;BIT&lt;/code&gt;: Set if the result of logically ANDing the accumulator with the input results in 0&lt;br/&gt;
Otherwise: Set if result was zero
|-
| 0 || C || Carry
| Carry/Borrow flag used in math and rotate operations
[[#Arithmetic|Arithmetic]]: Set if an unsigned overflow occurred during addition or subtraction, i.e. the result is less than the initial value (or equal to the initial value, if the carry flag was set going in)&lt;br/&gt;
[[#Comparison|Compare]]: Set if register's value is greater than or equal to the input value&lt;br/&gt;
[[#Shift and Rotate|Shifting]]: Set to the value of the eliminated bit of the input, i.e. bit 7 when shifting left, or bit 0 when shifting right
|}

== Memory layout ==

16-bit values are stored in memory in [[w:Endianness|little-endian]], so the least significant byte is stored before the most significant. E.g. if address &lt;code&gt;$0000&lt;/code&gt; contains &lt;code&gt;$FF&lt;/code&gt; and address &lt;code&gt;$0001&lt;/code&gt; contains &lt;code&gt;$00&lt;/code&gt;, reading a two-byte value from &lt;code&gt;$0000&lt;/code&gt; will result in &lt;code&gt;$00FF&lt;/code&gt;.

Signed integers are in [[w:Two's_complement|two's complement]] and can represent values from -128 (&lt;code&gt;%10000000&lt;/code&gt;) to +127 (&lt;code&gt;%01111111&lt;/code&gt;). Bit 7 is set if the integer is negative.

The 6502's program counter is 16 bits wide, so up to 2^16 (65536) bytes of memory are addressable. Certain regions of memory are reserved for particular purposes:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Memory regions
! Region !! Contents !! Description
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$0000&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;$00FF&lt;/code&gt;
| Zero page&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;The first page of memory, which is faster to access than other pages.&lt;br/&gt;Instructions can specify addresses within the zero page with a single byte as opposed to two, so instructions that use the zero page instead of any other page require one less CPU cycle to execute&lt;/td&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$0100&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;$01FF&lt;/code&gt;
| [[Data Structures/Stacks and Queues#Stacks|Stack]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Last-in first-out data structure. Grows backwards from &lt;code&gt;$01FF&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;$0100&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;Used by some [[#Transfer|transfer]], [[#Stack|stack]], and [[#Subroutines and Jump|subroutine]] instructions&lt;/td&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;$0200&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;$FFFF&lt;/code&gt;
| General-purpose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Memory that can be used for whatever purpose needed.&lt;br/&gt;Devices that use the 6502 processor may choose to reserve sub-regions for other purposes, such as [[Embedded Systems/Memory#Memory-Mapped I/O|memory-mapped I/O]]&lt;/td&gt;
|-
|}

== Memory Addressing Modes ==

Each instruction uses one of thirteen memory addressing modes, which determines the operand of the instruction. An example is provided for each.

=== Accumulator: A ===

The Accumulator is implied as the operand, so no address needs to be specified.

''' Example '''

Using the ASL (Arithmetic Shift Left) instruction with no operands, the Accumulator is always the value being shifted left.

 ASL

=== Implied: i ===

The operand is implied, so it does not need to be specified.

''' Example '''

The operands being implied here are X, the source of the transfer, and A, the destination of the transfer.

 TXA

=== Immediate: # ===

The operand is used directly to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value $22 is loaded into the Accumulator.

 LDA #$22

=== Absolute: a ===

A full 16-bit address is specified and the byte at that address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value at address &lt;code&gt;$D010&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the X register.

 LDX $D010

=== Zero Page: zp ===

A single byte specifies an address in the first page of memory (&lt;code&gt;$00xx&lt;/code&gt;), also known as the zero page, and the byte at that address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value at address &lt;code&gt;$0002&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the Y register.

 LDY $02

=== Stack: s ===

Essentially the same as Implied (i). The difference is that these instructions perform stack operations; pushing or pulling operands from the stack.

=== Relative: r ===

The offset specified is added to the current address stored in the Program Counter (PC). Offsets can range from -128 to +127.

''' Example '''

The offset &lt;code&gt;$2D&lt;/code&gt; is added to the address in the Program Counter (say &lt;code&gt;$C100&lt;/code&gt;). The destination of the branch (if taken) will be &lt;code&gt;$C12D&lt;/code&gt;.

 BPL $2D

=== Absolute Indirect: (a) ===

The little-endian two-byte value stored at the specified address is used to perform the computation. Only used by the &lt;code&gt;JMP&lt;/code&gt; instruction.

''' Example '''

The addresses &lt;code&gt;$A001&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$A002&lt;/code&gt; are read, returning &lt;code&gt;$FF&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$00&lt;/code&gt; respectively. The address &lt;code&gt;$00FF&lt;/code&gt; is then jumped to.

 JMP ($A001)

=== Absolute Indirect Indexed with X: (a,x) ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified address for the sum address. The little-endian two-byte value stored at the sum address is used to perform the computation. Only used by the &lt;code&gt;JMP&lt;/code&gt; instruction. Only used by the &lt;code&gt;JMP&lt;/code&gt; instruction.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$06&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$EO15&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$EO1B&lt;/code&gt;. The address &lt;code&gt;$D010&lt;/code&gt; at addresses &lt;code&gt;$E01B&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$E01C&lt;/code&gt; are read. The address &lt;code&gt;$D010&lt;/code&gt; is then jumped to.

 JMP ($E015,X)

=== Absolute Indexed with X: a,x ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$02&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$C001&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$C003&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$5A&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$C003&lt;/code&gt; is used to perform the ''add with carry'' (''&lt;code&gt;ADC&lt;/code&gt;'') operation.

 ADC $C001,X

=== Absolute Indexed with Y: a,y ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$F001&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$F004&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$EF&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$F004&lt;/code&gt; is incremented (''&lt;code&gt;INC&lt;/code&gt;'') and &lt;code&gt;$F0&lt;/code&gt; is written back to &lt;code&gt;$F004&lt;/code&gt;.

 INC $F001,Y

=== Zero Page Indexed with X: zp,x ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified zero page address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$02&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$01&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$A5&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$0003&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the Accumulator.

 LDA $01,X

=== Zero Page Indexed with Y: zp,y ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified zero page address for a sum address. The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$01&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$04&lt;/code&gt;. The value &lt;code&gt;$E3&lt;/code&gt; at address &lt;code&gt;$0004&lt;/code&gt; is loaded into the Accumulator.

 LDA $01,Y

=== Zero Page Indirect: (zp) ===

The little-endian address stored at the two-byte pair of zero page address (LSB) and zero page address plus one (MSB) is loaded and the value at that address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The address &lt;code&gt;$D010&lt;/code&gt; at addresses &lt;code&gt;$0015&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$0016&lt;/code&gt; will be where the value &lt;code&gt;$0F&lt;/code&gt; in the Accumulator is stored.

 STA ($15)

=== Zero Page Indexed Indirect: (zp,x) ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to the specified zero page address for a sum address. The little-endian address stored at the two-byte pair of sum address (LSB) and sum address plus one (MSB) is loaded and the value at that address is used to perform the computation.

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$02&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; is added to &lt;code&gt;$15&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$17&lt;/code&gt;. The address &lt;code&gt;$D010&lt;/code&gt; at addresses &lt;code&gt;$0017&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$0018&lt;/code&gt; will be where the value &lt;code&gt;$0F&lt;/code&gt; in the Accumulator is stored.

 STA ($15,X)


=== Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: (zp),y ===

The value in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the address at the little-endian address stored at the two-byte pair of the specified address (LSB) and the specified address plus one (MSB). The value at the sum address is used to perform the computation. 

''' Example '''

The value &lt;code&gt;$03&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Y&lt;/code&gt; is added to the address &lt;code&gt;$C235&lt;/code&gt; at addresses &lt;code&gt;$002A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$002B&lt;/code&gt; for a sum of &lt;code&gt;$C238&lt;/code&gt;. The Accumulator is then exclusive ORed with the value &lt;code&gt;$2F&lt;/code&gt; at &lt;code&gt;$C238&lt;/code&gt;.

 EOR ($2A),Y

== Instructions ==
These are the instructions for the 6502 processor including an ASCII visual, a list of affected flags, and a table of opcodes for acceptable addressing modes.

=== Load and Store ===

{|
|+ 
|-
|  ''' Load Accumulator with Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LDA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
||  ''' Load Index X with Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LDX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
||  ''' Load Index Y with Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LDY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 
M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|| 
M -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
|| 
M -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || AD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || BD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || B9
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || A9
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || A5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || A1
|-
|(zp)
|B2
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || B5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || B1
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || AE
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || BE
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || A2
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || A6
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with Y: zp.2Cy|zp,y]] || B6
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || AC
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || BC
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || A0
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || A4
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || B4
|}

|-
| ''' Store Accumulator in Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Store Index X in Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Store Index Y in Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; M

Flags: none
||
X -&gt; M

Flags: none
||
Y -&gt; M

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 8D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 9D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 99
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 85
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 81
|-
|(zp)
|92
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 95
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 91
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 8E
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 86
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with Y: zp.2Cy|zp,y]] || 96
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 8C
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 84
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 94
|}
|-
|''' Store Zero in Memory: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STZ&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|
|
|-
|
0 -&gt; M

Flags: none
|
|
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 9C
|-
|a,x
|9E
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 64
|-
| zp,x || 74
|}
|
|
|}

=== Arithmetic ===

{|
|+ 
|-
| ''' Add Memory to Accumulator with Carry: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ADC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
|| ''' Subtract Memory from Accumulator with Borrow: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SBC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 
A + M + C -&gt; A

Flags: N, V, Z, C
|| 
A - M - ~C -&gt; A

Flags: N, V, Z, C
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 6D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 7D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 79
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 69
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 65
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 61
|-
|(zp)
|72
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 75
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 71
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || ED
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || FD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || F9
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || E9
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || E5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || E1
|-
|(zp)
|F2
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || F5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || F1
|}

|}

=== Increment and Decrement ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Increment Memory by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;INC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Increment Index X by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;INX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Increment Index Y by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;INY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 
M + 1 -&gt; M

Flags: N, Z
||
X + 1 -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z 
|| 
Y + 1 -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || EE
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || FE
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || E6
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || F6
|-
|A
|1A
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || E8
|}
 
||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || C8
|}

|-
| ''' Decrement Memory by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DEC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Decrement Index X by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DEX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Decrement Index Y by One: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DEY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
M - 1 -&gt; M

Flags: N, Z
||
X - 1 -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
||
Y - 1 -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || CE
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || DE
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || C6
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || D6
|-
|A
|3A
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || CA
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 88
|}

|}

=== Shift and Rotate ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Arithmetic Shift Left One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ASL&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Logical Shift Right One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LSR&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
C &lt;- 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 &lt;- 0

Flags: N, Z, C
||
0 -&gt; 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -&gt; C

Flags: N, Z, C
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 0E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 1E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 0A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 06
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 16
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 4E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 5E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 4A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 46
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 56
|}

|-
| ''' Rotate Left One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ROL&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Rotate Right One Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ROR&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
C &lt;- 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 &lt;- C

Flags: N, Z, C
||
C -&gt; 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -&gt; C

Flags: N, Z, C
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 2E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 3E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 2A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 26
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 36
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 6E
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 7E
|-
| [[#Accumulator: A|A]] || 6A
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 66
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 76
|}

|}

=== Logic ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' AND Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;AND&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' OR Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ORA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Exclusive-OR Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;EOR&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A &amp; M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
||
A | M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
||
A ^ M -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 2D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 3D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 39
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 29
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 25
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 21
|-
|(zp)
|32
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 35
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 31
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 0D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 1D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 19
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 09
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 05
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 01
|-
|(zp)
|12
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 15
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 11
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 4D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || 5D
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || 59
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 49
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 45
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || 41
|-
|(zp)
|52
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || 55
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || 51
|}

|}

=== Compare and Test Bit ===

The Negative (N), Zero (Z), and Carry (C) [[#StatusFlagTable|status flags]] are used for conditional (branch) instructions.

All Compare instructions affect flags in the same way:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Condition !! N !! Z !! C
|- 
| Register &lt; Memory || 1 || 0 || 0
|- 
| Register = Memory || 0 || 1 || 1
|- 
| Register &gt; Memory || 0 || 0 || 1
|}

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Compare Memory and Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CMP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Compare Memory and Index X: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CPX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Compare Memory with Index Y: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CPY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A - M

Flags: N, Z, C
||
X - M

Flags: N, Z, C
||
Y - M

Flags: N, Z, C
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || CD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with X: a.2Cx|a,x]] || DD
|-
| [[#Absolute Indexed with Y: a.2Cy|a,y]] || D9
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || C9
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || C5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed Indirect: .28zp.2Cx.29|(zp,x)]] || C1
|-
|(zp)
|D2
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indexed with X: zp.2Cx|zp,x]] || D5
|-
| [[#Zero Page Indirect Indexed with Y: .28zp.29.2Cy|(zp),y]] || D1
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || EC
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || E0
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || E4
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || CC
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || C0
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || C4
|}

|}

''' Test Bits in Memory with Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BIT&lt;/code&gt; '''

A &amp; M

Flags: N = M7, V = M6, Z

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 2C
|-
|a,x
|3C
|-
| [[#Immediate: .23|#]] || 89
|-
| [[#Zero Page: zp|zp]] || 24
|-
|zp,x
|34
|}

=== Branch ===

{| 
|+ 
|''' Branch unconditionally: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BRA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|
|-
|
Branch if 1 = 1

Flags: none
||
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 80
|}
|
|-
| ''' Branch on Carry Clear: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BCC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Carry Set: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BCS&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if C = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if C = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 90
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || B0
|}

|-
| ''' Branch on Result not Zero: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BNE&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Result Zero: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BEQ&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if Z = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if Z = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || D0
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || F0
|}

|-
| ''' Branch on Result Plus: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BPL&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Result Minus: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BMI&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if N = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if N = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 10
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 30
|}

|-
| ''' Branch on Overflow Clear: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BVC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Branch on Overflow Set: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BVS&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Branch if V = 0

Flags: none
||
Branch if V = 1

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 50
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 70
|}
|}
Unlike the other branch instructions, BBR and BBS have two operands. The M operand, used for the Set or Reset comparison, is always the zp addressing mode. The branch address operand is the r addressing mode, and has the same meaning as the other branch instructions.
{|
|-
|''' Branch on Bit Reset: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BBR&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|''' Branch on Bit Set: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BBS&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|Branch if (M &gt;&gt; n) &amp; 1 = 0
Flags: none
|Branch if (M &gt;&gt; n) &amp; 1 = 1
Flags: none
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Bit
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
|BBR0
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 0F
|-
|BBR1
|r
|1F
|-
|BBR2
|r
|2F
|-
|BBR3
|r
|3F
|-
|BBR4
|r
|4F
|-
|BBR5
|r
|5F
|-
|BBR6
|r
|6F
|-
|BBR7
|r
|7F
|}
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Bit
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
|BBS0
| [[#Relative: r|r]] || 8F
|-
|BBS1
|r
|9F
|-
|BBS2
|r
|AF
|-
|BBS3
|r
|BF
|-
|BBS4
|r
|CF
|-
|BBS5
|r
|DF
|-
|BBS6
|r
|EF
|-
|BBS7
|r
|FF
|}
|}

=== Transfer ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Transfer Accumulator to Index X: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TAX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Transfer Index X to Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TXA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
||
X -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || AA
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 8A
|}

|-
| ''' Transfer Accumulator to Index Y: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TAY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Transfer Index Y to Accumulator: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TYA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; Y

Flags: N, Z
||
Y -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || A8
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 98
|}

|-
| ''' Transfer Stack Pointer to Index X: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TSX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Transfer Index X to Stack Pointer: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TXS&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
S -&gt; X

Flags: N, Z
||
X -&gt; S

Flags: none
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || BA
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 9A
|}

|}

=== Stack ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Push Accumulator on Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PHA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Pull Accumulator from Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PLA&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
A -&gt; S

Flags: none
||
S -&gt; A

Flags: N, Z
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 48
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 68
|}
|-
|''' Push Index X on Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PHX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|''' Pull Index X from Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PLX&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
X -&gt; S

Flags: none
|
S -&gt; X

Flags: none
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || DA
|}
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || FA
|}
|-
|''' Push Index Y on Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PHY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|''' Pull Index Y from Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PLY&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
Y -&gt; S

Flags: none
|
S -&gt; Y

Flags: none
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 5A
|}
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 7A
|}
|-
| ''' Push Processor Status on Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PHP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Pull Processor Status from Stack: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;PLP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
P -&gt; S

Flags: none
||
S -&gt; P

Flags: all
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 08
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 28
|}

|}

The processor status is stored as a single byte with the following flags bits from high to low: NV--DIZC.

=== Subroutines and Jump ===

''' Jump to New Location: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;JMP&lt;/code&gt; '''

Jump to new location by changing the value of the program counter.

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 4C
|-
| [[#Absolute Indirect: (a)|(a)]] || 6C
|-
|(a,x)
|7C
|}

''' Jump to New Location Saving Return Address: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;JSR&lt;/code&gt; '''

Jumps to a subroutine

The address before the next instruction (PC - 1) is pushed onto the stack: first the upper byte followed by the lower byte. As the stack grows backwards, the return address is therefore stored as a little-endian number in memory.&lt;br/&gt;
PC is set to the target address.

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Absolute: a|a]] || 20
|}

''' Return from Subroutine: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;RTS&lt;/code&gt; '''

Return from a subroutine to the point where it called with &lt;code&gt;JSR&lt;/code&gt;.

The return address is popped from the stack (low byte first, then high byte).&lt;br/&gt;The return address is incremented and stored in PC.

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 60
|}

''' Return from Interrupt: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;RTI&lt;/code&gt; '''

Return from an interrupt.

SR is popped from the stack.&lt;br/&gt;
PC is popped from the stack.

Flags: all

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 40
|}

=== Set and Clear ===

{| 
|+ 
|-
| ''' Clear Carry Flag: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Set Carry Flag: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SEC&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
0 -&gt; C

Flags: C = 0
||
1 -&gt; C

Flags: C = 1
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 18
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 38
|}

|-
| ''' Clear Decimal Mode: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLD&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Set Decimal Mode: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SED&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
0 -&gt; D

Flags: D = 0
||
1 -&gt; D

Flags: D = 1
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || D8
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || F8
|}

|-
| ''' Clear Interrupt Disable Status: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLI&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|| ''' Set Interrupt Disable Status: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SEI&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
0 -&gt; I

Flags: I = 0
||
1 -&gt; I

Flags: I = 1
|-
|

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 58
|}

||

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 78
|}

|-
| ''' Clear Overflow Flag: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CLV&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
||
|-
|
0 -&gt; V

Flags: V = 0
||
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || B8
|}
|
|-
|''' Reset Memory Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;RMB&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|''' Set Memory Bit: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SMB&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
|
M &amp; ~(1 &lt;&lt; n) -&gt; M

Flags: none
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Bit
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
|RMB0
| zp || 07
|-
|RMB1
|zp
|17
|-
|RMB2
|zp
|27
|-
|RMB3
|zp
|37
|-
|RMB4
|zp
|47
|-
|RMB5
|zp
|57
|-
|RMB6
|zp
|67
|-
|RMB7
|zp
|77
|}
|
&lt;nowiki&gt;M | (1 &lt;&lt; n) -&gt; M&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Flags: none
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Bit
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
|SMB0
| zp || 87
|-
|SMB1
|zp
|97
|-
|SMB2
|zp
|A7
|-
|SMB3
|zp
|B7
|-
|SMB4
|zp
|C7
|-
|SMB5
|zp
|D7
|-
|SMB6
|zp
|E7
|-
|SMB7
|zp
|F7
|}

|}

=== Miscellaneous ===

''' Break: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;BRK&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Force an Interrupt.

This is a two-byte instruction, where the second byte is ignored by the processor. The 2nd byte can be used as argument to the interrupt service routine.

Flags: B = 1, I = 1

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || 00
|}

''' No Operation: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;NOP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

No Operation

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || EA
|}

''' Wait for Interrupt: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;WAI&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Wait for Interrupt

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || CB
|}

''' Stop mode: &lt;code style=&quot;color: #36c;font-family: sans-serif;&quot;&gt;STP&lt;/code&gt; '''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Stop mode

Flags: none

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Addressing Mode !! Opcode
|-
| [[#Implied: i|i]] || DB
|}

== Opcode map ==
List of all the OpCodes present. An opcode is an &quot;operation code&quot;, the first byte in an instruction. This byte decides which operation is being performed. Multiple assembler mnemonics (eg. ADC, BIT, JMP et.c.) correspond to several different opcodes. There is one opcode per addressing mode used. For example, the menmonic ASL have multiple opcodes, one for each addressing mode supported by the CPU.

Opcodes marked with an asterisk (*) are opcodes that did not exist for the 6502 CPU.

Blank entries are supposed to behave identical the NOP instruction (EA).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Instruction table
! High nibble !! colspan=&quot;16&quot;| Low nibble
|-
| || 00 || 01 || 02 || 03 || 04 || 05 || 06 || 07 || 08 || 09 || 0A || 0B || 0C || 0D || 0E || 0F
|-
| 00 || '''BRK'''&lt;br&gt;s || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || || || '''TSB'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''ASL'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''RMB0'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''PHP'''&lt;br&gt;s || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''ASL'''&lt;br&gt;A || || '''TSB'''&lt;br&gt;a * || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''ASL'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBR0'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 10 || '''BPL'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || '''TRB'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''ASL'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''RMB1'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''CLC'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''INC'''&lt;br&gt;A * || || '''TRB'''&lt;br&gt;a * || '''ORA'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''ASL'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''BBR1'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 20 || '''JSR'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || || || '''BIT'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''ROL'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''RMB2'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''PLP'''&lt;br&gt;s || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''ROL'''&lt;br&gt;A || || '''BIT'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''ROL'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBR2'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 30 || '''BMI'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || '''BIT'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''ROL'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''RMB3'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''SEC'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''DEC'''&lt;br&gt;A * || || '''BIT'''&lt;br&gt;a,x * || '''AND'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''ROL'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''BBR3'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 40 || '''RTI'''&lt;br&gt;s || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || || || || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''LSR'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''RMB4'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''PHA'''&lt;br&gt;s || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''LSR'''&lt;br&gt;A || || '''JMP'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''LSR'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBR4'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 50 || '''BVC'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''LSR'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''RMB5'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''CLI'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''PHY'''&lt;br&gt;s * || || || '''EOR'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''LSR'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''BBR5'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 60 || '''RTS'''&lt;br&gt;s || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || || || '''STZ'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''ROR'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''RMB6'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''PLA'''&lt;br&gt;s || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''ROR'''&lt;br&gt;A || || '''JMP'''&lt;br&gt;(a) || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''ROR'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBR6'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 70 || '''BVS'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || '''STZ'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''ROR'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''RMB7'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''SEI'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''PLY'''&lt;br&gt;s * || || '''JMP'''&lt;br&gt;(a,x) * || '''ADC'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''ROR'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''BBR7'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 80 || '''BRA'''&lt;br&gt;r * || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || || || '''STY'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''STX'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''SMB0'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''DEY'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''BIT'''&lt;br&gt;# * || '''TXA'''&lt;br&gt;i || || '''STY'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''STX'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBS0'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| 90 || '''BCC'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || '''STY'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''STX'''&lt;br&gt;zp,y || '''SMB1'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''TYA'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''TXS'''&lt;br&gt;i || || '''STZ'''&lt;br&gt;a * || '''STA'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''STZ'''&lt;br&gt;a,x * || '''BBS1'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| A0 || '''LDY'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || '''LDX'''&lt;br&gt;# || || '''LDY'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''LDX'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''SMB2'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''TAY'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''TAX'''&lt;br&gt;i || || '''LDY'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''LDX'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBS2'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| B0 || '''BCS'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || '''LDY'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''LDX'''&lt;br&gt;zp,y || '''SMB3'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''CLV'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''TSX'''&lt;br&gt;i || || '''LDY'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''LDA'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''LDX'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''BBS3'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| C0 || '''CPY'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || || || '''CPY'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''DEC'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''SMB4'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''INY'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''DEX'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''WAI'''&lt;br&gt;i * || '''CPY'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''DEC'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBS4'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| D0 || '''BNE'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''DEC'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''SMB5'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''CLD'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''PHX'''&lt;br&gt;s * || '''STP'''&lt;br&gt;i * || || '''CMP'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''DEC'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''BBS5'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| E0 || '''CPX'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;(zp,x) || || || '''CPX'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''INC'''&lt;br&gt;zp || '''SMB6'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''INX'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;# || '''NOP'''&lt;br&gt;i || || '''CPX'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''INC'''&lt;br&gt;a || '''BBS6'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|-
| F0 || '''BEQ'''&lt;br&gt;r || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;(zp),y || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;(zp) * || || || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''INC'''&lt;br&gt;zp,x || '''SMB7'''&lt;br&gt;zp * || '''SED'''&lt;br&gt;i || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;a,y || '''PLX'''&lt;br&gt;s * || || || '''SBC'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''INC'''&lt;br&gt;a,x || '''BBS7'''&lt;br&gt;r *
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Further reading ==
{{Wikipedia|WDC 65C02}}
* [[6502 Assembly]]
* [[Super NES Programming]]: the Super NES uses the 65c816, a descendant of the 6502
** [[Super NES Programming/65c816 reference]]

{{shelves|assembly languages}}
{{alphabetical}}</text>
      <sha1>n0z649ecxuu44pkeibjfnbetkhows3l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oberon/System Variants</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>446845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633096</id>
      <parentid>4632962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:18:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterEasthope</username>
        <id>660399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Source Texts in Oberon */ Added two lines to the original table.</comment>
      <origin>4633096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21256" sha1="3p98ww29e143wet11odzc8xlwxd540j" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;!-- ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/ --&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;!-- ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/ --&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;!-- ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/ --&gt;
|50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|80px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ftp/ HTTP server] at [[w:University_of_Ulm|UUlm]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;,&lt;br&gt;[https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html JKU Linz] and&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://blackboxframework.org/index.php?cID=goto-download-page BB Community download area]
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2
|-
|}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl] 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
|Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3p98ww29e143wet11odzc8xlwxd540j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633102</id>
      <parentid>4633096</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:27:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterEasthope</username>
        <id>660399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Source Texts in Oberon */ Replaced references.</comment>
      <origin>4633102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21264" sha1="ovxa7puznkhhkv3bllpkffn1s8m7yiu" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|80px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ftp/ HTTP server] at [[w:University_of_Ulm|UUlm]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;,&lt;br&gt;[https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html JKU Linz] and&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://blackboxframework.org/index.php?cID=goto-download-page BB Community download area]
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2
|-
|}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl] 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
|Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|80px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible &lt;!-- mw-collapsed --&gt;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ftp/ HTTP server] at [[w:University_of_Ulm|UUlm]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;,&lt;br&gt;[https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html JKU Linz] and&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://blackboxframework.org/index.php?cID=goto-download-page BB Community download area]
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2
|-
|}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl] 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
|Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>84tpm8bvd64459ndom1wzx36mrsiwlg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633105</id>
      <parentid>4633104</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:44:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterEasthope</username>
        <id>660399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Source Texts in Active Oberon */ Defaulted table to open rather than collapsed.</comment>
      <origin>4633105</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21282" sha1="t3xs7eshjexa8icnchip1pwz9vi9umn" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|80px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible &lt;!-- mw-collapsed --&gt;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ftp/ HTTP server] at [[w:University_of_Ulm|UUlm]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;,&lt;br&gt;[https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html JKU Linz] and&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://blackboxframework.org/index.php?cID=goto-download-page BB Community download area]
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible &lt;!-- mw-collapsed --&gt;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2
|-
|}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl] 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
|Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>t3xs7eshjexa8icnchip1pwz9vi9umn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633106</id>
      <parentid>4633105</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T14:45:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterEasthope</username>
        <id>660399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Source Texts in Oberon-07 */ Defaulted table to open rather than collapsed.</comment>
      <origin>4633106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21291" sha1="htzjbcwqodz6smjlsv1wgwy9m3ne9o6" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|85px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|80px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible &lt;!-- mw-collapsed --&gt;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ftp/ HTTP server] at [[w:University_of_Ulm|UUlm]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;,&lt;br&gt;[https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html JKU Linz] and&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://blackboxframework.org/index.php?cID=goto-download-page BB Community download area]
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible &lt;!-- mw-collapsed --&gt;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]]&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2
|-
|}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible &lt;!-- mw-collapsed --&gt;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl] 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
|Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

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      <text bytes="31097" sha1="gmn5zw5s8op8tx2iugb2zmkxackmfsh" xml:space="preserve">''This insights and signals report was written by Brittany Amell (with thanks to John Willinsky, John Maxwell, and William Bowen for their feedback and contributions), for the Electronic Textual Cultures Laboratory and the Implementing New Knowledge Environments partnership.''

==Summary==
''Policy Insights and Signals Reports'' scan the horizon in order to identify and analyse emerging trends and early signals for their potential to impact future policy directions in open access and open, social scholarship. They tend to highlight shifts in technology, public opinion and sentiments, and/or regulatory changes both within and outside of Canada. Like OSPO’s policy observations, insights and signals reports aim to support partners in crafting proactive, responsive, and forward-thinking strategies.

This ''Insights and Signals Report'' is apart of a series that will focus on evolving discussions centered around artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative AI (genAI) and large language models (LLMs), and the implications these may have for open access and open social scholarship.

''Interested in other Insights and Signals Reports focused on AI? You can find them [[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024/Federal Research Funding Agencies Announce Draft Guidance on the Use of Generative AI|here]] and [[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024/Generative AI and Scholarly Publishing|here]]''.

Items discussed in this report include:

* A brief introduction to generative artificial intelligence, with comments from INKE Partner John Maxwell
* [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/ The world’s first artificial intelligence act] passed in May 2024 by the Council of the European Union
* The inclusion of artificial intelligence in Canada’s [https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27 Digital Charter Implementation Act] (2022), along with critiques from [https://news.westernu.ca/2024/04/proposed-ai-legislation/ Joanna Redden] (2024), an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at Western University who is critical of Canada’s proposed AI legislation in its current form
* Several responses to AI in Canada from journals, post-secondary institutions, scholarly associations and granting agencies, as well as some core concerns raised by these groups
* An [https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2024/04/07/securing-canadas-ai announcement] from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (2024) regarding plans to dedicate 2.4 billion dollars towards ‘securing Canada’s AI advantage’
* Responses from INKE partners John Willinsky (Founder, Public Knowledge Project) and John Maxwell (Associate Professor of Publishing at Simon Fraser University)
* Some proposed discursive silences for consideration, such as perspectives on [https://montrealethics.ai/in-consideration-of-indigenous-data-sovereignty-data-mining-as-a-colonial-practice/ data mining as an extractive colonial practice], and [https://ubctoday.ubc.ca/news/june-06-2024/indigenous-data-stewardship-stands-against-extractivist-ai Indigenous data sovereignty]

This report ends with some key questions and considerations.

==Introducing generative artificial intelligence, briefly==
Widespread debates about the future of artificial intelligence and the need for ethical frameworks and regulatory policies to mitigate potential harms, re-ignited in 2022 by OpenAI’s first release of generative artificial intelligence (AI) system [https://chat.openai.com/auth/login ChatGPT], continue to receive attention by scholars and media alike. Generative artificial intelligence tools like ChatGPT and Microsoft’s [https://www.bing.com/ Bing] (both powered by OpenAI’s GPT-4) and [https://gemini.google.com/ Google’s Gemini] (Bard, previously) can be used to generate poetry, essays, code, translations, and exam responses, as well as images and videos.

However, while these tools have huge potential, they’re also creating challenges and, in some cases, harm (e.g., [https://datajusticelab.org/data-harm-record/ “Data Harm Record” by Redden et al. 2020]; see also, generally, [https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262548328/more-than-a-glitch/ Broussard 2024], Noble 2018 and O’Neil 2016). According to Josh Nicholson, Co-Founder and CEO of Scite.ai, Meta’s Galactica large language model for science was “taken down in under a week because it was so problematic. You could give it prompts and get a full paper back, but it could be racist or completely wrong” ([https://www.wiley.com/en-us/network/research-libraries/libraries-archives-databases/open-access/making-ai-an-opportunity-for-open-access quoted in Wiley 2024], 1).

As much as Generative Artificial Intelligence, or genAI as we refer to it here, is used to describe tools like the ones mentioned above, it really describes a fundamental shift in the design of instructions that can be followed to complete a task, also known as algorithms (Danaher et al. 2017). This shift entailed a move away from ‘top-down’ algorithms (where rulesets for algorithms were exhaustively defined by programmers) to ‘bottom up’ machine-learning algorithms (where an algorithm is essentially trained to develop its own set of rules). Machine-learning algorithms involve giving the machine some data, a goal, feedback to tell it when it is on the correct path, and then some time alone to work out the best way to complete the instructions and achieve the end (Fry 2018, p. 11). In other words, genAI relies on the use of various statistical techniques to produce the outputs many of us marvel at (Gorwa et al. 2020; [https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/why-artificial-intelligence-is-a-misnomer/ Whiteley 2023]).

That’s right, the poem you asked ChatGPT to generate is the result of probabilistic calculations that select words based on their likelihood to fit (statistically) the context. Sounds less romantic, but perhaps that’s important — INKE partner John Maxwell (Associate Professor of Publishing at Simon Fraser University) certainly thinks so.

Responding to this piece over email, Maxwell wrote, “I am increasingly concerned that, in responding (both individually and collectively; causally and formally) to the rise of deep learning, generative text and image technologies – by following industry's suit in calling them ‘AI’ – we are both playing into the hands of a group of very canny investment promoters and at the same time undermining our own critical sensibilities around the various innovations gathered under this umbrella.” (You can read John Maxwell’s response in full by scrolling to the 'Responses from the INKE Partnership' section below.)

Maxwell isn’t alone in sounding the alarm. In a [https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/why-artificial-intelligence-is-a-misnomer/ post] for the London School of Economics and Political Science blog, Paul Whiteley argues that ‘artificial intelligence’ is a misnomer, one invented by computer scientist John McCarthy in 1950 (and anthropomorphised by the rest of us ever since).

Even ChatGPT agrees. When we asked ChatGPT if it thought users tend to anthropomorphize it, it generated the following ‘statistical output’:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Yes, people often do anthropomorphize me! It’s quite natural; human language and interaction often involve assumptions about shared experiences, understanding, or intentions. Since my responses are conversational and mimic human language patterns, users might sometimes attribute thoughts, feelings, or intentions to me, even though I don’t have experiences, consciousness, or personal understanding. The familiarity of conversation can make it easy to forget that responses come from patterns rather than an inner sense of self. It’s fascinating because it highlights how strongly people are wired to seek connection, even with technology that’s fundamentally different from human minds.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

John Maxwell (Associate Professor of Publishing at Simon Fraser University and INKE partner) cautions against this anthropomorphizing, however, because it makes it difficult to develop meaningful policy responses:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
While, for instance, ‘LLM’ defines a specific technology with specific characteristics to which we might develop a coherent policy response, the term ‘AI’ is a sci-fi catch-all that carries with it a set of well-publicized (and monetized) utopian, dystopian, and eschatological connotations. We are not likely to develop any meaningful response to such an ill-defined object. I am hopeful that, as we begin to develop guidelines and policy, we can start to meaningfully differentiate and refer to these technologies by their specific names and functions, instead of repeating the hype: that these massive, mysterious, corporate-owned black boxes will simultaneously solve humanity's problems while also posing an existential threat.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==EU Announces Approval of World’s First Artificial Intelligence Act==
On the policy front, the Council of the EU [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/ officially approved the world’s first artificial intelligence act] this past May. The legislation will follow a “‘risk-based’ approach, which means the higher the risk to cause harm to society, the stricter the rules,” explains the Council in a [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/ Press Release].

“With the AI act, Europe emphasizes the importance of trust, transparency and accountability when dealing with new technologies while at the same time ensuring this fast-changing technology can flourish and boost European innovation,” says Mathieu Michel, Belgian secretary of state for digitisation, administrative simplification, privacy protection, and building regulation ([https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/ Council, 2024]).

Four governing bodies that include a “scientific panel of independent experts” will be responsible for ensuring the AI act is enforced. Another three include an AI Office within the European Commission, an advisory forum for stakeholders, and an AI Board that consists of member states’ representatives ([https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/ Council, 2024]).

==Closer to Regulating Artificial Intelligence in Canada?==
Here in Canada, the inclusion of artificial intelligence in Canada’s Bill C-27 ([https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27 Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022]) remains under committee consideration in the House of Commons since completing its second reading over a year ago in April 2023.

[https://news.westernu.ca/2024/04/proposed-ai-legislation/ According to Joanna Redden] (2024), an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at Western University who is critical of Canada’s proposed AI legislation in its current form, many Canadians already have little trust in the growing use of AI, even though [https://medium.com/politics-ai/an-overview-of-national-ai-strategies-2a70ec6edfd Canada was the first country to introduce a national AI strategy]. Echoing concerns held by those such as [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4658004 Andrew Clement] (Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto), as well as [https://www.amo-oma.ca/en/ai-policy-report/ McKelvey and colleagues (2024)], Redden suggests this distrust is due, in part, to a lack of meaningful public consultation, “despite deep concerns from the public.” Redden notes how proposed legislation is not only “already out of step with the needs of Canadians,” it also “falls short of the regulatory approaches taken by other nations” such as the one recently approved by the [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/ European Union] or the [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/ Executive Order issued by the White House] in 2023.

Some of the needs identified by Redden include ensuring uses of AI by businesses and governments are transparent, and that there are toothy mechanisms for maintaining oversight and accountability. In addition, Redden argues that dedicating funding to ensuring public “AI registries” are maintained are critical (note: AI registries, [https://tagcanada.shinyapps.io/register/ such as this one developed by Redden and colleagues], track how and where AI and other automated systems are being used).

If successfully passed, the [https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27 Digital Charter Implementation Act] (otherwise known as “An Act to enact the Consumer Privacy Protection Act, the Personal Information and Data Protection Tribunal Act and the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act and to make consequential and related amendments to other Acts”) would be the first Act focused on regulating AI in Canada.

Currently, generative AI managers and developers in Canada are asked to voluntarily commit [https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems to a Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems.]  The voluntary code foregrounds six outcomes: accountability, safety, fairness and equity, transparency, human oversight and monitoring, and validity and robustness.

==Responses to AI in Canada from Journals, Post-Secondary Institutions, Scholarly Associations, and Granting Agencies==
In a step intended to curb the misuse of generative AI, several '''journals''' (e.g., see [https://www.cmaj.ca/content/195/28/E958 here], [https://www.caaa.ca/journals-and-research/caaa-journals-statement-on-the-use-of-generative-ai/ here], and [https://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163(23)00167-6/fulltext here]), '''post-secondary institutions ('''e.g., see [https://uwaterloo.ca/information-systems-technology/about/policies-standards-and-guidelines/guidance-artificial-intelligence-use here] and [https://www.senecapolytechnic.ca/about/policies/generative-ai-policy.html here] for examples, as well as [https://cdlra-acrfl.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2023-AI-Special-Topics-Report.pdf here] for broader commentary and [https://higheredstrategy.com/ai-observatory-home/ here] for HESA’s AI in Canadian postsec observatory), '''scholarly associations''' (e.g., see [https://publicationethics.org/cope-position-statements/ai-author here] and [https://www.carl-abrc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Generative-Artificial-Intelligence-A-Brief-Primer-EN.pdf here]), and '''granting agencies''' (read more [https://science.gc.ca/site/science/en/interagency-research-funding/policies-and-guidelines/use-generative-artificial-intelligence-development-and-review-research-proposals here] and [[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024/Federal Research Funding Agencies Announce Draft Guidance on the Use of Generative AI|here]]) are in the process of developing and releasing statements, policies, and/or guidelines that set out expectations regarding what is considered fair or responsible use of AI in their respective contexts.

Concerns relating to accountability, authorship, transparency, disclosure of use, responsibility, accuracy, bias, safety, confidentiality and privacy, and copyright and intellectual property consistently recur across these statements, policies, and guidelines. Several journals as well as larger publishers such as SAGE, Elsevier, and Wiley explicitly forbid listing an AI tool (such as ChatGPT) as an author because, as Tulandi (2023) writes in one Canadian medical journal, “authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and performed by humans” (para 7).

In addition to the concerns raised above, CARL, or the [https://www.carl-abrc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Generative-Artificial-Intelligence-A-Brief-Primer-EN.pdf Canadian Association of Research Libraries (2023)], recommends that responses to generative AI also consider social impacts associated with AI use, including who has access to generative AI tools and who may not, whether for financial reasons or otherwise. [https://blog.core.ac.uk/2023/03/17/core-gpt-combining-open-access-research-and-ai-for-credible-trustworthy-question-answering/ Citing the work of a group of researchers associated with The Open University in the UK], CARL (2023) also questions whether combining open-access and pay-walled articles in the development of datasets used to train generative AI could enhance its reliability and credibility, though they also note the potential for legal implications.

As debates relating to the Digital Charter Implementation Act continue, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (2024) has [https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2024/04/07/securing-canadas-ai announced plans] to dedicate 2.4 billion dollars towards ‘securing Canada’s AI advantage,’ though it is worth noting that just 2 percent of this funding (50 million dollars) is meant for exploring the social impacts associated with the increased use of AI.

==Key Questions and Considerations==
The insights and signals outlined above indicate that recent developments in generative AI, along with its continuing integration into various academic contexts (along with society more broadly) pose some significant challenges for those involved in developing policy responses.

At the same time, while paying attention to existing responses remains important, equally important and worthy of consideration are the discursive silences or absences (i.e., what is '''not''' being said, or perhaps what is '''not''' being amplified and picked up in reports on this topic).

Some proposed notable absences include whether LLM use of online content is considered fair dealing (along with other copyright considerations). Other important absences include the social and ecological impact of large language models (LLMs) and the materials, labour, and compute power required to sustain them — paralleling conversations about sustainability in the digital humanities (such as [https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqab025 this one] by Johanna Drucker 2021 or [https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publishing/journal-british-academy/10/facing-the-challenge-of-digital-sustainability-as-humanities-researchers/ this one] by Joanna Tucker 2022). Others include the implications of LLMs for Indigenous data sovereignties ([https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-report-and-guidelines-indigenous-data-sovereignty-artificial-intelligence-developments UNESCO releases report related to ensuring data sovereignty in light of accelerated developments in AI]), as well as the implications that Indigenous (data) sovereignties can have for thinking through ‘ethical AI’ (Gaertner 2024; Roberts and Montoya 2024).

For instance, reflecting on the intersection between new(er) forms of [https://www.arts.ubc.ca/news/indigenous-data-stewardship-stands-against-extractivist-ai/ AI and Indigenous data sovereignty and stewardship], Associate Professor David Gaertner (Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies, UBC) makes further connections between AI trained on large language models and the impacts of settler colonialism:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
AI technologies, trained on large language models, mirror the disenfranchisement and violence imposed through settler colonialism while redistributing it at scale. Algorithms institutionalize a power dynamic where dominant linguistic and cultural narratives are further entrenched and amplified in the social infrastructure while personal expression is rendered increasingly obsolete and niche. The emergence of reports detailing how the internet is currently cannibalizing itself and generating new AI content from existing AI material, also known as the ‘[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory dead internet theory,]’ further amplifies these concerns.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

However, many will point out that questions surrounding the ethical development and use of AI are often directed at private companies and organizations that make use of their models. What about community members, academics, and stakeholders? Will AI remain solely in the hands of private firms and for-profit companies?

Not necessarily. Some are beginning to explore commons-based approaches to machine learning, such as [https://openfuture.eu/our-work/ai-and-the-commons/ Open Future]—a non-profit based in Europe that wants to explore the potential risks and benefits associated with new frameworks for sharing AI models under open licenses. The following comment, which John Willinsky  (Founder, Public Knowledge Project and INKE partner) shared with us, moves in similar direction of thought:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
While there are reasons to be concerned about recent advances in AI, academics also have a responsibility to explore the potential contributions and advances that AI may hold for research and scholarship. The [https://pkp.sfu.ca/ Public Knowledge Project] has for some time looked to AI to solve pressing issues around resource equity and quality in scholarly communications, if only with limited success. It is now engaged in research on the ability of Large Language Models to address the long-standing challenge of developing a sustainable means for Diamond OA journals to publish in the standard formats of HTML and PDF, as well export files in JATS XML. (John Willinsky’s comment can be read in full below.)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Interestingly, several AI models have [https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2024/05/07/the-best-open-source-generative-ai-models-available-today/ already been released] under the [https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Apache 2.0 license] (a permissive software license that allows use of the software for any purpose, including distribution, modification, and the distribution of modified versions without royalties, according to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License Wikipedia]), and more may be released before the end of this year (there are [https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/24/24278999/openai-plans-orion-ai-model-release-december rumours] that OpenAI will release its latest model, ‘Orion,’ in December 2024).

==Responses from the INKE Partnership==
''' '''''Response from John Willinsky (Founder, Public Knowledge Project):''

&lt;blockquote&gt;
While there are reasons to be concerned about recent advances in AI, academics also have a responsibility to explore the potential contributions and advances that AI may hold for research and scholarship. The [https://pkp.sfu.ca/ Public Knowledge Project] has for some time looked to AI to solve pressing issues around resource equity and quality in scholarly communications, if only with limited success. It is now engaged in research on the ability of Large Language Models to address the long-standing challenge of developing a sustainable means for Diamond OA journals to publish in the standard formats of HTML and PDF, as well export files in JATS XML. The principal focus of this work is to establish if LLMs can be sufficiently tuned to reliably automate HTML and JATS XML markup of author manuscripts (given that such markup currently requires technical skills or payments that exceed the capacity of most Diamond OA journals. This work has reached an initial proof of concept stage, with further work continuing around its comparative value (given other tools) and ways of incorporating and sustaining such a markup service in the editorial workflow.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''Response from John Maxwell (Associate Professor of Publishing at Simon Fraser University):''

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I am increasingly concerned that, in responding (both individually and collectively; causally and formally) to the rise of deep learning, generative text and image technologies — by following industry's suit in calling them &quot;AI&quot;— we are both playing into the hands of a group of very canny investment promoters and at the same time undermining our own critical sensibilities around the various innovations gathered under this umbrella. The term &quot;AI&quot; has for many decades already served as an aspirational brand name for a wide variety of computational technologies. Today, it is the brand name for massive capital investment funding a collection of disparate deep learning approaches: LLMs, Diffusion Models, facial recognition systems, and other tools. These are specific technologies which both exist and are making an impact on scholarship and labour. But while, for instance, &quot;LLM&quot; defines a specific technology with specific characteristics to which we might develop a coherent policy response, the term &quot;AI&quot; is a sci-fi catch-all that carries with it a set of well-publicized (and monetized) utopian, dystopian, and eschatological connotations. We are not likely to develop any meaningful response to such an ill-defined object. I am hopeful that, as we begin to develop guidelines and policy, we can start to meaningfully differentiate and refer to these technologies by their specific names and functions, instead of repeating the hype: that these massive, mysterious, corporate-owned black boxes will simultaneously solve humanity's problems while also posing an existential threat. It would appear that venture capitalists and hype-men have beaten us to the starting line here; we need to rapidly bring a critical apparatus (e.g., from science- and technology studies) to the analysis and development of effective policy and guidelines.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==References==
*“C-27 (44-1): An Act to Enact the Consumer Privacy Protection Act, the Personal Information and Data Protection Tribunal Act and the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act and to Make Consequential and Related Amendments to Other Acts.” Parliament of Canada. Accessed October 30, 2024. [https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27 https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27].

*Broussard, Meredith. 2024. ''More than a Glitch: Confronting Race, Gender, and Ability Bias in Tech''. First MIT Press paperback edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press.

*Canadian Association of Research Libraries. 2023. “Generative Artifical Intelligence: A Brief Primer for CARL Institutions.” [https://www.carl-abrc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Generative-Artificial-Intelligence-A-Brief-Primer-EN.pdf https://www.carl-abrc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Generative-Artificial-Intelligence-A-Brief-Primer-EN.pdf].

*Drucker, Johanna. 2021. “Sustainability and Complexity: Knowledge and Authority in the Digital Humanities.” ''Digital Scholarship in the Humanities'' 36 (2): ii86–ii94. [https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqab025 https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqab025].

*Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. 2024. “Open Infrastructures for the Future of Knowledge Production.” Keynote presented at ''Creative Approaches to Open Social Scholarship: Canada (An Implementing New Knowledge Environments (INKE) Partnership Gathering)''. Montreal, Canada.[https://doi.org/10.25547/6GG1-7B37  https://doi.org/10.25547/6GG1-7B37].

*Fry, Hannah. 2019. ''Hello World: Being Human in the Age of Algorithms''. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company.

*Gaertner, David. 2024. “Indigenous Data Stewardship Stands against Extractivist AI.” ''UBC Faculty of Arts'' (blog). June 18, 2024. [https://www.arts.ubc.ca/news/indigenous-data-stewardship-stands-against-extractivist-ai/ https://www.arts.ubc.ca/news/indigenous-data-stewardship-stands-against-extractivist-ai/]

*Gorwa, Robert, Reuben Binns, and Christian Katzenbach. 2020. “Algorithmic Content Moderation: Technical and Political Challenges in the Automation of Platform Governance.” ''Big Data &amp; Society'' 7 (1): 2053951719897945. [https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945 https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945].

*McKelvey, Fenwick, Sophie Toupin, and Maurice Jones. 2024. “Introduction.” In ''Northern Lights and Silicon Dreams: AI Governance in Canada (2011-2022)'', edited by Fenwick McKelvey, Johnathan Roberge, and Sophie Toupin, 7–30. Montreal, Canada: Shaping AI. [https://www.amo-oma.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ORA-CA-Policy.pdf https://www.amo-oma.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ORA-CA-Policy.pdf].

*Noble, Safiya Umoja. 2018. ''Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism''. New York: New York university press.

*O’Neil, Cathy. 2017. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy''. New York: Crown.

*Pride, David. 2023. “CORE-GPT: Combining Open Access Research and AI for Credible, Trustworthy Question Answering.” ''CORE'' (blog). March 17, 2023. [https://blog.core.ac.uk/2023/03/17/core-gpt-combining-open-access-research-and-ai-for-credible-trustworthy-question-answering/ https://blog.core.ac.uk/2023/03/17/core-gpt-combining-open-access-research-and-ai-for-credible-trustworthy-question-answering/].

*Redden, Joanna, Jessica Brand, and Vanesa Terzieva. 2020. “Data Harm Record.” Data Justice Lab. 2020. [https://datajusticelab.org/data-harm-record/ https://datajusticelab.org/data-harm-record/].

*Redden, Joanna. 2024. “Canada’s AI Legislation Misses the Mark.” ''Western News'' (blog). April 12, 2024. [https://news.westernu.ca/2024/04/proposed-ai-legislation/ https://news.westernu.ca/2024/04/proposed-ai-legislation/].

*Roberts, Jennafer Shae, and Laura N. Montoya. 2023. “In Consideration of Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Data Mining as a Colonial Practice.” In ''Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2023, Volume 2'', edited by Kohei Arai, 180–96. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47451-4_13 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47451-4_13].

*Roberts, Jennafer Shae. 2024. “In Consideration of Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Data Mining as a Colonial Practice.” ''Montreal AI Ethics Institute'' (blog). January 23, 2024. [https://montrealethics.ai/in-consideration-of-indigenous-data-sovereignty-data-mining-as-a-colonial-practice/ https://montrealethics.ai/in-consideration-of-indigenous-data-sovereignty-data-mining-as-a-colonial-practice/].

*Tucker, Joanna. 2022. “Facing the Challenge of Digital Sustainability as Humanities Researchers.” ''Journal of the British Academy'', 10: 93–120. [https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010.093 https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010.093].

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      <text bytes="22961" sha1="t0op0eh75ksnsdgowqwxypdaka565ti" xml:space="preserve">=Bonds=

==Ionic==
This occurs between oppositely charged ions (atoms or molecules which have gained or lost electrons). An example of an ionically bonded compound is NaCl.

The sodium exists as a positive ion, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;. It loses the electron in its 3s&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; sub-shell, giving it a stable electron configuration of 1s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2p&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;, or [Ne].
This electron is donated into the 3p sub-energy level of the chlorine atom, which then forms a chloride ion, Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;. This also now has a stable electron configuration of 1s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2p&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; 3s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 3p&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; or [Ar].

The force of attraction (called the &quot;electrostatic force of attraction&quot;) between these two ions, caused by their opposite charges, is the ionic bond.

The ions arrange themselves into &quot;giant ionic lattices&quot;, which are regular, repeating structures. In NaCl, every Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ion is surrounded by 6 Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; ions, and every Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; ion is surrounded by 6 Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ions. Ionic compounds are usually white and crystalline in appearance. They have high melting and boiling points, as a lot of energy is required to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction. They can, however, be disrupted by polar solvents, such as water. Ionic compounds are often, therefore, soluble in water. Ionic compounds are brittle - they shatter when forced to change shape. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid because there is no way for electrical charge to travel through the material. However if molten, or in solution, the ions can move and carry an electrical current.

==Covalent==
The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. This is usually indicated as (for example) H-F for a single pair of electrons, O=O for double bonds (two pairs of electrons) and N≡N for a triple bond.
The electron pair creates a 'bond' between the two atoms because it attracts the nucleus of each atom and therefore resists the separation of the two atoms.

A co-ordinate bond (more correctly called a dative covalent bond) is a covalent bond in which both electrons come from the same atom. Coordinate bonds are shown using an arrow from the atom that doated the two electrons. For example, :NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; has a lone pair of electrons it can use to form a bond with BH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, where the boron atom only has 6 outer electrons. The bond between N and B is shown as H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;B←NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.

Notice how, where possible, we alter the chemical formula to help show which atom bonds to which. We could write BH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;←NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; but it does not help to show that it is the N bonding to the B.

Another example: Two :NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; molecules will form coordinate bonds with an Ag&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ion. The ion that forms has the structure [H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N→Ag←NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;.

==Metallic==

Positive ions are arranged in a lattice with a sea of delocalised (free) electrons. The force of attraction between the delocalised electrons and positively charged ions holds the structure together. [[A-level_Chemistry/WJEC/Module_1/Solids#Metallic_bonding|See the next chapter for full details]]

=Intermolecular Forces=

The bonds which act between a molecules are called intermolecular forces. The word intermolecular means, &quot;between molecules&quot;. There are three kinds of intermolecular forces.

==Van Der Waals Forces==

Van der Waals forces are forces which attract two molecules together without actually forming bonds. This definition excludes ionic bonding and hydrogen bonding. Some sources, incorrectly, also exclude dipole-dipole forces or include hydrogen bonding.

===Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces===

Also known as ID-ID forces, Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole forces, Temporary Dipole-Induced Dipole forces, London forces or Dispersion forces. These are the weakest of the intermolecular forces, but they are always present, and even pull atoms of noble gases together.

[[Image:Fuerza de London.svg|thumb|centre|400px|Induced dipole-induced dipole forces occur in nonpolar molecules such as O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. In a), an oxygen molecule has its electrons randomly distributed. In b), due to their random movement, the electrons sometimes concentrate in certain regions of the molecule, causing polarity. In c), the negative region of the first molecule repels the electrons of a nearby molecule, polarising it as well. In d), the opposite poles of the molecules attract each other.]]

ID-ID forces are stronger if the molecules have more electrons, or if they have larger surface areas. For example, the boiling points of propane, butane and methylpropane are -42 °C, -0.5 °C and -12 °C respectively. Propane has the lowest boiling point; It is the smallest molecule, with the fewest electrons and the smallest surface area. Butane and methylpropane are isomers, with the same number of electrons (34) in each molecule. Methylpropane has a smaller surface area than butane because the methylpropane molecule is more branched - it is closer to being spherical than the long butane molecule.

{{Gallery
| align        = center
| whitebg      = yes
| File:Propane-3D-balls-B.png
 | Propane boils at -42 °C
| File:Butane-3D-balls.png
 | Butane boils at -0.5 °C
| File:Isobutane-3D-balls.png
 | MethylPropane boils at -12 °C
}}

===Dipole-Dipole Forces===

If two molecules are both dipoles, they will attract one another; The positive end of one dipole will attract the negative end of the other dipole, and vice-versa. These are stronger forces than ID-ID forces.

Dipole-Dipole forces are occasionally called Keesom forces.

[[Image:Acetone dipole-dipole.jpg|300px|thumb|Two propanone (&quot;acetone&quot;) molecules attract one another if their dipoles (δ+ to δ- partial charges) are aligned.]]

==Hydrogen Bonding==
This is the strongest type of intermolecular force. Hydrogen bonds only occur between a hydrogen atom and a lone pair of electrons on a nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F) atom. The H atom must have a strong partial charge (δ+), and this will be because the H atom is bonded to another N, O or F atom. The electronegative atom (N, O or F) pulls electrons away from the hydrogen so that, on the opposite side to the bond, the hydrogen appears almost like an unshielded proton.

Hydrogen bonds have a particular geometry. The N, O or F lone pair will have a specific angle relative to the other electron pairs, according to VSEPR theory. The X-H···X angle has to be close to 180°

[[Image:H-Bruecke-delta.svg|200px|thumb|left|Two water molecules form a hydrogen bond if the O-H bond of one molecule lines up with the lone pair on the O atom of the second molecule. The O-H···O angle will be close to 180°]]

= Shapes of Molecules - VSEPR Theory =

{{Wikipedia|molecular geometry}}

Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) is used to predict the shape of a molecule. &quot;Valence shell electrons&quot; are simply the electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Electrons are usually in pairs, and they repel one another. The shape of the molecule is a natural consequence of electrostatic repulsion between every electron pair.

You can use the so-called ''AXE method'' to calculate the shape of a molecule. &quot;A&quot; represents which atom's geometry we want to analyse. &quot;X&quot; represents anything bonded to atom A, either atoms or groups of atoms, whether bonded with a single, double or triple bond.  Lone pairs are labelled E. A molecule with three lone pairs and two atoms/groups bonded to it would be denoted AX&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.  The table below shows how X and E and molecular shape are related.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto 0;&quot;
|-
! AXE label
! X&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(substituents)&lt;/small&gt;
! E&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(lone pairs)&lt;/small&gt;
! Shape
! 2D diagram&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;lone pairs shown&lt;/small&gt;
! 2D diagram &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;lone pairs not shown&lt;/small&gt;
! 3D model&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;lone pairs shown&lt;/small&gt;
! 3D model&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;lone pairs not shown&lt;/small&gt;
! Examples
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|0
| Linear
| [[Image:AX1E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:dihydrogen|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|0
| Linear
| [[Image:AX2E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Linear-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:beryllium chloride|BeCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:mercury(II) chloride|HgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:carbon dioxide|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| Linear
| [[Image:AX1E1-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-2D.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E1-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:cyanide|CN&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|0
| Trigonal planar
| [[Image:AX3E0-side-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX3E0-side-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX3E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Trigonal-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:boron trifluoride|BF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:carbonate|CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:nitrate|NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:sulfur trioxide|SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| Bent
| [[Image:AX2E1-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2-bent-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2E1-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Bent-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:nitrite|NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:sulfur dioxide|SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:ozone|O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| Linear
| [[Image:AX1E2-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-2D.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E2-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:allotropes of oxygen#dioxygen|O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|4
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|0
| Tetrahedral
| [[Image:AX4E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX4E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX4E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:methane|CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:ammonium|NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:phosphate|PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:sulfate|SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:perchlorate|ClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| Trigonal pyramidal
| [[Image:AX3E1-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX3-pyramidal-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX3E1-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Pyramidal-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:ammonia|NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:phosphorus trichloride|PCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| Bent
| [[Image:AX2E2-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2-bent-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2E2-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Bent-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:water (molecule)|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:hydrogen sulfide|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:oxygen difluoride|OF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]|- 
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|3
| Linear
| [[Image:AX1E3-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-2D.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E3-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX1E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:hydrogen chloride|HCl]]
|-
! AX&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|5
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|0
| Trigonal Bipyramidal
| [[Image:AX5E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX5E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:Trigonal-bipyramidal-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Trigonal-bipyramidal-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:phosphorus pentachloride|PCl&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|4
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| Seesaw
| [[Image:AX4E1-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX4-seesaw-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX4E1-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Seesaw-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:sulfur tetrafluoride|SF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| T-shaped
| [[Image:AX3E2-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX3-T-shaped-2D.png|100px]]
| [[Image:AX3E2-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:T-shaped-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:chlorine trifluoride|ClF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:bromine trifluoride|BrF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|3
| Linear
| [[Image:AX2E3-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX2E3-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Linear-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:xenon difluoride|XeF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:triiodide|I&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]]
|-
! AX&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|6
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|0
| Octahedral
| [[Image:AX6E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX6E0-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX6E0-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Octahedral-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:sulfur hexafluoride|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|5
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
| Square pyramidal
| [[Image:AX5E1-2D-1.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX5-square-pyramidal-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX5E1-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Square-pyramidal-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:chlorine pentafluoride|ClF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:bromine pentafluoride|BrF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- 
! AX&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|4
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|2
| Square Planar
| [[Image:AX4E2-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX4-square-planar-2D.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:AX4E2-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[Image:Square-planar-3D-balls.png|100px]]
| [[w:xenon tetrafluoride|XeF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|}

== Methane molecule ==

There are multiple ways to show the structure of a molecule like methane. Dot-cross diagrams show each pair of electrons in the outer shell (the &quot;valence electrons&quot;). The 3D shape depends on the number of independent valence electron pairs.

{{Gallery
| align        = center
| whitebg      = yes
| File:Methane-2D-dot-cross.png
 | dot-cross diagram
| File:Methan Lewis.svg
 | displayed structure
| File:Methane-3D-balls.png
 | ball-and-stick model
| File:Methane-3D-vdW.png
 | spacefilling model
| File:Methane-2D-small.png
 | representation with 'wedge' and 'hash' bonds
| File:Methane tetrahedral lines.svg
 | connecting the H-atoms shows the tetrahedral structure
}}

== Ammonia molecule ==

{{Gallery
| align        = center
| whitebg      = yes
| File:Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.png
 | dot-cross diagram
| File:Ammonia-with-lone-pairs-3D-balls.png
 | ball-and-stick model with lone pair displayed
| File:Ammonia-3D-balls.png
 | ball-and-stick model without lone pair displayed
| File:Ammonia lone electron pair.svg
 | structural drawing with lone pair displayed
}}

== Water molecule ==

{{Gallery
| align        = center
| whitebg      = yes
| File:Water-2D-dot-cross.png
 | dot-cross diagram
| File:Water-with-lone-pairs-3D-balls.png
 | ball-and-stick model with lone pairs displayed
| File:Water-3D-balls.png
 | ball-and-stick model without lone pairs displayed
| File:Molecular shape - water.svg
 |structural drawing with lone pairs displayed
}}

== Tetrahedra ==
You have probably come across tetrahedra before in maths, although you most likely called them triangle-based pyramids. Tetrahedra have four vertices (corners), four faces and six edges.  Each face is an equilateral triangle.

The tetrahedron is one of the most important shapes in chemistry because a very great many molecules contain them. Tetrahedral molecules don't actually contain little pyramids.  What they do contain is a central atom bonded to four other atoms.  The four atoms surrounding the central atom occupy positions that you can imagine as the vertices of a tetrahedron.

In the image gallery below, the central atom is coloured magenta and the surrounding atoms are coloured white.

{{Gallery
| align        = center
| whitebg      = yes
| File:Tetrahedron-1-3D-balls.png
 |&lt;center&gt;a tetrahedral molecule&lt;/center&gt;
| File:Tetrahedron-2-3D-balls.png
 |&lt;center&gt;to see the tetrahedron, connect the surrounding atoms with lines&lt;/center&gt;
| File:Tetrahedron-3-3D-balls.png
 |&lt;center&gt;the lines form the edges of the tetrahedron&lt;/center&gt;
| File:Tetrahedron-4-3D-balls.png
 |
| File:Tetrahedral-angle-3D-balls.png
 |&lt;center&gt;tetrahedral angle ≈ 109.5°&lt;/center&gt;
| File:AX4E0-2D.svg
 |&lt;center&gt;chemists represent tetrahedra using hashed and wedged bonds&lt;/center&gt;
| File:Methane-2D-small.png
 |&lt;center&gt;this is how chemists represent methane&lt;/center&gt;
| File:Methane tetrahedral lines.svg
 |&lt;center&gt;connecting the H-atoms shows the tetrahedron&lt;/center&gt;
| File:Methane-2D-flat-small.png
 |&lt;center&gt;this 'flat' representation - GCSE-style - is simpler but less realistic&lt;/center&gt;
}}

The angle between any two bonds in a tetrahedral molecule is approximately 109.5°.  The tetrahedral angle can be calculated  as accurately as required because it is equal to cos&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;(–⅓).

== Octahedra ==

You may or may not have met an octahedron before. Octahedra have six vertices (corners), eight faces and twelve edges.  Each face is an equilateral triangle.

Octahedra are very important in chemistry because many complex ions formed by metals are octahedral.

&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Octahedron-1-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;an octahedral molecule&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Octahedron-2-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;to see the octahedron, connect the surrounding atoms with lines&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Octahedron-3-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;the lines form the edges of the octahedron&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Octahedron-4-3D-balls.png
Image:Octahedral-angle-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;octahedral angle = 90° exactly&lt;/center&gt;
Image:AX6E0-2D.svg|&lt;center&gt;chemists represent octahedra using hashed and wedged bonds&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Sulfur-hexafluoride-2D-small.svg|&lt;center&gt;this is how chemists represent sulfur hexafluoride, SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Sulfur-hexafluoride-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;a ball-and-stick model of SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

== Common molecular geometries ==
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Linear-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;linear&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angle: 180°&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Bent-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;bent&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angle: 104.5° (in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Trigonal-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal planar&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angle: 120°&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Pyramidal-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal pyramidal&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angle: 107° (in NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Square-planar-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;square planar&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angle: 90°&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;tetrahedral&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angle: 109.5°&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Trigonal-bipyramidal-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal bipyramidal&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angles: 90° and 120°&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Octahedral-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;octahedral&lt;/br&gt;X-A-X angle: 90°&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

== Further examples ==
=== Example molecules ===
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;linear: CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;bent: H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Boron-triiodide-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal planar: BI&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Ammonia-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;pyramidal: NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;square planar: XeF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Methane-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;tetrahedral: CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Phosphorus-pentachloride-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal bipyramidal: [[w:phosphorus pentachloride|PCl&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Sulfur-hexafluoride-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;octahedral: [[w:sulfur hexafluoride|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

The shape of a molecule can affect its polarity. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, BI&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, XeF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, PCl&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; and SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; all have '''polar ''bonds'''''. However, the geometry of the bonds is '''symmetrical''' and the polarity of the bonds in each molecule will cancel out, leaving a '''non-polar ''molecule'''''.

A polar molecule must have polar bonds '''and''' an asymmetrical structure. CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are similar molecules. The C-F bonds are more polar than the C-Cl bonds (and C-H bonds are hardly polar at all). However, CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; is symmetrical and therefore it is non-polar. CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; boils at -127.8 °C and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; boils at 39.6 °C. The lighter, but asymmetrical, molecule CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; boils at -51.7 °C.

=== Example ions ===
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Hydroxide-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;linear:&lt;br&gt;[[w:hydroxide|hydroxide]], OH&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Carbonate-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal planar:&lt;br&gt;[[w:carbonate|carbonate]], CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Nitrate-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal planar:&lt;br&gt;[[w:nitrate|nitrate]], NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Hydronium-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;trigonal pyramidal:&lt;br&gt;[[w:hydronium|hydronium]], H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Thiosulfate-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;tetrahedral:&lt;br&gt;[[w:thiosulfate|thiosulfate]], S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Sulfate-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;tetrahedral:&lt;br&gt;[[w:sulfate|sulfate]], SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Phosphate-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;tetrahedral:&lt;br&gt;[[w:phosphate|phosphate]], PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
Image:Ammonium-3D-balls.png|&lt;center&gt;tetrahedral:&lt;br&gt;[[w:ammonium|ammonium]], NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

==Answering Questions==

Many questions on this topic will ask about two or more chemicals and give you information such as:

* Chemical A has a higher boiling point than chemical B
* Chemical A has a higher melting point than chemical B
* Chemical A is less volatile than chemical B
* Chemical A is a solid and chemical B is a gas
* Chemical A is a solid and chemical B is a liquid
* Chemical A is a liquid and chemical B is a gas

If the chemicals are small molecules, in every case, you can immediately say that '''Chemical A has stronger intermolecular bonds''' than Chemical B.

If the chemicals are ionic, metallic or giant covalent structures, you can immediately say that '''Chemical A has strong bonds''' than Chemical B.

Now, you need to identify the bonds. If the chemicals have different types of bond, you have an answer: For example, &quot;Chemical A has hydrogen bonds which are stronger than the dipole-dipole forces in chemical B&quot;.

If the chemicals have the same bonds, then you need to dig deeper, why are these bonds stronger in chemical A? Dipole-dipole bonds depend on the strength of the dipole i.e. the differences in electronegativity. Induced dipole-induced dipole forces are stronger if the molecules have larger surfaces and/or more electrons. Metallic bonds are stronger if the metals release more electrons and/or form smaller ions (compare group 1, 2 and 3 metals). Ionic bonds are stronger if the ionic charges are large and/or the ions are small.


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>t0op0eh75ksnsdgowqwxypdaka565ti</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Mammal Alphabet/X</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>478114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633226</id>
      <parentid>4537540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T00:06:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26093-55</username>
        <id>3580059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4633226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="148" sha1="lfalnrdwfaf932qdqw906sjcxpgj5el" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''X''' is for '''X'''enosmilus&lt;/div&gt; 

[[File:Xenosmilus with concealed canine.jpg|500px|center]]</text>
      <sha1>lfalnrdwfaf932qdqw906sjcxpgj5el</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d5/3. Nxe5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>480819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633236</id>
      <parentid>4608644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3. Nxe5 */</comment>
      <origin>4633236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1279" sha1="alcaf1qjypu37jgwxiac73fcy42h8sw" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Elephant gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C40]]
|parent=[[../|Elephant gambit]]
}}
== 3. Nxe5 ==
Capturing the e-pawn is still winning for White but less common than 3. exd5.

If '''3...dxe4''' 4. Bc4 and White has overwhelming pressure on the f7 pawn. 

'''3...Bd6''' is the main move. After 4. d4 dxe4 5. Bc4 Bxe5, White has the critical move 6. Qh5!, threatening Qxf7# and Qxe5. Black has to trade queens and White goes into an endgame with the bishop pair. 6...Qe7 7. Qxe5 Qxe5 8. dxe5⩲. 

'''3...Nf6!?''' transposes into [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d5|Jobava's gambit in the Petrov defence after 4. exd5]]. An advantage of this approach is that Black can meet either 3. Nxe5 or 3. exd5 in the same way: they transpose after 3...Nf6!? 4. exd5 or 3...Nf6!? 4. Nxe5 respectively. 

'''3...Qe7!?''' shouldn't concern White, though it does lay a trap to watch out for. After 4. d4 f6, White must drop their knight back and give back the pawn 5. Nd3 dxe4 6. Nf4. Otherwise, a common idea when Black weakens their kingside, to play 5. Qh5+?? g6 6. Nxg6 thinking that the h-pawn is pinned and White will be up material, fails to 6...Qxe4+ and 7. Be2 Qxg6 or 7. Be3 Bg4.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{ChessFooter}}</text>
      <sha1>alcaf1qjypu37jgwxiac73fcy42h8sw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Porsche/VIN Codes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>481968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633179</id>
      <parentid>4633036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T19:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 5, Engine: */</comment>
      <origin>4633179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17814" sha1="jmcv0ld95vbnbxdhkg2ufsjy0qed0cv" xml:space="preserve">===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WP0 - Porsche passenger car
* WP1 - Porsche SUV

===Position 4, Body Style:===
'''718 / 911:'''
* A = Coupe
* B = Targa (911)
* C = Cabriolet
'''Panamera / Taycan:'''
* A = sedan (SWB)
* B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan)
* C = Sport Turismo
'''Macan / Cayenne:'''
* A = SUV (wagon)
* B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe)

===Position 5, Engine:===
'''Boxster/Cayman:'''

Type 987:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '0-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '0-'08)
*A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '0-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '0-'08)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12)

Type 981:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16)

'''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982)
*A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp &lt;br&gt; (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19)
*D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23)
*E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25)

'''911:'''

Type 997:
*A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '0-'08, Carrera 4 '0-'08, Targa 4 '0-'08)
*A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '0-'08, Carrera 4S '0-'08, Targa 4S '0-'08)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11)
*D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '08-'09)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13)
*C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11)
*C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '08)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11)
*D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11)

Type 991.1:
*A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16)

Type 991.2:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19)

Type 992:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24)
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24)
*H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24)
*B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26)
*G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25)
*D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24)

'''918 Spyder:'''

*A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15)

'''Panamera:'''

Type 970:
*A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13)
*A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16)
*D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13)
*D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16)
*F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13)
*F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16)

Type 971 &amp; 976:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20)
*J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23)
*A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23)
*K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23)
*F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-)

'''Taycan:'''
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24)
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-)

'''Macan:'''
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21)
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-)
*B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18)
*B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-)
*G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21)

'''Macan Electric:'''
*D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-)

'''Cayenne:'''

957 or 9PA:
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10)
*D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10)

958 or 92A:
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14)
*B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18)
*E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18)
*D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14)
*D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18)
*F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16)

9YA/9YB:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23)
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23)
*L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-)
*N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23)
*M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-)

'''Cayenne Electric:'''
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-)

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*1 = Seat Belts only
*2 =  Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags)

===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
!VIN Pos. 7-8
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|92
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|93
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|92
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|94
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|95
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|96
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|92
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|98
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|98
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|A8
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|A8
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|A8
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|91
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|93
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|96
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|99
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|99
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|99
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|A9
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|A9
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|A9
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|98
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|A1
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|A7
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|A7
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|YA
|
|Panamera (2024-)
|976
|-
|Y1
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|A5
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|XA
|
|Macan Electric (2024-)
|XAB
|-
|9P
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|AP
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A2
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|AY
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|-
|X1
|
|Cayenne Electric (2026-)
|E4
|}

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* S:    Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany
* L:    Leipzig, Germany
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-)
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25)
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944)
* U:    Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12)

===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code===
Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 12
!VIN Pos. 12
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|4
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|1
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|4
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|4
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|1
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|8
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|8
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|6
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|7
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|7
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|1
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|2
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|1
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|0
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|4
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|3
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|6
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|7
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|7
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|1
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|2
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|0
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|8
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|0
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|1
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|A
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|B
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|A
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|A
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|A
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|}

'''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>jmcv0ld95vbnbxdhkg2ufsjy0qed0cv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633189</id>
      <parentid>4633179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T22:01:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 5, Engine: */</comment>
      <origin>4633189</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18281" sha1="g10y0947pwjg5viqtxg30ai68amoem8" xml:space="preserve">===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WP0 - Porsche passenger car
* WP1 - Porsche SUV

===Position 4, Body Style:===
'''718 / 911:'''
* A = Coupe
* B = Targa (911)
* C = Cabriolet
'''Panamera / Taycan:'''
* A = sedan (SWB)
* B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan)
* C = Sport Turismo
'''Macan / Cayenne:'''
* A = SUV (wagon)
* B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe)

===Position 5, Engine:===
'''Boxster/Cayman:'''

Type 987:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06)
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08)
*A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12)
*B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12)

Type 981:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16)

'''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982)
*A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp &lt;br&gt; (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19)
*D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23)
*E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25)

'''911:'''

Type 997:
*A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '07-'08, Carrera 4 '07-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08)
*A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '07-'08, Carrera 4S '07-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11)
*D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13)
*C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11)
*C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11)
*D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11)

Type 991.1:
*A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16)

Type 991.2:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19)

Type 992:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24)
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24)
*H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24)
*B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26)
*G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25)
*D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24)

'''Carrera GT:'''

*A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05)

'''918 Spyder:'''

*A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15)

'''Panamera:'''

Type 970:
*A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13)
*A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16)
*D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13)
*D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16)
*F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13)
*F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16)

Type 971 &amp; 976:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20)
*J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23)
*A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23)
*K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23)
*F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-)

'''Taycan:'''
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24)
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-)

'''Macan:'''
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21)
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-)
*B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18)
*B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-)
*G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21)

'''Macan Electric:'''
*D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-)

'''Cayenne:'''

955/957 or 9PA:
*A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06)
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10)
*B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10)
*D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10)
*C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10)
*C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10)

958 or 92A:
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14)
*B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18)
*E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18)
*D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14)
*D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18)
*F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16)

9YA/9YB:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23)
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23)
*L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-)
*N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23)
*M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-)

'''Cayenne Electric:'''
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-)

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*1 = Seat Belts only
*2 =  Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags)

===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
!VIN Pos. 7-8
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|92
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|93
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|92
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|94
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|95
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|96
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|92
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|98
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|98
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|A8
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|A8
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|A8
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|91
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|93
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|96
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|99
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|99
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|99
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|A9
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|A9
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|A9
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|98
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|A1
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|A7
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|A7
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|YA
|
|Panamera (2024-)
|976
|-
|Y1
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|A5
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|XA
|
|Macan Electric (2024-)
|XAB
|-
|9P
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|AP
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A2
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|AY
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|-
|X1
|
|Cayenne Electric (2026-)
|E4
|}

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* S:    Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany
* L:    Leipzig, Germany
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-)
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25)
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944)
* U:    Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12)

===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code===
Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 12
!VIN Pos. 12
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|4
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|1
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|4
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|4
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|1
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|8
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|8
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|6
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|7
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|7
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|1
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|2
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|1
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|0
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|4
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|3
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|6
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|7
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|7
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|1
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|2
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|0
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|8
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|0
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|1
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|A
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|B
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|A
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|A
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|A
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|}

'''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>g10y0947pwjg5viqtxg30ai68amoem8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633198</id>
      <parentid>4633189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T23:44:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 5, Engine: */</comment>
      <origin>4633198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18304" sha1="qa6pfv7ipduoy1o4xhua8vyz3dyz6el" xml:space="preserve">===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WP0 - Porsche passenger car
* WP1 - Porsche SUV

===Position 4, Body Style:===
'''718 / 911:'''
* A = Coupe
* B = Targa (911)
* C = Cabriolet
'''Panamera / Taycan:'''
* A = sedan (SWB)
* B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan)
* C = Sport Turismo
'''Macan / Cayenne:'''
* A = SUV (wagon)
* B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe)

===Position 5, Engine:===
'''Boxster/Cayman:'''

Type 986:
*A = 
*B = 

Type 987:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06)
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08)
*A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12)
*B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12)

Type 981:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16)

'''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982)
*A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp &lt;br&gt; (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19)
*D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23)
*E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25)

'''911:'''

Type 997:
*A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '07-'08, Carrera 4 '07-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08)
*A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '07-'08, Carrera 4S '07-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11)
*D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13)
*C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11)
*C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11)
*D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11)

Type 991.1:
*A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16)

Type 991.2:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19)

Type 992:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24)
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24)
*H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24)
*B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26)
*G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25)
*D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24)

'''Carrera GT:'''

*A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05)

'''918 Spyder:'''

*A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15)

'''Panamera:'''

Type 970:
*A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13)
*A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16)
*D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13)
*D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16)
*F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13)
*F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16)

Type 971 &amp; 976:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20)
*J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23)
*A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23)
*K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23)
*F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-)

'''Taycan:'''
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24)
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-)

'''Macan:'''
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21)
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-)
*B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18)
*B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-)
*G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21)

'''Macan Electric:'''
*D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-)

'''Cayenne:'''

955/957 or 9PA:
*A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06)
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10)
*B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10)
*D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10)
*C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10)
*C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10)

958 or 92A:
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18)
*B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14)
*B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18)
*E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18)
*D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14)
*D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18)
*F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16)

9YA/9YB:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23)
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23)
*L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-)
*N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23)
*M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-)

'''Cayenne Electric:'''
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-)

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*1 = Seat Belts only
*2 =  Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags)

===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
!VIN Pos. 7-8
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|92
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|93
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|92
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|94
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|95
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|96
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|92
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|98
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|98
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|A8
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|A8
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|A8
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|91
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|93
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|96
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|99
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|99
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|99
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|A9
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|A9
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|A9
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|98
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|A1
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|A7
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|A7
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|YA
|
|Panamera (2024-)
|976
|-
|Y1
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|A5
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|XA
|
|Macan Electric (2024-)
|XAB
|-
|9P
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|AP
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A2
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|AY
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|-
|X1
|
|Cayenne Electric (2026-)
|E4
|}

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* S:    Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany
* L:    Leipzig, Germany
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-)
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25)
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944)
* U:    Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12)

===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code===
Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 12
!VIN Pos. 12
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|4
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|1
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|4
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|4
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|1
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|8
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|8
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|6
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|7
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|7
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|1
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|2
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|1
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|0
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|4
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|3
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|6
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|7
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|7
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|1
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|2
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|0
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|8
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|0
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|1
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|A
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|B
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|A
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|A
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|A
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|}

'''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qa6pfv7ipduoy1o4xhua8vyz3dyz6el</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Kingofnuthin</title>
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    <id>482248</id>
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      <id>4633192</id>
      <parentid>4632583</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Your response about FlaggedRevs */ new topic ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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== A belated welcome! ==

[[File:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|The welcome may be belated, but the cookies are still warm! {{smiley}}]]

Here's wishing you a belated welcome to Wikibooks, Kingofnuthin! I see that you've already been around a while and wanted to thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|your contributions]]. Though you seem to have been successful in finding your way around, you may still benefit from following some of the links below, which help editors get the most out of Wikibooks:

* [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]]
* [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks|What is Wikibooks?]]
* [[Using Wikibooks]]

Need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Try [[Wikibooks:Maintenance]].

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikibooks:Wikibookians|Wikibookian]]! Again, welcome!  &lt;!-- Template:Welcome-belated --&gt;
[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:38, 29 March 2026 (UTC)

== Some future Luna advice ==

If you want to avoid accidentally putting your user sandbox on RfD again, you can enable [[WB:LUNA#Debug mode|debug mode]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:40, 29 March 2026 (UTC)

== Your response about FlaggedRevs ==

I have decided on a compromise that we should probably consider discontinuing the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; for autoreviewed users, bots, reviewers and admins. You may see [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#c-Codename_Noreste-20260419203100-Codename_Noreste-20260322233000|my comment]] at the reading room for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:31, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1pwfiomjwcp1ihkz35b8c3kitfraken</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Jswdb2</title>
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        <id>3566511</id>
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      <comment>Welcoming user with {{Welcome}}</comment>
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==Welcome!==

{| style=&quot;background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;&quot;
 ! style=&quot;background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;&quot; | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks
 |-
 | style=&quot;padding:5px;&quot; |
* Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]].
* To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126; 
* Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community.
* [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun!
 |}

If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally.
[[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:51, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcoming user with {{Welcome-belated}}</comment>
      <origin>4633153</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1982" sha1="j85bgpeu9ndiljphcx7wz80ucm2bi0n" xml:space="preserve">
==Welcome!==

{| style=&quot;background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;&quot;
 ! style=&quot;background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;&quot; | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks
 |-
 | style=&quot;padding:5px;&quot; |
* Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]].
* To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126; 
* Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community.
* [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun!
 |}

If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally.
[[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:51, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
== A belated welcome! ==

[[File:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|The welcome may be belated, but the cookies are still warm! {{smiley}}]]

Here's wishing you a belated welcome to Wikibooks, Jswdb2! I see that you've already been around a while and wanted to thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Jswdb2|your contributions]]. Though you seem to have been successful in finding your way around, you may still benefit from following some of the links below, which help editors get the most out of Wikibooks:

* [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]]
* [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks|What is Wikibooks?]]
* [[Using Wikibooks]]

Need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Try [[Wikibooks:Maintenance]].

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikibooks:Wikibookians|Wikibookian]]! Again, welcome!  &lt;!-- Template:Welcome-belated --&gt;
[[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:55, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Proposals that involve the administrator toolset ==

{{tracked|T411828|resolved}}
Hi, everyone. I am doing the following proposals that involve the administrator permission.

===== Allow administrators to grant the account creator and confirmed user permissions? =====
Given that there are no bureaucrats on this project (the last one [[:m:Steward requests/Permissions/2023-01#c-MarcGarver-20230103173000-MarcGarver@enwikibooks|resigned in early 2023]]), I propose that administrators should also grant the [[Wikibooks:Account creators|account creator]] and [[Wikibooks:Confirmed users|confirmed]] user permissions locally in addition to bureaucrats.

===== Add &lt;code&gt;abusefilter-revert&lt;/code&gt; to the administrator permission? =====
I would also like to propose adding &lt;code&gt;abusefilter-revert&lt;/code&gt; to the administrator toolset. This will allow administrators to revert erroneous actions taken by the edit filter (such as blocking autopromotion or blocking), but it can also be used to choose which filter action can be reverted by using any specified date.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:48, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

=== Discussion and !votes ===
:As the admin who caused [[Special:Redirect/logid/5241716|this ordeal]], I {{support|support}} both these proposals. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 06:00, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] what was the context of that incident? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:50, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I set an edit filter to restrict an LTA's libelous edits, but it applied to any action on a page meeting those criteria (including deletions). I set it to both disallow the edit and revoke the user's autoconfirmed status. However, due to a [[phab:T377579|bug]], it didn't actually disallow the action. Thus, TenWhile6, while deleting a libelous page, had their autoconfirmed status revoked. I considered giving them temporary &lt;code&gt;confirmed&lt;/code&gt; access, but realized I couldn't. In the end, I had to contact a steward to get them to revert all actions from the filter. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:54, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Got it! In that case, I'm in favor of granting &lt;code&gt;abusefilter-revert&lt;/code&gt; to administrators so we can locally resolve any issues like that if they come up in the future. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:57, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::That's a sensible addition. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 16:49, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Re: the account creator and confirmed user permissions, I'd be interested in listing out all the advanced permissions of a bureaucrat and seeing whether it makes more sense to assign these rights to other groups or to work on installing more bureaucrats. This could potentially be a separate proposal/discussion. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:00, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
:: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], by looking at [[Special:ListGroupRights]], bureaucrats can grant the account creator, administrator, bot, bureaucrat, confirmed user, and interface administrator permissions (but not remove the administrator and bureaucrat permissions). I'd personally lean toward on allowing more administrators to be local bureaucrats (but otherwise this project does not need them at this time), but for that we need to define the criteria for granting per the [[m:MVR|minimum voting requirements]], if we should either have two or more bureaucrats on this project (or none at all), etc. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:20, 23 November 2025 (UTC)
:::As the last - and for many years only - crat on this project I suggest you don't go down the road of having them again. I used to get to do about one action a year and there aren't really enough admins here to justify crats. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:39, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Then we have 10 &quot;pseudo-bureaucrats&quot; instead? [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 16:46, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
::::: CC @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] to Leaderboard's response. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:05, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::Loosely speaking, aAllowing admins to do everything except creating crats and creating and removing admins makes sense to me. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:36, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::: However, I still think we have to use [[:m:SRB|SRB]] (for bot permission requests) and [[:m:SRP|SRP]] (for interface administrator and administrator permission requests). I can boldly update [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] to reflect this, and split [[Wikibooks:Bureaucrats]] to a separate page. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:59, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::: [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] and [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], allowing admins to grant or remove these advanced permissions is not possible, per [[:m:Limits to configuration changes]]: {{tq|Allow administrators to grant bot, administrator or interface admin rights: Rejected because granting and removing those flags is a task for bureaucrats where present, or stewards. Interface administrators also have highly sensitive permissions (to edit CSS and JS pages) and requests for granting must be carefully considered. As such, it is necessary that only bureaucrats or stewards handle this task}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:38, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
::::::::If the community does not want bureaucrats, I am OK with adding accountcreator + confirmed. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:23, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: So what I've said partially in my response to Kittycataclysm was my personal opinion - currently, the English Wikibooks has no need for local bureaucrats, but I think it is sensible to allow administrators to grant the account creator and confirmed permissions too. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:47, 26 November 2025 (UTC)

== Template:Under construction ==

The English wikipedia use as early as 2005 and 82 other language community adapted. 

[[w:Template:Under construction]]

Can Wikibook community adapt?

[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 20:40, 4 December 2025 (UTC)

:We already have {{tlx|Under construction}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:16, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
:: That template's text wasn't updated, just to note. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC)
== BOOK DONATION: Strawberry Creek Voices ==

The name of my book is Strawberry Creek Voices. I've been working on this project almost all year and now I'm finally at the point of being able to show it to the world.  I thought of Wikibooks because I have previously read the Free-Minds Quran [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran_(Progressive_Muslims_Organization)]and the online-contrib version of Tao Te Ching[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Tao_Te_Ching] from this website.  I believe SCV should fit in on Wikibooks because of the moralistic posture. In my opinion the aesthetic tone enhances the experiences in a way that will make SCV enjoyable to readers who find traditional literature of this type too dry. The URL for SCV's website is blocked by an automatic filter. However it appears I was able to successfully get the full text posted on wikibooks: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Strawberry_Creek_Voices 

[User:Remfan1994|Remfan1994]] ([[User talk:Remfan1994|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Remfan1994|contribs]]) 03:22, 15 December 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Remfan1994|Remfan1994]] and thank you for your interest! Unfortunately, it does not look like your book is [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|within scope here at Wikibooks]]. Wikibooks [[Wikibooks:SOURCE|does not permit fiction or creative writing]]. We also are not a text repository, and we do not host material published/posted elsewhere. As a result, this will likely be deleted. Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:20, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
::OK.  Sorry to bother you.  Maybe you could answer a question for me: any recommendations for another place to post this content? [[User:Remfan1994|Remfan1994]] ([[User talk:Remfan1994|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Remfan1994|contribs]]) 19:55, 16 December 2025 (UTC)
:::Perhaps substack or medium? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:27, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
== Template:New overflow 😰 ==

The [[Template:New|list of new books]] is overflowing. It lists them in alphabetical order, not the order in which they were made. Currently, only books that start with punctuation ([[.NET Development Foundation|''.NET Development Foundation'']]) up to ''[[Conphilosophy]]'' are covered. Under the ''Want to help?'' section it states, &quot;'''If this list gets too large, such as having over 25 books on it, categorize some of the books on the end of the list and remove the {\{new book}} template.'''&quot; We would either need to have people stay on task for this page, change it so it updates by creation date versus the first title character, or delete it entirely. Otherwise this page is useless or will encourage odd naming choices. [[User:ValWinter|ValWinter]] ([[User talk:ValWinter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ValWinter|contribs]]) 03:46, 25 December 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for the flag! The information on this page actually seems to be deprecated, and I don't think the page is necessary to keep. The new book template actually adds pages to [[:Category:New books]], and many of the books listed on the page actually do not feature the new book template. I think it may make sense to delete this page. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:20, 26 December 2025 (UTC)
::Ok yes, deleting would be best in this case. Thank you for looking into this page! [[User:ValWinter|ValWinter]] ([[User talk:ValWinter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ValWinter|contribs]]) 02:31, 26 December 2025 (UTC)
== Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? ==

Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are:
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]]
*[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]]
*[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]]
*[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]]
If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
: This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC)

== Suggested improvements to the Main Page ==

After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below:
* Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content).
* Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm,
.page-Main_Page #t-cite,
.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod,
.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub {
	display: none !important;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC)

:Is there a &quot;demo&quot; version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
:: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Maxima/Introduction By Example</title>
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      <comment>Page revisions. Work in progress.</comment>
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      <text bytes="7269" sha1="meyc6rfrbnt6l9ujsnb4kcpcmp39t10" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use ==
The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works.

The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level.

Dynamic pressure &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is calculated using the expression:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;q = \rho V^2/2&lt;/math&gt;Where:

* &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; = dynamic pressure  lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³
* &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s).
British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case.

Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the wxMaxima GUI unless noted otherwise.

First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	q : 1/2*ρ*V^2;
(q)	(V^2*ρ)/2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i2)	ρ : 0.0023769;
(ρ)	0.0023769&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i3)	''q;
(%o3)	0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	''q, VTAS = 200;
(%o4)	135.42178448367287
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named c as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i5)	c : 0.0033855446120918224;
(c)	0.0033855446120918224&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Next, enter&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i6)	q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2;
(%o6)	q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i7)	q(200);
(%o7)	135.4217844836729
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. 
In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. 

The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: &lt;math&gt;P = \rho /(R \cdot T)&lt;/math&gt; where in British Engineering units:

* &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is density in slugs/ft³
* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft²
* &lt;math&gt;T&lt;/math&gt;‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine)
* &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is (for dry air) approximately 1716 ft²/(s²·°R)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	P = \ρ/(R*T);
(%o8)	P=ρ/(R*T)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The backslash character ( \ ) in front of the character for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output.This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i9)	solve(%,\ρ);
(%o9)	[ρ=P*R*T]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The Maxima built-in identifier % names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;. Depending on the expression, the &lt;code&gt;solve&lt;/code&gt; operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i10)	%[1];
(%o10)	ρ=P*R*T
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ &lt;code&gt;[ρ=P*R*T]&lt;/code&gt;. The reference is obtained by use of the &lt;code&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt; syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i11)	igl : P = \ρ/(R*T);
(igl)	P=ρ/(R*T)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt;. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	solve(igl,\ρ)[1];
(%o12)	ρ=P*R*T
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The identifier &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt; can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression:  &lt;code&gt;P = \ρ/(R*T)&lt;/code&gt;

===== Pressure =====
However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h.
&lt;math&gt;P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)}

&lt;/math&gt;
Where in British Engineering units (feet, degrees Rankine, pounds-force per square foot), the constants are:

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is Pressure in pounds per square foot  lbf/ft² 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P_0&lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.4 lbf/ft²  or 14.696  lbf/in²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; is (Universal Gas Constant) 1545.35 ft·lb
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0 &lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.688 °R (15°C or 59°F)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; is (Lapse Rate): 0.00356616 °R/ft 
* &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is 32.174 ft/s²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is altitude in feet above sea level 

The exponent &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{g}{R \cdot L}&lt;/math&gt; evaluates to approximately 5.25588

===== Temperature =====
&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt; 

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; Temperature in °R 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; Altitude in feet. 

Thus, the practical formulas in British Engineering units are:

&lt;math&gt;P = 2116.4\cdot(1-(6.87535 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.25588}&lt;/math&gt;   

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt;

===== Density =====
{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Page revisions. Work in progress.</comment>
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      <text bytes="7579" sha1="3s1abw504bnef54vmcfrmg2nifugec2" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use ==
The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works.

The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level.

Dynamic pressure &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is calculated using the expression:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;q = \rho V^2/2&lt;/math&gt;Where:

* &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; = dynamic pressure  lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³
* &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s).
British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case.

Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the wxMaxima GUI unless noted otherwise.

First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	q : 1/2*ρ*V^2;
(q)	(V^2*ρ)/2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i2)	ρ : 0.0023769;
(ρ)	0.0023769&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i3)	''q;
(%o3)	0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	''q, VTAS = 200;
(%o4)	135.42178448367287
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i5)	c : 0.0033855446120918224;
(c)	0.0033855446120918224&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Next, enter&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i6)	q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2;
(%o6)	q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i7)	q(200);
(%o7)	135.4217844836729
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. 
In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. 

The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: &lt;math&gt;P = \rho /(R \cdot T)&lt;/math&gt; where in British Engineering units:

* &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is density in slugs/ft³
* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft²
* &lt;math&gt;T&lt;/math&gt;‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine)
* &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is (for dry air) approximately 1716 ft²/(s²·°R)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	P = \ρ/(R*T);
(%o8)	P=ρ/(R*T)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The backslash character ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) in front of the character for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output.This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i9)	solve(%,\ρ);
(%o9)	[ρ=P*R*T]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The Maxima built-in identifier &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;. Depending on the expression, the &lt;code&gt;solve&lt;/code&gt; operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i10)	%[1];
(%o10)	ρ=P*R*T
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ &lt;code&gt;[ρ=P*R*T]&lt;/code&gt;. The reference is obtained by use of the &lt;code&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt; syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i11)	igl : P = \ρ/(R*T);
(igl)	P=ρ/(R*T)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt;. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	solve(igl,\ρ)[1];
(%o12)	ρ=P*R*T
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The identifier &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt; can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression:  &lt;code&gt;P = \ρ/(R*T)&lt;/code&gt;

An identifier can also be used to assign a solution. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i13)	solution : solve(igl,\ρ)[1];
(solution)	ρ=P*R*T

(%i14)	solve(solution,T)[1];
(%o14)	T=ρ/(P*R)

(%i15)	solve(solution,P)[1];
(%o15)	P=ρ/(R*T)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===== Pressure =====
However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h.
&lt;math&gt;P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)}

&lt;/math&gt;
Where in British Engineering units (feet, degrees Rankine, pounds-force per square foot), the constants are:

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is Pressure in pounds per square foot  lbf/ft² 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P_0&lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.4 lbf/ft²  or 14.696  lbf/in²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; is (Universal Gas Constant) 1545.35 ft·lb
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0 &lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.688 °R (15°C or 59°F)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; is (Lapse Rate): 0.00356616 °R/ft 
* &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is 32.174 ft/s²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is altitude in feet above sea level 

The exponent &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{g}{R \cdot L}&lt;/math&gt; evaluates to approximately 5.25588

===== Temperature =====
&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt; 

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; Temperature in °R 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; Altitude in feet. 

Thus, the practical formulas in British Engineering units are:

&lt;math&gt;P = 2116.4\cdot(1-(6.87535 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.25588}&lt;/math&gt;   

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt;

===== Density =====
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3s1abw504bnef54vmcfrmg2nifugec2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633227</id>
      <parentid>4633193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T02:01:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Page revisions. Work in progress.</comment>
      <origin>4633227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8170" sha1="bitvwn2irnd9v0dj9wweiaecus3fkto" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use ==
The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works.

The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level.

Dynamic pressure &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is calculated using the expression:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;q = \rho V^2/2&lt;/math&gt;Where:

* &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; = dynamic pressure  lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³
* &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s).
British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case.

Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the wxMaxima GUI unless noted otherwise.

First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	q : 1/2*ρ*V^2;
(q)	(V^2*ρ)/2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i2)	ρ : 0.0023769;
(ρ)	0.0023769&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i3)	''q;
(%o3)	0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i4)	''q, VTAS = 200;
(%o4)	135.42178448367287
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i5)	c : 0.0033855446120918224;
(c)	0.0033855446120918224&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Next, enter&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i6)	q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2;
(%o6)	q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i7)	q(200);
(%o7)	135.4217844836729
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. 
In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. 

The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: &lt;math&gt;P = \rho /(R \cdot T)&lt;/math&gt; where in British Engineering units:

* &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is density in slugs/ft³
* &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft²
* &lt;math&gt;T&lt;/math&gt;‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine)
* &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; ‒ is (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 ft²/(s²·°R)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	P = \ρ/(R*T);
(%o8)	P=ρ/(R*T)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The backslash character ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) in front of the character for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output.This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i9)	solve(%,\ρ);
(%o9)	[ρ=P*R*T]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The Maxima built-in identifier &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;. Depending on the expression, the &lt;code&gt;solve&lt;/code&gt; operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i10)	%[1];
(%o10)	ρ=P*R*T
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ &lt;code&gt;[ρ=P*R*T]&lt;/code&gt;. The reference is obtained by use of the &lt;code&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt; syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i11)	igl : P = \ρ/(R*T);
(igl)	P=ρ/(R*T)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt;. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i12)	solve(igl,\ρ)[1];
(%o12)	ρ=P*R*T
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The identifier &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt; can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression:  &lt;code&gt;P = \ρ/(R*T)&lt;/code&gt;

An identifier can also be used to assign a solution. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i13)	solution : solve(igl,\ρ)[1];
(solution)	ρ=P*R*T

(%i14)	solve(solution,T)[1];
(%o14)	T=ρ/(P*R)

(%i15)	solve(solution,P)[1];
(%o15)	P=ρ/(R*T)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This expression can be checked against known values:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i16)	\°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67;
(%o16)	°R(°F):=°F+459.67

(%i17)	P(p) := p*144.0;
(%o17)	P(p):=p*144.0

(%i18)	R:1716.56;
(R)	1716.56

(%i19)	\ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F));
(%o19)	ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows:

*
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i20)	\ρ(14.696,59.0);
(%20)	0.0023769033250291326
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


===== Pressure =====
However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h.
&lt;math&gt;P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)}

&lt;/math&gt;
Where in British Engineering units (feet, degrees Rankine, pounds-force per square foot), the constants are:

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is Pressure in pounds per square foot  lbf/ft² 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P_0&lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft²  or 14.696  lbf/in²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; is (Universal Gas Constant) 1545.35 ft·lb
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0 &lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15°C or 59°F)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; is (Lapse Rate): 0.00356616 °R/ft 
* &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is 32.174 ft/s²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is altitude in feet above sea level 

The exponent &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{g}{R \cdot L}&lt;/math&gt; evaluates to approximately 5.25588

===== Temperature =====
&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt; 

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; Temperature in °R 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; Altitude in feet. 

Thus, the practical formulas in British Engineering units are:

&lt;math&gt;P = 2116.4\cdot(1-(6.87535 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.25588}&lt;/math&gt;   

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt;

===== Density =====
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>bitvwn2irnd9v0dj9wweiaecus3fkto</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Speedy deletion</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>482855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633131</id>
      <parentid>4632616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>made changes to draft policy</comment>
      <origin>4633131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8485" sha1="otg2m8zmv64i9euw9i6njklit5oj7if" xml:space="preserve">{{draft}}
'''Speedy deletion''' is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone.

Add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:Delete|delete]]&lt;nowiki&gt;|reasons for speedy deletion}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available.

Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria below can be considered for speedy deletion.

== General ==
General criteria apply to every type of page.

=== G1. No meaningful content ===
This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered &quot;meaningful content&quot; depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages.  Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced.
Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to:

* Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]].
* Test edits and nonsense.
* Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content.

=== G2. Test page ===
This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates.

=== G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted ===
This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion.

=== G4. Author requests deletion ===
This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor.

=== G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page ===
This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to:

* Talk pages with no corresponding subject page
* Subpages with no parent page
* Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons)
* Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted
* Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages

=== G6. Unamibigious copyright infringement ===
This criterion applies to text pages that contain copyrighted material with no credible assertion of public domain, fair use, or a compatible free license, where there is no non-infringing content on the page worth saving. Only if the history is unsalvageably corrupted should it be deleted in its entirety; earlier versions without infringement should be retained. Sources should be provided to prove the existence of copyright infringement

== Books ==
These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects.

=== B1. No context ===
This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book.

=== B2. Foreign language books ===
This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on.

=== B3. No content ===
This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images.

=== B4. Out of scope ===
This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope.

== Redirects ==
These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page.

=== R1. Cross-namespace redirects ===
This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, and Help: namespaces.

=== R2. Redirects for implausible typos ===
This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move.

== Files ==
These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace.

=== F1. Redundant ===
This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. 

=== F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file ===
This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information.

=== F3. Improper license ===
This criterion applies to media licensed as &quot;for non-commercial use only&quot; (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), &quot;no derivative use&quot;, &quot;for Wikipedia use only&quot;, or &quot;used with permission&quot;.

=== F4. Lack of licensing information ===
This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such.

=== F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons ===
This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons.

=== F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement ===
This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. 

=== F7. No evidence of permission ===
This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed.

== Categories ==
These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace.

=== C1. Unpopulated categories ===
This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion.

=== C2. Unused maintenance categories ===
This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty.

== Templates ==
These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces.

=== T1. Unused template subpages ===
This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as:

* Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation)
* /core subpages which are not called by the template itself

== User pages ==
These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces.

=== U1. User request ===
This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages.

=== U2. Nonexistent user ===
This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion.

== See also ==
* [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]</text>
      <sha1>otg2m8zmv64i9euw9i6njklit5oj7if</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633161</id>
      <parentid>4633131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T17:42:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added B5 and changed G5</comment>
      <origin>4633161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8980" sha1="07tlbzvztampmeb1zo8x5qbbmfinhud" xml:space="preserve">{{draft}}
'''Speedy deletion''' is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone.

Add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:Delete|delete]]&lt;nowiki&gt;|reasons for speedy deletion}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available.

Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria below can be considered for speedy deletion.

== General ==
General criteria apply to every type of page.

=== G1. No meaningful content ===
This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered &quot;meaningful content&quot; depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages.  Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced.
Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to:

* Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]].
* Test edits and nonsense.

=== G2. Test page ===
This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates.

=== G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted ===
This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion.

=== G4. Author requests deletion ===
This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor.

=== G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page ===
This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to:

* Talk pages with no corresponding subject page
* Subpages with no parent page
* Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons)
* Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted
* Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages
Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version.

=== G6. Unamibigious copyright infringement ===
This criterion applies to text pages that contain copyrighted material with no credible assertion of public domain, fair use, or a compatible free license, where there is no non-infringing content on the page worth saving. Only if the history is unsalvageably corrupted should it be deleted in its entirety; earlier versions without infringement should be retained. Sources should be provided to prove the existence of copyright infringement.

== Books ==
These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects.

=== B1. No context ===
This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book.

=== B2. Foreign language books ===
This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on.

=== B3. No content ===
This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images.

=== B4. Out of scope ===
This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope.

=== B5. Abandoned books with no meaningful content ===
This criterion applies to books that have an outline or a draft, but have not been developed or expanded in a long time. In such cases, the nominator should first leave a message in the talk page of the author of the book. If the author responds by saying that they will expand it, the book should not be speedily deleted.

== Redirects ==
These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page.

=== R1. Cross-namespace redirects ===
This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, and Help: namespaces.

=== R2. Redirects for implausible typos ===
This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move.

== Files ==
These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace.

=== F1. Redundant ===
This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. 

=== F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file ===
This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information.

=== F3. Improper license ===
This criterion applies to media licensed as &quot;for non-commercial use only&quot; (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), &quot;no derivative use&quot;, &quot;for Wikipedia use only&quot;, or &quot;used with permission&quot;.

=== F4. Lack of licensing information ===
This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such.

=== F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons ===
This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons.

=== F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement ===
This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. 

=== F7. No evidence of permission ===
This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed.

== Categories ==
These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace.

=== C1. Unpopulated categories ===
This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion.

=== C2. Unused maintenance categories ===
This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty.

== Templates ==
These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces.

=== T1. Unused template subpages ===
This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as:

* Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation)
* /core subpages which are not called by the template itself

== User pages ==
These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces.

=== U1. User request ===
This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages.

=== U2. Nonexistent user ===
This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion.

== See also ==
* [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]</text>
      <sha1>07tlbzvztampmeb1zo8x5qbbmfinhud</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633163</id>
      <parentid>4633161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T17:47:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added clarification</comment>
      <origin>4633163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9128" sha1="ktwqobcy1yhcnf1usyjxkzixljyxat8" xml:space="preserve">{{draft}}
'''Speedy deletion''' is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. A speedy deletion nomination where there is '''any''' doubt that the criterion may not apply to the page should instead be a request for deletion. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone.

Add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:Delete|delete]]&lt;nowiki&gt;|reasons for speedy deletion}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available.

Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria below can be considered for speedy deletion. 

== General ==
General criteria apply to every type of page.

=== G1. No meaningful content ===
This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered &quot;meaningful content&quot; depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages.  Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced.
Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to:

* Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]].
* Test edits and nonsense.

=== G2. Test page ===
This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates.

=== G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted ===
This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion.

=== G4. Author requests deletion ===
This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor.

=== G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page ===
This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to:

* Talk pages with no corresponding subject page
* Subpages with no parent page
* Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons)
* Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted
* Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages
Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version.

=== G6. Unamibigious copyright infringement ===
This criterion applies to text pages that contain copyrighted material with no credible assertion of public domain, fair use, or a compatible free license, where there is no non-infringing content on the page worth saving. Only if the history is unsalvageably corrupted should it be deleted in its entirety; earlier versions without infringement should be retained. Sources should be provided to prove the existence of copyright infringement.

== Books ==
These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects.

=== B1. No context ===
This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book.

=== B2. Foreign language books ===
This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on.

=== B3. No content ===
This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images.

=== B4. Out of scope ===
This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope.

=== B5. Abandoned books with no meaningful content ===
This criterion applies to books that have an outline or a draft, but have not been developed or expanded in a long time. In such cases, the nominator should first leave a message in the talk page of the author of the book. If the author responds by saying that they will expand it, the book should not be speedily deleted.

== Redirects ==
These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page.

=== R1. Cross-namespace redirects ===
This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, and Help: namespaces.

=== R2. Redirects for implausible typos ===
This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move.

== Files ==
These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace.

=== F1. Redundant ===
This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. 

=== F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file ===
This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information.

=== F3. Improper license ===
This criterion applies to media licensed as &quot;for non-commercial use only&quot; (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), &quot;no derivative use&quot;, &quot;for Wikipedia use only&quot;, or &quot;used with permission&quot;.

=== F4. Lack of licensing information ===
This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such.

=== F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons ===
This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons.

=== F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement ===
This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. 

=== F7. No evidence of permission ===
This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed.

== Categories ==
These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace.

=== C1. Unpopulated categories ===
This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion.

=== C2. Unused maintenance categories ===
This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty.

== Templates ==
These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces.

=== T1. Unused template subpages ===
This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as:

* Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation)
* /core subpages which are not called by the template itself

== User pages ==
These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces.

=== U1. User request ===
This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages.

=== U2. Nonexistent user ===
This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion.

== See also ==
* [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]</text>
      <sha1>ktwqobcy1yhcnf1usyjxkzixljyxat8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>482900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633173</id>
      <parentid>4633009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T19:00:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2300" sha1="ttx79dlqqpe71t63pev3w2hz6alrm5l" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ttx79dlqqpe71t63pev3w2hz6alrm5l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633174</id>
      <parentid>4633173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T19:18:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2400" sha1="1ph3jz37m1x9o5bhtlty0jdnwbmqisd" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;.

The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; is addressed here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1ph3jz37m1x9o5bhtlty0jdnwbmqisd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633175</id>
      <parentid>4633174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T19:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2555" sha1="ptlxwge36vueaddrbr81jlmp4wn41gn" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;.

     The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

     The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

     There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed: [[b:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ptlxwge36vueaddrbr81jlmp4wn41gn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633176</id>
      <parentid>4633175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T19:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2565" sha1="8uw8ibxftxvyx772tukxc6q7kqne9y7" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;.

     The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

     The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

     There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed: [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>8uw8ibxftxvyx772tukxc6q7kqne9y7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633177</id>
      <parentid>4633176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T19:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2556" sha1="diym2b7tst4qpm5oi1wzqe9cdr7ue77" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;.

* The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

* The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

* There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed: [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>diym2b7tst4qpm5oi1wzqe9cdr7ue77</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633178</id>
      <parentid>4633177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T19:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2761" sha1="rhw4blaqx35jk5c66gjcaf4dr30c4bz" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;, and there is a related concept of &quot;fair use&quot;.

* The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

* The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

* There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed: [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]]

* There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633181</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-29T20:27:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633181</origin>
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      <text bytes="2797" sha1="6uzqb4uk6jiz6ujl1doant7jiauc44x" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;, and there is a related concept of &quot;fair use&quot;.

* The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

* The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

* There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed(but includes material of relevance): [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]]

* There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6uzqb4uk6jiz6ujl1doant7jiauc44x</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633182</id>
      <parentid>4633181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T20:31:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633182</origin>
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      <text bytes="2798" sha1="sv0f1zfnptrzb5t3psr6dtjjbmz3jkq" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;, and there is a related concept of &quot;fair use&quot;.

* The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

* The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

* There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed (but includes material of relevance): [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]]

* There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain, both in Australia and worldwide.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>sv0f1zfnptrzb5t3psr6dtjjbmz3jkq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633184</id>
      <parentid>4633182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T20:47:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4633184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3023" sha1="l2zuqk13sqi15i8unwu0mkp8ipix7jo" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING &amp; FAIR USE'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of &quot;fair dealing&quot;, and there is a related concept of &quot;fair use&quot;.

* The Wikipedia article on &quot;fair dealing&quot; (prescriptive exceptions to copyright) seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

* The closely related concept of &quot;fair use&quot; (non-prescriptive exceptions to copyright) is addressed in Wikipedia here [[w:Fair_use|Fair use]]

* There is a rejected Wikibooks policy or guideline proposal that should not be followed (but includes material of relevance): [[b:Wikibooks:Fair_use_policy|Fair use policy]]

* There is a Wikipedia article (including several Wikipedia policies) which indirectly addresses the topic: [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|Non-free content]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY_Sydney/Notes

My broader response is as follows:

(1) Fair dealing does not technically apply to public domain articles, it is rather a copyright exception, however the source must be cited otherwise the material has been plagiarised.

(2) Material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain (not subject to copyright), both in Australia and worldwide.

(3) It is intended to develop another article which specifically addresses copyright as relevant to this Wikibook.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>l2zuqk13sqi15i8unwu0mkp8ipix7jo</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Lentis/The Ebola Outbreak of 2014</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633195</id>
      <parentid>4633022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T23:15:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BDaws</username>
        <id>3579797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Background */ Put information into paragraphs and added references</comment>
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      <text bytes="3635" sha1="btgla41404iwxamdqj825zj8qqx9rvy" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. 

== Background ==
The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur.

Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== History ===
First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Response ==

=== Affected Populations ===

=== Healthcare Workers ===

=== World Health Organization (WHO) ===

== References ==

# [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic | MMWR]
# [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014 Ebola outbreak of 2014–16 | Description, Stages, Experimental Treatments, &amp; Challenges | Britannica]
# [https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa ]
# [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease Ebola disease]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633196</id>
      <parentid>4633195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T23:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BDaws</username>
        <id>3579797</id>
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      <comment>/* References */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3227" sha1="8msq9d5ud7dmjooz02iafl6blv1awsv" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. 

== Background ==
The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak in West Africa, 2014 – 2016: Epidemic timeline, differential diagnoses, determining factors, and lessons for future response |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur.

Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== History ===
First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Response ==

=== Affected Populations ===

=== Healthcare Workers ===

=== World Health Organization (WHO) ===

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4633228</id>
      <parentid>4633196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T02:01:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BDaws</username>
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      <comment>/* Healthcare Workers */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6377" sha1="7qllb1qn8sh8pe3tyxejwqahf0rmttz" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was one of the most severe public-health crises of the twenty-first century. The outbreak began in the village of Meliandou in Guinea and quickly spread to neighboring countries. Lasting from 2014-2016, the virus caused widespread devastation and death, claiming more than 11,000 lives during the outbreak. 

== Background ==
The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak was the largest epidemic of Ebola virus. Unlike previous Ebola outbreaks, which were small and geographically isolated, the 2014 outbreak spread across multiple countries in Western Africa and isolated cases were reported in countries outside of Western Africa as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Beth P. |date=2016 |title=Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a2.htm |journal=MMWR Supplements |language=en-us |volume=65 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2 |issn=2380-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2014 outbreak began in December 2013, in Meliandou Village, Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak in West Africa, 2014 – 2016: Epidemic timeline, differential diagnoses, determining factors, and lessons for future response |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebola-outbreak-of-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The virus spread quickly reaching Liberia by March 2014, and Sierra Leone by May 2014 where major outbreaks would occur.

Several factors contributed to the severity of the outbreak, including population mobility across borders, limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed international response, and cultural practices such as burial traditions that increased exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Urban transmission distinguished this outbreak from previous cases which had largely occurred in rural and remote areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 - West Africa |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Despite the increased international aid the outbreak would continue for another two years. The outbreak was officially declared over in June 2016, after infecting more than 28,600 individuals and killing 11,325.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== History ===
First identified in 1976 in the village of Yambuku, located in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ebola virus is a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus, which consists of 6 species.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-disease |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebola is a severe often fatal illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and organ failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The virus transmits through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Response ==

=== Affected Populations ===

=== Healthcare Workers ===
Healthcare workers were among the most vulnerable groups in the 2014 outbreak, facing exposure due to limited resources and rapidly changing conditions. Facilities across West Africa were unprepared for such an outbreak lacking adequate personal protective equipment, sanitation infrastructure, and consistent training. Healthcare workers were estimated to be 21-32 times more likely to contract Ebola than the general public, with over 800 infected and more than 500 deaths reported.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health worker Ebola infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EVD-SDS-REPORT-2015.1 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified exposure and insufficient protection as a major driver of infection in healthcare settings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Update: Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak — West Africa, October 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6343a3.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local healthcare workers often operated in under-supplied facilities with less consistent training, while international responders had better equipment, training, and evacuation options.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola: Pushed to the limit and beyond {{!}} MSF |url=https://www.msf.org/ebola-pushed-limit-and-beyond |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.msf.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Workers were crucial in implementing key containment strategies such as isolation protocols, contact tracing, and safe burial practices. Effectively executing these strategies required public trust and cooperation which became a problem during such an outbreak. In many cases mistrust and cultural tension hindered compliance, as treatment centers were feared and traditional practices conflicted with medical guidelines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abramowitz |first=Sharon |date=2017-10-23 |title=Epidemics (Especially Ebola) |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=Volume 46, 2017 |pages=421–445 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041616 |issn=0084-6570}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, healthcare workers faced severe phycological strain, burnout, and social stigma due to being seen as a possible risk of infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shultz |first=James M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Janice L. |last3=Baingana |first3=Florence |last4=Oquendo |first4=Maria A. |last5=Espinel |first5=Zelde |last6=Althouse |first6=Benjamin M. |last7=Marcelin |first7=Louis Herns |last8=Towers |first8=Sherry |last9=Espinola |first9=Maria |last10=McCoy |first10=Clyde B. |last11=Mazurik |first11=Laurie |last12=Wainberg |first12=Milton L. |last13=Neria |first13=Yuval |last14=Rechkemmer |first14=Andreas |date=2016-11 |title=The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241909/ |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=104 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=5241909 |pmid=27739026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== World Health Organization (WHO) ===

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Modern History of China/Opening, Restoration, and Reform</title>
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      <comment>My pages</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Marking for speedy deletion: Test page</comment>
      <origin>4633233</origin>
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      <text bytes="65" sha1="isj3jsoafhzn0ban2l4eg735mzzu591" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Delete|example=false|Test page}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
My page</text>
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  <page>
    <title>YouGov Poll: Probability SAT</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>482933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633107</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:04:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22598-75</username>
        <id>3575788</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;In April 2026, the survey website YouGov.com updated its results for celebrities' approval ratings. The current results are for the first quarter of 2026, which began on January 1, 2026, and ended on March 31, 2026.   ==Questions==  Figure 1, this table, shows the opinion distributions for the top 6 highest-rated celebrities for this survey. Note that &quot;Fame&quot; refers to the percentage of survey participants who know, or have heard of, the celebrity. &quot;Like,&quot; &quot;Dislike,&quot; and...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4633107</origin>
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      <text bytes="6135" sha1="n2c8equ8lqggi0uu46jhtmb7by4bbcd" xml:space="preserve">In April 2026, the survey website YouGov.com updated its results for celebrities' approval ratings. The current results are for the first quarter of 2026, which began on January 1, 2026, and ended on March 31, 2026. 

==Questions==

Figure 1, this table, shows the opinion distributions for the top 6 highest-rated celebrities for this survey. Note that &quot;Fame&quot; refers to the percentage of survey participants who know, or have heard of, the celebrity. &quot;Like,&quot; &quot;Dislike,&quot; and &quot;Neutral,&quot; are subsets of &quot;Fame.&quot; For example, this table shows that 94.6% of people have heard of Betty White; of those who know her, she is liked by 82.0% of all participants and disliked by 1.7%, while 11.0% are neutral towards her. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Name
! Fame
! Like
! Dislike
! Neutral
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Betty White
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 94.6%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 82.0%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 1.7%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 11.0%
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Keanu Reeves
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 94.1%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 81.4%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 2.2%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 10.6%
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Samuel L. Jackson
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 96.4%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 80.9%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 4.5%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 11.1%
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Morgan Freeman
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 96.4%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 80.9%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 3.1%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 12.4%
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Bruce Willis
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 92.6%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 77.9%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 1.5%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 13.3%
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Denzel Washington
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 92.6%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 77.7%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 2.8%
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 12.1%
|}

===Example 1===

Calculate the '''effective''' approval rating of Morgan Freeman in this survey. Round your answer to the nearest millionth. 

===Solution===

Morgan Freeman is the fourth most approved celebrity according to this survey, as shown in the table above, with an approval rating of 80.9%. However, as stated before, &quot;Like,&quot; &quot;Dislike,&quot; and &quot;Neutral&quot; do not exist in a vacuum, but rather, as a subset of &quot;Fame,&quot; so, technically, the effective approval and disapproval ratings are slightly higher than the displayed values. The &quot;Fame&quot; score of 96.4% indicates that, in this quarter, 96.4% of people know Morgan Freeman. For every 1000 people, 964 people know Morgan Freeman; of those 964 people, 809 people have a positive opinion of him. 

&lt;math&gt;\frac{809}{964}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.839211618..., rounded to the nearest millionth as '''0.839212.'''

This means that, although his approval is listed as 81% (80.9% on the &quot;Fame &amp; Popularity Tracker&quot; page, which gives three significant figures), he is technically 84% approved, since his &quot;Fame,&quot; while close to 100%, is slightly less than 100% (96.4%). 

===Example 2===

The percentages in the table (and the website) are approximations, given only to the nearest thousandth. Therefore, the answer to Example 1, given above, is not exact. Calculate the minimum and maximum.

===Solution===

If a decimal is rounded to 80.9% or 0.809, it can be any value between:

* 1) 0.809000 and 0.810000 (but not including 0.810000) if the '''truncation rounding system''' is used
* 2) 0.808500 and 0.809500 (but not including 0.809500) if the '''&quot;round to the nearest&quot; system''' is used
* 3) 0.808000 and 0.809000 (excluding the lower bound, 0.808000) if the '''&quot;round up to the next&quot; system''' is used

The website does not seem to provide clear details about which of the three rounding systems is being used. Therefore, the approval score of 80.9% may be as low as 0.808000 or as high as 0.810000. The &quot;fame&quot; score of 96.4% may be as low as 0.963000 or as high as 0.965000.

'''Minimum:''' &lt;math&gt;\frac{808}{965}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.83730569948..., or approximately '''0.837306'''

'''Maximum:''' &lt;math&gt;\frac{810}{963}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.84112149532..., or approximately '''0.841121'''

===Example 3===

Assuming the minimum value (0.837305), calculate the probability, for a classroom of 10 students, that all 10 students are Morgan Freeman fans, assuming independence.

===Solution===

(0.837305)&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.118742, or approximately 11.9%. 

===Example 4===

What is the probability that a randomly selected group of 12 people will contain 8 fans and 4 non-fans?

===Solution===

12 C 4 = 495 (There are 495 ways to select 4 from a set of 12.)

495 × (0.837305)&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; × (1 − 0.837305)&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.083786, or approximately 8.4%.

===Example 5===

Of those who are aware of Bruce Willis, find the percentage of people who '''dislike''' Bruce Willis.

===Solution===

For every 1000 people, there are, on average, 926 people who know Bruce Willis. Of those 926 people, there are 779 people who have a positive opinion of him and 133 people who are indifferent. This leaves only 15 people who '''dislike''' him.

&lt;math&gt;\frac{15}{926}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.016199, or about 1.62%.

'''Minimum:''' &lt;math&gt;\frac{14}{927}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.015102, or about 1.51%.

'''Maximum:''' &lt;math&gt;\frac{16}{925}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.017297, or about 1.73%.

===Example 6===

Justin Bieber has 96.5% fame. Of that 96.5%, he has 37.5% approval, while 29.7% dislike him, and 29.3% are neutral. Calculate his effective approval rating.

===Solution===

&lt;math&gt;\frac{375}{965}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.388601, or about 38.86%.

'''Minimum:''' &lt;math&gt;\frac{374}{966}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.387164, or about 38.72%.

'''Maximum:''' &lt;math&gt;\frac{376}{964}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.390041, or about 39.00%.

===Example 7=== 

Find the probability that a group of 4 randomly selected people consists entirely of Justin Bieber fans, using the minimum value calculated in Example 6 above.

===Solution===

(0.387164)&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.022469, or approximately 2.25%.

===Example 8=== 

As a follow-up to Example 7, find the probability that, in 5 randomly selected people, that all 5 people are Justin Bieber fans.

===Solution===

(0.387164)&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.008699, or approximately 0.87%.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>How wells fargo became a bank</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>482934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633137</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:10:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26167-64</username>
        <id>3579995</id>
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      <comment>nothing</comment>
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      <text bytes="432" sha1="gxwdqa6gxx6blxtgk92jzwpgamrbknk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=DOI DESATIVADO |first=DOI DESATIVADO |url=https://doi.org/10.29327/5666807 |title=DOI DESATIVADO |last2=DOI DESATIVADO |first2=DOI DESATIVADO |last3=DOI DESATIVADO |first3=DOI DESATIVADO |last4=DOI DESATIVADO |first4=DOI DESATIVADO |last5=DOI DESATIVADO |first5=DOI DESATIVADO |last6=DOI DESATIVADO |first6=DOI DESATIVADO |last7=DOI DESATIVADO |first7=DOI DESATIVADO |date=2025-07-08 |publisher=Even 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633138</id>
      <parentid>4633137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T16:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenshi Hinanawi</username>
        <id>3513579</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Requesting deletion</comment>
      <origin>4633138</origin>
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      <text bytes="460" sha1="9hu7y6u9t9921gb5c83eadlqlk4pjl3" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|No useful content}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=DOI DESATIVADO |first=DOI DESATIVADO |url=https://doi.org/10.29327/5666807 |title=DOI DESATIVADO |last2=DOI DESATIVADO |first2=DOI DESATIVADO |last3=DOI DESATIVADO |first3=DOI DESATIVADO |last4=DOI DESATIVADO |first4=DOI DESATIVADO |last5=DOI DESATIVADO |first5=DOI DESATIVADO |last6=DOI DESATIVADO |first6=DOI DESATIVADO |last7=DOI DESATIVADO |first7=DOI DESATIVADO |date=2025-07-08 |publisher=Even 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-26209-91</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>482935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633167</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T18:18:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Warning user with {{Test1}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="676" sha1="8edjvbeki4427iaxm68qcuun25g8m8m" xml:space="preserve">
== April 2026 ==
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-26209-91|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].&lt;br /&gt; Thanks. }}
[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:18, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/STL Import and Export</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>482936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633171</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T18:40:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26091-10</username>
        <id>3580025</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* CRANE HOOK */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4633171</origin>
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      <text bytes="661" sha1="tr8zphm0bbuvux48pxix1rsdnn7it5d" xml:space="preserve">== CRANE HOOK ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;Fusion 360 / FreeCAD Parametric Model Available:**

Key Dimensions for CAD:

- Spreader Bar OD: 1.5&quot; (38.1mm), ID: 1.25&quot; (31.75mm)

- Hook Throat: 5&quot; (127mm) opening

- Arm Length: 18&quot; (457mm) pivot

- Shackle Pin: 0.75&quot; (19mm)

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;Download Ready-Made:**

1. Grab FREE STL from GrabCAD: Search &quot;Adjustable Spreader Beam&quot;

2. TinkerCAD Link: [Create Custom Here](&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.tinkercad.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;) - Import SVG above

3. Free3D: &quot;Dual Hook Spreader&quot; models available [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-26091-10|&amp;#126;2026-26091-10]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-26091-10|talk]]) 18:40, 29 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OSALC/Buses</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>482937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633188</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T21:54:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unicode Roadmap Changer</username>
        <id>3580040</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Buses for Students in Ocean State Academy Learning Center (Work in Progress)</comment>
      <origin>4633188</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="374" sha1="teac37o5fwu08o2s3p8145u0kh5kbcm" xml:space="preserve">== Big Buses ==

=== 121 ===

=== 122 ===

=== 123 ===

=== 124 ===

=== 125 ===

=== 126 ===

=== 136 ===

== Small Buses ==

=== Bronze ===

=== Blue ===

=== Green ===

=== Magenta ===

=== Orange ===

=== Pink ===

=== Purple ===

=== Silver ===

=== Tan ===

== Vans ==

=== Gold ===

=== Gray ===

=== Red ===

=== Lime ===

=== Teal ===

=== White ===

=== Yellow ===</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lentis/Drone Warfare</title>
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    <id>482939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4633197</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T23:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>GbergertSTS</username>
        <id>3580060</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I added a participants category and inserted a section on Chinese manufacturers.</comment>
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== Participants ==

=== Chinese Manufacturers ===
Chinese drone manufacturers supply a substantial portion of UAVs to Ukraine compared with other countries, especially lightweight drones, which are advantageous for easy maneuvering and transport. Outside of assembled drones, they supply most of the parts used to make drones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=Game of drones: the production and use of Ukrainian battlefield unmanned aerial vehicles |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2025-10-14/game-drones-production-and-use-ukrainian-battlefield-unmanned |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These companies use drone warfare to advance their financial, political, and commercial interests persistently, since Chinese drones continue to show up on the Russo-Ukrainian front despite varying sanctions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Pettyjohn, S. (2024). ''Evolution Not Revolution'' [Review of ''Evolution Not Revolution'']. Center for a New American Security (CNAS). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/CNAS-Report-Defense-Ukraine-Drones-Final.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Da-Jiang Innovations (DJI) ====
As of 2021, privately-owned [[wikipedia:DJI|DJI]] held 76% of the global market share for drone manufacturing&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Developer |date=2021-06-09 |title=China’s Thriving Drone Industry - ARC Group |url=https://arc-group.com/china-thriving-drone-industry/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, supplying to clients including but not limited to USA, Ukraine, Russia, ISIS, China, Israel, and individual actors. One of their drones, the DJI Mavic, is popular on the Russo-Ukrainian front because, according to [[wikipedia:Center_for_a_New_American_Security|CNAS]] thinktank advisor Samuel Bendett: “DJI Mavic is an easy-to-use drone right out of the box.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hambling |first=David |title=DJI Mavic Consumer Drones Are Still Russian Soldiers’ Favorite |language=en |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2025/03/10/dji-consumer-drones-are-still-russian-soldiers-favorite/ |access-date=2026-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concerning their use on the Russo-Ukrainian front, DJI has released multiple statements condemning the use of their products to cause harm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DJI Statement On Military Use Of Drones - DJI United States |url=https://www.dji.com/media-center/announcements/photo |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=DJI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, DJI drones have still been prominent on the front years after such statements when the war began.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Autel Robotics ====
[[wikipedia:Autel_Robotics|Autel Robotics]], based in Shenzhen, China, is a smaller drone supplier than DJI. Autel, a private company, has been sanctioned by the UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AUTEL ROBOTICS CO., LTD. {{!}} Sanctions Finder |url=https://sanctions-finder.com/sanction/b72c95a8-2f33-4f47-a709-d7cf29b5de51/AUTEL%20ROBOTICS%20CO.%2C%20LTD. |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=sanctions-finder.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the United States&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugo |first=Maurice |date=2025-01-13 |title=How Pentagon Blacklist Affects Autel Drone Users |url=https://abjacademy.global/news/how-pentagon-blacklist-affects-autel-drone-users/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=ABJ Drone Academy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to suspected ties to the Chinese military and Chinese affiliates, such as Shenzhen Huasheng Industry Co. Ltd. Ukrainian Foreign Intelligence reports: “They use so-called shell companies, change names, do everything to avoid being subject to export control and avoid sanctions for their activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Russia plans to produce 2 million FPV drones in 2025, Ukrainian intelligence says |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-aims-to-produce-2-million-fpv-drones-in-2025-ukrainian-intelligence-says/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While it is important to note that those sanctioning these drone companies also have their financial and political agendas, Autel is under suspicion for many ties to Russian UAV production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=This article was posted by TLB |date=2025-07-08 |title=Unmasking Russia-China Kamikaze Drone Supply Chain In One Map {{!}} The Liberty Beacon |url=https://www.thelibertybeacon.com/unmasking-russia-china-kamikaze-drone-supply-chain-in-one-map/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.thelibertybeacon.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

To avoid these sanctions, [https://aero-hit.ru/ Aero-HIT], a state-affiliated Russian drone manufacturer, seeks to develop Autel’s EVO Max 4T drone in Khabarovsk, Russia, near the Chinese border.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WhereIsRussiaToday |date=2025-09-16 |title=Partners in Crime: Russian and Chinese Efforts to Avoid Sanctions in Drone Operations |url=https://whereisrussiatoday.substack.com/p/partners-in-crime-russian-and-chinese |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=WhereIsRussiaToday’s Substack}}&lt;/ref&gt; Autel continues to be sanctioned despite its statement that the “company has never participated in any military-related activities and firmly rejects the improper use of its products.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement |url=https://www.autelrobotics.com/news/20250107/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.autelrobotics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4633232</id>
      <parentid>4633197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T02:55:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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== Participants ==

=== Chinese Manufacturers ===
Chinese drone manufacturers supply a substantial portion of UAVs to Ukraine compared with other countries, especially lightweight drones, which are advantageous for easy maneuvering and transport. Outside of assembled drones, they supply most of the parts used to make drones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=Game of drones: the production and use of Ukrainian battlefield unmanned aerial vehicles |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2025-10-14/game-drones-production-and-use-ukrainian-battlefield-unmanned |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These companies use drone warfare to advance their financial, political, and commercial interests persistently, since Chinese drones continue to show up on the Russo-Ukrainian front despite varying sanctions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Pettyjohn, S. (2024). ''Evolution Not Revolution'' [Review of ''Evolution Not Revolution'']. Center for a New American Security (CNAS). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/CNAS-Report-Defense-Ukraine-Drones-Final.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Da-Jiang Innovations (DJI) ====
As of 2021, privately-owned [[wikipedia:DJI|DJI]] held 76% of the global market share for drone manufacturing&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Developer |date=2021-06-09 |title=China’s Thriving Drone Industry - ARC Group |url=https://arc-group.com/china-thriving-drone-industry/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, supplying to clients including but not limited to USA, Ukraine, Russia, ISIS, China, Israel, and individual actors. One of their drones, the DJI Mavic, is popular on the Russo-Ukrainian front because, according to [[wikipedia:Center_for_a_New_American_Security|CNAS]] thinktank advisor Samuel Bendett: “DJI Mavic is an easy-to-use drone right out of the box.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hambling |first=David |title=DJI Mavic Consumer Drones Are Still Russian Soldiers’ Favorite |language=en |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2025/03/10/dji-consumer-drones-are-still-russian-soldiers-favorite/ |access-date=2026-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concerning their use on the Russo-Ukrainian front, DJI has released multiple statements condemning the use of their products to cause harm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DJI Statement On Military Use Of Drones - DJI United States |url=https://www.dji.com/media-center/announcements/photo |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=DJI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, DJI drones have still been prominent on the front years after such statements when the war began.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Autel Robotics ====
[[wikipedia:Autel_Robotics|Autel Robotics]], based in Shenzhen, China, is a smaller drone supplier than DJI. Autel, a private company, has been sanctioned by the UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AUTEL ROBOTICS CO., LTD. {{!}} Sanctions Finder |url=https://sanctions-finder.com/sanction/b72c95a8-2f33-4f47-a709-d7cf29b5de51/AUTEL%20ROBOTICS%20CO.%2C%20LTD. |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=sanctions-finder.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the United States&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugo |first=Maurice |date=2025-01-13 |title=How Pentagon Blacklist Affects Autel Drone Users |url=https://abjacademy.global/news/how-pentagon-blacklist-affects-autel-drone-users/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=ABJ Drone Academy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to suspected ties to the Chinese military and Chinese affiliates, such as Shenzhen Huasheng Industry Co. Ltd. Ukrainian Foreign Intelligence reports: “They use so-called shell companies, change names, do everything to avoid being subject to export control and avoid sanctions for their activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Russia plans to produce 2 million FPV drones in 2025, Ukrainian intelligence says |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-aims-to-produce-2-million-fpv-drones-in-2025-ukrainian-intelligence-says/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While it is important to note that those sanctioning these drone companies also have their financial and political agendas, Autel is under suspicion for many ties to Russian UAV production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=This article was posted by TLB |date=2025-07-08 |title=Unmasking Russia-China Kamikaze Drone Supply Chain In One Map {{!}} The Liberty Beacon |url=https://www.thelibertybeacon.com/unmasking-russia-china-kamikaze-drone-supply-chain-in-one-map/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.thelibertybeacon.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

To avoid these sanctions, [https://aero-hit.ru/ Aero-HIT], a state-affiliated Russian drone manufacturer, seeks to develop Autel’s EVO Max 4T drone in Khabarovsk, Russia, near the Chinese border.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WhereIsRussiaToday |date=2025-09-16 |title=Partners in Crime: Russian and Chinese Efforts to Avoid Sanctions in Drone Operations |url=https://whereisrussiatoday.substack.com/p/partners-in-crime-russian-and-chinese |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=WhereIsRussiaToday’s Substack}}&lt;/ref&gt; Autel continues to be sanctioned despite its statement that the “company has never participated in any military-related activities and firmly rejects the improper use of its products.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement |url=https://www.autelrobotics.com/news/20250107/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.autelrobotics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''S''' is for '''S'''erval&lt;/div&gt;   [[File:Leptailurus serval 61666728.jpg|500px|center]]&quot;</comment>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 400%;&quot;&gt;'''T''' is for '''T'''iger&lt;/div&gt;   [[File:Tiger - Panthera tigris - T8 Ladli - 05 (22312263249).jpg|500px|center]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Canis lupus baileyi running.jpg|500px|center]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;gallery&gt; File:American bison k5680-1.jpg|Plains Bison File:Bison bison bison GNP 04.jpg|Wood Bison File:Yellowstone National Park (WY, USA), Upper Geyser Basin, Bison -- 2022 -- 2578.jpg|Dakota Bison File:Bison-14916129113HR.jpg|Snowshoe Bison File:Rio Mora NWR bison walking 8 October 2019.png|Central Bison File:Yellowstone National Park (WY, USA), Old Faithful Geyser (und Bison) -- 2022 -- 2588.jpg|Smoke Bison File:Charolais cattle, Sierra Nevada, Venezuela.jpg|Califor...&quot;</comment>
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File:American bison k5680-1.jpg|Plains Bison
File:Bison bison bison GNP 04.jpg|Wood Bison
File:Yellowstone National Park (WY, USA), Upper Geyser Basin, Bison -- 2022 -- 2578.jpg|Dakota Bison
File:Bison-14916129113HR.jpg|Snowshoe Bison
File:Rio Mora NWR bison walking 8 October 2019.png|Central Bison
File:Yellowstone National Park (WY, USA), Old Faithful Geyser (und Bison) -- 2022 -- 2588.jpg|Smoke Bison
File:Charolais cattle, Sierra Nevada, Venezuela.jpg|California Cattle
File:Flumserberg (Schweiz), Liegende Kuh -- 2011 -- 1526.jpg|American Cattle
File:Cow 2024.jpg|Florida Cattle
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      <comment>Marking for speedy deletion: Out of scope</comment>
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:American bison k5680-1.jpg|Plains Bison
File:Bison bison bison GNP 04.jpg|Wood Bison
File:Yellowstone National Park (WY, USA), Upper Geyser Basin, Bison -- 2022 -- 2578.jpg|Dakota Bison
File:Bison-14916129113HR.jpg|Snowshoe Bison
File:Rio Mora NWR bison walking 8 October 2019.png|Central Bison
File:Yellowstone National Park (WY, USA), Old Faithful Geyser (und Bison) -- 2022 -- 2588.jpg|Smoke Bison
File:Charolais cattle, Sierra Nevada, Venezuela.jpg|California Cattle
File:Flumserberg (Schweiz), Liegende Kuh -- 2011 -- 1526.jpg|American Cattle
File:Cow 2024.jpg|Florida Cattle
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-22952-90</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-30T02:55:16Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
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== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Ungulates Of North America]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Out of scope&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Ungulates Of North America|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:55, 30 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-26133-12</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <id>4633234</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T02:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
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== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Modern History of China/Opening, Restoration, and Reform]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test page&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Modern History of China/Opening, Restoration, and Reform|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:56, 30 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Made redirect because I couldn't fix 2. Nf3 theory table</comment>
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      <text bytes="63" sha1="9y548wp2mqshbbg5joy1j3ljf94ks5l" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4/3. Ng5/3...Nf6</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Tennison gambit accepted |parent=&lt;br&gt; *[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3|Tennison gambit]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4|Tennison gambit accepted]] *[[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|Zukertort opening]] → Tennison gambit → Tennison gambit accepted }} == 3...Nf6 == Black defends their pawn with their knight.  Although this isn't the most accur...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1077" sha1="ciwvecoyq0k02bcghyonzxkwqxf2axi" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Tennison gambit accepted
|parent=&lt;br&gt;
*[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3|Tennison gambit]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4|Tennison gambit accepted]]
*[[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|Zukertort opening]] → Tennison gambit → Tennison gambit accepted
}}
== 3...Nf6 ==
Black defends their pawn with their knight.

Although this isn't the most accurate move (3...bf5 is better), this is still playable for Black and is actually the most popular move, as long as they don't fall for a well-known trap. White usually plays '''[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4/3. Ng5/3...Nf6/4. d3|4. d3]]''', forcing Black to react to the pawn being attacked again and may lead to a trap.

'''[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4/3. Ng5/3...Nf6/4. Nc3|4. Nc3]]''' is playable, but 4...Bg4 attacking the queen on d1 can prove quite annoying, and there are not as many traps as there are with the move 4. d3.

== References ==
{{BookCat}}</text>
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|Tennison gambit accepted
|parent=&lt;br&gt;
*[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3|Tennison gambit]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4|Tennison gambit accepted]]
*[[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|Zukertort opening]] → Tennison gambit → Tennison gambit accepted
}}
== 3...Nf6 ==
Black defends their pawn with their knight.

Although this isn't the most accurate move (3...Bf5 is better), this is the most popular move and still playable for Black as long as they don't fall for a well-known trap. White usually plays '''[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4/3. Ng5/3...Nf6/4. d3|4. d3]]''', forcing Black to react to the pawn being attacked again and may lead to a trap.

'''[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4/3. Ng5/3...Nf6/4. Nc3|4. Nc3]]''' is playable, but 4...Bg4 attacking the queen on d1 can prove quite annoying, and there are not as many traps as there are with the move 4. d3.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{ChessFooter}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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