Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 385 4634871 4634383 2026-05-09T02:13:07Z Omphalographer 3427146 /* Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories */ new section 4634871 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. :::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex. :::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the "Not a text repository" policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g. :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes :::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == {{closed|Deleted by Leaderboard. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)}} no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:10, 4 May 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. ::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value. ::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) dmifu9bb8acp3bbk4ogy8h6z5mqtog8 4634873 4634871 2026-05-09T02:14:41Z Omphalographer 3427146 /* History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23 */ Reply 4634873 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. "For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period" - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. :::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex. :::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the "Not a text repository" policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g. :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes :::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes :::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks "Not a text repository" policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == {{closed|Deleted by Leaderboard. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)}} no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:10, 4 May 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. ::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value. ::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Maude system]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *<s>[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]]</s> *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :I deleted a few of these that seemed unambiguously out of scope. I agree that most of them are not sufficiently book-like in scope on their own, and I think they warrant deletion unless anyone can identify specific books that can host them. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:01, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[A second course to linear algebra - Matrix algebra]] == Abandoned, with several unresolved quality issues as outlined at [[User talk:Akira tanzivana]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:04, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Bengali–Assamese script]] == Abandoned for three years with minimal content that is seemingly redundant to [[Bengali]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) aqzuc34i7wbfl08it33rf9dirqiz7bm 4 387 4634766 4634347 2026-05-08T12:42:47Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Markdown */ Reply 4634766 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFU}} {{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}} <!-- New undeletion requests go at the bottom of this page. --> == [[Investiture of the Gods]] == See [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Investiture of the Gods]] for the original deletion discussion; some extra discussion here at Wikibooks is at [[User talk:Darin Fidika~enwikibooks#Investiture of the Gods]]. This is a kind of reading guide or explanatory commentary for English-language speakers on the ''[[wikipedia:Fengshen Yanyi|Fengshen Yanyi]]'', a notable historical work of Chinese literature which features extensive references to Chinese folk religion and mythology; it is now being discussed at the Wikisource sister project: see [[wikisource:Wikisource:Proposed deletions#Portal:Investiture of the Gods]] and the subsequent discussion here at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#A discussion about Investiture of the Gods]]. Overall, it seems clear enough that the merit of keeping this work at Wikibooks was never even discussed or assessed in the first place; an overbroad claim was simply initially presented that it ''wholly consists of a translation of Fengshen Yanyi ... with no annotations to make it an annotated text for suitable inclusion'', which went unchallenged as the work was straightforwardly transwikied to Wikisource, but this is shown to be incorrect: rather, it contains extensive chapter summaries and an explanatory "Categorization of Events" for each chapter, and is ''not'', by all evidence, a verbatim translation of the original Chinese work (if it was such, it could simply be hosted on English Wikisource, which allows for such translations). ISTM that Wikibooks is the most suitable Wikimedia project for hosting this particular content of clear educational value, given its existing policies on hosting both instructional texts in general and "annotated" works specifically. (For example, [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?#What is Wikibooks]] explicitly allows for "extensive book summaries" when they're about a historically notable work of literature. The in-context example is Shakespeare, but considering a work of Chinese literature such as the ''Fengshen Yanyi'' instead only strengthens the case for inclusion.) --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-27371-40|&#126;2025-27371-40]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-27371-40|talk]]) 12:12, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :Noting here for transparency that this was requested on [[Wikibooks:Requests for import#Import request: Investiture of the Gods]], but instead of being imported here, it was imported to Wikiversity by Koavf. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 22 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Character Encodings]] == *I didn't see the deletion discussion, as the latest author of this wikibook. <s>I want to know what work could be done to fix this, if it was restored.</s> I see that it needs content outside of code tables for it to be valid- if restored, I will add pages for MS-DOS, HP, and EBCDIC. What else needs to be done? If restoring is impossible, I at least want to view it.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:37, 9 March 2026 (UTC) **Maybe this can be merged into [[Introduction to Computer Information Systems]] or something similar. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:44, 9 March 2026 (UTC) **:Hi, [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]]. I closed a [[Special:Diff/4622001|recent deletion discussion]] about the book, because: {{tq|Was never fleshed out into a proper book and consists only of code tables}}. I'll ping @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] here if they have a second opinion, and because they created the discussion (that never had any participation). There were hundreds of pages in this book that will take some time to restore. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:32, 10 March 2026 (UTC) **::Chiming in here to elaborate on my reasoning! Per [[WB:WIW]], {{tq|as a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Non-fictional books (as well as fictional ones) that aren't instructional aren't allowed on Wikibooks}}. Examples of nonfictional books that aren't instructional/allowed include reference works like dictionaries, which are only really allowed as part of larger instructional books and not on their own. Based on the contents I saw here, the content was solely reference materials and not instructional materials. I see no problem with consolidating and migrating the content to something like a useful appendix as part of another book. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **:::Note that these pages were created as transwiki back in late 2024 from Wikipedia (and they were deleted afterwards), and since these were deleted now from WikiBooks, they're no longer visible (also, they're still deleted from Wikipedia). However, "Wayback Machine" seems to have a copy of it, but it may not be complete. **:::If a restoration here isn't possible, what should be done instead? **:::[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-15548-70|&#126;2026-15548-70]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-15548-70|talk]]) 19:03, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **::::This was actually created in an earlier transwiki from Wikipedia (there were two)<s>-</s> the first being in July 2020. I support the proposal to make it an appendix to Introduction to Computer Information Systems or something similar.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 20:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **:::::{{ping|Alexlatham96}} which pages would you want to be undeleted? I can help. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::Let's start with the MS-DOS (code page numbers 3846 and lower) and HP code tables section, because these were the most recently transwikied (people will be especially looking for code pages 775, 852, 855, 857, and 860). Once this is done, we can do the EBCDIC code tables, which were also transwikied (and I finished adding what was planned for Wikipedia).[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:17, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **:::::::I've undeleted all HP code table sections, and to clarify, do you want ALL MS-DOS sections lower than 3846 (including undeleting those in the 100-700 range) to be undeleted? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:31, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::::Yes, including 3846. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:55, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **:::::::::{{done|All done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:29, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::::::Great. Let me know when you have time to undelete the EBCDIC section- people will be looking for code pages 37, 500, 875, and 1026 especially.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 22:10, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::::::Update: also the two in the ISO section- these are standards.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 06:29, 14 March 2026 (UTC) ***Thank you. I also see that the old administrator is inactive, and never found out about this. There <s>will</s> may have to be a new administrator other than me, since I am not one on Wikipedia or Wikibooks. <s>Does another user with knowledge of the topic like Drmccreedy or HarJIT have admin powers?</s>[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:34, 10 March 2026 (UTC) ***Update: I found out they do not have admin rights, but can still do non-admin tasks. The authors of Unicode's legacy encoding proposals (latest being L2-26/077) could also help out if they're active here.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC) == Markdown == The page [[Markdown]] was short but pretty sweet. It showed Markdown features by example and contained decent external links. He who would want to expand the page had the option. I find the page to be a minimum useful product/artifact, to be ideally restored. For reference, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011600/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Markdown the page in Wayback Machine]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:36, 5 May 2026 (UTC) : {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] who marked the page for speedy deletion. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] thank you! I think for me this relates to recent on-wiki discussions we've been having in the sense that I don't think it makes sense to host any content that could theoretically be improved by someone at some time in the future. Even if the content is valid (which it seems to be!), the work is not set up to be book-like, I don't think it's in scope here, and I can't see someone coming around and turning it into a book within a reasonable time frame. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:42, 8 May 2026 (UTC) mpgi776ge805e09a1qb0ankvr7styod 4634790 4634766 2026-05-08T16:28:25Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Markdown */ reply to Kittycataclysm: Courtesy ping to Dan Polansky. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4634790 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFU}} {{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}} <!-- New undeletion requests go at the bottom of this page. --> == [[Investiture of the Gods]] == See [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Investiture of the Gods]] for the original deletion discussion; some extra discussion here at Wikibooks is at [[User talk:Darin Fidika~enwikibooks#Investiture of the Gods]]. This is a kind of reading guide or explanatory commentary for English-language speakers on the ''[[wikipedia:Fengshen Yanyi|Fengshen Yanyi]]'', a notable historical work of Chinese literature which features extensive references to Chinese folk religion and mythology; it is now being discussed at the Wikisource sister project: see [[wikisource:Wikisource:Proposed deletions#Portal:Investiture of the Gods]] and the subsequent discussion here at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#A discussion about Investiture of the Gods]]. Overall, it seems clear enough that the merit of keeping this work at Wikibooks was never even discussed or assessed in the first place; an overbroad claim was simply initially presented that it ''wholly consists of a translation of Fengshen Yanyi ... with no annotations to make it an annotated text for suitable inclusion'', which went unchallenged as the work was straightforwardly transwikied to Wikisource, but this is shown to be incorrect: rather, it contains extensive chapter summaries and an explanatory "Categorization of Events" for each chapter, and is ''not'', by all evidence, a verbatim translation of the original Chinese work (if it was such, it could simply be hosted on English Wikisource, which allows for such translations). ISTM that Wikibooks is the most suitable Wikimedia project for hosting this particular content of clear educational value, given its existing policies on hosting both instructional texts in general and "annotated" works specifically. (For example, [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?#What is Wikibooks]] explicitly allows for "extensive book summaries" when they're about a historically notable work of literature. The in-context example is Shakespeare, but considering a work of Chinese literature such as the ''Fengshen Yanyi'' instead only strengthens the case for inclusion.) --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-27371-40|&#126;2025-27371-40]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-27371-40|talk]]) 12:12, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :Noting here for transparency that this was requested on [[Wikibooks:Requests for import#Import request: Investiture of the Gods]], but instead of being imported here, it was imported to Wikiversity by Koavf. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 22 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Character Encodings]] == *I didn't see the deletion discussion, as the latest author of this wikibook. <s>I want to know what work could be done to fix this, if it was restored.</s> I see that it needs content outside of code tables for it to be valid- if restored, I will add pages for MS-DOS, HP, and EBCDIC. What else needs to be done? If restoring is impossible, I at least want to view it.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:37, 9 March 2026 (UTC) **Maybe this can be merged into [[Introduction to Computer Information Systems]] or something similar. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 21:44, 9 March 2026 (UTC) **:Hi, [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]]. I closed a [[Special:Diff/4622001|recent deletion discussion]] about the book, because: {{tq|Was never fleshed out into a proper book and consists only of code tables}}. I'll ping @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] here if they have a second opinion, and because they created the discussion (that never had any participation). There were hundreds of pages in this book that will take some time to restore. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:32, 10 March 2026 (UTC) **::Chiming in here to elaborate on my reasoning! Per [[WB:WIW]], {{tq|as a general rule, only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Non-fictional books (as well as fictional ones) that aren't instructional aren't allowed on Wikibooks}}. Examples of nonfictional books that aren't instructional/allowed include reference works like dictionaries, which are only really allowed as part of larger instructional books and not on their own. Based on the contents I saw here, the content was solely reference materials and not instructional materials. I see no problem with consolidating and migrating the content to something like a useful appendix as part of another book. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **:::Note that these pages were created as transwiki back in late 2024 from Wikipedia (and they were deleted afterwards), and since these were deleted now from WikiBooks, they're no longer visible (also, they're still deleted from Wikipedia). However, "Wayback Machine" seems to have a copy of it, but it may not be complete. **:::If a restoration here isn't possible, what should be done instead? **:::[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-15548-70|&#126;2026-15548-70]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-15548-70|talk]]) 19:03, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **::::This was actually created in an earlier transwiki from Wikipedia (there were two)<s>-</s> the first being in July 2020. I support the proposal to make it an appendix to Introduction to Computer Information Systems or something similar.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 20:15, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **:::::{{ping|Alexlatham96}} which pages would you want to be undeleted? I can help. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 11 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::Let's start with the MS-DOS (code page numbers 3846 and lower) and HP code tables section, because these were the most recently transwikied (people will be especially looking for code pages 775, 852, 855, 857, and 860). Once this is done, we can do the EBCDIC code tables, which were also transwikied (and I finished adding what was planned for Wikipedia).[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:17, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **:::::::I've undeleted all HP code table sections, and to clarify, do you want ALL MS-DOS sections lower than 3846 (including undeleting those in the 100-700 range) to be undeleted? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:31, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::::Yes, including 3846. [[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 00:55, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **:::::::::{{done|All done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:29, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::::::Great. Let me know when you have time to undelete the EBCDIC section- people will be looking for code pages 37, 500, 875, and 1026 especially.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 22:10, 12 March 2026 (UTC) **::::::::::Update: also the two in the ISO section- these are standards.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 06:29, 14 March 2026 (UTC) ***Thank you. I also see that the old administrator is inactive, and never found out about this. There <s>will</s> may have to be a new administrator other than me, since I am not one on Wikipedia or Wikibooks. <s>Does another user with knowledge of the topic like Drmccreedy or HarJIT have admin powers?</s>[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:34, 10 March 2026 (UTC) ***Update: I found out they do not have admin rights, but can still do non-admin tasks. The authors of Unicode's legacy encoding proposals (latest being L2-26/077) could also help out if they're active here.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 03:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC) == Markdown == The page [[Markdown]] was short but pretty sweet. It showed Markdown features by example and contained decent external links. He who would want to expand the page had the option. I find the page to be a minimum useful product/artifact, to be ideally restored. For reference, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011600/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Markdown the page in Wayback Machine]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:36, 5 May 2026 (UTC) : {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] who marked the page for speedy deletion. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] thank you! I think for me this relates to recent on-wiki discussions we've been having in the sense that I don't think it makes sense to host any content that could theoretically be improved by someone at some time in the future. Even if the content is valid (which it seems to be!), the work is not set up to be book-like, I don't think it's in scope here, and I can't see someone coming around and turning it into a book within a reasonable time frame. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:42, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:28, 8 May 2026 (UTC) miznznox6eb31ui32pgqzs0t5au2p1g 3 15929 4634818 4634686 2026-05-08T17:40:15Z Panic2k4 2865 /* Working on it... */ added 4634818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Return|to=User:Panic2k4}} <div style="background-color: #c0cfcf"> {| align=right class=PrettyTextBox style="-moz-border-radius: 1em;" cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" |width="45%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #c0c0cf; | <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> {{User talk:Panic2k4/Header}} {{center|1='''ASK QUESTIONS'''}} ;If you are going to ask any question first take some time and take a look into<br> [http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html#intro How To Ask Questions The Smart Way ]... txs ---- {{center|1='''REPORT BUGS'''}} ;If you are going to report a BUG please take the time to look at this Guide first<br> [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html How to Report Bugs].</div> |align=center cellspacing="3" width="20%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #c0c0c0"| <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <small> <h1>'''Archives'''</h1> {{center|1=[[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive2|here]] and in [[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive1|Archive]].}} '''C++ Programming''' old discussion moved to<br>[[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive2|Archive 2]], [[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive3|Archive]]<br> '''The user blocks saga''' old post moved to <br>[[User Talk:Panic2k4/block|blocks]]<br> '''essays'''<br> [[User:Panic2k4/How To Do Nothing|How To Do Nothing]]</small></div> |- |colspan="2" width="80%" | <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <div style="background-color: #cfcfcf"> == Working on it... == [[User:Panic2k4/Educational overview of consensus in human society|Understanding Consensus: How Groups Make Fair Decisions and Protect Everyone’s Voice]] - (archived)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Church of I|'''Chuch of I: The path to a consistent and coherent meta-physics''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Decision making and Community consensus on Wikibooks|'''Essay on Decision making and Community consensus on Wikibooks''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Historical and Linguistic Report on the Rise of English|'''Report: Historical and Linguistic on the Rise of English''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Improving English-Algorithmical|''Why Might '''algorithmical''' Be Missing from English?'']] - (active)<br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/No Magical Thinking Required: Pioneer Anomaly Case Solved|'''No Magical Thinking Required: Pioneer Anomaly Case Solved''']]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Et tu, BBC?|'''Et tu, BBC? From External Projection to Internal Emotional Management''']]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Language as Conceptual Encoding Why Social‑Action‑First Theories Fail|Language as Conceptual Encoding: Why Social‑Action‑First Theories Fail]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Knowledge, Coordination, and the Human Condition How Institutions Learned to Control Information|Knowledge, Coordination, and the Human Condition: How Institutions Learned to Control Information]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Artificial Mankind The Self‑Domestication of Man|Artificial Mankind: The Self‑Domestication of Man]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Engineering After Software Why the Old Definitions No Longer Fit|Engineering After Software: Why the Old Definitions No Longer Fit]]</big><br> <big>[[Over‑Simplification in English Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition|Over‑Simplification in English: Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition]]</big><br> {{dynamic navigation |title = Other planed '''Essays''' |bodystyle=text-align:left; |body = <span class="plainlinks"> [[/Arbitration and it's applicability to Administrative actions|'''Essay on Arbitration and it's applicability to Administrative actions''']] - (stub) arbitrations, unblock, beyond wikiworld (real world liabilities), how to address events or accusations if you don't have prof or are not involved, great example [[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks%3AVotes_for_deletion&diff=769516&oldid=769429 here]] .<br> [[/User Blocks (best practices)|'''Essay on User Blocks (best practices)''']]- (stub) how to avoid abuses, proxys other limitations on how to make people comply if not in good faith<br> [[/Be Bold and restrictions|'''Essay on Be Bold and restrictions''']]- (stub) define the general restrictions (format, scope)<br> [[/Administrators (users on a task)|'''Essay on Administrators (users on a task)''']] - (stub) no special insight, common users on a task<br> [[/Authors and Contributor|'''Essay on Authors and Contributor''']] - (stub) Darklama/Whiteknigh view, history pages, anonymous contributions and IDs (to be extended on the another essay), real world liabilities (on copyright), Moving control toward a defined book community (see [[User:Whiteknight/Primary Authors|Primary Authors]] and argue against the Essay concept)<br> [[/Forks|'''Essay on Forks''']] - (stub) show my divergences even with [[http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.science.linguistics.wikipedia.technical/14252 Jimbo on the forks]] (related to the C++ fork).<br> [[/GFDL and copyright|'''Essay on the GFDL and copyright''']] - (stub) Darklama/WitheKnight view, erroneous identification (or claims of abuse of copyright), history pages problems and abuses or simply as misinformation, GFDL and Documentation (not software), WMF and GFDL/FSF, [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]], GFDL [http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl-violation.html violation] (only copyright holders), [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html Copyright Law of the United States of America], [[Wikibooks:Ownership]]<br> [[/CrossTalk|'''Essay on using back channels to promote hegemony ''']] (see also [[User:Panic2k4/A house with no law(n)]])</span>}} {{dynamic navigation |title = NOTES |bodystyle=text-align:left; |body = {{NOTE|note= [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Talk:The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_%28P2P%29 Examine and mine this] comment try to find a place for the info (P2P) --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 04:21, 14 March 2007 (UTC) ---- Guideline needed to process and address requests of copyvio --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 18:55, 27 February 2007 (UTC) ---- Find out what happened to the C++ Programming discussion archives. ---- '''Math exercises and info'''[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3APanic2k4&diff=1038225&oldid=1038224 1] move contribution of side project into wikibooks under a) general page to be used by others OR b) have to look for the proper places to include the stuff... --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 20:15, 25 November 2007 (UTC) ---- [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AMike.lifeguard&diff=1257855&oldid=1257291 User talk:Mike.lifeguard talk posts regarding speedy deletion, vfd and C++ toc] --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|talk]]) 18:11, 18 January 2009 (UTC) }} }} {{center|1=[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Panic2k4&action=edit&section=new Leave a new message]}} </div></div> |} </div> {{-}} == [[Elements of Political Communication]] == Hi there,<br /> Since there isn't really a "peer review" process that I know of on Wikibooks, I was wondering if you could do me a favor. I've been working on [[Elements of Political Communication]] for a year or so, off and on when I had the time. At some point (though I'm not sure when) I'd like to nominate it for featured book status, but I still have a number of changes to make. I was wondering if you could skim through it and give me a few thoughts on style, structure, format, or anything else that crosses your mind. I've tried to keep it readable, printable, and most importantly, practical. It uses a [[Template:Quiz|new template]], so that probably should be checked out for any potential issues, too. If it isn't really your thing, could you possibly direct me to an editor who might help? Thanks a ton, &ndash; [[User:Runfellow|Runfellow]] ([[User talk:Runfellow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Runfellow|contribs]]) 16:51, 16 November 2012 (UTC) :In regards to functioning and structure beyond the accepted conventions there has been many divergent views. I will gladly take a look and comment according to my preferences. :I'm not a great supporter of the featured book process, but understand the validity of the goal of providing readers the more complete works. :If you are after a preview of the process (by having the general community review the book outside of the featured book process itself) you could place an announcement on the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects]] or you could first attempt to get an idea from those reading/editing/interested in the specific work ([http://stats.grok.se/en.b/latest60/Elements_of_Political_Communication Elements of Political Communication has been viewed 423 times in the last 60 days]) by adding a information box linking and promoting a dialog on the talk page. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 07:31, 17 November 2012 (UTC) :One thing that I dislike but it is more a software limitation is having a large list of references/notes at the bottom of a page and it is one motive why I do not use beyond directly mentioning them in the text (or linking to Wikipedia where the reader can get more details and editors maintain the information). :As an on-line reader I also prefer larger pages than a need to navigate across the work, especially if some of the pages have no real content in it. I have in my works attempted to join my need as an editor to have a larger view of the content with that reader preference (even useful for section printing) and attempt to provide a full chapter as a single page. Some people like it some don't but it can be done easily with wiki trasclusions and keep both sides happy (don't remember how it works out with the references/notes). :I like the entry page, I would only move the search box up a bit since you provide navigation into subsections a online reader that is revisiting or someone that is just browsing may need to use it more than once and having it in the bottom of the page in todays widescreen setups is a bit bothersome. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 07:47, 17 November 2012 (UTC) ::Featured Book status obviously isn't a huge deal, just a way to spread the word a bit more and have a little fun. Regarding the references, I admit the structure is not very intuitive for more novice editors, but I think it works well for the time being as a consistent system that avoids the clutter you're talking about. On the subject of larger pages, I'll look into doing an transclusions, but a) I'm also keenly aware of the average person's reading habits online and b) the eventual goal here is to expand the content of each page, slowly but surely, with practical and useful information. I'll see about moving the search box; everything is a bit tightly packed in there right now that there's little room to maneuver. &ndash; [[User:Runfellow|Runfellow]] ([[User talk:Runfellow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Runfellow|contribs]]) 16:47, 20 November 2012 (UTC) == Migration of other controversial content == Hi Panic, I was thinking it might be good to migrate most of the content from [[wikiindex:NewgonWiki|NewgonWiki]] and [[wikiindex:BoyWiki|BoyWiki]] over here. I'm not sure what the title of the book(s) would be; perhaps [[boylove]], [[intergenerational sexuality]], or [[sexual emancipation of minors]], or something. This [https://www.newgon.com/wiki/Debate_Guide debate guide] provides some interesting arguments, for instance. I'm not too familiar with the norms around here. Sometimes policy can say one thing, and practice can be quite another. Are one-sided polemics considered okay for inclusion? I figure, someone can create another book with polemics from the opposing viewpoint, so in that way, balance between different arguments can be achieved. On some Wikimedia wikis, the topic of adult-child sexual relationships is so touchy that even advocating that this type of content be included could be considered grounds for banning the user. I don't see any such policy here, but I'm not in a mood to get banned, so I thought I'd ask first. Also, even if the reaction wouldn't be a ban, I don't like to create content that's just going to be deleted. Thanks, [[User:Leucosticte|Leucosticte]] ([[User talk:Leucosticte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leucosticte|contribs]]) 23:51, 24 October 2014 (UTC) :First I must confess that the subject in itself is something that I find displeasing in certain circumstances/context, but at the same time will acknowledge the need of making it visible and not hidden or made into a taboo. Humans are complex and society is often restrictive to fringe behaviors and minorities (for many reasons some bad others good). :Having established that I would support the creation of a work regarding the subject if it conforms to a textbook with educational value, there are already books that could probably include this subject maybe [[Abnormal Sexual Psychology]]... :As for keeping a specific viewpoint you will need to cement that as the specificity of the scope of the book and provide for a book specific community record/forum to process and approve changes and core modification so that they may be consensual and reduce interference for non-contributors. Note that due to its controversial nature there will be a high probability that someone will attempt to get the Wikibook's community in general to delete the project. It would certainly need extra care as to stay within our project's guidelines, if so then it is all up for to the value of the content and the argumentation for its existence here. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 06:11, 25 October 2014 (UTC) == Cannot vs. can not on [[Computer Science Design Patterns/Singleton|Singleton Pattern]] == My apologies for the hasty edit. After some research, there does seem to be [http://english.stackexchange.com/a/4516 a lot of discussion] on the subject, and [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cannot Oxford Dictionaries] states that can not is also acceptable. Cheers, [[User:Hardwigg|Hardwigg]] ([[User talk:Hardwigg|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Hardwigg|contribs]]) 18:09, 4 December 2014 (UTC) :No problem its interesting how any living language evolves and is shaped by its use. Somethings we like or see as logical and acceptable others we dislike or become annoyances by how they create exceptions to normal rules. In this case I see "cannot" as a creep of the way dialog passes into writing and as an unnecessary innovation that at best shows a modicum of laziness as I can't see any added value... --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 20:40, 4 December 2014 (UTC) :: &lt;dropping in on the conversation&gt; :: Interesting. To me "cannot" and "can not" mean different things, and "cannot" is much more often wanted. If somebody can not do something, I understand that to mean they are able to not do it, where as if they cannot do it, I understand they are unable to do it. When someone uses "can not" to mean the second thing rather than the first, I find I have to stop and think about what they mean. Presumably, this is because I find the distinction between the two meanings useful; if I were, occasionally, trying to say the first thing out loud, I would carefully enunciate a pause between "can" and "not" to emphasize that "not" is grouped with the word after it rather than the "can" before it, and I imitate that pause or lack of pause in my orthography. --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 December 2014 (UTC) Thank you for the corrections. For the "program text" term, I want to say I read it in a few books, one of which was a concurrent programming book. It makes sense when you think about it, however it isn't a widely conjured term and may raise a copyright conflict. Thanks. == Portuguese books split == Thanks for [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese/Contents&diff=next&oldid=2413903 adding the TODO box here]. I agree they should perhaps be merged, but did you notice as well that there's actually a three way split in these books. There's a [[Brazilian Portuguese]] book. And a book which has two bits to it [[Portuguese/Contents#Courses for Portuguese spoken in Brazil]] and [[Contents#Courses for Portuguese spoken in Portugal]]. So that's messy. It seems to me those first two should definitely be merged somehow, even if the brazil/portugal separation remains. Some old discussion here: [[Contents#Separate_wikibook_Brazilian_Portuguese]]. Very old discussion in fact. One day I should just ''be bold'' and merge it somehow. -- [[User:Harry Wood|Harry Wood]] ([[User talk:Harry Wood|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harry Wood|contribs]]) 14:10, 28 May 2015 (UTC) ==[[:Understanding C++]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Panic2k4, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Understanding C++|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Understanding C++|Understanding C++]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. [[User:DustDFG|DustDFG]] ([[User talk:DustDFG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DustDFG|contribs]]) 10:56, 5 November 2025 (UTC)}} mfjkh5f577mhg2ueeiokxgbwdqzzpi8 4634819 4634818 2026-05-08T17:42:01Z Panic2k4 2865 /* Working on it... */ 4634819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Return|to=User:Panic2k4}} <div style="background-color: #c0cfcf"> {| align=right class=PrettyTextBox style="-moz-border-radius: 1em;" cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" |width="45%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #c0c0cf; | <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> {{User talk:Panic2k4/Header}} {{center|1='''ASK QUESTIONS'''}} ;If you are going to ask any question first take some time and take a look into<br> [http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html#intro How To Ask Questions The Smart Way ]... txs ---- {{center|1='''REPORT BUGS'''}} ;If you are going to report a BUG please take the time to look at this Guide first<br> [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html How to Report Bugs].</div> |align=center cellspacing="3" width="20%" style="border: 1px solid #000000; color: #000; background-color: #c0c0c0"| <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <small> <h1>'''Archives'''</h1> {{center|1=[[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive2|here]] and in [[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive1|Archive]].}} '''C++ Programming''' old discussion moved to<br>[[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive2|Archive 2]], [[User Talk:Panic2k4/Archive3|Archive]]<br> '''The user blocks saga''' old post moved to <br>[[User Talk:Panic2k4/block|blocks]]<br> '''essays'''<br> [[User:Panic2k4/How To Do Nothing|How To Do Nothing]]</small></div> |- |colspan="2" width="80%" | <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <div style="background-color: #cfcfcf"> == Working on it... == [[User:Panic2k4/Educational overview of consensus in human society|Understanding Consensus: How Groups Make Fair Decisions and Protect Everyone’s Voice]] - (archived)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Church of I|'''Chuch of I: The path to a consistent and coherent meta-physics''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Decision making and Community consensus on Wikibooks|'''Essay on Decision making and Community consensus on Wikibooks''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Historical and Linguistic Report on the Rise of English|'''Report: Historical and Linguistic on the Rise of English''']] - (active)<br> [[User:Panic2k4/Improving English-Algorithmical|''Why Might '''algorithmical''' Be Missing from English?'']] - (active)<br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/No Magical Thinking Required: Pioneer Anomaly Case Solved|'''No Magical Thinking Required: Pioneer Anomaly Case Solved''']]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Et tu, BBC?|'''Et tu, BBC? From External Projection to Internal Emotional Management''']]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Language as Conceptual Encoding Why Social‑Action‑First Theories Fail|Language as Conceptual Encoding: Why Social‑Action‑First Theories Fail]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Knowledge, Coordination, and the Human Condition How Institutions Learned to Control Information|Knowledge, Coordination, and the Human Condition: How Institutions Learned to Control Information]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Artificial Mankind The Self‑Domestication of Man|Artificial Mankind: The Self‑Domestication of Man]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Engineering After Software Why the Old Definitions No Longer Fit|Engineering After Software: Why the Old Definitions No Longer Fit]]</big><br> <big>[[User:Panic2k4/Over‑Simplification in English Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition|Over‑Simplification in English: Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition]]</big><br> {{dynamic navigation |title = Other planed '''Essays''' |bodystyle=text-align:left; |body = <span class="plainlinks"> [[/Arbitration and it's applicability to Administrative actions|'''Essay on Arbitration and it's applicability to Administrative actions''']] - (stub) arbitrations, unblock, beyond wikiworld (real world liabilities), how to address events or accusations if you don't have prof or are not involved, great example [[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks%3AVotes_for_deletion&diff=769516&oldid=769429 here]] .<br> [[/User Blocks (best practices)|'''Essay on User Blocks (best practices)''']]- (stub) how to avoid abuses, proxys other limitations on how to make people comply if not in good faith<br> [[/Be Bold and restrictions|'''Essay on Be Bold and restrictions''']]- (stub) define the general restrictions (format, scope)<br> [[/Administrators (users on a task)|'''Essay on Administrators (users on a task)''']] - (stub) no special insight, common users on a task<br> [[/Authors and Contributor|'''Essay on Authors and Contributor''']] - (stub) Darklama/Whiteknigh view, history pages, anonymous contributions and IDs (to be extended on the another essay), real world liabilities (on copyright), Moving control toward a defined book community (see [[User:Whiteknight/Primary Authors|Primary Authors]] and argue against the Essay concept)<br> [[/Forks|'''Essay on Forks''']] - (stub) show my divergences even with [[http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.science.linguistics.wikipedia.technical/14252 Jimbo on the forks]] (related to the C++ fork).<br> [[/GFDL and copyright|'''Essay on the GFDL and copyright''']] - (stub) Darklama/WitheKnight view, erroneous identification (or claims of abuse of copyright), history pages problems and abuses or simply as misinformation, GFDL and Documentation (not software), WMF and GFDL/FSF, [[Wikibooks:Copyrights]], GFDL [http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl-violation.html violation] (only copyright holders), [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html Copyright Law of the United States of America], [[Wikibooks:Ownership]]<br> [[/CrossTalk|'''Essay on using back channels to promote hegemony ''']] (see also [[User:Panic2k4/A house with no law(n)]])</span>}} {{dynamic navigation |title = NOTES |bodystyle=text-align:left; |body = {{NOTE|note= [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Talk:The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_%28P2P%29 Examine and mine this] comment try to find a place for the info (P2P) --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 04:21, 14 March 2007 (UTC) ---- Guideline needed to process and address requests of copyvio --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 18:55, 27 February 2007 (UTC) ---- Find out what happened to the C++ Programming discussion archives. ---- '''Math exercises and info'''[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3APanic2k4&diff=1038225&oldid=1038224 1] move contribution of side project into wikibooks under a) general page to be used by others OR b) have to look for the proper places to include the stuff... --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] 20:15, 25 November 2007 (UTC) ---- [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AMike.lifeguard&diff=1257855&oldid=1257291 User talk:Mike.lifeguard talk posts regarding speedy deletion, vfd and C++ toc] --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|talk]]) 18:11, 18 January 2009 (UTC) }} }} {{center|1=[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Panic2k4&action=edit&section=new Leave a new message]}} </div></div> |} </div> {{-}} == [[Elements of Political Communication]] == Hi there,<br /> Since there isn't really a "peer review" process that I know of on Wikibooks, I was wondering if you could do me a favor. I've been working on [[Elements of Political Communication]] for a year or so, off and on when I had the time. At some point (though I'm not sure when) I'd like to nominate it for featured book status, but I still have a number of changes to make. I was wondering if you could skim through it and give me a few thoughts on style, structure, format, or anything else that crosses your mind. I've tried to keep it readable, printable, and most importantly, practical. It uses a [[Template:Quiz|new template]], so that probably should be checked out for any potential issues, too. If it isn't really your thing, could you possibly direct me to an editor who might help? Thanks a ton, &ndash; [[User:Runfellow|Runfellow]] ([[User talk:Runfellow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Runfellow|contribs]]) 16:51, 16 November 2012 (UTC) :In regards to functioning and structure beyond the accepted conventions there has been many divergent views. I will gladly take a look and comment according to my preferences. :I'm not a great supporter of the featured book process, but understand the validity of the goal of providing readers the more complete works. :If you are after a preview of the process (by having the general community review the book outside of the featured book process itself) you could place an announcement on the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects]] or you could first attempt to get an idea from those reading/editing/interested in the specific work ([http://stats.grok.se/en.b/latest60/Elements_of_Political_Communication Elements of Political Communication has been viewed 423 times in the last 60 days]) by adding a information box linking and promoting a dialog on the talk page. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 07:31, 17 November 2012 (UTC) :One thing that I dislike but it is more a software limitation is having a large list of references/notes at the bottom of a page and it is one motive why I do not use beyond directly mentioning them in the text (or linking to Wikipedia where the reader can get more details and editors maintain the information). :As an on-line reader I also prefer larger pages than a need to navigate across the work, especially if some of the pages have no real content in it. I have in my works attempted to join my need as an editor to have a larger view of the content with that reader preference (even useful for section printing) and attempt to provide a full chapter as a single page. Some people like it some don't but it can be done easily with wiki trasclusions and keep both sides happy (don't remember how it works out with the references/notes). :I like the entry page, I would only move the search box up a bit since you provide navigation into subsections a online reader that is revisiting or someone that is just browsing may need to use it more than once and having it in the bottom of the page in todays widescreen setups is a bit bothersome. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 07:47, 17 November 2012 (UTC) ::Featured Book status obviously isn't a huge deal, just a way to spread the word a bit more and have a little fun. Regarding the references, I admit the structure is not very intuitive for more novice editors, but I think it works well for the time being as a consistent system that avoids the clutter you're talking about. On the subject of larger pages, I'll look into doing an transclusions, but a) I'm also keenly aware of the average person's reading habits online and b) the eventual goal here is to expand the content of each page, slowly but surely, with practical and useful information. I'll see about moving the search box; everything is a bit tightly packed in there right now that there's little room to maneuver. &ndash; [[User:Runfellow|Runfellow]] ([[User talk:Runfellow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Runfellow|contribs]]) 16:47, 20 November 2012 (UTC) == Migration of other controversial content == Hi Panic, I was thinking it might be good to migrate most of the content from [[wikiindex:NewgonWiki|NewgonWiki]] and [[wikiindex:BoyWiki|BoyWiki]] over here. I'm not sure what the title of the book(s) would be; perhaps [[boylove]], [[intergenerational sexuality]], or [[sexual emancipation of minors]], or something. This [https://www.newgon.com/wiki/Debate_Guide debate guide] provides some interesting arguments, for instance. I'm not too familiar with the norms around here. Sometimes policy can say one thing, and practice can be quite another. Are one-sided polemics considered okay for inclusion? I figure, someone can create another book with polemics from the opposing viewpoint, so in that way, balance between different arguments can be achieved. On some Wikimedia wikis, the topic of adult-child sexual relationships is so touchy that even advocating that this type of content be included could be considered grounds for banning the user. I don't see any such policy here, but I'm not in a mood to get banned, so I thought I'd ask first. Also, even if the reaction wouldn't be a ban, I don't like to create content that's just going to be deleted. Thanks, [[User:Leucosticte|Leucosticte]] ([[User talk:Leucosticte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leucosticte|contribs]]) 23:51, 24 October 2014 (UTC) :First I must confess that the subject in itself is something that I find displeasing in certain circumstances/context, but at the same time will acknowledge the need of making it visible and not hidden or made into a taboo. Humans are complex and society is often restrictive to fringe behaviors and minorities (for many reasons some bad others good). :Having established that I would support the creation of a work regarding the subject if it conforms to a textbook with educational value, there are already books that could probably include this subject maybe [[Abnormal Sexual Psychology]]... :As for keeping a specific viewpoint you will need to cement that as the specificity of the scope of the book and provide for a book specific community record/forum to process and approve changes and core modification so that they may be consensual and reduce interference for non-contributors. Note that due to its controversial nature there will be a high probability that someone will attempt to get the Wikibook's community in general to delete the project. It would certainly need extra care as to stay within our project's guidelines, if so then it is all up for to the value of the content and the argumentation for its existence here. --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 06:11, 25 October 2014 (UTC) == Cannot vs. can not on [[Computer Science Design Patterns/Singleton|Singleton Pattern]] == My apologies for the hasty edit. After some research, there does seem to be [http://english.stackexchange.com/a/4516 a lot of discussion] on the subject, and [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cannot Oxford Dictionaries] states that can not is also acceptable. Cheers, [[User:Hardwigg|Hardwigg]] ([[User talk:Hardwigg|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Hardwigg|contribs]]) 18:09, 4 December 2014 (UTC) :No problem its interesting how any living language evolves and is shaped by its use. Somethings we like or see as logical and acceptable others we dislike or become annoyances by how they create exceptions to normal rules. In this case I see "cannot" as a creep of the way dialog passes into writing and as an unnecessary innovation that at best shows a modicum of laziness as I can't see any added value... --[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Panic2k4|contribs]]) 20:40, 4 December 2014 (UTC) :: &lt;dropping in on the conversation&gt; :: Interesting. To me "cannot" and "can not" mean different things, and "cannot" is much more often wanted. If somebody can not do something, I understand that to mean they are able to not do it, where as if they cannot do it, I understand they are unable to do it. When someone uses "can not" to mean the second thing rather than the first, I find I have to stop and think about what they mean. Presumably, this is because I find the distinction between the two meanings useful; if I were, occasionally, trying to say the first thing out loud, I would carefully enunciate a pause between "can" and "not" to emphasize that "not" is grouped with the word after it rather than the "can" before it, and I imitate that pause or lack of pause in my orthography. --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 December 2014 (UTC) Thank you for the corrections. For the "program text" term, I want to say I read it in a few books, one of which was a concurrent programming book. It makes sense when you think about it, however it isn't a widely conjured term and may raise a copyright conflict. Thanks. == Portuguese books split == Thanks for [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese/Contents&diff=next&oldid=2413903 adding the TODO box here]. I agree they should perhaps be merged, but did you notice as well that there's actually a three way split in these books. There's a [[Brazilian Portuguese]] book. And a book which has two bits to it [[Portuguese/Contents#Courses for Portuguese spoken in Brazil]] and [[Contents#Courses for Portuguese spoken in Portugal]]. So that's messy. It seems to me those first two should definitely be merged somehow, even if the brazil/portugal separation remains. Some old discussion here: [[Contents#Separate_wikibook_Brazilian_Portuguese]]. Very old discussion in fact. One day I should just ''be bold'' and merge it somehow. -- [[User:Harry Wood|Harry Wood]] ([[User talk:Harry Wood|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harry Wood|contribs]]) 14:10, 28 May 2015 (UTC) ==[[:Understanding C++]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Panic2k4, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Understanding C++|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Understanding C++|Understanding C++]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. [[User:DustDFG|DustDFG]] ([[User talk:DustDFG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DustDFG|contribs]]) 10:56, 5 November 2025 (UTC)}} 77tn0vcdlskd17r6y14mua9ezrhw3ng 2 21809 4634757 4497338 2026-05-08T12:27:36Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook:Broccoli Stir Fry]] to [[User:User:AlbertCahalan/Broccoli Stir Fry]]: user space for recipe that has been incomplete >1 decade with no author response 4497338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=no quantities and insufficient guidance to compensate}}{{Recipe summary | Category = Broccoli recipes | Difficulty = 3 }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat Recipes]] ==Ingredients== * [[Cookbook:Chicken|Chicken]] or other [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] * [[Cookbook:Broccoli|Broccoli]] * Powdered [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]] (optional) * [[Cookbook:Soy Sauce|Soy sauce]] * [[Cookbook:Oil|Oil]] to [[Cookbook:Frying|fry]] with, possibly including [[Cookbook:Sesame Oil|sesame oil]] * [[Cookbook:Sesame Seed|Sesame seeds]] ==Procedure== #Cut raw meat into small pieces. #[[Cookbook:Chopping|Chop]] the broccoli head into medium-small pieces, perhaps 1.2-[[Cookbook:Inch|inch]] diameter. Cut the stalk into disks, ⅛-inch thick. #Place oil in a [[Cookbook:Wok|wok]] and turn on the heat. High temperatures can produce a better result, but require rapid stirring to prevent burning. Slow beginners should use lower temperatures. Split the cooking into batches as needed to ensure that your wok is not too full; there should be plenty of room to stir and toss the food in your wok. You may prefer to cook each ingredient separately, then mix them at the end. #Place sesame seeds into the wok. Stir fry them until they are golden-brown. Remove them, and put them aside for later. #[[Cookbook:Stir-frying|Stir-fry]] the meat. Drain juices and add more oil as needed. #Add soy sauce. For a typical wok full of food, add 1 tablespoon. If using low-salt soy sauce, you can add much more without making the food too salty. #Add back the sesame seeds. #If using ginger, add about 1/4 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]], depending on taste. Ginger is somewhat hot. #Add the broccoli, stalks first. When done, the broccoli should be just slightly softened. Broccoli should end up being very bright green, losing the bluish cast but not gaining any hint of a yellow-brown cast. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Near the end, you can add well-drained canned straw [[Cookbook:Mushroom|mushrooms]], well-drained canned [[Cookbook:Water Chestnut|water chestnuts]], and/or crisp white [[Cookbook:Bean Sprout|bean sprouts]]. [[Cookbook:Seafood|Seafood]] is also an option. [[Category:Recipes using chicken]] [[Category:East Asian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using broccoli]] [[Category:Recipes using meat]] [[Category:Stir fry recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] 7p9urv842yzv89el5rdz9p56rj36duy 4634759 4634757 2026-05-08T12:27:58Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Kittycataclysm moved page [[User:User:AlbertCahalan/Broccoli Stir Fry]] to [[User:AlbertCahalan/Broccoli Stir Fry]]: fix name 4497338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=no quantities and insufficient guidance to compensate}}{{Recipe summary | Category = Broccoli recipes | Difficulty = 3 }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat Recipes]] ==Ingredients== * [[Cookbook:Chicken|Chicken]] or other [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] * [[Cookbook:Broccoli|Broccoli]] * Powdered [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]] (optional) * [[Cookbook:Soy Sauce|Soy sauce]] * [[Cookbook:Oil|Oil]] to [[Cookbook:Frying|fry]] with, possibly including [[Cookbook:Sesame Oil|sesame oil]] * [[Cookbook:Sesame Seed|Sesame seeds]] ==Procedure== #Cut raw meat into small pieces. #[[Cookbook:Chopping|Chop]] the broccoli head into medium-small pieces, perhaps 1.2-[[Cookbook:Inch|inch]] diameter. Cut the stalk into disks, ⅛-inch thick. #Place oil in a [[Cookbook:Wok|wok]] and turn on the heat. High temperatures can produce a better result, but require rapid stirring to prevent burning. Slow beginners should use lower temperatures. Split the cooking into batches as needed to ensure that your wok is not too full; there should be plenty of room to stir and toss the food in your wok. You may prefer to cook each ingredient separately, then mix them at the end. #Place sesame seeds into the wok. Stir fry them until they are golden-brown. Remove them, and put them aside for later. #[[Cookbook:Stir-frying|Stir-fry]] the meat. Drain juices and add more oil as needed. #Add soy sauce. For a typical wok full of food, add 1 tablespoon. If using low-salt soy sauce, you can add much more without making the food too salty. #Add back the sesame seeds. #If using ginger, add about 1/4 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]], depending on taste. Ginger is somewhat hot. #Add the broccoli, stalks first. When done, the broccoli should be just slightly softened. Broccoli should end up being very bright green, losing the bluish cast but not gaining any hint of a yellow-brown cast. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Near the end, you can add well-drained canned straw [[Cookbook:Mushroom|mushrooms]], well-drained canned [[Cookbook:Water Chestnut|water chestnuts]], and/or crisp white [[Cookbook:Bean Sprout|bean sprouts]]. [[Cookbook:Seafood|Seafood]] is also an option. [[Category:Recipes using chicken]] [[Category:East Asian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using broccoli]] [[Category:Recipes using meat]] [[Category:Stir fry recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] 7p9urv842yzv89el5rdz9p56rj36duy 2 21814 4634762 4512281 2026-05-08T12:32:12Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook:Cashew Chicken]] to [[User:AlbertCahalan/Cashew Chicken]]: user space for recipe that has been incomplete >1 decade with no author response 4512281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing quantities with insufficient guidance to compensate}}{{Recipe summary | Category = Chicken recipes | Difficulty = 3 }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat Recipes]] '''Cashew chicken''' is similar to a [[Cookbook:Broccoli Stir Fry|stir-fry]], but with a somewhat thick sauce. In this dish, the cashews become soft, and the dish goes well served over rice. ==Ingredients== * [[Cookbook:Chicken|Chicken]] * Powdered [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]] * [[Cookbook: Vegetable|Vegetables]] * [[Cookbook:Soy Sauce|Soy sauce]] * [[Cookbook:Oil|Oil]] for [[Cookbook:Frying|frying]] * Whole roasted [[Cookbook:Cashew|cashews]], salted or not * [[Cookbook:Chicken|Chicken]] [[Cookbook:Broth|broth]] * [[Cookbook:Cornstarch|Cornstarch]] ==Procedure== #Begin [[Cookbook:Boiling|boiling]] the cashews in a covered pot. Be sure to add water from time to time so that the cashews are kept wet. #Prepare the chicken and vegetables as you would for [[Cookbook:Broccoli Stir Fry|Broccoli Stir Fry]] or [[Cookbook:Egg Roll|Egg Roll]] filling, with particle sizes around 1-[[Cookbook:Inch|inch]] diameter. #For the sauce, start with 1 cup of chicken broth and 1 tablespoon of corn starch. Bring this mixture to a boil while stirring. Add additional corn starch or chicken broth as needed to control the thickness. You may also wish to add some sugar, orange juice, and additional soy sauce. #Add the sauce and cashews to the rest of the dish. #Serve with rice. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Instead of stir-frying the chicken and boiling the cashews, you can add unboiled cashews and batter-fried chicken on top of the dish as you serve it. In this case, you may wish to pour the sauce over the top. Such a dish would need to be served quickly, before the breading gets soggy. For details, see the [[Cookbook:Leong's Cashew Chicken|Leong's Cashew Chicken]] recipe. * The cashews may also be stir-fried alone, with or without boiling. [[Category:Recipes using cashew]] [[Category:Recipes using chicken]] [[Category:Recipes using ginger]] [[Category:Recipes using soy sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using cornstarch]] p8sauxceg3bcxain0y9psvacx2ruzcc 0 38635 4634806 4622723 2026-05-08T16:59:36Z ChesserTheGreat 3557200 Small edits: changed "line in the Scotch Gambit" to "Haxo Gambit" (that's literally Haxo Gambit's main line) and small stylistic changes. 4634806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position|= |Italian Gambit| |rd| |bd|qd|kd| |nd|rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= | | |nd| | | | | |= | | |bd| |pd| | | |= | | |bl|pl|pl| | | |= | | | | | |nl| | |= |pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl| ||rl|= || }} = Italian Gambit = ===4.d4=== White sacrifices the d-pawn in order to open lines for their pieces and develop faster. The gambit is considered unsound but it's not bad. Black has 3 ways to capture the pawn: 4…exd4 transposes into Haxo Gambit (1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Bc4 Bc5). 4…Nxd4 is playable but allows White to play 5. Nxe5 with pressure on f7, or the venomous 5. b4. But, if Black knows what's he doing, this move is surprisingly strong. 4…Bxd4 is the calmest line and probably the strongest one. Play tends to continue 5. Nxd4 Nxd4 6. Be3 Nc6. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.d4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">4</th> <th align="left">5</th> <th align="left">6</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>d4<br>[[4...Bxd4|Bxd4]]</td> <td>Nxd4<br>Nxd4</td> <td>O-O<br>d6</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Scotch Gambit</th> <td>...<br>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Bc4/4...Bc5|exd4]]</td> <td><br></td> <td><br></td> <td>=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{wikipedia|Italian Gambit}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 3siwz9i4qz4onk7r6iam894vadwiz3y 12 49109 4634879 4623909 2026-05-09T03:37:41Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Reviewing pages */ Using the flaggedrevs-pending span class tag (this might not work). 4634879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{shortcut|WB:TRACK}} {{Wikibooks help}} Wikibooks is a [[w:wiki|wiki]], and as such is designed to allow anyone to edit pages and thus contribute to the collection of textbooks here. On popular books it is necessary to collaborate and coordinate with others. But how can you do so if you cannot keep track of changes other editors are making? Fortunately, Wikibooks' software makes it easy to monitor revisions to pages. You can follow changes to [[#Recent changes|any page in the wiki]], [[#Related changes|pages linked from a particular page]], [[#Watching pages|pages in a list of your choosing]], and [[#Page history|a single page]]. You can also see [[#User contributions|changes made by a particular user]]. The software has a useful [[#Viewing diffs|interface]] for seeing what has been added and/or removed from a page. In an environment where anyone can change pages, even those without [[Help:Account management|accounts]], vandalism can be a concern. Wikibooks has a system where pages can be [[#Reviewing pages|reviewed]] to verify that changes by new or unregistered users are beneficial. With all these tools at your disposal, you won't miss a thing! <br style="clear:left;" /> =={{anchor|Recent Changes}}Recent changes== {{shortcut|WB:RC}} The '''[[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]]''' page lets you see the most recent changes made to pages at Wikibooks. Using this page, you can monitor and review the work of other users, allowing mistakes to be corrected and vandalism to be eliminated. There is a link to the Recent Changes page in the sidebar of each page. You can also create a link to the page as <nowiki>[[Special:RecentChanges]]</nowiki>. ==={{anchor|Related Changes}}Related changes === The '''Related Changes''' page lets you see the most recent changes for pages linked to from the current page, or for pages that link to the current page. Using this page, you can monitor and review relates works. The parent links created by the software on a subpage do not count as page links to show changes for. There is a link to the Related Changes pages in the toolbox for most skins. You can also create a link for a page with <nowiki>[[Special:RecentChangesLinked/PageName]]</nowiki>. 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This option uses [[JavaScript]], and won't work in every browser. * '''Hide minor edits in recent changes''' – this hides all edits that have been marked as minor by logged-in users. * '''Hide reviewed edits in recent changes''' – this hides all edits that have been [[#Reviewing pages|reviewed]]. ==={{anchor|Enhanced Recent changes}}Enhanced Recent Changes=== Enhanced Recent Changes groups recent changes per day, where "day" is defined according to local time. For each day, it groups the changes by page, and displays the titles of the changed pages in order from new to old latest change of the day concerned, or in the case of hiding minor edits, latest major change. Multiple edits on the same day to a single page are grouped together on the Recent Changes screen. Only a summary line is shown, info about the individual edits is loaded into the browser right away but only shown by clicking on the blue arrow on the left. This option uses [[JavaScript]] and does not work in every browser (see [[m:Browser issues with MediaWiki|Browser issues with MediaWiki]]). This feature applies also to [[#Related changes|Related Changes]] and the enhanced [[#Watching pages|watchlist]]. The latter is simply a selection of the enhanced Recent Changes, namely a restriction to watched pages, without the bolding. ===Appearance=== The default Recent Changes looks like this: * ([[#Diff|diff]]) ([[#Page history|hist]]) . . '''<span class="unpatrolled">!</span>''' [[Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Pterosaurs]] <span style="background:#ffff00; font-weight:bold;"><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[#Reviewing pages|review]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></span>; 10:06 . . <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+1,864)</span> . . [[Special:Contributions/111.222.33.44|111.222.33.44]] ([[User talk:111.222.33.44|talk]]) ''(Add examples)'' * (diff) ([[#Page history|hist]]) . . '''N''' [[Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Pterosaurs]]; 10:04 . . <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+890)</span> . . 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[[User:Maveric149|Maveric149]] ([[User talk:Maveric149|talk]] | [[#User contributions|contribs]]) moved [[Main page]] to [[Main Page]] (''better location'') Clicking this arrow expands the entry so you can see all the changes made: [[File:Arr_d.png|link=|alt=]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{mono|1=10:06}} [[Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Pterosaurs]] <span style="background:#ffff00; font-weight:bold;"><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[#Reviewing pages|review]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></span> ([[#Diff|2 changes]] | [[#Page history|hist]]) . . <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+2754)</span> . . {{font|size='-1'|<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Special:contributions/111.222.33.44|111.222.33.44]]; [[User:Anthere|Anthere]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}<br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<span class="unpatrolled">!</span>''' {{mono|1=10:06}} ([[Main Page|cur]] | [[Main Page|prev]]) . . <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+1,864)</span> . . [[Special:contributions/111.222.33.44|111.222.33.44]] ([[user talk:111.222.33.44|talk]]) ''(Add examples)''<br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''{{mono|1=N}}'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {{mono|1=10:04}} ([[Main Page|cur]] | [[Main Page|prev]]) . . <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+890)</span> . . [[User:Anthere|Anthere]] ([[user talk:Anthere|talk]] | [[#User contributions|contribs]]) ''(links)''<br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''{{mono|1=N}}'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {{mono|1=10:04}} [[Wikijunior:Dinosaurs]] (diff | [[#Page history|hist]]) . . <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+3394)</span> . . [[User:Brion VIBBER|Brion VIBBER]] ([[User talk:Brion VIBBER|talk]] | [[#User contributions|contribs]]) ''(New page)''<br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{mono|1=10:03}} ([[Special:Log/move|Move log]]) . . [[User:Maveric149|Maveric149]] ([[User talk:Maveric149|talk]] | [[#User contributions|contribs]]) moved [[Main page]] to [[Main Page]] (''better location'') Each indicates four edits: the first by a user who is not logged in, to [[Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Pterosaurs]]; the second by Anthere to [[Wikijunior:Dinosaurs]]; the third by Maveric149 to [[Main page]]; and the fourth by Brion VIBBER to [[Wikijunior:Dinosaurs]]. What each element used means: * "[[#Diff|diff]]" links to the diff-page for this edit; it is not available for new pages, or for page moves * The "[[#Page history|hist]]" link corresponds to the ''Page history'' link on the edited page: it shows not just this edit but also older and newer ones. For page moves, the hist link leads to the history of the new page title * A bold '''m''' indicates that the user marked the edit "minor". Only logged in users can mark edits minor, to avoid abuse. * A bold '''N''' indicates that the page is "new", i.e., previously did not exist. It is possible for a change to possess both the "minor" and "new" indicators; this is typically used for new [[Help:Editing#Redirecting|redirect]]s. * A bold '''b''' indicates that the edit is made by a bot (an account with bot flag), or that the edit is hidden by an administrator. * A bold '''<span class="unpatrolled">!</span>''' indicates that the page is unreviewed. For more information see ''[[#Reviewing pages|Reviewing pages]]'' below. * The next link is a link to the current version of the page in question. ** A bold '''[[Help:Editing#Links|link]]''' indicates this page is part of your [[#Watching pages|watchlist]]. * The <span style="background:#ffff00;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); font-weight:bold;"><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[#Reviewing pages|review]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></span> tag next to the page title will take you to a page that shows the [[#Diff|diff]] between the last [[#Reviewing pages|reviewed]] edit to the page and the most recent edit. * 10:06 refers to the time in [[w:UTC|UTC]]. You can change the time to your time zone using your preferences - see [[WB:PREFS|how to set preferences]]. * <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+1,864)</span> (generally a green number with a +, or a red number with a -) refers to the number of bytes that have been added or removed. * For [[WB:LOGIN|logged in]] users, the next link is a link to their user homepage (as usual with internal links, the view page if the page exists, the edit page if it does not, the two being styled differently). For users who are not logged in, the link is to their ''[[#User contributions|user contributions]]''. * There is a link to the user's talk page (the same remarks regarding existence apply). * Finally, there is a link to the user's contributions if the user is logged in. * For page moves, a link is given to both the old and new title. ==Watching pages== {{shortcut|WB:WATCH|WB:WATCHLIST}} '''Watching pages''' allows any [[WB:LOGIN|logged-in]] user to keep a list of "watched" pages and to generate a list of recent changes made to those pages (and their associated talk pages). In this way you can keep track of and react to what's happening to pages you have created or are otherwise interested in. ===Controlling which pages are watched=== [[File:Unwatched page in Vector.png|thumb|300px|This screenshot shows a page that is not on the watchlist of the user. Clicking on the star will add it to the watchlist.]] [[File:Watched page in Vector.png|thumb|300px|The star on this page is blue to indicate that it is on the watchlist of the user.]] There are four ways to control which pages you have on your watchlist: #When viewing a page, click the star sign between the 'View history' tab and the search box at the very top of the page (for the default appearance, in some other versions, click on the "watch" or "unwatch" tab), to respectively add or remove the page from your watchlist. #When editing a page, check or uncheck "Watch this page" before saving (above the ''[[Help:Editing#Show preview button|Show preview]]'' button). #Click "View and edit watchlist" or "Edit raw watchlist" at the top of the watchlist page to view or alter the list of watched pages directly. The first option takes you to [[Special:Watchlist/edit]], where the watched pages are listed with checkboxes which can be used to remove items. The second takes you to [[Special:Watchlist/raw]], which has a text area with a list of watched pages, one title per line, sorted by [[Help:Pages#Namespaces|namespace]] number and then alphabetically. You can edit the list directly, copy it to an external editor or replace it with a list created elsewhere. Duplicates are automatically removed on saving. If you check "Add pages I [[Help:Editing|edit]] to my watchlist" on the "Watchlist" tab of your user [[WB:PREFS|preferences]], then the "Watch this page" checkbox will always be checked by default when you edit pages. Other similar options are "Add pages I create to my watchlist", "Add pages I [[WB:MOVE|move]] to my watchlist", "Add pages I [[#Reviewing pages|review]] to my watchlist", and (for [[Wikibooks:Administrators|administrators]]) "Add pages I delete to my watchlist". It should also be noted that: *Talk pages are not listed at [[Special:Watchlist/edit]] or [[Special:Watchlist/raw]], but they are automatically watched whenever their corresponding non-talk pages are watched. *It is not possible to watch automatically generated pages, such as [[Special:SpecialPages|Special pages]]. Watching a [[Help:Categories|category]] page will pick up changes to the text of the category page itself, but not to the lists of subcategories and pages contained in the category. Similarly, watching an [[Help:Files|file]] will not detect uploads of new versions of the file. *Additional page titles may sometimes appear on your watchlist as a result of page moves (see [[#Moves, creations and deletions|Moves, creations, and deletions]] below). *When a watched page contains transcluded text, such as [[Help:Templates|templates]], the form of the page may change as a result of changes to the transcluded pages. These changes will not show up on your watchlist unless you are watching the transcluded pages as well. ===How to read a watchlist=== When you are [[WB:LOGIN|logged in]] to Wikibooks, a link, <code>my watchlist</code> appears at the top of every page. This links to the special page [[Special:Watchlist]], reporting recent changes to your watched pages. It is a list separated by days, ordered backwards according to the time of the edit. Each line shows details of each edit: whether [[Help:Editing#Minor edit|minor]] ('''m'''), whether made by a [[Wikibooks:Bots|bot]] ('''b'''), the time, a link to the page, a link to the difference ("[[#Diff|diff]]") made by the edit in question, a link to the page history ("[[#Page history|hist]]"), the editor's user name or IP address, the increase (green) or decrease (red) in the number of [[w:bytes|bytes]], e.g. <span class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+76)</span>, <span class='mw-plusminus-neg'>(-490)</span> or, if over 500, in bold: <strong class='mw-plusminus-pos'>(+794)</strong>, <strong class='mw-plusminus-neg'>(-2,412)</strong>, and the [[Help:Editing#Edit summary|edit summary]]. Technically, the watchlist is just another way to filter [[#Recent changes|recent changes]]. ===Options=== There are various options available to control how the list of changes is displayed: *You may choose to hide or show minor edits, bot edits, one's own edits, edits by anonymous users, and edits by logged-in users (links for this purpose appear at the top of the watchlist page). Initially the default behavior for all of these is "show"; this can be changed using the options available on the "Watchlist" tab of your user preferences. *You can choose how many hours or days you want the list of changes to go back, using the links at the top of the watchlist. For the maximum (30 days), select "all". For non-standard values, select one of the available links and then edit the value after "days=" in the [[w:URL|URL]]. The default value, which must be a number of days not greater than 7, is set on the "Watchlist" tab of user preferences. Note that there may be a later cut-off due to the limit on the number of displayed changes, described below. *You can restrict the list to changes in a specified [[Help:Pages#Namespaces|namespace]], using the "Namespace" drop-down box (check "Invert selection" to ''exclude'' the specified namespace). *You can elect to display only the last edit to each watched page ("Simple watchlist"). This is currently the default, but can produce misleading results (for example, if the last edit to a page was minor, then there is no indication that a previous non-minor edit occurred). ''To ensure that all changes are displayed, check the "Expand watchlist..." option on the "Watchlist" tab of your user preferences.'' *Having selected the expanded watchlist, you can choose "[[#Enhanced recent changes|enhanced]]" display mode, which groups together all changes made to each page on a given day. Click on the blue arrows to the left of the list to expand or collapse each group. This option applies to both the watchlist and recent changes, and for this reason appears on the "Recent changes" tab of user preferences, not the "Watchlist" tab. *You may choose to set the "Maximum number of changes to show in expanded watchlist" (on the "Watchlist" tab of user preferences). The maximum possible number of changes to display is currently 1000. If this causes a later time cutoff than you desired, you can see earlier changes by filtering by type or namespace, as described above. ===Effects of watching a page=== When you view [[#Recent changes|Recent Changes]], [[#Enhanced recent changes|Enhanced Recent Changes]] or [[#Related changes|Related Changes]], entries relating to pages you are watching appear '''bolded'''. This means that it may be beneficial to mark pages as "watched" even if you do not intend viewing the [[Special:Watchlist]] page. ===Moves, creations, and deletions=== Actions affecting watched pages (page [[WB:MOVE|moves]], page [[WB:CREATE|creations]] and [[WB:DEL|deletions]], [[Help:Editing#Protected pages|protection]]) also appear in the watchlist. For example, if you watch a page that does not yet have a talk page, you will see on your watchlist when someone creates that talk page. You can watch a page even if neither the content page nor the talk page exists. To do that, go to the page's URL, either by typing the URL directly or following a (broken) link, and then press the watch button. If a page you have watched is moved to a new title, the new title will be automatically added to your watchlist. Even if the page is later moved back (and even if the page at the new title is deleted), the new title will remain in your watchlist along with the old one. If you notice mysterious nonexistent pages appearing on your watchlist, this is the most likely explanation. ===Alternatives to watchlists=== An account can have only one watchlist. However, it is possible to set up watchlist-like functionality using the "[[#Related changes|Related changes]]" feature, in a way that effectively enables a user to achieve multiple watchlists. To do this, create a page (normally in your own [[Wikibooks:User pages|user space]]) containing links to the pages you wish to watch. Changes to those pages can then be monitored by going to the user page and clicking "Related changes". Note that in this case the talk pages corresponding to "watched" pages are ''not'' automatically included (though [[Template:La2]] can be used to do so), and that changes to the user page itself will not be picked up. Related Changes can also be used to monitor changes to pages belonging to a [[Help:Categories|category]], including the addition of pages to the category (which is not picked up by placing the category on a watchlist). However, the removal of pages from the category is ''not'' detected. ==Page history== {{shortcut|WB:PH}} Every editable page on Wikibooks has an associated '''page history''' (sometimes called '''revision history''' or '''edit history'''), which is accessed by clicking the "history" tab at the top of the page. The page history contains a list of the page's previous revisions, including the date and time (in [[w:UTC|UTC]]) of each edit, the username or IP address of the user who made it, and their [[Help:Editing#Edit summary|edit summary]]. === Using a history page === On a history page: *All past changes to the page in question are listed in reverse-chronological order. *To view a specific version, click a date. *To compare an old version with the current version, click '''cur'''. *To compare a version with its predecessor, click '''prev'''. *To compare two specific versions, tick the left-column radio button of the older version and the right-column radio button of the newer version, and then click the "Compare selected versions" button. *[[Help:Editing#Minor edit|Minor edits]] are denoted as '''m'''. Below is a detailed example of a page history using the default skin: [[File:Screenshot page history.png|900px]] Edits are shown from newest to oldest. Each edit takes up one line which shows; time & date, the contributor's name or IP and the [[Help:Editing#Edit summary|edit summary]], as well as other diagnostic information. Let's look at some of the functions of this page: # "Revision history of" is added to the page name and the "View History" tab is highlighted. # These links take you to the most recent edits ''(Latest)'', oldest edits ''(Earliest)'' or the next or previous page of edits ''(Next n / Previous n)''. Note that the black text in parentheses will become links, when applicable. # The blue numbers list the number of edits displayed on a page - 20, 50, 100, 250 or 500. A higher number increases the length of a page but reduces the number of pages The number you select replaces ''n'' in the links to the previous or next pages, e.g., ''(Next 100 / Previous 100)''. # ''(cur)'' takes you to a [[#Diff|diff]] page, showing the difference between that edit and the current version. The current revision appears below the changes, so you can see how the page is now rendered. # ''(prev)'' takes you to a diff page showing the changes between that edit and the previous version. The most recent version (the one on the same line as the "last" you clicked on) appears below the changes, so you can see how the page was rendered. # The two columns of [[w:radio button|radio buttons]] can be used to select any two versions on the page. The current selection is marked by a special background. The two most recent versions are selected by default when you first view the history (that is why they appear framed and have a different background, see horizontal area around 4 and 6). Let's say you want to compare the versions corresponding to numbers 10 & 11 on the image. First, click the left radio button next to number 11. The right column of buttons will then fill as far as number 11. Then click the right button next to number 10. Finally, click ''Compare selected versions''. This takes you to a diff page showing the changes between the two versions. The most recent version (in this case number 10) appears below the changes, so you can see how the page was rendered. # This gives the time and date of the edit, expressed in local time according to the preference setting. The date and time link to the version of that day and time. Thus, the first line links to the version that was current at the time of loading this revision history, and therefore the result may differ from that of following the link on the page margin to the current version. Even if the page has not changed in the meantime, the [[MediaWiki:Revision-info|Revision-info message]] appears. # The username or IP of the contributor appears here. # This is the edit summary. It is the text the user wrote in the edit summary box (below the edit box). # This edit summary begins with an arrow link and grey text. This means the user has only edited a section of the page (named in the grey text). This text is automatically added when you edit a section. A standard edit summary can be added by the user. This appears in black text. # '''m''' stands for minor edit. It is possible to restore an old version of a page by following the link to that version, clicking "edit" and then saving. This should be done with caution, as it means that ''all'' changes made to the page since the time of that version will be lost. In rare cases, all or part of a page history entry may be shown in grey, struck out by a horizontal line. This indicates that information has been hidden from public view by an [[Wikibooks:Administrators|administrator]]. ===Moved and deleted pages=== When a page is [[WB:MOVE|moved]] (renamed), the entire edit history of the page, before and after the move, is shown. The old title becomes a [[WB:REDIRECT|redirect]] and loses its edit history. If instead of a move, the entire content was [[w:cut and paste|cut and paste]]d into a new substitute page, the page history gets spread across two pages. The histories can be merged in this case. When two pages are merged, typically one becomes a redirect. In this case, the revision history of the redirect is kept. When a page is deleted, its revision history remains in the database and can be retrieved by an administrator, who can also undelete the page. Administrators can also remove selected revisions from a page history, for example if they contain defamatory text. ===Files=== A file can be edited, or, more generally, be replaced by a different file, by uploading a new file with the same name. Again, all versions are kept. The file's history listing forms part of the [[Help:Files#File page|description page]], which appears when clicking on the file. The file's history consists of this and the old versions themselves. ===Linking to a specific version=== It is sometimes useful to link to a specific version of a page (a snapshot of it). For example, one might have done a [[#Reviewing pages|review]] of a Wikibooks page and want to indicate which particular version was reviewed. If the version is not the current version, one can use the page history to view the old version of the page. The URL of this old version is suitable for use to permanently reference this version, and can usually be obtained from the browser's location bar. However, if a page contains transcluded text (such as a [[Help:Templates|template]]), or a time-based [[Help:Variables|variable]] (such as <nowiki>CURRENTTIME</nowiki>), it will be rendered according to the current state of the template or the time now, possibly producing a different result than was rendered at the time the old version was saved. ==User contributions== {{shortcut|WB:CONTRIBS}} '''User contributions pages''' are automatically generated pages that list the edits that a particular user has made. You can check your own contributions to refresh your memory about which pages you have worked on (and to easily access these again), and also to find out whether there have been any subsequent edits (see [[#Page history|page history]]). This can be a useful quick alternative to accessing your [[#Watching pages|watchlist]], particularly if your watchlist contains a large number of pages. Other users' user contribution pages can also be accessed and are useful for seeing how other users have contributed. They can be used to track down [[Wikibooks:Vandalism|vandalism]], serial [[WB:COPYVIO|copyright violations]], etc. ===Accessing a user contributions page=== To access your own user contributions page, click "my contributions" at the top of the page, or visit [[Special:MyContributions]]. To access the contributions of a [[WB:LOGIN|logged-in]] user (named account), go to the user page (User:XXX) and click on "User contributions" listed under the "Toolbox" menu on the left-hand side of the screen. This works even if the user page has not been created yet (i.e. an edit box displays). To access the contributions of an anonymous user (identified by [[w:IP address|IP address]]), use one of the following methods: * Click on the IP address where it appears on your [[#Watching pages|watchlist]], in [[#Recent changes|Recent changes]] or in [[#Page history|Page history]]. * Put the IP address in the search box and press Enter on your keyboard. *If the user is currently [[Wikibooks:Blocking policy|blocked]], a notice will be displayed at the very top of the contributions screen [[Special:Contributions/Willy on Wheels!|like this example]]. Bear in mind that a public IP address may have been used by different users at different times. (And conversely, that a given user may have used multiple IP addresses and/or usernames.) ===Appearance of a user contributions page=== Below is an example of a user contributions page: [[File:User contributions en-wikibooks.png|Example of a user contributions page]] # The username or IP of the contributor # A search form, allowing you to search by username, IP address (or range), date, or [[Help:Pages#Namespaces|namespace]] (such as ''Template''). IP range search uses a [[w:wildcard character|wildcard]] asterisk, such as ''10.11.12.*'' or ''192.168.*''. This requires you are logged in and check "Allow /16 and /24 – /32 CIDR ranges on Special:Contributions forms (uses API), as well as wildcard prefix searches" under Gadgets in [[Special:Preferences]]. # A list of edits, shown from newest to oldest. Each edit takes up one line which contains: # The time and date of the edit, displayed in your preferred format. # ''(hist)'' takes you to the [[#Page history|page history]], so you can see all edits made to that page. This can be useful if someone has updated a page you have worked on, and you want to see their changes. # ''(diff)'' takes you to a [[#Diff|diff]] page showing the changes between that edit and the previous revision. The revision after the edit appears below the changes so you can see the result of the edit. # '''m''' indicates a [[Help:Editing#Minor edit|minor edit]]; '''N''' indicates a new page. # The current name of the page that was edited. # The [[Help:Editing#Edit summary|edit summary]], a description written by the editor (or generated automatically, in certain cases). If a summary begins with an arrow link and grey text, the user has only edited the stated [[Help:Editing#Section|section]] of the page. Wikibooks automatically adds this when you edit a section. # '''(top)''' signifies that the edit is the current revision. The page is as the user last saved it. This can be used to watch pages (if your last edit to the page does not display '''(top)''', the page has been changed). # If an editor has made more edits than will fit on one page, this line provides links to the most recent edits ''(latest)'', oldest edits ''(earliest)'' or the next or previous page of edits ''(newer n / older n)''. # The blue numbers list the number of edits displayed on a page: 20, 50, 100, 250 or 500. The number you select replaces ''n'' in the links to the previous or next pages e.g. ''(newer 100 / older 100)''. Views of up to 5000 edits per page are possible by modifying the URL. [[Wikibooks:Administrators|Administrators]] and other users with special tools may have additional options on contributions pages. The following information normally does not appear: * Edits from a page that has been deleted afterwards (unless the page, including the revision concerned, has been restored). * Uploading of a new file with the same name as one that already exists, thus replacing it * Deletion or restoration (undeletion) of a page (if the user is an administrator). Use [[Special:Logs]] or click "Logs" on the user contributions page for viewing these actions. =={{anchor|Diff|Diffs}}Viewing diffs== {{shortcut|WB:DIFF}} A '''diff''' is a page or panel showing the difference between two versions of the wikitext of an editable page. Links to the diffs corresponding to specific edits appear in various lists, including [[#Page history|page histories]], a user's [[#User contributions|contributions]], [[#Recent changes|Recent Changes]], [[#Related changes|Related Changes]], and [[#Watching pages|watchlists]]. There may also be links to the diffs between the specified version and the current (last) version. In page histories it is possible to generate a diff between ''any'' two versions – select the left [[w:radio button|radio button]] for the older version, the right radio button for the newer version, and click ''Compare selected versions''. Diffs can also be displayed while editing a page, via the ''Show changes'' button, to see clearly what changes you are about to make. The diff is also shown during an [[Help:Editing#Edit conflict|edit conflict]], so you can see exactly what you need to reintegrate. ===Appearance of diffs=== This example shows the top of the diff page (some of the links are dummies). The older version is shown on the left, the newer version on the right. <blockquote style="border:1px solid black; padding: 1em;"> {| style="border:none; padding:4px;" |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="width:50%;" | <span style="background:#f0f8ff; font-weight:bold;">[checked revision]</span><br /><strong>[[#Page history|Revision as of 22:32, Aug 03, 2003]] ([[Help:Editing|edit]])</strong><br/> [[User:Example|Example]] ([[User_talk:Example|Talk]] | [[#User contributions|contribs]])<br/> <span class="comment">([[Help:Editing#Edit summary|Edit summaries]] in diffs are great)</span><br/> ← [[#Page history|Previous edit]] | colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle" |<span style="background:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;">[pending revision]</span><br /><strong>[[#Page history|Revision as of 00:10, Aug 18, 2003]] ([[Help:Editing|edit]]) ([[Help:Editing#Reverting|undo]])</strong><br/> [[User:Angela|Angela]] ([[User_talk:Angela|Talk]] | [[#User contributions|contribs]])&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''['''[[Help:Editing#Rollback|rollback]]''']'''<br/> <span class="minor">m</span> <span class="comment">(correction, + [[MediaWiki User's Guide]])</span><br/> |- | colspan="2" | '''Line 8:''' | colspan="2" | '''Line 8:''' |- | style="text-align:right;" | | style="background: #eee;font-size: smaller" | For administrators, a <nowiki>[[Help:Editing#Rollback|rollback]]</nowiki> button is shown allowing them to revert from the new version to the old one. | style="text-align:right;" | | style="background: #eee;font-size: smaller" | For administrators, a <nowiki>[[Help:Editing#Rollback|rollback]]</nowiki> button is shown allowing them to revert from the new version to the old one. |- | style="text-align:right;" | &nbsp; | style="text-align:right;" | &nbsp; | style="text-align:right;" | &nbsp; | style="text-align:right;" | &nbsp; |- | style="text-align:right;" | - |style="background: #ffa;font-size: smaller;" | This is only shown when viewing the diff between the <span style="color: red;font-weight: bold">current </span>version and the one <span style="color: red;font-weight: bold">immediately preceding it</span>. |align="right" | + |style="background: #cfc;font-size: smaller;" | This is only shown when viewing the diff between the <span style="color: red;font-weight: bold">recent </span>version <span style="color: red;font-weight: bold">of a page </span>and <span style="color: red;font-weight: bold">the last version by an author other than </span>the one <span style="color: red;font-weight: bold">of the most current version</span>. |- | style="text-align:right;" | | style="background: #eee;font-size: smaller" |This example shows the top of the diff page, with links the described above. | style="text-align:right;" | | style="background: #eee;font-size: smaller" |This example shows the top of the diff page, with links the described above. |- | colspan="2" | '''Line 25:''' | colspan="2" | '''Line 25:''' |- | style="text-align:right;" | | style="background: #eee;font-size: smaller;" | <nowiki></table></nowiki> | style="text-align:right;" | | style="background: #eee;font-size: smaller;" | <nowiki></table></nowiki> |- | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | + |style="background: #cfc;font-size: smaller;" | <nowiki>[[MediaWiki User's Guide]]</nowiki> |- | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | + | style="background: #cfc;font-size: smaller;" | |} </blockquote> ==== Explanation of colors ==== Unchanged text is black on grey (only parts before and after changed text are shown). Paragraphs which have changed are highlighted in yellow on the old version side, and green on the new version side. Where whole paragraphs have been removed or inserted, the other side is blank (white). Removed text is shown in red on the old version. New text is shown in red on the new version. {| class="wikitable" |+ Color key ! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | Old version ! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | New version |- | style="text-align:center; background:#eee" |unchanged | style="text-align:center; background:#eee" |unchanged |- | style="text-align:center; background:#FFa" |paragraph changed | style="text-align:center; background:#cfc" |paragraph changed |- | style="text-align:center; background:#FFa" |paragraph removed | style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff" |&nbsp; |- | style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff" |&nbsp; | style="text-align:center; background:#cfc" |paragraph added |- | style="text-align:center; color: red" |removed text | style="text-align:center; color: red" |added text |} ==== Controls and links ==== The links "Revision as of ''date''" link to each version. If the newer version is the latest one, the link will be to the usual page and the wording will be "Current revision (''date'')" instead. For administrators and [[Wikibooks:Reviewers|reviewers]], a revision with "[checked revision]" above it has been [[#Reviewing pages|reviewed]] while a revision with "[pending revision]" above it has not yet been reviewed. Revisions with "[unreviewed revision]" above them occur on a page where no revision at all has been reviewed. The "(edit)" link will take you to the page for editing that version. You may be warned that you are editing an out-of-date revision; if you ignore this and continue, you will revert all the edits made since after that revision. The "(undo)" link on the newer revision's side will [[Help:Editing#Reverting|revert]] that specific edit. When you click the link you can check the diff page of the edit you are going to make, and the [[Help:Editing#Edit summary|edit summary]] will be automatically filled in with the phrase of [[MediaWiki:undo-summary]] ({{MediaWiki:undo-summary}}). This summary can be edited before you submit your edit. When you are undoing several edits at once, the auto-summary may not work. Though the link exists on all diff pages, it does not function when the revisions conflict. Often versions older than the current one cannot be undone in this way. If it does not work, you will be told that the edit could not be undone and end up in the regular editing page of the current version. Below that are links to the user page and talk page of the each user who edited the older or the newer versions. Links to the users' contribution lists are also shown. For administrators and [[Wikibooks:Reviewers|reviewers]], a "[rollback]" button also appears where applicable, allowing them to revert all of the edits made by that user. Then the [[WB:ES|edit summaries]] are shown in a parenthesis. If the user has used links in their edit summary, these act as links on the diff page as well. If the editor marked the edit as an [[WB:MINOR|minor edit]], <span class="minor">m</span> appears before the summary. The "Previous edit" and "Next edit" links lead to earlier or later diffs. When you are viewing the diff between two non-consecutive versions of a page, you will also see the message "(x intermediate revisions not shown.)". After the table of differences, the latest of the two compared versions is shown fully, unless you have specified in your preferences that this is not to be done. ===Linking to a diff=== If you need to create a link to a specific diff (for use on a talk page or noticeboard, for example), then locate the diff from the [[#Page history|page history]], go to the diff page, and copy the [[w:URL|URL]] from your browser's address bar. Then paste this URL (the whole of it, including <nowiki>http://</nowiki>) into the text of the page where you want the link to appear, putting single square brackets [...] around it. The URL for a diff is based on the <code>oldid</code> value of the old revision. If a revision has oldid value 12345678, so its URL is: *<code><nowiki>http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=PAGETITLE&oldid=12345678</nowiki></code> then URLs for its diffs may take the forms: *diff with the current version: <code><nowiki>http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=PAGETITLE&diff=cur&oldid=123456789</nowiki></code> *diff with the previous version: <code><nowiki>http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=PAGETITLE&diff=prev&oldid=123456789</nowiki></code> *diff with version 10000001: <code><nowiki>http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=PAGETITLE&diff=100000001&oldid=123456789</nowiki></code> Another way of creating links to diffs is described at [[Template:Diff]]. The previously described means will generate ''external'' links. For an ''internal'' link write * <code><nowiki>[[Special: Diff/100000001]]</nowiki></code> for a link to a specific diff * <code><nowiki>[[Special: Diff/100000001/123456789]]</nowiki></code> for a comparison of two revisions. You can format such links like any internal link, that means you may define a label so something like {{nowrap|<code><nowiki>[[Special: Diff/1|very first edit]]</nowiki></code>}} will emit [[Special: Diff/1|very first edit]]. See the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Diff MediaWiki documentation on “Diff”] for more details. ==Reviewing pages== {{shortcut|WB:REVIEW|WB:FR}} &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''See also [[mw:Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension help at MediaWiki]]'' The ''pending changes'' system (also known as ''edit review'' and ''flagged revisions'') allows ''reviewers'' to review page revisions for quality. This is our primary counter-vandalism tool. This feature also allows readers who log in to manage the revision they are served, using their [[WB:PREFS|preferences]]. Regular contributors are automatically given [[Wikibooks:Reviewers|reviewer status]] by the software. Reviewers automatically review pages at the lowest setting (called ''checking a page'') when they save, so active books will usually have contributions by non-reviewers reviewed shortly after they are committed. Pages can be ‎reviewed by pressing the <span class="flaggedrevs-pending">'''[review]'''</span> link on pages like [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]]. Otherwise, pages can also be reviewed by using the following technique (which is needed if the page is previously unreviewed): # Go to the bottom of the page. # There should be a "Review this revision" dialog. # Press the "Accept revision" button. ===Stable version=== Except for the Wikijunior namespace, by default the latest version of a page, reviewed or not, is shown to readers. In the Wikijunior namespace, by default readers are served only the last reviewed version of a page (if there is a reviewed version, otherwise the latest unreviewed version; but on Wikijunior we try to be sure there is a reviewed version). This is called the ''stable version''. [[Wikibooks:Administrators|Administrators]] are able to change the settings for pages so that the stable version (the latest reviewed version of a page) is shown by default to logged-out readers. For logged-in readers, whether the stable version or latest version is shown by default can be altered in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rc|preferences]]. This is used primarily for [[Wikijunior]] books, but any book can opt in to this. Regardless of what version is initially shown, in cases where there are pending unreviewed changes to a page, there will be tabs titled ''Read'' and ''Latest draft'' to switch between the stable version and the most recent edit. === Quality criteria and levels === A page can be reviewed based on its quality. Four levels of review are available for revisions, with each level incorporating the previous levels: *'''poor/unrated''': the default rating for unreviewed revisions, or for revisions that don't reach "minimal" quality. *'''minimal''': proofread for spelling, punctuation, grammar, paragraph structure, and paragraph consistency; it is also the default for certain actions (see below). *'''average''': typography and language is found to be consistent with the book's [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]], but not thoroughly examined otherwise. *'''good''': thoroughly examined to ensure ideas and concepts are consistent, neutral, accurate, and verifiable. Please note that "minimal" does '''not''' necessarily refer to the quality of the revision, but can instead refer to the '''quality of the review itself''', in other words how thoroughly it is carried out. "Minimal" is also the default level for contributions from editors who hold the <code>autoreview</code> right; other editors will default to "poor/unrated". "Minimal" reviews can also occur during patrols for basic quality control of revisions; these include basic checks for: * [[Wikibooks:VANDALISM|Vandalism and spam]]. * Potentially inaccurate information, or other potential errors. * Potential problems with conforming to various [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]]. If most of the pages in a book have a revision that has been flagged as "good", the book may be a good candidate to be nominated as a [[WB:FB|featured book]]. As a non-enforceable but documented bit of culture, reviewers are discouraged from reviewing pages in books at the "good level" (called ''approving a page'') if the book contributors do not want to take part in having their pages reviewed. The good level may be useful as a matter of internal review by the book contributors, or an external review such as in a request to have the book be [[Wikibooks:Good books|featured]], etc. ===Monitoring reviewing=== * [[Special:Log/review]]: logs of page reviews * [[Special:ValidationStatistics]]: page review statistics * [[Special:PendingChanges]]: pages with pending changes * [[Special:UnreviewedPages]]: unreviewed pages (reviewers/administrators only) * [[Special:ConfiguredPages]]: pages with review configurations ===Patrol=== A patrol is the first review of a page after [[WB:CREATE|page creation]]. A log of patrolled pages is maintained at [[Special:Log/patrol]]. The main differences between patrol and review are: * Patrol only applies once per page creation. But reviewing pending changes is an ongoing process that happens every time a page is edited. * Patrol is restricted to [[Wikibooks:Administrators|administrators]], who hold the <code>patrol</code> right, which enables them to mark others' page creations as patrolled. However, the <code>autopatrol</code> right is held by administrators, [[Wikibooks:Reviewers|reviewers]], [[Wikibooks:Autoreviewed users|autoreviewed users]], and [[Wikibooks:Bots|bot accounts]], and enables one's own page creations to be automatically patrolled. * Patrol applies to all new page creations; if you have the <code>autopatrol</code> right, this is automatic. But review is usually limited to pages in certain namespaces, such as the main, Wikijunior, Cookbook, file, template and modules namespaces. This is because pending changes protection is automatically applied there. To patrol pages, go to and press the <span style="color: #00008B; font-size:small;">[Mark this page as patrolled]</span> link near the bottom of the page; if it is absent, either the page has been (auto)patrolled, or else you do not have administrator access. ===Edit review interface=== A user can configure whether the interface for indicating a page's review status is detailed or minimal in [[Special:Preferences]], influencing the way pages in Wikibooks appear. {{gallery |width=400 |height=100 |lines=1 |File:Unreviewed version detailed.png|alt1=Full bar across screen with a grey circle stating "This page may need to be reviewed for quality".|Unreviewed version, detailed interface |File:Unreviewed version minimal.png|alt2=Box in upper right with a grey circle stating "Unreviewed".|Unreviewed version, minimal interface |File:Reviewed version with pending detailed.png|alt3=The "Read" tab is selected. Full bar across screen with a yellow eye stating "This is the latest reviewed version, checked as on 9 December 2010. There is 1 pending change awaiting review".|Reviewed version with pending edits, detailed interface |File:Reviewed version with pending minimal.png|alt4=The "Read" tab is selected. Box in upper right with a yellow eye stating "Checked [review pending changes]".|Reviewed version with pending edits, minimal interface |File:Pending version detailed.png|alt5=The "Latest draft" tab is selected. Full bar across screen with a grey circle stating "This is the latest reviewed version, checked as on 9 December 2010. There is 1 pending change awaiting review".|Viewing the pending version of a reviewed page, detailed interface |File:Pending version minimal.png|alt6=The "Latest draft" tab is selected. Full bar across screen stating "This is a pending revision of this page. It was last reviewed at 9 December 2010. This version may differ slightly from the latest reviewed revision."|Viewing the pending version of a reviewed page, minimal interface |File:Reviewed version configured no pending detailed.png|alt7=Full bar across screen with a magnifying glass over papers and a yellow eye stating "This is the latest reviewed version, checked on 13 December 2010".|Reviewed page configured to show reviewed by default, detailed interface |File:Reviewed version configured no pending minimal.png|alt8=Box in upper right with a magnifying glass over papers and a yellow eye stating "Checked".|Reviewed page configured to show reviewed by default, minimal interface |File:Reviewed version no pending.png|alt9=No bar or box visible on this page.|Reviewed page with no pending edits (same for both interfaces) |File:Reviewing toolbar unreviewed revision.png|alt10=Radio buttons for quality, allowing choices for poor/unrated, minimal, average, and good. Button to submit review titled "Accept revision".|Reviewing toolbar for unreviewed revision |File:Reviewing toolbar reviewed revision.png|alt11=Radio buttons for quality, allowing choices for poor/unrated, minimal, average, and good. Button to submit new review titled "Accept revision" or remove current review titled "Unaccept revision".|Reviewing toolbar for reviewed revision |File:Diff reviewing toolbar.png|alt12=Box stating "Please review any pending changes (shown below) made since the latest reviewed revision. Radio buttons for quality, allowing choices for poor/unrated, minimal, average, and good. Button titled "Accept revision" and button titled "Reject changes".|Reviewing toolbar above [[WB:DIFF|diff]] seen via "review" or "pending changes" links }} {{Wikibooks editor navigation}} qwgqpolc8tfaf41nd8i4bgjj07or3fh 8 50984 4634874 4634482 2026-05-09T03:14:33Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Moving from [[MediaWiki:Common.css/Recentchanges.css]] and from [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] because CSS generally loads faster. However, I don't think that the yellow review link is needed anymore. 4634874 css text/css /* CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */ .mobile-only { display: none; } .PrettyTextBox { background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #27292d); color: inherit; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 0.2em; } /* Add arrows to toggle-blocks for collapsible elements */ .mw-collapsible-arrowtoggle.mw-collapsible-toggle-expanded { padding-left: 20px !important; background-image: url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.png'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center left; } .mw-collapsible-arrowtoggle.mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed { padding-left: 20px !important; background-image: url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_right_arrow.png'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center left; } body #siteSub { display: none; } /* Fix the background color on the sitenotice */ table#mw-dismissable-notice { background-color: transparent; } /* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */ .wpb .wpb-header { display: none; } .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for other browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ .nowraplinks a, .nowraplinks .selflink { white-space: nowrap; } /* Hack to remove comment box for FlaggedRevs, since we seem unable to remove it from configuration. */ #mw-fr-commentbox { display:none; } label[for="mw-fr-commentbox"]{display: none;} /* Hide [unchecked] from FlaggedRevs */ span.flaggedrevs-unreviewed {display: none;} /* Highlight edit filter tags */ span.mw-tag-markers {background-color: rgba(255, 51, 51, 0.25);} /* Keep menus in toolbox from growing too long */ .wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .menu .options { height:300px; overflow: auto; } /* Show only when printing */ @media screen, projection, handheld { .printonly { display: none !important; } } /* Disable the automatic text-size adjust of WebKit on iPhones etc. It scales some text, and not the other. Use none, or fixed percentage instead. Use media selector, because defining a value, overwrites platform defaults. */ @media only screen and (max-device-width: 480px) { body { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; } } /* Re-bold-en minor and bot edits in contributions, history, recent changes */ abbr.minoredit, abbr.botedit { font-weight: bold; } #catlinks li { padding:0 .3em; margin:0; } #catlinks li:first-child { padding-left:0; } /* Category tree */ #mw-subcategories ul { list-style: none none; margin-left: 0.25em; } .CategoryTreeChildren { margin-left: 1.25em; } /* To color the "updated since my last visit" in the history */ span.updatedmarker { color: #000; background: #99D642; } /* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]] for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and "latitude" are used by the [[w:Geo microformat]]. */ .geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; } .geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; } .longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; } .nobuttons input.searchboxSearchButton, .nobuttons input.cdx-button { display:none; } /* T156351: Support for Parsoid's Cite implementation */ span[ rel="mw:referencedBy" ] { counter-reset: mw-ref-linkback 0; } span[ rel="mw:referencedBy" ] > a::before { font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; content: counter( mw-ref-linkback, lower-alpha ); } /* System messages styled similarly to fmbox */ /* for .mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, behavior of this line differs between * the edit-protected notice and the special:Contribs for blocked users * The latter has specificity of 3 classes so we have to triple up here. */ .mw-warning-with-logexcerpt.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, div.mw-lag-warn-high, div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning, div#mw-protect-cascadeon { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #bb7070; background-color: var(--background-color-error-subtle, #ffdbdb); padding: 0.25em 0.9em; box-sizing: border-box; } /* default colors for partial block message */ /* gotta get over the hump introduced by the triple class above */ .mw-contributions-blocked-notice-partial .mw-warning-with-logexcerpt.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt { border-color: var(--border-color-warning, #ab7f2a); background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fef6e7); } /* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */ ul.permissions-errors { margin: 0; } ul.permissions-errors > li { list-style: none; } /* smart counters - allow up to #.#.# levels of counting. */ body { counter-reset: autocount-1 autocount-2 autocount-3; } .autocount:before, .autocount-list ol li:before { counter-increment:autocount-1; content: counter(autocount-1) " "; color:green; } .autocount-reset:before { counter-reset: autocount-1; } .autocount .autocount:before, .autocount-list li ol li:before { counter-increment: autocount-2; content: counter(autocount-1) "." counter(autocount-2) " "; color:red; } .autocount .autocount .autocount:before, .autocount-list li li ol li:before { counter-increment: autocount-3; content: counter(autocount-1) "." counter(autocount-2) "." counter(autocount-3) " "; color:green; } .autocount-list ol { margin-left:1.5em; } .autocount-list ol li { list-style:none; } .autocount-list ol li:first-child { counter-reset: autocount-1; } .autocount-list li ol li:first-child { counter-reset: autocount-2; } .autocount-list li li ol li:first-child { counter-reset: autocount-3; } /* Hover Box for switching the visibility of the selected item */ .hoverbox { display:inline-block; padding:0em; } .hoverbox .hoveritem { display:none; margin:0em; padding:0em; } .hoverbox .hoveritem.selected { display:inline-block; } .hoverbox:hover .hoveritem { display:inline-block; } .hoverbox:hover .hoveritem.selected { display:none; } /* Infobox template style */ .infobox { border:1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color:black; margin: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; } .infobox td, .infobox th { vertical-align:top; } .infobox caption { font-size: larger; margin-left: inherit; margin-right: inherit; } .infobox.bordered { border-collapse: collapse; } .infobox.bordered td, .infobox.bordered th { border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; } .infobox.bordered .borderless td, .infobox.bordered .borderless th { border: 0px; } .infobox.sisterproject { width: 20em; font-size:90%; } .infobox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color:#f8eaba; } .infobox.standard-talk.bordered td, .infobox.standard-talk.bordered th { border: 1px solid #c0c090; } /* styles for bordered infobox with merged rows */ .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th { border:0px; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; } .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th { border:0px; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; } /* Styles for geography infoboxes, eg countries, country subdivisions, cities, etc. */ .infobox.geography { text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; line-height:1.2em; font-size:90%; } .infobox.geography td, .infobox.geography th { border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th { border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedrow th { border:0px; padding:0em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th { border-top:0px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .maptable td, .infobox.geography .maptable th { border:0px; padding:0px; } /* Style for horizontal UL lists */ .horizontal ul, .DPLFlat ul { padding:0em; margin:0em; } .horizontal li, .DPLFlat li { display:inline; padding:0em 0.6em 0em 0.4em; border-right:1px solid #AAA; } .horizontal li:last-child, .DPLFlat li:last-child { border-right:0em; padding-right:0em; } /* Style for vertical UL lists */ .vertical ul { list-style:none; padding:0px; margin:0px; } .vertical li { padding:0.6em 0em 0.4em 0em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; } .vertical li:last-child { border-bottom:0px; } /* Style for horizontal lists (separator following item) */ .skin-monobook .hlist dl, .skin-modern .hlist dl, .skin-vector .hlist dl { line-height: 1.5em; } .hlist dl, .hlist ol, .hlist ul { margin: 0; } .hlist dd, .hlist dt, .hlist li { display: inline; margin: 0; } /* Display nested lists inline */ .hlist dl dl, .hlist ol ol, .hlist ul ul { display: inline; } /* Generate interpuncts */ .hlist dt:after { content: ":"; } .hlist dd:after, .hlist li:after { content: " ·"; font-weight: bold; } .hlist dd:last-child:after, .hlist dt:last-child:after, .hlist li:last-child:after { content: none; } /* for IE 8 */ .hlist dd.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist dt.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist li.hlist-last-child:after { content: none; } /* Add parens around nested lists */ .hlist dl dl dd:first-child:before, .hlist ol ol li:first-child:before, .hlist ul ul li:first-child:before { content: "("; } .hlist dl dl dd:last-child:after, .hlist ol ol li:last-child:after, .hlist ul ul li:last-child:after { content: ")"; font-weight: normal; } /* For IE8 */ .hlist dl dl dd.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist ol ol li.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist ul ul li.hlist-last-child:after { content: ")"; font-weight: normal; } /* Put numbers in ordered lists */ .hlist.hnum ol li { counter-increment: level1; } .hlist.hnum ol li:before { content: counter(level1) " "; } .hlist.hnum ol ol li { counter-increment: level2; } .hlist.hnum ol ol li:first-child:before { content: "(" counter(level2) " "; } .hlist.hnum ol ol li:before { content: counter(level2) " "; } /* Unbulleted lists */ .plainlist ul { line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0; } .plainlist ul li { margin-bottom: 0; } /* Make the list of references smaller */ div.references { font-size: 90%; } /* Highlight clicked reference in blue to help navigation */ div.references li:target, sup.reference:target, span.citation:target { background-color: #DEF; } /* Ensure refs in table headers and the like aren't bold or italic */ sup.reference { font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } /* Styling for citations */ span.citation, cite { font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; } /* For linked citation numbers and document IDs, where the number need not be shown on a screen or a handheld, but should be included in the printed version */ @media screen, handheld { span.citation *.printonly { display: none; } } /* xambox */ table.xambox { width: 80%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 15px solid #39f; /* Default "notice" blue */ } table.xambox th, table.xambox td { /* The message body cell(s) */ padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */ } table.xambox td.xambox-image { /* The left image cell */ width: 52px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */ text-align: center; } table.xambox td.xambox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ width: 52px; 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What is the origin of this recipe? This is not cashew chicken as served in Springfield, Missouri where it originated. Cashews are a garnish added at the very end along with green onions. There are no vegetables in cashew chicken, ''that'' is a variation. The recipe should be (as reasonably close) as the one first used at Leong's Tea House in Springfield where the dish was first invented. Using vegetables and other methods are the variations. I lived in Springfield, Missouri all my life and never ate this at a Chinese restaurant.[[User:Rt66lt|Rt66lt]] 18:09, 3 February 2006 (UTC) :This was already neatly described in the "variations" section. Leong might know his audience, but damn that's not normal cashew chicken. See [[Cookbook:Leong's Cashew Chicken]] for the recipe. (would Midwestern Cashew Chicken be a better name?) [[User:AlbertCahalan|AlbertCahalan]] 05:18, 14 April 2006 (UTC) I have lived in Springfield, MO for five years now. Before that I lived in San Francisco (they have a few good Chinese restaurants there), New York City (as well), and Boston. The cashew chicken served here in the so-called "Birthplace of Cashew Chicken" is nothing more than fried chicken with brown gravy, and cashews sprinkled on top. Who let the hillbilly into the kitchen? == soy sauce listed in a 'gluten-free' recipe? == I'm trying to find a gluten-free recipe, and happy to have this resource, but lo and behold, I see that soy sauce is listed here without any caveat or gluten warnings, yet wheat (i.e., gluten) appears to be a primary ingredient in soy sauce. This makes me question other recipes on the gluten free list...bummer! eyd4qnen6cn047b123pticde3q8a4so 8 104018 4634878 4539375 2026-05-09T03:27:22Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Already loaded via [[MediaWiki:Common.css]]. 4634878 javascript text/javascript /** * Redirect User:Name/skin.js and skin.css to the current skin's pages * (unless the 'skin' page really exists). * * Dependencies: mediawiki.util * * @source https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Redirect_skin.js * @revision 2016-04-13 */ if ( mw.config.get( 'wgArticleId' ) === 0 && mw.config.get( 'wgNamespaceNumber' ) === 2 ) { mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util', function () { var titleParts = mw.config.get( 'wgPageName' ).split( '/' ); // Make sure there was a part before and after the slash // And that the latter is 'skin.js' or 'skin.css' if ( titleParts.length == 2 ) { var userSkinPage = titleParts[0] + '/' + mw.config.get( 'skin' ); if ( titleParts[1] === 'skin.js' ) { location.href = mw.util.getUrl( userSkinPage + '.js' ); } else if ( titleParts[1] === 'skin.css' ) { location.href = mw.util.getUrl( userSkinPage + '.css' ); } } } ); } // Book specific mw.config.set( 'wgBookName', ( mw.config.get( 'wgPageName' ).split( '/', 1 )[0] || '' ).split( ':', 2 ).join( ':' ) ); if ( mw.config.get( 'wgCanonicalSpecialPageName' ) === 'Watchlist' ) { importStylesheet( 'MediaWiki:Common.css/Watchlist.css' ); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/WatchlistNotice.js'); } else if ( $.inArray( mw.config.get( 'wgAction' ), ['edit', 'submit', 'upload'] ) !== -1 ) { importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Toolbox.js'); } /** * @source https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Load_JS_and_CSS_by_URL * @revision 2020-04-04 */ mw.loader.using( ['mediawiki.util'], function () { var extraCSS = mw.util.getParamValue( 'withCSS' ), extraJS = mw.util.getParamValue( 'withJS' ); if ( extraCSS ) { // WARNING: DO NOT REMOVE THIS "IF" - REQUIRED FOR SECURITY (against XSS/CSRF attacks) if ( /^MediaWiki:[^&<>=%#]*\.css$/.test( extraCSS ) ) { mw.loader.load( '/w/index.php?title=' + encodeURIComponent( extraCSS ) + '&action=raw&ctype=text/css', 'text/css' ); } else { mw.notify( 'Only pages from the MediaWiki namespace are allowed.', { title: 'Invalid withCSS value' } ); } } if ( extraJS ) { // WARNING: DO NOT REMOVE THIS "IF" - REQUIRED FOR SECURITY (against XSS/CSRF attacks) if ( /^MediaWiki:[^&<>=%#]*\.js$/.test( extraJS ) ) { mw.loader.load( '/w/index.php?title=' + encodeURIComponent( extraJS ) + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript' ); } else { mw.notify( 'Only pages from the MediaWiki namespace are allowed.', { title: 'Invalid withJS value' } ); } } }); /* * Use Gadgets whenever possible to minimize loading for all users for every page. * Wait for mediawiki.util to be ready because some things assume its availability. */ mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util', function() { // Page specific - lynchpin for [[Help:Dialog|dialog]] [[Category:Dialog javascript pages]] importScript( 'MediaWiki:Common.js/w/' + mw.config.get( 'wgPageName' ) ); // Imported scripts importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Relics.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/ExtraTools.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/CollapseElements.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/NavigationTabs.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Displaytitle.js'); // importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/RandomBook.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Perbook.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/tabs.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/top.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/review.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Categories.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/use.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:Common.js/Slideshows.js'); // DO NOT ADD CODE BELOW THIS LINE }); 3isbuxgkw0m0wao11v12meo860m97x3 0 105123 4634880 3016795 2026-05-09T03:39:18Z GUNGIL 3578956 4634880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Modern Defense| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|= | | | | | | |pd| |= | | | | | | | | |= | | | |pl|pl| | | |= | | | | | | | | |= |pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= |moves=1.e4 g6 2.d4 |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/King's Pawn Opening|King's Pawn Opening]] }} =Modern Defense= White has established his center and Black is planning to destroy it from a distance. He may play an immediate [[/2...Bg7/]] or delay it and play [[/2...d6/]]. A transposition to the Caro-Kann is possible by playing [[/2...c6/]]. [[/2...Nf6/]] is the Norwegian Defence. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 g6 2. d4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">2</th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Modern Defense|Modern Defense]]</th> <td>d4<br>[[/2...Bg7|Bg7]]</td> <td>Nc3<br>d6</td> <td>Be3<br>a6</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Caro-Kann Defense|Caro-Kann Defense]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/2...c6|c6]]</td> <td>Nc3<br>d5</td> <td>h3<br>Bg7</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Pirc Defense|Pirc Defense]]</th> <td>...<br>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. d4/2...g6|d6]]</td> <td>Nc3<br>Nf6</td> <td>Nf3<br>Bg7</td> <td>=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} {{wikipedia|Modern Defense}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{NCO}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} p9chv0ipf4do739ocauv0o2bxd73gqn 0 107978 4634852 4634636 2026-05-08T23:26:18Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-27562-66|~2026-27562-66]]) and restored revision 3626079 by MicSmithel: The changes were not consistent with the content in the section. 4634852 wikitext text/x-wiki = Los Animales = == Las Aves == *''' el águila ''' : '' (feminine) eagle '' *''' la alondra ''' : '' lark '' *''' el ansarino ''' : '' gosling '' *''' el avestruz ''' : '' ostrich '' *''' el azulejo ''' : '' bluebird '' *''' el búho; el tecolote (in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras) ''' : '' owl '' *''' el buitre; el zopilote (in Mexico and Central America) ''' : '' vulture '' *''' el canario ''' : '' canary '' *''' el cardenal ''' : '' cardinal '' *''' el cenzontle ''' : '' mockingbird '' *''' el chorlo ''' : '' plover '' *''' la cigüeña ''' : '' stork '' *''' el cisne ''' : '' swan '' *''' el cisne joven ''' : '' cygnet '' *''' la codorniz ''' : '' quail '' *''' el colibrí ''' : '' hummingbird '' *''' el cóndor ''' : '' condor '' *''' el cucarachero ''' : '' wren '' *''' el cuco ''' : '' cuckoo '' *''' el cuervo ''' : '' crow '' *''' el faisán ''' : '' pheasant '' *''' el flamenco ''' : '' flamingo '' *''' la gallina ''' : '' hen '' *''' el gallo ''' : '' rooster '' *''' el ganso ''' : '' goose '' *''' la garza ''' : '' heron '' *''' la golondrina ''' : '' swallow '' *''' la gaviota ''' : '' seagull '' *''' el gorrión ''' : '' sparrow '' *''' la grulla ''' : '' crane '' *''' el halcón ''' : '' hawk, falcon '' *''' el ibis ''' : '' ibis '' *''' el loro, el papagayo ''' : '' parrot '' *''' el martín pescador ''' : '' kingfisher '' *''' el mirlo ''' : '' Old World blackbird '' *''' el pájaro ''' : '' bird '' *''' el pájaro carpintero ''' : '' woodpecker '' *''' el paloma ''' : '' pigeon, dove '' *''' el patito ''' : '' duckling '' *''' el pato ''' : '' duck '' *''' el pavo ''' : '' turkey '' *''' el pavorreal ''' : '' peacock '' *''' el pelícano ''' : '' pelican '' *''' el periquito ''' : '' parakeet, budgie '' *''' el petirrojo ''' : '' robin (the English and Japanese robins, ''Erithacus'') '' *''' el petirrojo americano ''' : '' robin (the American robins, ''Turdus migratorius'') '' *''' el pingüino ''' : '' penguin '' *''' el pinzón ''' : '' finch '' *''' el pollo ''' : '' chicken '' *''' el polluelo ''' : '' chick '' *''' el ruiseñor ''' : '' nightingale '' *''' el tucán ''' : '' toucan '' *''' el turpial ''' : '' New World blackbird '' *''' la urraca de América ''' : '' blue jay '' == Los Insectos == *(1-23) ''' los insectos ''' : '' insects '' [[image:Nonholometabolous.GIF]] *(1) ''' la libélula ''' : '' dragonfly '' *(2) ''' el saltamontes ''' : '' grasshopper '' *(3) ''' el grillo ''' : '' cricket '' *(4) ''' la cucaracha ''' : '' cockroach '' *(5) ''' la mantis religiosa ''' : '' praying mantis '' *(6) ''' la termita ''' : '' termite '' [[image:Mischolometabolous.GIF]] *(7) ''' la pulga ''' : '' flea '' *(8) ''' el piojo ''' : '' louse '' *(9) ''' la mosca ''' : '' fly '' *(10) ''' el mosquito ''' : '' mosquito '' [[image:Beetles.GIF]] *(11-14) ''' los escarabajos ''' : '' beetles '' *(11) ''' el escarabajo pelotero ''' : '' dung beetle '' *(12) ''' la mariquita ''' : '' ladybug '' *(13) ''' la luciérnaga ''' : '' firefly '' *(14) ''' el ciervo volante ''' : '' stag beetle '' [[image:Lepidoptera.GIF]] *(15) ''' la oruga ''' : '' caterpillar '' *(16) ''' la crisálida ''' : '' chrysalis '' *(17) ''' la mariposa ''' : '' butterfly '' *(18) ''' el gusano de seda ''' : '' silkworm '' *(19) ''' el capullo ''' : '' cocoon '' *(20) ''' la mariposa nocturna ''' : '' moth '' [[image:Socialinsects.GIF]] *(21) ''' la hormiga ''' : '' ant '' *(22) ''' la abeja ''' : '' bee '' *(23) ''' la avispa ''' : '' wasp '' == Los Mamíferos == === Lagomorfos === *''' el conejo ''' : '' rabbit '' *''' la liebre ''' : '' hare '' *''' la pica ''' : '' pika '' === Mamíferos acuáticos === *''' la ballena ''' : '' whale '' *''' el delfín ''' : '' dolphin '' *''' la foca ''' : '' seal '' *''' la morsa ''' : '' walrus '' *''' la orca ''' : '' orca, killer whale '' === Mamíferos carnívoros === *''' el cachorro ''' : '' puppy; cub (of lion) '' *''' el chacal ''' : '' jackal '' *''' el coyote ''' : '' coyote '' *''' el gatito ''' : '' kitten '' *''' el gato ''' : '' cat '' *''' el guepardo ''' : '' cheetah '' *''' el hurón ''' : '' ferret '' *''' el jaguar ''' : '' jaguar '' *''' el león ''' : '' lion '' *''' el leopardo ''' : '' leopard '' *''' el lobo ''' : '' wolf '' *''' el mapache ''' : '' raccoon '' *''' la mofeta (Spain), el zorrillo (Mexico & Central America) ''' : '' skunk '' *''' la nutria ''' : '' otter '' *''' el osezno ''' : '' cub (bear) '' *''' el oso ''' : '' bear '' *''' el oso blanco ''' : '' polar bear '' *''' el perrito ''' : '' puppy '' *''' el perro ''' : '' dog '' *''' el puma ''' : '' puma, cougar, mountain lion '' *''' el tejón ''' : '' badger '' *''' el tigre ''' : '' tiger '' *''' el zorro ''' : '' fox '' === Mamíferos herbívoro === *''' el panda ''' : '' panda '' *''' el tapir ''' : '' tapir '' === Mamíferos insectívoros === *''' el armadillo ''' : '' armadillo '' *''' el erizo ''' : '' hedgehog '' *''' la musaraña ''' : '' shrew '' *''' el topo ''' : '' mole '' *''' el oso hormiguero ''' : '' anteater '' === Mamíferos marsupiales === *''' el canguro ''' : '' kangaroo '' *''' el diablo de Tasmania ''' : '' Tasmanian devil '' *''' el koala ''' : '' koala '' *''' el ualabí ''' : '' wallaby '' *''' la zarigüeya ''' : '' opossum '' === Mamíferos primates === *''' el mono ''' : '' monkey '' *''' el simio ''' : '' ape '' *''' el babuino ''' : '' baboon '' *''' el chimpancé ''' : '' chimpanzee '' *''' el gibón ''' : '' gibbon '' *''' el gorila ''' : '' gorilla '' *''' el humano/la humana ''' : '' human '' *''' el lémur ''' : '' lemur '' *''' el macaco ''' : '' macaque '' *''' el orangután ''' : '' orangutan '' *''' el tamarino ''' : '' tamarin '' *''' el tití ''' : '' marmoset '' === Mamíferos ungulados === *''' el alce ''' : '' moose '' *''' la alpaca ''' : '' alpaca '' *''' el antílope ''' : '' antelope '' *''' el búbalo ''' : '' water buffalo '' *''' el buey ''' : '' ox '' *''' el búfalo ''' : '' buffalo '' *''' el burro ''' : '' donkey '' *''' el caballo ''' : '' horse '' *''' la cabra, la chiva ''' : '' goat; nanny-goat '' *''' el cabrito ''' : '' kid '' *''' el cabro ''' : '' billy-goat '' *''' el camello ''' : '' camel '' *''' el carnero ''' : '' ram '' *''' la cebra ''' : '' zebra '' *''' la cerda ''' : '' sow '' *''' el cerdo ''' : '' pig '' *''' el ciervo ''' : '' deer '' *''' el cordero ''' : '' lamb '' *''' el elefante ''' : '' elephant '' *''' el hipopótamo ''' : '' hippopotamus '' *''' la jirafa ''' : '' giraffe '' *''' la llama ''' : '' llama '' *''' la oveja ''' : '' sheep '' *''' la oveja madre ''' : '' ewe '' *''' el poni ''' : '' pony '' *''' el reno, el rangífero ''' : '' reindeer '' *''' el rinoceronte ''' : '' rhinoceros '' *''' el ternero ''' : '' calf '' *''' el toro ''' : '' bull '' *''' la vaca ''' : '' cow '' *''' el verraco ''' : '' boar '' *''' el yak ''' : '' yak '' === Mamíferos voladores === *''' el murciélago ''' : '' bat '' *''' el murciélago vampiro ''' : '' vampire bat '' *''' el zorro volador ''' : '' flying fox; fruit bat '' === Roedores === *''' la ardilla ''' : '' squirrel '' *''' la ardilla listada ''' : '' chipmunk '' *''' el castor ''' : '' beaver '' *''' el cobaya, la cobaya, el cuy ''' : '' guinea pig '' *''' el hámster ''' : '' hamster '' *''' el gerbillo ''' : '' gerbil '' *''' la marmota ''' : '' groundhog '' *''' el puercoespín ''' : '' porcupine '' *''' la rata ''' : '' rat '' *''' el ratón ''' : '' mouse '' *''' la tuza ''' : '' gopher '' {{BookCat}} 9l282fc786bi5k1ut8g85uax6yeibjq 4 140081 4634754 4634543 2026-05-08T12:20:38Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting Pizzazilla1 4634754 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. 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For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == No data in page linked to by Wikidata == The page, [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSSH/Third_Party_Utilities OpenSSH: Third Party Utilities] has no data and thus should not be linked to from [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139625509 Q139625509] How can the link be deleted? Thanks. [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:06, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Same for Q139611668 and Q139611580. All three links should be deleted / removed as the destination pages in the en.wikibook do not have any data but instead normal prose. - [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Glinemovers reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Glinemovers}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Glinemovers/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:08, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Deftsoft51 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Deftsoft51}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Deftsoft51/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Pizzazilla1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Pizzazilla1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Pizzazilla1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 8 May 2026 (UTC) jv2n9kwdcn7zall42cawzzy9kney40s 4634857 4634754 2026-05-09T00:31:54Z SHB2000 3332924 /* Pizzazilla1 reported by MathXplore */ re 4634857 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == No data in page linked to by Wikidata == The page, [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSSH/Third_Party_Utilities OpenSSH: Third Party Utilities] has no data and thus should not be linked to from [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139625509 Q139625509] How can the link be deleted? Thanks. [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:06, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Same for Q139611668 and Q139611580. All three links should be deleted / removed as the destination pages in the en.wikibook do not have any data but instead normal prose. - [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Glinemovers reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Glinemovers}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Glinemovers/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:08, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Deftsoft51 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Deftsoft51}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Deftsoft51/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Pizzazilla1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Pizzazilla1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Pizzazilla1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :Done. //[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC) mcjhnj5ok2fhlsk2htdsjjvdqlgutci 4634863 4634857 2026-05-09T01:02:45Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting ~2026-28014-44 4634863 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == No data in page linked to by Wikidata == The page, [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSSH/Third_Party_Utilities OpenSSH: Third Party Utilities] has no data and thus should not be linked to from [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139625509 Q139625509] How can the link be deleted? Thanks. [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:06, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Same for Q139611668 and Q139611580. All three links should be deleted / removed as the destination pages in the en.wikibook do not have any data but instead normal prose. - [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Glinemovers reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Glinemovers}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Glinemovers/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:08, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Deftsoft51 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Deftsoft51}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Deftsoft51/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Pizzazilla1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Pizzazilla1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Pizzazilla1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :Done. //[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-28014-44 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-28014-44}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-28014-44/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:02, 9 May 2026 (UTC) ce29yaoveykvcgl9oxa1mfqdxr282nh 4634913 4634863 2026-05-09T08:10:23Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 3 threads (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/April]] 4634913 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by Count Count. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:57, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:58, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) : Page was already deleted, but the account is otherwise {{stale}}. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-26947-55 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-26947-55}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-26947-55/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:24, 3 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == No data in page linked to by Wikidata == The page, [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSSH/Third_Party_Utilities OpenSSH: Third Party Utilities] has no data and thus should not be linked to from [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139625509 Q139625509] How can the link be deleted? Thanks. [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:06, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Same for Q139611668 and Q139611580. All three links should be deleted / removed as the destination pages in the en.wikibook do not have any data but instead normal prose. - [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Glinemovers reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Glinemovers}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Glinemovers/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:08, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Deftsoft51 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Deftsoft51}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Deftsoft51/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 6 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC) == Pizzazilla1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Pizzazilla1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Pizzazilla1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :Done. //[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-28014-44 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-28014-44}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-28014-44/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:02, 9 May 2026 (UTC) h68478ytsntc13zappktg9n58479543 0 142017 4634840 4622090 2026-05-08T20:58:52Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 8 */ 4634840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats: (Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers. ==1960-1980== Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.) Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.) Position 7 - 1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1 Position 8 - 0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen) Position 9-14 - Construction serial number 10704312006193 ==Passenger Vehicles 1981-== ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * W1K Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * W1N Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDB Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car) * WDC DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDD DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * WMX Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America) * 4JG Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * 55S Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * 9BM Mercedes-Benz Brazil car & SUV ===Position 4, Model or Series:=== * A W123 300-Class * B R107 SL-Class * B C107 SLC-Class * C W126/C126 S-Class * D W201 190-Class * E W124 300-Class/E-Class * F R129 SL-Class * G W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class * H W202 C-Class * J W210 E-Class * K R170 SLK-Class * L C208/A208 CLK-Class * N W220 S-Class * P C215 CL-Class * R W203 C-Class * S R230 SL-Class * T C209/A209 CLK-Class * U W211 E-Class * W R171 SLK-Class *---------------------------------- * A C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren * D C219 CLS-Class * E C216 CL-Class * F W245 B-Class (Canada only) * G W204 C-Class * H W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon * J R231 SL-Class * K C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible * L C218 CLS-Class * M W246 B-Class (Canada only) * N W221 S-Class * P R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class * R C197/R197 SLS AMG * S C117 CLA-Class * U W222 S-Class sedan * V W240 Maybach 57/62 * V N242 B-Class Electric * W W205 C-Class * X C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible * Y C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster * Z W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon * 1 C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible * 2 C257 CLS-Class * 3 V177 A-Class sedan * 3 W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only) * 5 C118 CLA-Class * 6 W223 S-Class sedan * 7 X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe *---------------------------------- * A W206 C-Class * C V297 EQS-Class sedan * E V295 EQE-Class sedan * F C174 CLA-Class sedan EV * L W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon * M C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible * R C192 AMG GT coupe * V R232 SL-Class *---------------------------------- * A W163 M-Class * B W164 M-Class * B X164 GL-Class * C W251 R-Class * D W166 M-Class/GLE-Class * D X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class * D X296 EQS-Class SUV * E C292 GLE-Class Coupe * F W167/C167 GLE-Class * F X167 GLS-Class * G X204 GLK-Class * 0 X253/C253 GLC-Class * G X294 EQE-Class SUV * K X254/C254 GLC-Class * T X156 GLA-Class * Y W463 G-Class * W W465 G-Class * 4 H247 GLA-Class * 4 X247 GLB-Class * 9 X243 EQB-Class ===Position 5, Body Style:=== Passenger Cars: * B = Long Body * F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57) * F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class) * G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62) * G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan) * G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan) * G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan) * H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon) * H = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only) * J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe) * J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class) * K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster) * N = "Coupe" [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe) * P = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric) * X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class) * X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe) * X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680) SUVs: * A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class) * B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('06-'13 R-Class) * C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class) * D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe) * F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class) * G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon) * G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class) * H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG) * J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe) * M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV]) * N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class) * R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class) * X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV) On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models: * A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81) * B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95) * D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic) * M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only) ===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:=== '''V177:'''<br> following 3G in pos. 4-5: *4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 & in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W177:'''<br> following 3F in pos. 4-5: *4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W245:'''<br> following FH in pos. 4-5: *33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell) '''W246:'''<br> following MH in pos. 4-5: *4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 *4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 '''N242:'''<br> following VP in pos. 4-5: *9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp) '''C117:'''<br> following SJ in pos. 4-5: *4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''C118:'''<br> following 5J in pos. 4-5: *4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) *5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''C174:'''<br> following FJ in pos. 4-5: *1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp) *4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp) '''W201:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4) following DB in pos. 4-5: *22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4) *26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5) *28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) '''W202:'''<br> following HA in pos. 4-5: *22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4) *23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4) *24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8) following HM in pos. 4-5: *36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6) '''W203/S203/CL203:'''<br> following RF in pos. 4-5: *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6) *54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6) *76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) following RH in pos. 4-5: *61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) following RN in pos. 4-5: *47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W204/C204:'''<br> following GF in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) following GJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''<br> following WF in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WH in pos. 4-5: *4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) following WJ in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WK in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W206:'''<br> following AF in pos. 4-5: *4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W123/S123/C123:'''<br> following AA in pos. 4-5: *33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) *53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) following AB in pos. 4-5: *23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4) *30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) '''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''<br> following EA in pos. 4-5: *26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6) *51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) following EB in pos. 4-5: *28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) *31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) following ED in pos. 4-5: *30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) '''W210/S210:'''<br> following JF in pos. 4-5: *20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6) *55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following JH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W211/S211:'''<br> following UF in pos. 4-5: *26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6) *22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) following UH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) '''W212/S212:'''<br> following HF in pos. 4-5: *2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) *8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4) following HH in pos. 4-5: *8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W213/S213:'''<br> following ZF in pos. 4-5: *4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following ZH in pos. 4-5: *6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W214/S214:'''<br> following LF in pos. 4-5: *4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following LH in pos. 4-5: *6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C219:'''<br> following DJ in pos. 4-5: *75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C218:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C257:'''<br> following 2J in pos. 4-5: *5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X290:'''<br> following 7X in pos. 4-5: *5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''V295:'''<br> following EG in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''W126/V126//C126:'''<br> following CA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8) *37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) *43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) following CB in pos. 4-5: *20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''W140/V140/C140:'''<br> following GA in pos. 4-5: *32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) *70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) following GB in pos. 4-5: *34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''V220:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W220:'''<br> following NF in pos. 4-5: *67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''C215:'''<br> following PJ in pos. 4-5: *73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''V221:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C216:'''<br> following EJ in pos. 4-5: *71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''V222:'''<br> following UG in pos. 4-5: *6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''X222:'''<br> following UX in pos. 4-5: *8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''C217:'''<br> following XJ in pos. 4-5: *8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''A217:'''<br> following XK in pos. 4-5: *8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''V223:'''<br> following 6G in pos. 4-5: *6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''Z223:'''<br> following 6X in pos. 4-5: *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''V297:'''<br> following CG in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp) *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W240:'''<br> following VF in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''V240:'''<br> following VG in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''C208/A208:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following LK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''C209/A209:'''<br> following TJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8) following TK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C207/A207:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) following KK in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''C238/A238:'''<br> following 1J in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following 1K in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C236/A236:'''<br> following MJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following MK in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''R170:'''<br> following KK in pos. 4-5: *47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4) *49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4) *65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6) '''R171:'''<br> following WK in pos. 4-5: *54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''R172:'''<br> following PK in pos. 4-5: *4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8) '''R107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8) '''C107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8) '''R129:'''<br> following FA in pos. 4-5: *61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) '''R230:'''<br> following SK in pos. 4-5: *75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''R231:'''<br> following JK in pos. 4-5: *6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''R232:'''<br> following VK in pos. 4-5: *5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following VX in pos. 4-5: *8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C199/R199:'''<br> following AJ in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) following AK in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) '''C197/R197:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8) following RK in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) '''C190:'''<br> following YJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8) '''R190:'''<br> following YK in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) '''C192:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X156:'''<br> following TG in pos. 4-5: *4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''H247:'''<br> following 4N in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''X247:'''<br> following 4M in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X243:'''<br> following 9M in pos. 4-5: *0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp) *0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp) *1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) '''X204:'''<br> following GG in pos. 4-5: *0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''X253:'''<br> following 0G in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery) *5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C253:'''<br> following 0J in pos. 4-5: *4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X254:'''<br> following KM in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''C254:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W163:'''<br> following AB in pos. 4-5: *54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W164:'''<br> following BB in pos. 4-5: *22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery) '''W166:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 & '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = ML550 ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C292:'''<br> following ED in pos. 4-5: *2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W167:'''<br> following FB in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C167:'''<br> following FD in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US & Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X294:'''<br> following GM in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''V251:'''<br> following CB in pos. 4-5: *22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 & '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = R350 4Matic ['12 & '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''X164:'''<br> following BF in pos. 4-5: *22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8) '''X166:'''<br> following DF in pos. 4-5: *2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version) *6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''X167:'''<br> following FF in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X296:'''<br> following DM in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) '''Z296:'''<br> following DX in pos. 4-5: *5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W463 (1st gen.):'''<br> following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18): *49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''W463 (2nd gen.):'''<br> following YC in pos. 4-5: *6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W465:'''<br> following WH in pos. 4-5: *1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''N465:'''<br> following WM in pos. 4-5: *0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp) ===Position 8=== Passenger cars - Restraint system: * A 3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt * B seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat & driver-side front airbag * C seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats * D seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster * E seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats) * F seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class & SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class] * G seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class & CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible] * H seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan] * J seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe] * A seat belt + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row <br> ('10- SLK-Class, '10- SL-Class, '11- SLS AMG) * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('10- C-Class, '10- E-Class sedan, '11- E-Class wagon, '10- E-Class coupe, '10- CLS-Class, '10- S-Class, '10- CL-Class, '10-'12 Maybach) * C seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners for outboard seats + load limiters for front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('11- E-Class cabriolet) SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09): * E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class) SUVs ('10-) Restraint system: * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('10- GLK-Class, M-Class, R-Class w/2 rows, GL-Class w/2 rows, G-Class) * E seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, & 3rd rows ('10- R-Class w/3 rows, GL-Class w/3 rows) GVWR: * Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('10- GLK-Class) * Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('10- M-Class, R-Class, GL-Class, G-Class) * Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10- G-Class w/optional armoring) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A-D: Sindelfingen, Germany * E: Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000) * E: Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001) * E: Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China) * F-H: Bremen, Germany * J, K: Rastatt, Germany * L: Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant) * M: Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant) * N, P: Kecskemet, Hungary * R, S: East London, South Africa * T: Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant) * U: Sindelfingen, Germany * V: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant) * W: Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant) * X: Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) * 1: Pune, Maharashtra, India For 4JG and 55S: * A, B, U: Vance, Alabama, US ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ==Commercial Vehicles== Position 1-3 * VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638) * WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG * WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class & X-Class) * W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic) * W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck) * W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van) * W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N) * WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N) * WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N) * WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck * WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle * WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3) * WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDR - Freightliner MPV * WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * WDY - Freightliner Truck * WCD - Freightliner Bus * W2W - Freightliner MPV * W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * W2Y - Freightliner Truck * W2Z - Freightliner Bus * 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990) * 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck & Bus (for South America) * 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America) * 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck & Bus (for South America) Position 4–6, Model *414 - Vaneo *415 - Mark 1 Citan *420 - Mark 2 Citan *447 - Mark 3 Vito *470 - X-Class *638 - Mark 1 Vito *639 - Mark 2 Vito *670 - Vario *901 - Sprinter T1N *902 - Sprinter T1N *903 - Sprinter T1N *904 - Sprinter T1N *905 - Sprinter T1N *906 - Sprinter NCV3 *907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD) *910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD) *930 - Actros Rigids *933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer *934 - Actros MP2 tractor *944 - Axor Tractor *950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids *952 - Axor *954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor *956 - Econic *963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos *964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs *967 - Atego *970 - Atego *972 - Atego *976 - Atego Fire Position 7–9, Weight and Length code Position 10, Drive indicator *1 Left hand drive *2 Right hand drive Position 11, Plant code * E: Buenos Aires, Argentina * G: Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup) * N: Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB) * N: Ludwigsfelde, Germany * P, R, S: Düsseldorf, Germany * T: Ladson, South Carolina, US * U: Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT) * V: Wörth, Germany * 3: Vitoria, Spain * 4: Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V) * 4: Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog) * 5: Düsseldorf, Germany * 9: Ludwigsfelde, Germany Position 12–17, Serial Number Position 18, Check Digit ==External links== Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981 {{BookCat}} c3w4tx0rfuwu27mkrib4tiwervvky43 4634841 4634840 2026-05-08T21:30:24Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 8 */ 4634841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} Mercedes-Benz uses the following VIN formats: (Note) This chart is not applicable to Mercedes-Benz products made for markets other than North America. European/World market cars use a different system for encoding VIN numbers. ==1960-1980== Position 1-3 - chassis code (e.g. 107, 116, 123, etc.) Position 4-6 - model type (e.g. 024, 032, 033, 036, 044, 045, etc.) Position 7 - 1=LH Drive (made in Germany), 2=RH Drive (made in Germany), 5=LH Drive CKD, 6=RH Drive CKD (Complete Knocked Down, assembled outside Germany)1 Position 8 - 0=Manual transmission, 1=Hydraulic clutch, 2= Automatic transmission 2 (Alphabetics indicate Plant of Manufacture i.e.: A = Sindelfingen) Position 9-14 - Construction serial number 10704312006193 ==Passenger Vehicles 1981-== ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * W1K Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * W1N Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDB Daimler-Benz AG (DaimlerChrysler after 1998) (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz or Maybach passenger car) * WDC DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * WDD DaimlerChrysler AG (Daimler AG after 2007) (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * WMX Mercedes-AMG (not used in North America) * 4JG Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz SUV) * 55S Mercedes-Benz U.S. International (Mercedes-Benz passenger car) * 9BM Mercedes-Benz Brazil car & SUV ===Position 4, Model or Series:=== * A W123 300-Class * B R107 SL-Class * B C107 SLC-Class * C W126/C126 S-Class * D W201 190-Class * E W124 300-Class/E-Class * F R129 SL-Class * G W140/C140 S-Class, C140 CL-Class * H W202 C-Class * J W210 E-Class * K R170 SLK-Class * L C208/A208 CLK-Class * N W220 S-Class * P C215 CL-Class * R W203 C-Class * S R230 SL-Class * T C209/A209 CLK-Class * U W211 E-Class * W R171 SLK-Class *---------------------------------- * A C199/R199/Z199 SLR McLaren * D C219 CLS-Class * E C216 CL-Class * F W245 B-Class (Canada only) * G W204 C-Class * H W212/S212 E-Class sedan/wagon * J R231 SL-Class * K C207/A207 E-Class coupe/convertible * L C218 CLS-Class * M W246 B-Class (Canada only) * N W221 S-Class * P R172 SLK-Class/SLC-Class * R C197/R197 SLS AMG * S C117 CLA-Class * U W222 S-Class sedan * V W240 Maybach 57/62 * V N242 B-Class Electric * W W205 C-Class * X C217/A217 S-Class coupe/convertible * Y C190/R190 AMG GT coupe/roadster * Z W213/S213/X213 E-Class sedan/wagon/All-Terrain wagon * 1 C238/A238 E-Class coupe/convertible * 2 C257 CLS-Class * 3 V177 A-Class sedan * 3 W177 A-Class hatchback (Canada only) * 5 C118 CLA-Class * 6 W223 S-Class sedan * 7 X290 AMG GT 4-door coupe *---------------------------------- * A W206 C-Class * C V297 EQS-Class sedan * E V295 EQE-Class sedan * F C174 CLA-Class sedan EV * L W214/X214 E-Class sedan/All-Terrain wagon * M C236/A236 CLE-Class coupe/convertible * R C192 AMG GT coupe * V R232 SL-Class *---------------------------------- * A W163 M-Class * B W164 M-Class * B X164 GL-Class * C W251 R-Class * D W166 M-Class/GLE-Class * D X166 GL-Class/GLS-Class * D X296 EQS-Class SUV * E C292 GLE-Class Coupe * F W167/C167 GLE-Class * F X167 GLS-Class * G X204 GLK-Class * 0 X253/C253 GLC-Class * G X294 EQE-Class SUV * K X254/C254 GLC-Class * T X156 GLA-Class * Y W463 G-Class * W W465 G-Class * 4 H247 GLA-Class * 4 X247 GLB-Class * 9 X243 EQB-Class ===Position 5, Body Style:=== Passenger Cars: * B = Long Body * F = Sedan ('96+ E-Class, '01+ C-Class, '06 S-Class [S350], Maybach 57) * F = 5-door hatchback (Canada only: '19-'22 A-Class) * G = Sedan Long Wheelbase ('00+ S-Class, Maybach 62) * G = Sedan ('19-'22 A-Class sedan) * G = Electric Sedan ('23+ EQE sedan) * G = Electric hatchback Sedan ('22+ EQS sedan) * H = Wagon ('98-'09, '11- E-Class wagon, '02-'05 C-Class wagon, Canada only: '19-'21 C-Class wagon) * H = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] ('06-'11, '13-'19 B-Class [gas engine] - Canada only) * J = 2-door Coupe ('98-'09 CLK-Class Coupe, '12-'15, '17-'23 C-Class coupe, '10-'23 E-Class coupe, '24- CLE-Class coupe, '00-'14 CL-Class, '15-'21 S-Class coupe, '05-'07 SLR McLaren coupe, '11-'15 SLS AMG coupe, '16-'21, '24- AMG GT coupe) * J = 4-door Coupe ('06-'23 CLS-Class, '14- CLA-Class) * K = Cabriolet/Roadster ('99-'09 CLK-Class Cabriolet, '17-'23 C-Class Cabriolet, '11-'23 E-Class Cabriolet, '24- CLE-Class Cabriolet, '17-'21 S-Class Cabriolet, '98-'16 SLK-Class, '17-'20 SLC-Class, '03+ SL-Class, '08-'09 SLR McLaren roadster, '12-'15 SLS AMG roadster, '18-'21 AMG GT roadster) * N = "Coupe" [3-door hatchback] ('02-'05 C-Class Sport Coupe) * P = "Sedan" [5-door hatchback/compact minivan] (B-Class Electric) * X = 4-door Sedan Extra-Long Wheelbase ('16+ Maybach S-Class) * X = 4-door Coupe [5-door hatchback] ('19- AMG GT 4-door Coupe) * X = Cabriolet/Roadster ('26+ Maybach SL680) SUVs: * A = 4-door MPV ('12-'15 M-Class, '16-'19 GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('98-'11 M-Class) * B = 4-door MPV ('20-' GLE-Class wagon) * B = 4-door MPV ('06-'13 R-Class) * C = 4-door MPV ('10-'24 G-Class) * D = 4-door MPV ('16-'19, '21- GLE-Class Coupe) * F = 4-door MPV ('07-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class) * G = 4-door MPV ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16-'22 GLC-Class wagon) * G = 4-door MPV ('15-'20 GLA-Class) * H = 4-door MPV ('25- G550, G63 AMG) * J = 4-door MPV ('17- GLC-Class Coupe) * M = 4-door MPV ('20- GLB-Class, '22- EQB-Class) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- GLC-Class wagon) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQE-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('23- EQS-Class SUV) * M = 4-door MPV ('25- G580 EQ [EV]) * N = 4-door MPV ('21- GLA-Class) * R = 4-door MPV ('02-'09 G-Class) * X = 4-door MPV ('24- Maybach EQS680 SUV) On older models, this indicated the engine type, through much of the 1990s and into the 2000's for some models: * A = Gasoline (190 Class '84-'93, C-Class '94-'00, 300 Class '81, '86-'93, E-Class '94-'95, S-Class '81-'99, CL-Class '98-'99, SL-Class '81-'02, SLC '81) * B = Diesel (190 Class '84-'89, 300 Class '81-'85, '87, '90-'93, E-Class '95, S-Class '81-'87, '90-'95) * D = 4Matic Gasoline ('90-'93 300E 4Matic, 300TE 4Matic) * M = AMG Gasoline ('95-'97 C36 AMG only) ===Positions 6–7, Model within the series:=== '''V177:'''<br> following 3G in pos. 4-5: *4E = A220 sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4F = A220 4Matic sedan ['19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic sedan ['20-'21 & in Canada: '22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W177:'''<br> following 3F in pos. 4-5: *4G = A250 hatchback [Canada only: '19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = A250 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '19-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG A35 4Matic hatchback [Canada only: '20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) '''W245:'''<br> following FH in pos. 4-5: *33 = B200 [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *3D = B200 [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve M266.980 I4 *34 = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '06-'09] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *3E = B200 Turbo [Canada only: '10-'11] 2.0-liter SOHC 8-valve turbo M266.980 I4 *8G = B-Class F-Cell (hydrogen fuel cell) '''W246:'''<br> following MH in pos. 4-5: *4E = B250 [Canada only: '13-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 *4G = B250 4Matic [Canada only: '15-'19] 2.0-liter DOHC 16-valve turbo M270 I4 '''N242:'''<br> following VP in pos. 4-5: *9A = B-Class Electric Drive ['14-'15], B250e ['16-'17] (Tesla front electric motor, Lithium-ion battery pack, fwd, 177 hp) '''C117:'''<br> following SJ in pos. 4-5: *4E = CLA250 sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = CLA45 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''C118:'''<br> following 5J in pos. 4-5: *4G = CLA250 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = CLA250 sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = CLA250 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG CLA35 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG CLA45 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) *5E = AMG CLA45 S 4Matic sedan ['24-'26] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''C174:'''<br> following FJ in pos. 4-5: *1D = CLA250+ EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 268 hp) *4E = CLA350 4Matic EV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 349 hp) '''W201:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 190E 2.3 ['84-'86] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *28 = 190E 2.3 ['87-'88, '91-'93] (2.3-liter SOHC, 8 valve M102 I4) *29 = 190E 2.6 ['87-'93] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *34 = 190E 2.3-16 ['86-'87] (2.3-liter DOHC, 16 valve M102 I4) following DB in pos. 4-5: *22 = 190D 2.2 ['84-'85] (2.2-liter OM601 diesel I4) *26 = 190D 2.5 ['86-'89] (2.5-liter OM602 diesel I5) *28 = 190D 2.5 Turbo ['87] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) '''W202:'''<br> following HA in pos. 4-5: *22 = C220 ['94-'96] (2.2-liter M111 I4) *23 = C230 ['97-'98] (2.3-liter M111 I4) *24 = C230 Kompressor ['99-'00] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *28 = C280 ['94-'97] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *29 = C280 ['98-'00] (2.8-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *33 = C43 AMG ['98-'00] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113.944 V8) following HM in pos. 4-5: *36 = C36 AMG ['95-'97] (3.6-liter M104 AMG I6) '''W203/S203/CL203:'''<br> following RF in pos. 4-5: *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Sedan ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *52 = C230 Sport Sedan ['06-'07] (2.5-liter M272 90° V6) *54 = C280 sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *61 = C240 sedan ['01-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 sedan ['01-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *65 = C32 AMG sedan ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve supercharged M112 90° V6) *76 = C55 AMG ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *81 = C240 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *87 = C350 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *92 = C280 4Matic sedan ['06-'07] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) following RH in pos. 4-5: *61 = C240 wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *64 = C320 wagon ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *81 = C240 4Matic wagon ['03-'05] (2.6-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *84 = C320 4Matic wagon ['03-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) following RN in pos. 4-5: *47 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['02] (2.3-liter supercharged M111 I4) *40 = C230 Kompressor Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (1.8-liter supercharged M271 I4) *64 = C320 Sport Coupe ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W204/C204:'''<br> following GF in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 sedan ['12-'14] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *54 = C300 sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = C300 sedan ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = C350 sedan ['08-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = C350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = C350 sedan ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *77 = C63 AMG sedan ['08-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = C63 AMG sedan ['10-'14], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *81 = C300 4Matic sedan ['08-'09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8B = C300 4Matic sedan ['10-'12] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *8A = C300 4Matic sedan ['13-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) following GJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = C250 coupe ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *5H = C350 coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *7H = C63 AMG coupe ['12-'15], C63 AMG Black Series coupe ['12-'13], C63 AMG Edition 507 ['14-'15] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *8J = C350 4Matic coupe ['12-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''W205/S205/C205/A205:'''<br> following WF in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic sedan ['15-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4H = C350e sedan ['16-'18] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8D = C300 sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = C400 4Matic sedan ['15] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = C450 AMG Sport 4Matic sedan ['16], AMG C43 4Matic sedan ['17-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S sedan ['15-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WH in pos. 4-5: *4K = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic wagon [Canada: '19-'21] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) following WJ in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic coupe ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 coupe ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S coupe ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following WK in pos. 4-5: *4J = C300 convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = C300 4Matic convertible ['17-'18] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = C300 convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = C300 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG C43 4Matic convertible ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8G = AMG C63 convertible ['17-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8H = AMG C63 S convertible ['17-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W206:'''<br> following AF in pos. 4-5: *4G = C300 sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = C300 4Matic sedan ['22-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG C43 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG C63 S E Performance 4Matic sedan ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W123/S123/C123:'''<br> following AA in pos. 4-5: *33 = 280E ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) *53 = 280CE ['81] (2.7-liter DOHC, 12-valve M110.984 I6) following AB in pos. 4-5: *23 = 240D ['81-'83] (2.4-liter OM616 diesel I4) *30 = 300D ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *33 = 300D Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *50 = 300CD ['81] (3.0-liter OM617 diesel I5) *53 = 300CD Turbodiesel ['82-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *93 = 300TD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) '''W124/S124/C124/A124:'''<br> following EA in pos. 4-5: *26 = 260E ['87-'89], 300E 2.6 ['90-'92] (2.6-liter M103 I6) *28 = 300E 2.8 ['93] (2.8-liter M104 I6) *30 = 300E ['86-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 300E ['93], E320 sedan ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *34 = 400E ['92-'93], E420 sedan ['94-'95] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *36 = 500E ['92-'93], E500 sedan ['94] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *50 = 300CE ['88-'89] (3.0-liter SOHC, 12 valve M103 I6) *51 = 300CE ['90-'92] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *52 = 300CE coupe ['93], E320 coupe ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *66 = 300CE convertible ['93], E320 convertible ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *90 = 300TE ['88-'92] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *92 = 300TE ['93], E320 wagon ['94-'95] (3.2-liter M104 I6) following EB in pos. 4-5: *28 = 300D 2.5 Turbo ['90-'93] (2.5-liter OM602 turbodiesel I5) *31 = E300 Diesel ['95] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *33 = 300D Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *93 = 300TD Turbo ['87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) following ED in pos. 4-5: *30 = 300E 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *90 = 300TE 4Matic ['90-'93] (3.0-liter M103 I6) '''W210/S210:'''<br> following JF in pos. 4-5: *20 = E300 Diesel ['96-'97] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 diesel I6) *25 = E300 Turbodiesel ['98-'99] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM606 turbodiesel I6) *55 = E320 ['96-'97] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *65 = E320 sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = E420 ['97] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *70 = E430 ['98-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = E55 AMG ['99-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['98-'02] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E430 4Matic ['00-'02] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following JH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''W211/S211:'''<br> following UF in pos. 4-5: *26 = E320 CDI sedan ['05-'06] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM648 turbodiesel I6) *22 = E320 Bluetec sedan ['07-'09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *65 = E320 sedan ['03-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *70 = E500 sedan ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = E550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = E55 AMG sedan ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic sedan ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic sedan ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic sedan ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *90 = E550 4Matic sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) following UH in pos. 4-5: *65 = E320 wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = E350 wagon ['06] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *76 = E55 AMG wagon ['05-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = E63 AMG wagon ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *82 = E320 4Matic wagon ['04-'05] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *83 = E500 4Matic wagon ['04-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *87 = E350 4Matic wagon ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) '''W212/S212:'''<br> following HF in pos. 4-5: *2E = E350 Bluetec sedan ['11-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = E250 Bluetec sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = E350 sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7H = E63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7E = E63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8B = E300 4Matic sedan [Canada only: '12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 - detuned version) *8H = E350 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic sedan ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *9A = E550 4Matic sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *9B = E550 4Matic sedan ['12-'14, Canada only: '15-'16] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = E63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'15] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9F = E400 Hybrid sedan ['13-'15] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *9H = E250 Bluetec 4Matic sedan ['14-'16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve turbodiesel I4) following HH in pos. 4-5: *8H = E350 4Matic wagon ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = E350 4Matic wagon ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic wagon [Canada only: '15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7E = E63 AMG wagon ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = E63 AMG S 4Matic wagon ['14-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W213/S213:'''<br> following ZF in pos. 4-5: *4J = E300 sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = E300 4Matic sedan ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = E350 sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = E350 4Matic sedan ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6G = E400 4Matic sedan ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic sedan ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5K = E450 4Matic sedan ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG E43 4Matic sedan ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic sedan ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) following ZH in pos. 4-5: *6G = E400 4Matic wagon ['17-'18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic wagon ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6A = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG E63 S 4Matic wagon ['18-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W214/S214:'''<br> following LF in pos. 4-5: *4G = E350 sedan ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = E350 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = E450 4Matic sedan ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ sedan ['25-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following LH in pos. 4-5: *6F = E450 4Matic All-Terrain wagon ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6D = AMG E53e 4Matic+ wagon ['26-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C219:'''<br> following DJ in pos. 4-5: *75 = CLS500 sedan ['06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLS550 sedan ['07-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = CLS550 sedan ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLS55 AMG sedan ['06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *77 = CLS63 AMG sedan ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = CLS63 AMG sedan ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C218:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *6F = CLS400 sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = CLS400 4Matic sedan ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = CLS550 sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = CLS63 AMG sedan ['12-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7G = CLS63 AMG S 4Matic sedan ['14-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *9B = CLS550 4Matic sedan ['12-'18] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9C = CLS63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C257:'''<br> following 2J in pos. 4-5: *5J = CLS450 sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = CLS450 4Matic sedan ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG CLS53 4Matic sedan ['19-'21] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X290:'''<br> following 7X in pos. 4-5: *5K = AMG GT43 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GT53 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GT63 S 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['19-'21, '23] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ 4-Door Coupe ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''V295:'''<br> following EG in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic sedan ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic sedan ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''W126/V126//C126:'''<br> following CA in pos. 4-5: *24 = 300SE ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *25 = 300SEL ['88-'91] (3.0-liter M103 I6) *32 = 380SE ['84-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *33 = 380SEL ['81-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *35 = 420SEL ['86-'91] (4.2-liter M116 V8) *37 = 500SEL ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *39 = 560SEL ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) *43 = 380SEC ['82-'83] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *44 = 500SEC ['84-'85] (5.0-liter M117 V8) *45 = 560SEC ['86-'91] (5.5-liter M117 V8) following CB in pos. 4-5: *20 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['81-'85] (3.0-liter OM617 turbodiesel I5) *25 = 300SDL Turbodiesel ['86-'87] (3.0-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *34 = 350SD Turbodiesel ['91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) *35 = 350SDL Turbodiesel ['90-'91] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''W140/V140/C140:'''<br> following GA in pos. 4-5: *32 = 300SE ['92-'93], S320 sedan SWB ['94-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *33 = S320 sedan LWB ['95-'99] (3.2-liter M104 I6) *42 = 400SE ['92] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *43 = 400SEL ['93], S420 ['94-'99] (4.2-liter M119 V8) *51 = 500SEL ['92-'93], S500 sedan ['94-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *57 = 600SEL ['92-'93], S600 sedan ['94-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) *70 = 500SEC ['93], S500 coupe ['94-'97], CL500 ['98-'99] (5.0-liter M119 V8) *76 = 600SEC ['93], S600 coupe ['94-'97], CL600 ['98-'99] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) following GB in pos. 4-5: *34 = 300SD Turbodiesel ['92-'93], S350 Turbodiesel ['94-'95] (3.4-liter OM603 turbodiesel I6) '''V220:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *70 = S430 ['00-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *73 = S55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = S55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = S500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = S600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = S600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = S65 AMG ['06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *83 = S430 4Matic ['03-'06] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *84 = S500 4Matic ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W220:'''<br> following NF in pos. 4-5: *67 = S350 ['06] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) '''C215:'''<br> following PJ in pos. 4-5: *73 = CL55 AMG ['01-'02] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *75 = CL500 ['00-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *78 = CL600 ['01-'02] (5.8-liter SOHC, 36-valve M137 V12) *76 = CL600 ['03-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = CL65 AMG ['05-'06] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''V221:'''<br> following NG in pos. 4-5: *71 = S550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = S550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7D = S550 ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *76 = S600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = S600 ['10-'13] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = S63 AMG ['08-09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = S63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = S63 AMG ['11-'13] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = S65 AMG ['07-09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = S65 AMG ['10-'13] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *8D = S350 Bluetec 4Matic ['12-'13] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *86 = S550 4Matic ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = S550 4Matic ['10-'11] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = S550 4Matic ['12-'13] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *9F = S400 Hybrid ['10-'13] (Mild Hybrid: 3.5-liter M272 90° Atkinson-cycle V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C216:'''<br> following EJ in pos. 4-5: *71 = CL550 ['07-'08] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *76 = CL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *7G = CL600 ['10-'14] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = CL63 AMG ['08-'09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7H = CL63 AMG ['10] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7E = CL63 AMG ['11-'14] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *79 = CL65 AMG ['08-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = CL65 AMG ['10-'14] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *86 = CL550 4Matic ['09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *8G = CL550 4Matic ['10] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *9E = CL550 4Matic ['11-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''V222:'''<br> following UG in pos. 4-5: *6D = S550 Plug-in Hybrid ['15], S550e ['16-'17] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7D = S560e ['19-'20] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6G = S450 sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6E = S450 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8C = S550 sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *8F = S550 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['14-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7G = S600 sedan ['15-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *7K = S65 AMG sedan ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''X222:'''<br> following UX in pos. 4-5: *8F = Mercedes-Maybach S550 4Matic sedan ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = Mercedes-Maybach S560 4Matic sedan ['18-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S600 sedan ['16-'17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M277 V12) *8A = Mercedes-Maybach S650 sedan ['18-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''C217:'''<br> following XJ in pos. 4-5: *8F = S550 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8G = S560 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG coupe ['15-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''A217:'''<br> following XK in pos. 4-5: *8C = S550 convertible ['17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8D = S560 convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['17] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *8J = S63 AMG 4Matic convertible ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7K = S65 AMG convertible ['17-'20] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S650 convertible ['17] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 AMG V12) '''V223:'''<br> following 6G in pos. 4-5: *6D = S500 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6K = S580e 4Matic sedan ['23-] (PHEV: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7G = S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8C = AMG S63 E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''Z223:'''<br> following 6X in pos. 4-5: *7G = Mercedes-Maybach S580 4Matic sedan ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *7K = Mercedes-Maybach S680 4Matic sedan ['22-] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''V297:'''<br> following CG in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 329 hp) *2D = EQS450+ sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic sedan ['23-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['22-'23] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 516 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic sedan ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *5F = AMG EQS 4Matic+ sedan ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W240:'''<br> following VF in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 57 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 57 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 57S ['06-'09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 57S ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 57S ['11-'12] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''V240:'''<br> following VG in pos. 4-5: *78 = Maybach 62 ['04-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *7J = Maybach 62 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.950 V12) *79 = Maybach 62S ['07-'09], 62S Landaulet ('09) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7K = Maybach 62S ['10], 62S Landaulet ('10) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S Zeppelin ['10] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) *7H = Maybach 62S ['11-'12], 62S Landaulet ('11-'12) (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M285.980 V12) '''C208/A208:'''<br> following LJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['98-'02 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['99-'02 coupe] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['01-'02 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) following LK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['99-'03 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *70 = CLK430 ['00-'03 convertible] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = CLK55 AMG ['02 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''C209/A209:'''<br> following TJ in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['03-'05 coupe] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 coupe] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['03-'06 coupe] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 coupe] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['03-'05 coupe] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG Black Series ['08 coupe] (6.2-liter M156 V8) following TK in pos. 4-5: *65 = CLK320 ['04-'05 convertible] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *56 = CLK350 ['06-'09 convertible] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = CLK500 ['04-'06 convertible] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = CLK550 ['07-'09 convertible] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *76 = CLK55 AMG ['04-'06 convertible] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = CLK63 AMG ['07-'08 convertible] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''C207/A207:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 coupe ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E400 4Matic coupe ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 coupe ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 coupe ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *8J = E350 4Matic coupe ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) following KK in pos. 4-5: *5G = E350 convertible ['11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5K = E350 convertible ['12-'14] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6F = E400 convertible ['15-'17] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7C = E550 convertible ['11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7D = E550 convertible ['12-'17] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) '''C238/A238:'''<br> following 1J in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic coupe ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic coupe ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic coupe ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic coupe ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following 1K in pos. 4-5: *6F = E400 convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = E400 4Matic convertible ['18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6H = E450 convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6J = E450 4Matic convertible ['19-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *5J = E450 convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = E450 4Matic convertible ['21-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG E53 4Matic convertible ['19-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C236/A236:'''<br> following MJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following MK in pos. 4-5: *4H = CLE300 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = CLE450 4Matic convertible ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6C = AMG CLE53 4Matic convertible ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''R170:'''<br> following KK in pos. 4-5: *47 = SLK230 Kompressor ['98-'00] (2.3-liter M111.973 supercharged I4) *49 = SLK230 Kompressor ['01-'04] (2.3-liter M111.983 supercharged I4) *65 = SLK320 ['01-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *66 = SLK32 AMG ['02-'04] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 supercharged 90° V6) '''R171:'''<br> following WK in pos. 4-5: *54 = SLK280 ['06-'08], SLK300 ['09] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *5E = SLK300 ['10-'11] (3.0-liter M272 90° V6) *56 = SLK350 ['05-'08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *58 = SLK350 ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5J = SLK350 ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *73 = SLK55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *7D = SLK55 AMG ['10] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''R172:'''<br> following PK in pos. 4-5: *4H = SLK250 ['12-'15] (1.8-liter turbocharged GDI M271 I4) *3J = SLK300 ['16], SLC300 ['17-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *5H = SLK350 ['12-'16] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SLC43 AMG ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin-turbocharged M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = SLK55 AMG ['12-'16] (5.5-liter M152 GDI V8) '''R107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *45 = 380SL ['81-'85] (3.8-liter M116 V8) *48 = 560SL ['86-'89] (5.5-liter M117 V8) '''C107:'''<br> following BA in pos. 4-5: *25 = 380SLC ['81] (3.8-liter M116 V8) '''R129:'''<br> following FA in pos. 4-5: *61 = 300SL ['90-'93] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *63 = SL320 ['94-'97] (3.2-liter DOHC, 24 valve M104 I6) *66 = 500SL ['90-'92] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *67 = 500SL ['93], SL500 ['94-'98] (5.0-liter DOHC, 32-valve M119 V8) *68 = SL500 ['99-'02] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *76 = 600SL ['93], SL600 ['94-'02] (6.0-liter DOHC, 48-valve M120 V12) '''R230:'''<br> following SK in pos. 4-5: *75 = SL500 ['03-'06] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = SL550 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *7B = SL550 ['11-'12] (5.5-liter DOHC, 32-valve M273 V8) *74 = SL55 AMG ['03-'06] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *72 = SL55 AMG ['07-'08] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *70 = SL63 AMG ['09] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *7A = SL63 AMG ['11-'12] (6.2-liter DOHC, 32-valve M156 V8) *76 = SL600 ['04-'06] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *77 = SL600 ['07-'09] (5.5-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 V12) *79 = SL65 AMG ['05-'09], SL65 AMG Black Series ['09] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) *7K = SL65 AMG ['11] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M275 AMG V12) '''R231:'''<br> following JK in pos. 4-5: *6F = SL400 ['15-'16] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6G = SL450 ['17-'20] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = SL550 ['13-'20] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = SL63 AMG ['13-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7K = SL65 AMG ['13-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''R232:'''<br> following VK in pos. 4-5: *5A = AMG SL43 ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG SL55 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8B = AMG SL63 4Matic+ ['22-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG SL63 S E Performance 4Matic+ ['24-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) following VX in pos. 4-5: *8B = Maybach SL680 4Matic ['26-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C199/R199:'''<br> following AJ in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren coupe ['05-'07] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) following AK in pos. 4-5: *76 = SLR McLaren roadster ['08-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M155 V8) '''C197/R197:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG coupe ['11-'12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT coupe ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7H = SLS AMG Black Series coupe ['14] (6.2-liter M159 V8) following RK in pos. 4-5: *7H = SLS AMG roadster ['12] (6.2-liter M159 V8) *7J = SLS AMG GT roadster ['13-'15] (6.2-liter M159 V8) '''C190:'''<br> following YJ in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT 2-d coupe (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *AJ = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT 2-d coupe S ['16-'19] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT 2-d coupe C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d coupe R Pro ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8B = AMG GT 2-d coupe Black Series ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 LS2 GDI flat-plane crank V8) '''R190:'''<br> following YK in pos. 4-5: *7H = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['17-'20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT roadster (base model) ['21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *8A = AMG GT roadster C ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) *7K = AMG GT 2-d roadster R ['20] (4.0-liter twin turbo M178 GDI V8) '''C192:'''<br> following RJ in pos. 4-5: *4C = AMG GT43 coupe ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 2 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GT55 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *7J = AMG GT63 4Matic+ coupe ['24-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8C = AMG GT63 S E Performance 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8J = AMG GT63 Pro 4Matic+ coupe ['25-] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X156:'''<br> following TG in pos. 4-5: *4E = GLA250 ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *4G = GLA250 4Matic ['15-'20] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M270 I4) *5C = GLA45 AMG 4Matic ['15-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI AMG M133 I4) '''H247:'''<br> following 4N in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLA250 ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLA250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLA250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLA35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5D = AMG GLA45 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection AMG M139 I4) '''X247:'''<br> following 4M in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLB250 ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4G = GLB250 ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *4H = GLB250 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['21-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4) *5B = AMG GLB35 4Matic ['24-'26] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M260 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X243:'''<br> following 9M in pos. 4-5: *0C = EQB250+ ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 front motor, Fwd, 188 hp) *0K = EQB300 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 225 hp) *1D = EQB350 4Matic ['22-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) '''X204:'''<br> following GG in pos. 4-5: *0E = GLK250 Bluetec 4Matic ['13-'15] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5G = GLK350 2wd ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = GLK350 2wd ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *8H = GLK350 4Matic ['10-'12] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8J = GLK350 4Matic ['13-'15] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) '''X253:'''<br> following 0G in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLC300 2wd ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *4K = GLC300 4Matic ['16-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8D = GLC300 2wd ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic ['20-'22] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *5E = GLC350e 4Matic ['18-'19] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 114 hp electric motor, 8.7 kWh lithium-ion battery) *5D = GLC350e 4Matic ['20] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4 + 121 hp electric motor, 13.5 kWh lithium-ion battery) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['17-'22] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''C253:'''<br> following 0J in pos. 4-5: *4K = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M274 I4) *8E = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *6E = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'23] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *8J = AMG GLC63 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8K = AMG GLC63 S 4Matic Coupe ['18-'21] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''X254:'''<br> following KM in pos. 4-5: *4G = GLC300 2wd ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4H = GLC300 4Matic ['23-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5G = GLC350e 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''C254:'''<br> following KJ in pos. 4-5: *4H = GLC300 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = AMG GLC43 4Matic Coupe ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8A = AMG GLC63 S E Performance 4Matic Coupe ['25-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged port/direct injection M139 I4 + 3 electric motors, lithium-ion battery) '''W163:'''<br> following AB in pos. 4-5: *54 = ML320 ['98-'03] (3.2-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *57 = ML350 ['03-'05] (3.7-liter SOHC, 18-valve M112 90° V6) *72 = ML430 ['99-'01] (4.3-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *74 = ML55 AMG ['00-'03] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *75 = ML500 ['02-'05] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) '''W164:'''<br> following BB in pos. 4-5: *22 = ML320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = ML320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = ML350 Bluetec ['10-'11] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = ML350 2wd ['09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5G = ML350 2wd ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *86 = ML350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *8G = ML350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *75 = ML500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *72 = ML550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *7C = ML550 ['10-'11] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *77 = ML63 AMG ['07-'09] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *7H = ML63 AMG ['10-'11] (6.2-liter M156 V8) *9F = ML450 Hybrid 4Matic ['10-'11] (2-Mode Hybrid: 3.5-liter Atkinson-cycle M272 90° V6 + 2 electric motors, Nickel–metal hydride battery) '''W166:'''<br> following DA in pos. 4-5: *2E = ML350 Bluetec ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE350d [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *0E = ML250 Bluetec ['15], GLE300d ['16] (2.1-liter DOHC, 16 valve OM651 turbodiesel I4) *5J = ML350 2wd ['13-'15], GLE350 2wd ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5H = ML350 4Matic ['12-'15], GLE350 4Matic ['16-'18] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *5G = ML400 4Matic ['15], GLE400 4Matic ['16-'17 & '19, Canada only: '18] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *6D = GLE550e 4Matic ['16-'18] (PHEV: 3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic [Canada only: '16], AMG GLE43 4Matic ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = ML550 ['12-'14 & '15 in Canada], GLE550 [Canada only: '16-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = ML63 AMG ['12-'15], AMG GLE63 ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLE63 S ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''C292:'''<br> following ED in pos. 4-5: *2E = GLE350d Coupe [Canada only: '16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *6E = GLE450 AMG Sport 4Matic Coupe ['16], AMG GLE43 4Matic Coupe ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7F = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['16-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''W167:'''<br> following FB in pos. 4-5: *4J = GLE350 2wd ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4K = GLE350 4Matic ['20-'23] (2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M264 I4) *4E = GLE350 2wd ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4F = GLE350 4Matic ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *4G = GLE450e 4Matic ['24-] (PHEV: 2.0-liter turbocharged GDI M254 I4 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5K = GLE450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLE580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLE580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''C167:'''<br> following FD in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLE450 Coupe [Canada only: '22-'24, US & Canada: '25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *6B = AMG GLE53 Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLE63 S Coupe ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X294:'''<br> following GM in pos. 4-5: *2B = EQE350+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 288 hp) *2B = EQE320+ SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 315 hp) *1C = EQE350 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 288 hp) *1C = EQE320 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 315 hp) *2C = EQE500 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp) *5D = AMG EQE 4Matic+ SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 617 hp) '''V251:'''<br> following CB in pos. 4-5: *22 = R320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = R320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = R350 Bluetec ['10-'12 & '13 in Canada] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *56 = R350 2wd ['08] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *65 = R350 4Matic ['06-'09] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *6F = R350 4Matic ['10-'11] (3.5-liter M272 90° V6) *5H = R350 4Matic ['12 & '13 in Canada] (3.5-liter M276 60° GDI V6) *75 = R500 ['06-'07] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *77 = R63 AMG ['07] (6.2-liter M156 V8) '''X164:'''<br> following BF in pos. 4-5: *22 = GL320 CDI ['07-'08] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *25 = GL320 Bluetec ['09] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *2F = GL350 Bluetec ['10-'12] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *71 = GL450 ['07-'09] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *7B = GL450 ['10-'12] (4.7-liter M273 V8) *86 = GL550 ['08-'09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *8G = GL550 ['10-'12] (5.5-liter M273 V8) '''X166:'''<br> following DF in pos. 4-5: *2E = GL350 Bluetec ['13-'16] (3.0-liter DOHC, 24 valve OM642 72° turbodiesel V6) *7C = GL450 ['13-'14] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8 - detuned version) *6E = GL450 ['15-'16], GLS450 ['17-'19] (3.0-liter twin turbo M276 60° GDI V6) *7D = GL550 ['13-'16], GLS550 ['17-'19] (4.7-liter twin turbo M278 GDI V8) *7E = GL63 AMG ['13-'16] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = AMG GLS63 ['17-'19] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) '''X167:'''<br> following FF in pos. 4-5: *5K = GLS450 ['20-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8G = GLS580 ['20-'23] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8F = GLS580 ['24-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8H = Mercedes-Maybach GLS600 ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *8K = AMG GLS63 4MATIC+ ['21-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''X296:'''<br> following DM in pos. 4-5: *2D = EQS450+ SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS450 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *2E = EQS400 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 355 hp) *4E = EQS580 4Matic SUV ['23-'25] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) *4E = EQS550 4Matic SUV ['26-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp) '''Z296:'''<br> following DX in pos. 4-5: *5F = Mercedes-Maybach EQS680 4Matic SUV ['24-] (battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 649 hp) '''W463 (1st gen.):'''<br> following YR in pos. 4-5 ('02-'09) or following YC in pos. 4-5 ('10-'18): *49 = G500 ['02-'08] (5.0-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *37 = G550 ['09] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3H = G550 ['10-'15] (5.5-liter M273 V8) *3K = G550 ['16-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *5F = G550 4x4² ['17-'18] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *46 = G55 AMG ['03-'04] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve M113 V8) *71 = G55 AMG ['05-'09] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7B = G55 AMG ['10-'11] (5.4-liter SOHC, 24-valve supercharged M113K V8) *7D = G63 AMG ['13-'18] (5.5-liter twin turbo M157 GDI V8) *7F = G65 AMG ['16-'18] (6.0-liter SOHC, 36-valve twin turbo M279 V12) '''W463 (2nd gen.):'''<br> following YC in pos. 4-5: *6B = G550 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M176 GDI V8) *7H = AMG G63 ['19-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) *8A = AMG G63 4x4² ['22-'24] (4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8) '''W465:'''<br> following WH in pos. 4-5: *1A = G550 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 3.0-liter turbo/e-supercharged M256 GDI I6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) *5A = AMG G63 ['25-] (EQ Boost 48v Mild Hybrid: 4.0-liter twin turbo M177 GDI V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery) '''N465:'''<br> following WM in pos. 4-5: *0A = G580 with EQ Technology ['25-] (battery-electric, 4 motors, 4wd, 579 hp) ===Position 8=== Passenger cars - Restraint system: * A 3-point seat belts for outboard passengers, center rear lap belt * B seat belt + emergency pretensioners for front passenger seat & driver-side front airbag * C seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats * D seat belt + emergency pretensioners for both front seats, driver-side front air bag and knee bolster * E seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (SL-Class does not have rear seats) * F seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt (SL-Class & SLK-Class do not have rear seats) ['96-'98 210-series E-class sedan, '98-'99 210-series E-class wagon, '96- R129 SL-Class, '98- R170 SLK-Class] * G seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear lap belt (CL-Class & CLK-Class do not have center rear seat position) ['97-'99 140-series S-class, '98-'00 202-series C-Class, '98-'02 208-series CLK-Class coupe, '99-'03 208-series CLK-Class convertible] * H seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['99 210-series E-Class sedan] * J seat belt + emergency pretensioners, driver and passenger front air bags and knee bolsters, front door-mounted side-impact airbags, front to rear side curtain airbags, outboard rear 3-point belts, center rear 3-point belt ['00- 210-series E-Class, '00- 220-series S-Class, '00- 215-series CL-Class, '01- 203-series C-Class, '03- 209-series CLK-Class coupe] * A seat belt + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for both front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st row <br> ('10- SLK-Class, '10- SL-Class, '11- SLS AMG) * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('10- C-Class, '10- E-Class sedan, '11- E-Class wagon, '10- E-Class coupe, '10- CLS-Class, '10- S-Class, '10- CL-Class, '10-'12 Maybach) * C seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners for outboard seats + load limiters for front seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('11- E-Class cabriolet) SUVs - GVWR ('98-'09): * E = Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('98-'09 M-Class, '02-'09 G-Class, '06-'09 R-Class, '07-'09 GL-Class) SUVs ('10-) Restraint system: * B seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st & 2nd rows ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '10-'15 M-Class, '10-'12 R-Class w/2 rows, '10- GL-Class w/2 rows, '10- G-Class) * E seat belts for all seats + emergency pretensioners/load limiters for outboard seats, driver and passenger front air bags, inflatable side protection systems for 1st, 2nd, & 3rd rows ('10-'12 R-Class w/3 rows, '10- GL-Class w/3 rows) GVWR: * Class C: 4001-5000 lbs. ('15- GLA250) * Class D: 5001-6000 lbs. ('10-'15 GLK-Class, '16- GLC-Class) * Class E: 6001-7000 lbs. ('10-'15 M-Class, '16- GLE-Class, '10-'12 R-Class, '10-'12 GL-Class, '10-'12 G-Class) * Class F: 7001-8000 lbs. ('13-'16 GL-Class, '17- GLS-Class, '13- G-Class) * Class H: 9001-10,000 lbs. ('10-'16 G-Class w/optional armoring) ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * A-D: Sindelfingen, Germany * E: Sindelfingen, Germany (through 2000) * E: Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (from 2001) * E: Mishawaka, Indiana, US (AM General plant) ('16-'17 R-Class for China) * F-H: Bremen, Germany * J, K: Rastatt, Germany * L: Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia (HICOM Automotive Manufacturers plant) * M: Woking, England, UK (SLR McLaren) (McLaren Automotive plant) * N, P: Kecskemet, Hungary * R, S: East London, South Africa * T: Osnabrück, Germany (Karmann plant) * U: Sindelfingen, Germany * V: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet Automotive plant) * W: Aguascalientes, Mexico (COMPAS plant) * X: Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) * 1: Pune, Maharashtra, India For 4JG and 55S: * A, B, U: Vance, Alabama, US ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ==Commercial Vehicles== Position 1-3 * VSA - Mercedes-Benz Espana SA (1st gen. Vito/V-Class - W638) * WDB - Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG * WDF - DaimlerChrysler AG, Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Citan, Vito/V-Class & X-Class) * W1H - Freightliner Truck made in Germany by Daimler Truck (Freightliner Econic) * W1T - Daimler AG (Daimler Truck Holding AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz truck) * W1V - Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz Group AG from 2022) (Mercedes-Benz van) * W1W - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1X - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Y - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * W1Z - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD4 - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDA - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WD3 - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter or Metris) * WDZ - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter) * WD0 - Dodge Sprinter Truck 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WD1 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle (T1N) * WD2 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter Truck (T1N) * WD5 - Dodge (2003-2005) or Freightliner (2002-2005) Sprinter MPV (T1N) * WD6 - Freightliner Unimog Truck * WD7 - Freightliner Unimog Incomplete Vehicle * WD8 - Dodge Sprinter MPV 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDW - Dodge Sprinter Bus 2008-2009 (NCV3) * WDX - Dodge Sprinter Incomplete Vehicle 2005-2009 (T1N & NCV3) * WDR - Freightliner MPV * WDP - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * WDY - Freightliner Truck * WCD - Freightliner Bus * W2W - Freightliner MPV * W2X - Freightliner Incomplete Vehicle * W2Y - Freightliner Truck * W2Z - Freightliner Bus * 1MB - Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc. (M-B Truck made in USA) (1981-1990) * 8AB - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Truck & Bus (for South America) * 8AC - Mercedes-Benz Argentina Van (for South America) * 8BT - Mercedes-Benz MPV (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BN - Mercedes-Benz Incomplete Vehicle (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BU - Mercedes-Benz Truck (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 8BR - Mercedes-Benz Bus (Mercedes-Benz Sprinter made in Argentina for export to N. America) * 9BM - Mercedes-Benz Brazil Truck & Bus (for South America) Position 4–6, Model *414 - Vaneo *415 - Mark 1 Citan *420 - Mark 2 Citan *447 - Mark 3 Vito *470 - X-Class *638 - Mark 1 Vito *639 - Mark 2 Vito *670 - Vario *901 - Sprinter T1N *902 - Sprinter T1N *903 - Sprinter T1N *904 - Sprinter T1N *905 - Sprinter T1N *906 - Sprinter NCV3 *907 - Sprinter VS30 (RWD) *910 - Sprinter VS30 (FWD) *930 - Actros Rigids *933 - Actros MP2 concrete mixer *934 - Actros MP2 tractor *944 - Axor Tractor *950 - Axor Rigids / Actros Mk1 Rigids *952 - Axor *954 - Actros Mk1 Tractor *956 - Econic *963 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Antos *964 - NEW ACTROS MP4 (Common-Rail engine) / Arocs *967 - Atego *970 - Atego *972 - Atego *976 - Atego Fire Position 7–9, Weight and Length code Position 10, Drive indicator *1 Left hand drive *2 Right hand drive Position 11, Plant code * E: Buenos Aires, Argentina * G: Barcelona, Spain (Nissan plant) (X-Class pickup) * N: Hampton, VA, US (For WMI 1MB) * N: Ludwigsfelde, Germany * P, R, S: Düsseldorf, Germany * T: Ladson, South Carolina, US * U: Maubeuge, France (Renault plant) (Citan, T-Class, EQT) * V: Wörth, Germany * 3: Vitoria, Spain * 4: Vitoria, Spain (When Position 1-3 is W1V) * 4: Wörth, Germany (Freightliner Unimog) * 5: Düsseldorf, Germany * 9: Ludwigsfelde, Germany Position 12–17, Serial Number Position 18, Check Digit ==External links== Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Vito decoder] WDB1260251A336981 {{BookCat}} ktuesu4y7qo5fbbu3d7jp4vpwvfh9hw 0 143507 4634773 4473686 2026-05-08T14:40:28Z Arjunganadi 3580375 Added Telugu special symbols: Sunna (ం), Arasunna (ఁ), and Visarga (ః) with Telugu and English names. Also updated Ubhayaksharalu section for better completeness of Telugu alphabet content. 4634773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TeluguHeader}} ==Vowels (అచ్చులు ''acculu'')== Telugu has 18 vowels of which 3 are virtually phased out and hence do not have transliterations. Like other major Dravidian languages, the Telugu vowel set adds short /e/ and /o/ in addition to the long /eː/ and /oː/ of the Indo-Aryan languages. <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Vowels |- ! Vowel !! [[Telugu/Transliteration|Transliteration]] !! [[:wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] pronunciation !! Pronunciation of the letter (English approximation) |- ! అ | ''a'' || /a/ || Like ''a'' in ''approval''. It is the default vowel. |- ! ఆ | ''aa'' or ''A'' || /ɑː/ || Like the vowel ''a'' in ''armour'' or ''water''. |- ! ఇ | ''i'' || /ɪ/ || Like the vowel in ''India'' or ''tin''. |- ! ఈ | ''I'' or ''ee'' || /iː/ || Like the vowel in ''eat'' or ''sleep''. |- ! ఉ | ''u'' || /u/ || Like the vowel in ''bull'' or ''book''. |- ! ఊ | ''U'' or ''oo'' || /uː/ || Like ''oo'' in ''tool''. |- ! ఋ | ''R'' || /ru/ || Like ''ru'' in ''rude''. |- ! ౠ | ''Ru'' || /ruː/ || |- ! ఌ | - lu || /lu/ || |- ! ౡ | - lu || /luː/ || |- ! ఎ | ''e'' || /e/ || Like the vowel ''a'' in ''May''. |- ! ఏ | ''E'' || /eː/ || Like the vowel ''a'' in ''ancient'' or ''angel''. |- ! ఐ | ''ai'' || /ai/ || Like ''i'' in ''fight''. |- ! ఒ | ''o'' || /o/ |- ! ఓ | ''O'' || /oː/ || Like the vowel ''o'' in ''hole''. |- ! ఔ | ''ou''<br> <small>(depends on transliterator)</small> || /au/ || Like ''ou'' in ''vouch''. |- ! అం | ''am'' or ''aM'' <br> <small>(depends on transliterator)</small> || /oː/ || Like ''un'' (or ''an'') in ''under'' or ''um'' in ''umbrella'' (depending on the consonant preceding it). |- ! అః | - || /aha/|| Like ''aha!'' used for exclamation purpose in English. |} </center> The rhotics ఋ and ౠ (originally /r/ and /rː/), like the liquids ఌ and ౡ (originally /l/ and /lː/) have now turned into the syllables /ru/, /ruː/, /lu/, /luː/ respectively. They are fast going out of currency and are no longer included in the standard Telugu school textbooks issued by the government of Andhra Pradesh, which now prefers the actual consonants with a /u/ appended (e.g. /ruʃɪ/ (monk) used to be written ఋషి but nowadays, రుషి is preferred). ==Consonants (హల్లులు ''hallulu'')== The consonants in Telugu, followed by their last characters. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Consonant !! IAST character |- | క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ || '' k kh g gh ṅ '' |- | చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ || '' c ch j jh ñ '' |- | ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ || '' ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇh '' |- | త థ ద ధ న || '' t th d dh n '' |- | ప ఫ బ భ మ || '' p ph b bh m '' |- | య ర ల వ || '' y r l w (v) '' |- | శ ష స హ || '' śh ṣh s h '' |- | ళ క్ష ఱ || '' ḷa kṣa ṛa '' |} The consonants correspond almost one-to-one to the set in Sanskrit, with two exceptions. One is the historical form of /r/ఱ which is now again being phased out by the current form ర. (e.g. /gurːam/ (horse) was written గుఱ్ఱం but is now written గుర్రం). The other is the retroflex lateral ళ /ɭ/. (''k kh g gh ṅ'') and '''చ ఛ జ ఝ''' ఞ (''c ch j jh ñ'') and all the letters in the fifth row, '''ప ఫ బ భ మ''' (''p ph b bh m'')are pronounced exactly as they are in English. In other words, a Telugu k sounds like an English "k" (without aspiration). * The last (nasal) consonants of the first two rows, ఙ (''ṅ'') and ఞ(''ñ'') are almost never found written alone; they are usually conjuncted (more on conjuncts later) with another consonant in their corresponding rows, as the other nasal consonants often are. * The third row, ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ (''ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ'') are pronounced using the retroflex version. To achieve these sounds, curl the tongue back and touch the tip to the roof of the mouth. * The fourth row, త థ ద ధ న (''t th d dh n'') are dental consonants and are spelled exactly like the ''t'' or ''d'' in Spanish, with the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth. * Voiced, aspirated consonants (gh, bh, etc.) are by far the hardest sounds for the English speaker to learn how to make; however, with some practice they are not overly difficult. * య (''y'') is very similar to its corresponding English sound. * ర (''r,'') like most non-English "r" sounds, is flipped, but not rolled. * ల (''l'') is the same as the English "l". * వ (''w (v)'') has a somewhat flexible pronunciation, depending on context and regional dialects. Sometimes it is pronounced like the English "w" (as in the word ''swami''), and other times it is closer to the English "v". It is often pronounced somewhere in between the two sounds. * శ(''ś'') does not exist in english.It is pronounced without touching the tip of tongue to lower teeth. * ష(''ṣ'') is also similar to "sh" in English.while it is pronounced the middle of the tongue touches somewhere in the middle of the upper part of mouth * స (''s'') is the same as "s" in English.while it is pronounced the tip of the tongue touches lower teeth * హ (''h'') is pronounced the same as "h" in English. * ళ ('' ḷa '') is pronounced by touching the tongue to the roof of the mouth. * క్ష ('' kṣa '') is pronounced as (ksha) ''ct'' in ''action'' or ''friction'' is pronounced in English. Telugu is known as '''Italian of the East''' as all words in this language end with a vowel. It is ''fourth largest spoken'' language in INDIA. This language has typical grammar with connection mathematics. {{BookCat}} Sunna (ం), Arasunna (ఁ), and Visarga (ః) are important symbols in Telugu writing.<ref>https://www.swachhvidyalaya.com/telugu-letters-varnamala/</ref> r46lr50qoiy1bea16cgrzoqid3rn6tz 2 222668 4634772 4633186 2026-05-08T14:34:48Z Tommy Kronkvist 107268 User statistics. 4634772 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0 0 1em 0;">{{userpage}}</div> {{Userboxtop|toptext=Babel:}} {{user language|sv|N}}{{user language|en|4}}{{user language|de|2}}{{user language|la|1}} {{userboxbreak|toptext=WikiProjects:}} {{User Chess}} {{Userboxbottom}} [[File:Sorbus torminalis Trunk and canopy.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br /> Most of my wiki contributions are made to [[:species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] where I'm an administrator, bureaucrat and interface admin,<small>^{[https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&limit=1&username=Tommy_Kronkvist (verify)]}</small> as administrator and interface ditto at the Swedish version of [[wikivoyage:sv:Huvudsida|Wikivoyage]]<small>^{(<span class="plainlinks">[https://sv.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&limit=1&username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]</span>)}</small> and to the Swedish Wikimedia Chapter [[WMSE:|Wikimedia Sverige]], where I'm also an admin.<small>^{(<span class="plainlinks">[https://se.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Användare&limit=1&username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]</span>)}</small> I've made a total of [[:meta:Special:CentralAuth/Tommy_Kronkvist|392,000 edits]] to 153 different Wikimedia sister projects, since August 2008 when I first registered my user account. (Data per May 8, 2026.) Swedish is my mother tongue&nbsp;– even though I was born in Finland&nbsp;– but I feel fairly comfortable speaking and writing English and some German as well. Odd as it may seem, unfortunately I can't speak any Finnish. My family name consists of two parts: ''kron'' – a short form of the Swedish word ''krona'' meaning 'crown', as in coronation crown or tree crown – and ''kvist'', meaning 'bough' or 'twig'. Hence the name ''Kronkvist'' refers to a twig in the canopy of a forest. I'm the fourth generation of Kronkvist's. Before that our family name was ''Mattus'', dating back from at least 1637. I've lived all over Sweden (for example in Stockholm and in the Gothenburg area) but nowadays reside in Uppsala, the fourth biggest city and former capital of Sweden. cyfboce6age7oo086ond3qicwgy1ld6 4634915 4634772 2026-05-09T08:25:08Z Tommy Kronkvist 107268 User statistics. 4634915 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0 0 1em 0;">{{userpage}}</div> {{Userboxtop|toptext=Babel:}} {{user language|sv|N}}{{user language|en|4}}{{user language|de|2}}{{user language|la|1}} {{userboxbreak|toptext=WikiProjects:}} {{User Chess}} {{Userboxbottom}} [[File:Sorbus torminalis Trunk and canopy.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]<br /> Most of my wiki contributions are made to [[:species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] where I'm an administrator, bureaucrat and interface admin,<small>^{[https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&limit=1&username=Tommy_Kronkvist (verify)]}</small> as administrator and interface ditto at the Swedish version of [[wikivoyage:sv:Huvudsida|Wikivoyage]]<small>^{(<span class="plainlinks">[https://sv.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&limit=1&username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]</span>)}</small> and to the Swedish Wikimedia Chapter [[WMSE:|Wikimedia Sverige]], where I'm also an admin.<small>^{(<span class="plainlinks">[https://se.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Användare&limit=1&username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]</span>)}</small> I've made a total of [[:meta:Special:CentralAuth/Tommy_Kronkvist|392,100 edits]] to 153 different Wikimedia sister projects, since August 2008 when I first registered my user account. (Data per May 9, 2026.) Swedish is my mother tongue&nbsp;– even though I was born in Finland&nbsp;– but I feel fairly comfortable speaking and writing English and some German as well. Odd as it may seem, unfortunately I can't speak any Finnish. My family name consists of two parts: ''kron'' – a short form of the Swedish word ''krona'' meaning 'crown', as in coronation crown or tree crown – and ''kvist'', meaning 'bough' or 'twig'. Hence the name ''Kronkvist'' refers to a twig in the canopy of a forest. I'm the fourth generation of Kronkvist's. Before that our family name was ''Mattus'', dating back from at least 1637. I've lived all over Sweden (for example in Stockholm and in the Gothenburg area) but nowadays reside in Uppsala, the fourth biggest city and former capital of Sweden. p87m113cwq5p2q5gaoull7aqcvcomlr 4 237333 4634869 4610728 2026-05-09T02:08:10Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Rearranging the global user group sections by alphabetical order, adding images, noting that some global groups have TAIV access, and SN is used instead of SRP to notify about global users recklessly using their rights against this policy. 4634869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{policy|WB:GRP}} The implementation of '''global user rights''' on Wikimedia projects extends to the English Wikibooks. This policy defines their use on this wiki. == Use of rights == === Global abuse filter maintainers === [[File:AbuseFilterMaintainerIcon.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Abuse filter maintainers}} '''Global abuse filter maintainers''' are users who are permitted to view, and where appropriate, modify [[Wikibooks:Edit filter|edit filters]] on all wikis. They are permitted to use any of the rights associated with their role on the English Wikibooks, unless otherwise requested not to by any local administrator, which can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. In addition, global abuse filter maintainers can view temporary account IP addresses and use the IP Information tool, provided they comply with the Wikimedia Foundation's Access to Temporary Account IP Addresses Policy. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/abusefilter-maintainer|global abuse filter maintainer rights]] === Global bots === [[File:Meta-Wiki Bot-2000px.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global bots}} The English Wikibooks allows the use of global bots approved by the [[m:Global bots|bot policy]] on Meta-Wiki, but does ''not'' allow automatic approval. With that note, users that run global bots are advised to follow [[Wikibooks:Bots]] when bots are used locally. English Wikibooks administrators may locally block (or otherwise ask to stop operating) global bots that do not conform to English Wikibooks norms and policies. * List of bots with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-bot|global bot rights]] === Global interface editors === [[File:InterfaceEditorIcon.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global interface editors}} '''Global interface editors''' are users who can edit all pages including the MediaWiki namespace on all wikis, and maintain templates and the site's JavaScript (<code>*.js</code>) and Cascading Style Sheets (<code>*.css</code>) resources. They are permitted to use any of the rights associated with their role on the English Wikibooks, unless otherwise requested not to by any local interface administrator, which can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-interface-editor|global interface editor rights]] === Global rollbackers === [[File:Meta-Wiki Global rollback-2000px.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global rollback}} '''Global rollbackers''' are users who can roll back edits that are blatantly counterproductive, such as vandalism and nonsense, on all Wikimedia wikis. By default, they may use their rights on the English Wikibooks, provided they have not previously had the [[Wikibooks:Reviewers|reviewer]] right removed involuntarily. If removal has previously occurred, they must request and be [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions|granted reviewer locally]] (which grants the use of rollback) by an [[Wikibooks:Administrators|English Wikibooks administrator]]. Furthermore, any English Wikibooks administrator can ask a global rollbacker to stop using rollback if what they deem to be misuse occurs, and the global rollbacker must comply with such a request. Such a decision by an administrator can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. Failure to comply may result in a local block. In addition, global rollbackers can view temporary account IP addresses and use the IP Information tool, provided they comply with the Wikimedia Foundation's Access to Temporary Account IP Addresses Policy. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-rollbacker|global rollback rights]] === Global sysops === [[File:Meta-Wiki Global sysop-2000px.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global sysops}} '''Global sysops''' are users who have administrator and interface administrator permissions on most wikis. It is activated on the English Wikibooks as [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2010/April#Global sysops|community consensus to opt in]] was attained. Global sysops are permitted to use any of the rights associated with their role on the English Wikibooks, unless otherwise requested not to by any local administrator, which can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-sysop|global sysop rights]] === Ombuds === {{further|m:Ombuds commission}} The '''ombuds commission''' is tasked with investigating complaints about violations of the [[m:privacy policy|privacy policy]] (in particular concerning the use of [[m:CheckUser policy|CheckUser]] and [[m:Oversighters|oversight]] tools) on any Wikimedia project, for the Board in an official manner. The users who make up the ombuds commission are given the ability to run checks, view the CheckUser log, view suppressed content, and view the suppression log on every project. To file a complaint, please contact the commission privately. The ombuds may use their global rights for investigating complaints about violations of the [[wmf:Policy:Privacy policy|privacy policy]]. Their use of the global rights is at the discretion and restriction of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/ombuds|ombuds rights]] === Staff === {{see|wmf:Staff}} Members of this group are paid employees of the [[:w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. Similar to [[m:Ombuds commission|ombuds]], they hold global [[Wikibooks:CheckUser|CheckUser]] rights as well as global adminship and global oversight rights. They will perform office actions when needed, such as complaints related to [[:w:defamation|defamation]], [[:w:Privacy laws of the United States|privacy violations]], or [[:w:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]]. Not all Foundation staff are granted access to this group; it is based upon need for access. Staff rights are not limited by decision-making processes that involve global or local communities. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/staff|staff rights]] === Stewards === [[File:Wikimedia steward Icon.svg|right|80px]] {{further|m:Stewards}} '''Stewards''' are a global group of users who have complete access to the wiki interface on all public Wikimedia wikis. They may use their [[#Global rollbackers|global rollback]] and [[#Global sysops|global sysop]] permissions on the English Wikibooks, and may use [[Special:Undelete]] to view deleted revisions in the course of their duties as stewards. They are also permitted to use [[Wikibooks:CheckUser|the CheckUser tool]], even in non-emergency situations (that is, even if local CheckUsers exist on this wiki). In emergency situations where local users are unable or unavailable to act, stewards are asked to use their global rights to protect the best interests of Wikibooks. The English Wikibooks has no local suppressors ([[Wikibooks:Oversight|oversighters]]) at this time; therefore, stewards fill in this role, but they are allowed to process non-emergency oversight requests even if local oversighters are appointed on this wiki in the future. Stewards, along with staff and system administrators, are able to delete pages with more than 5,000 revisions. In their global role, stewards grant CheckUser and Oversight permissions to all projects, and can remove all permissions (in an emergency situation, in response to a user's self-request, or per Board decision). These actions can affect the English Wikibooks, but are done at [[meta:Steward requests/Permissions]] and are logged at [[:meta:Special:Log/rights]]. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/steward|steward rights]] === System administrators === {{further|m:System administrators}} Wikimedia '''system administrators''' are people who do [[wikitech:Server Admin Log|systems administration work]] on the Wikimedia servers. They can change a Wikimedia site's live copy of [[w:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]], read server logs, etc. Those with server access can also carry out various non-development tasks. The [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] legally controls the servers, so the [[wmf:Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Board of Trustees]] are ultimately responsible for determining who has sysadmin access. However, they generally delegate this responsibility. On a day-to-day basis, various sysadmins with root access manage the server accounts. System administrators may use their global rights in whatever manner they deem necessary to manage the Wikimedia Foundation's assets. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/sysadmin|system administrator rights]] == Removal of rights == A user who abuses their global rights by knowingly or recklessly using their global rights on the English Wikibooks in contravention of this policy should be reported to [[meta:Stewards' noticeboard]] or [[irc:#wikimedia-stewards|#wikimedia-stewards]] on IRC immediately, where the stewards will determine whether an emergency removal of tools is required. An indefinite block may also be placed on the account locally during this period if necessary to prevent further abuse (see the above section). ==Additional global groups== {{see|m:User groups#Global user groups|Special:GlobalGroupPermissions}} There are additional global groups not defined in this policy. They include: * [[:m:Abuse filter helpers|Abuse filter helpers]] * [[:m:API high limit requestors|API high limit requestors]] * [[:m:CAPTCHA exemptions|CAPTCHA exemptions]] * [[:m:Founder group|Founder group]] * [[:mw:Structured Discussions|Global Flow creators]] * [[:m:Global IP block exemptions|Global IP block exemptions]] * [[:m:Global temporary account IP viewers|Global temporary account IP viewers]] * [[:m:New wikis importers|New wikis importers]] (not enabled on the English Wikibooks) * [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team/Two-factor Authentication for CentralAuth wikis|Two-factor authentication testers]] * [[:m:Recursive export|Recursive export group]] * [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|U4C members]] * [[:m:Volunteer Response Team|VRT permissions agents]] * [[:m:wmf-email-block-override|wmf-email-block-override]] * [[:m:WMF Researchers|WMF researchers]] In addition, some Meta-Wiki user groups have global effects. These include: * [[:m:Meta:Administrators|Administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:Central notice administrators|Central notice administrators]] * [[:m:Global renamers|Global renamers]] * [[:m:Meta:Interface administrators|Interface administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:MassMessage senders|MassMessage senders]] * [[:m:Meta:OAuth administrators|OAuth administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:Push subscription managers|Push subscription managers]] * [[:m:Meta:Translation administrators|Translation administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:WMF Office IT|WMF Office IT]] * [[:m:Meta:WMF Support and Safety|WMF Support and Safety]] == See also == * [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] {{Wikibooks policies and guidelines}} [[Category:Administrative policies]] oq95mp1ytq4o63ev3s2wf3oz2eipvyi 4634870 4634869 2026-05-09T02:09:26Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Additional global groups */ + (using [[wikt:MediaWiki:Gadget-AjaxEdit.js|AjaxEdit]]) 4634870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{policy|WB:GRP}} The implementation of '''global user rights''' on Wikimedia projects extends to the English Wikibooks. This policy defines their use on this wiki. == Use of rights == === Global abuse filter maintainers === [[File:AbuseFilterMaintainerIcon.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Abuse filter maintainers}} '''Global abuse filter maintainers''' are users who are permitted to view, and where appropriate, modify [[Wikibooks:Edit filter|edit filters]] on all wikis. They are permitted to use any of the rights associated with their role on the English Wikibooks, unless otherwise requested not to by any local administrator, which can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. In addition, global abuse filter maintainers can view temporary account IP addresses and use the IP Information tool, provided they comply with the Wikimedia Foundation's Access to Temporary Account IP Addresses Policy. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/abusefilter-maintainer|global abuse filter maintainer rights]] === Global bots === [[File:Meta-Wiki Bot-2000px.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global bots}} The English Wikibooks allows the use of global bots approved by the [[m:Global bots|bot policy]] on Meta-Wiki, but does ''not'' allow automatic approval. With that note, users that run global bots are advised to follow [[Wikibooks:Bots]] when bots are used locally. English Wikibooks administrators may locally block (or otherwise ask to stop operating) global bots that do not conform to English Wikibooks norms and policies. * List of bots with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-bot|global bot rights]] === Global interface editors === [[File:InterfaceEditorIcon.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global interface editors}} '''Global interface editors''' are users who can edit all pages including the MediaWiki namespace on all wikis, and maintain templates and the site's JavaScript (<code>*.js</code>) and Cascading Style Sheets (<code>*.css</code>) resources. They are permitted to use any of the rights associated with their role on the English Wikibooks, unless otherwise requested not to by any local interface administrator, which can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-interface-editor|global interface editor rights]] === Global rollbackers === [[File:Meta-Wiki Global rollback-2000px.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global rollback}} '''Global rollbackers''' are users who can roll back edits that are blatantly counterproductive, such as vandalism and nonsense, on all Wikimedia wikis. By default, they may use their rights on the English Wikibooks, provided they have not previously had the [[Wikibooks:Reviewers|reviewer]] right removed involuntarily. If removal has previously occurred, they must request and be [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions|granted reviewer locally]] (which grants the use of rollback) by an [[Wikibooks:Administrators|English Wikibooks administrator]]. Furthermore, any English Wikibooks administrator can ask a global rollbacker to stop using rollback if what they deem to be misuse occurs, and the global rollbacker must comply with such a request. Such a decision by an administrator can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. Failure to comply may result in a local block. In addition, global rollbackers can view temporary account IP addresses and use the IP Information tool, provided they comply with the Wikimedia Foundation's Access to Temporary Account IP Addresses Policy. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-rollbacker|global rollback rights]] === Global sysops === [[File:Meta-Wiki Global sysop-2000px.png|right|80px]] {{further|m:Global sysops}} '''Global sysops''' are users who have administrator and interface administrator permissions on most wikis. It is activated on the English Wikibooks as [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2010/April#Global sysops|community consensus to opt in]] was attained. Global sysops are permitted to use any of the rights associated with their role on the English Wikibooks, unless otherwise requested not to by any local administrator, which can be appealed to the [[WB:AA|wider community]]. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/global-sysop|global sysop rights]] === Ombuds === {{further|m:Ombuds commission}} The '''ombuds commission''' is tasked with investigating complaints about violations of the [[m:privacy policy|privacy policy]] (in particular concerning the use of [[m:CheckUser policy|CheckUser]] and [[m:Oversighters|oversight]] tools) on any Wikimedia project, for the Board in an official manner. The users who make up the ombuds commission are given the ability to run checks, view the CheckUser log, view suppressed content, and view the suppression log on every project. To file a complaint, please contact the commission privately. The ombuds may use their global rights for investigating complaints about violations of the [[wmf:Policy:Privacy policy|privacy policy]]. Their use of the global rights is at the discretion and restriction of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/ombuds|ombuds rights]] === Staff === {{see|wmf:Staff}} Members of this group are paid employees of the [[:w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. Similar to [[m:Ombuds commission|ombuds]], they hold global [[Wikibooks:CheckUser|CheckUser]] rights as well as global adminship and global oversight rights. They will perform office actions when needed, such as complaints related to [[:w:defamation|defamation]], [[:w:Privacy laws of the United States|privacy violations]], or [[:w:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]]. Not all Foundation staff are granted access to this group; it is based upon need for access. Staff rights are not limited by decision-making processes that involve global or local communities. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/staff|staff rights]] === Stewards === [[File:Wikimedia steward Icon.svg|right|80px]] {{further|m:Stewards}} '''Stewards''' are a global group of users who have complete access to the wiki interface on all public Wikimedia wikis. They may use their [[#Global rollbackers|global rollback]] and [[#Global sysops|global sysop]] permissions on the English Wikibooks, and may use [[Special:Undelete]] to view deleted revisions in the course of their duties as stewards. They are also permitted to use [[Wikibooks:CheckUser|the CheckUser tool]], even in non-emergency situations (that is, even if local CheckUsers exist on this wiki). In emergency situations where local users are unable or unavailable to act, stewards are asked to use their global rights to protect the best interests of Wikibooks. The English Wikibooks has no local suppressors ([[Wikibooks:Oversight|oversighters]]) at this time; therefore, stewards fill in this role, but they are allowed to process non-emergency oversight requests even if local oversighters are appointed on this wiki in the future. Stewards, along with staff and system administrators, are able to delete pages with more than 5,000 revisions. In their global role, stewards grant CheckUser and Oversight permissions to all projects, and can remove all permissions (in an emergency situation, in response to a user's self-request, or per Board decision). These actions can affect the English Wikibooks, but are done at [[meta:Steward requests/Permissions]] and are logged at [[:meta:Special:Log/rights]]. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/steward|steward rights]] === System administrators === {{further|m:System administrators}} Wikimedia '''system administrators''' are people who do [[wikitech:Server Admin Log|systems administration work]] on the Wikimedia servers. They can change a Wikimedia site's live copy of [[w:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]], read server logs, etc. Those with server access can also carry out various non-development tasks. The [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] legally controls the servers, so the [[wmf:Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Board of Trustees]] are ultimately responsible for determining who has sysadmin access. However, they generally delegate this responsibility. On a day-to-day basis, various sysadmins with root access manage the server accounts. System administrators may use their global rights in whatever manner they deem necessary to manage the Wikimedia Foundation's assets. * List of users with [[Special:GlobalUsers/sysadmin|system administrator rights]] == Removal of rights == A user who abuses their global rights by knowingly or recklessly using their global rights on the English Wikibooks in contravention of this policy should be reported to [[meta:Stewards' noticeboard]] or [[irc:#wikimedia-stewards|#wikimedia-stewards]] on IRC immediately, where the stewards will determine whether an emergency removal of tools is required. An indefinite block may also be placed on the account locally during this period if necessary to prevent further abuse (see the above section). ==Additional global groups== {{see|m:User groups#Global user groups|Special:GlobalGroupPermissions}} There are additional global groups not defined in this policy. They include: * [[:m:Abuse filter helpers|Abuse filter helpers]] * [[:m:API high limit requestors|API high limit requestors]] * [[:m:CAPTCHA exemptions|CAPTCHA exemptions]] * [[:m:Founder group|Founder group]] * [[:m:Global deleters|Global deleters]] * [[:mw:Structured Discussions|Global Flow creators]] * [[:m:Global IP block exemptions|Global IP block exemptions]] * [[:m:Global temporary account IP viewers|Global temporary account IP viewers]] * [[:m:New wikis importers|New wikis importers]] (not enabled on the English Wikibooks) * [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team/Two-factor Authentication for CentralAuth wikis|Two-factor authentication testers]] * [[:m:Recursive export|Recursive export group]] * [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|U4C members]] * [[:m:Volunteer Response Team|VRT permissions agents]] * [[:m:wmf-email-block-override|wmf-email-block-override]] * [[:m:WMF Researchers|WMF researchers]] In addition, some Meta-Wiki user groups have global effects. These include: * [[:m:Meta:Administrators|Administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:Central notice administrators|Central notice administrators]] * [[:m:Global renamers|Global renamers]] * [[:m:Meta:Interface administrators|Interface administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:MassMessage senders|MassMessage senders]] * [[:m:Meta:OAuth administrators|OAuth administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:Push subscription managers|Push subscription managers]] * [[:m:Meta:Translation administrators|Translation administrators]] * [[:m:Meta:WMF Office IT|WMF Office IT]] * [[:m:Meta:WMF Support and Safety|WMF Support and Safety]] == See also == * [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] {{Wikibooks policies and guidelines}} [[Category:Administrative policies]] rd61c9k54uywpsu8yc23dl7dlzl73zq 8 237713 4634843 1912245 2026-05-08T22:15:37Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Capitalizing. 4634843 wikitext text/x-wiki Poor/unrated rpturxzlt28tvimzpv72616hkmc9qhl 8 237714 4634844 1912246 2026-05-08T22:15:55Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Capitalizing. 4634844 wikitext text/x-wiki Minimal jik748himsu8zomskhiu4ksbfu3dlok 8 237715 4634845 1912247 2026-05-08T22:16:12Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Capitalizing. 4634845 wikitext text/x-wiki Average 2ke1dnyz0j3bi7fdhuajvdk62hrtagy 8 237716 4634846 1912248 2026-05-08T22:16:29Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Capitalizing. 4634846 wikitext text/x-wiki Good bfkcsm2ptad1bflqg7l0kv6bkul5yv2 0 243605 4634864 4634459 2026-05-09T01:13:31Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-27553-69|~2026-27553-69]]) and restored revision 3651612 by Mrjulesd 4634864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} Sometimes human activities lower the quality or '''degrade''' the land by putting hazardous substance in the soil and water. A well-known example of this is the story of Love Canal in New York. The story began in the 1950s, when a local chemical company put dangerous chemicals in steel drum containers. They buried the containers in Love Canal, an abandoned waterway near Niagara Falls, New York (Figure 19.8). They then covered the containers with soil and sold the land to the local school system. [[File:Fuel Barrels.JPG|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 19.8''': Steel barrels like these were used to contain the hazardous chemicals at Love Canal. After several years, they began to leak the chemicals into the soil and groundwater, which caused many people to become sick.]] [[File:Love Canal protest.jpg|frame|right|'''Figure 19.9''': A resident of Love Canal protests the hazardous waste contamination in her neighborhood.]] The school system built a school on the land. The city of Niagara Falls also built more than 800 homes near Love Canal. Several years later, people who lived there began to notice bad chemical smells in their homes. Children developed burns after playing in the soil, and they were often sick. A woman living in the area, named Lois Gibbs, organized a group of citizens called the 'Love Canal Homeowners Association' to try to find out why their children kept getting sick (Figure 19.9). They discovered that their homes and school were sitting on top of the site where the dangerous chemicals had been buried. They believed that the old steel drums used to contain the dangerous chemicals were leaking and making them and their children sick. They demanded that the government take action to clean up the area and remove the chemicals. By 1979, the United States government fully realized that the old drums were indeed leaking dangerous chemicals into the soil and water where the people lived and went to school. The government gave money to many of the people to move somewhere safer and began cleaning up the site. The work of Lois Gibbs was important in bringing the problem of hazardous chemical pollution to people's attention. After the Love Canal problem, the U. S. government created a law called the '''Superfund Act'''. This law requires companies to be responsible for hazardous chemicals that they put into the environment. It also requires them to pay the money needed to clean up polluted sites, which can often be hundreds of millions of dollars. As a result, companies today are more careful about how they deal with hazardous substances. This lesson describes some of the sources of hazardous wastes throughout the world. It then discusses the effects these wastes have on human health and the environment. Finally, this lesson covers ways that we can control hazardous wastes. ==Lesson Objectives== * Define hazardous waste and describe its sources. * Describe some of the impacts of hazardous waste on human health and on the environment. * Detail some ways that we can control hazardous wastes. ==What is Hazardous Waste?== Hazardous waste is any waste material that is dangerous to human health or that degrades the environment. Hazardous waste materials include substances that are: # Toxic: something that causes serious harm, death or is poisonous. # Chemically active: something that causes dangerous or unwanted chemical reactions, like dangerous explosions. # Corrosive: something that destroys other things by chemical reactions. # Flammable: something that easily catches fire and may send dangerous smoke into the air. Hazardous waste may be solid or liquid. It comes from many sources, and you may be surprised to learn that you probably have some sources of hazardous waste right in your own home. Several cleaning and gardening chemicals are hazardous if not used properly. These include chemicals like drain cleaners and '''pesticides''' that are toxic to humans and many other creatures. When we use, store, and dispose of them, we have to be careful. We have to protect our bodies from exposure to them and make sure they do not enter the environment (Figure 19.10). If they are thrown away or disposed of improperly, they become hazardous to the environment. Others sources of hazardous waste are shown in Table 19.2. [[File:Hazardous-pesticide.jpg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 19.10''': This farm worker wears special clothes for protection from the hazardous pesticide in the container.]] {| class="wikitable" style="width:500px; margin:0px auto;" |+ Table 19.2: Sources of Hazardous Waste ! Type of Hazardous Waste || Example || Why it is Hazardous |- | Chemicals from the automobile industry || Fuel, used motor oil, battery acid, brake fluid || Toxic to humans and other organisms; often chemically active; often flammable |- | Batteries || Car batteries, household batteries || Contain toxic chemicals; are often corrosive |- | Medical wastes || Surgical gloves, wastes contaminated with body fluids such as blood, x-ray equipment || Toxic to humans and other organisms; may be chemically active |- | Paints || Paints, paint thinners, paint strippers, wood stains || Toxic; flammable |- | Dry cleaning chemicals || Many various chemicals || Toxic; many cause cancer in humans |- | Agricultural chemicals || Pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers || Toxic to humans; can harm other organisms; pollute soils and water |} ==Impacts of Hazardous Waste== Many hazardous waste materials have serious impacts on human health. They often cause cancer and can also cause birth defects. They can make people sick for very long times. Breathing the air or drinking the water that is contaminated with hazardous waste is a major health threat. Two chemicals that are especially toxic in the environment are lead and mercury. Lead harms people by damaging their brain and nervous system. Lead is especially harmful in children under the age of six; about 200 children die every year from lead poisoning. Lead was once a common ingredient in fuel and paint (Figure 19.11). In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States government passed laws completely banning lead in fuel and paint. This has prevented the lead poisoning of millions of children in the United States. However, several other countries still use fuel with lead in it. Also, homes built before the 1970s may contain paint that has lead in it. These still pose a threat to human health. [[File:Tamoil station Pijnacker.jpg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 19.11''': In the United States, automotive fuel must now be unleaded, or free from lead.]] [[File:Mercury fremont ice core.png|300px|thumb|'''Figure 19.12''': This graph shows historic increases of mercury in the atmosphere. Events in blue are volcanic eruptions. Events in brown, purple, and pink are human-caused. Notice the effect of industrialization on mercury levels in the atmosphere (the red region of the graph).]] Mercury is a pollutant affecting the whole world (Figure 19.12). Mercury enters the environment from volcanic eruptions, burning coal and from waste products like old batteries and electronic switches. It is also found in old discarded electronic appliances like television sets. Like lead, mercury also damages the brain and impairs nervous system function. Mercury often accumulates in fish, so people and other animals that eat the fish then are in danger of getting the mercury in their own bodies. ==Preventing Hazardous Waste Pollution== The United States is currently the world's largest producer of hazardous wastes. However, as China becomes more industrialized, it may take over the number one spot. Countries with more industry produce more hazardous waste than those with little industry. Hazardous wastes can enter the air when we burn things like batteries containing mercury or old tires. Hazardous waste can enter the water when chemicals are dumped on the ground, or are buried and then leak. Substances buried in the ground often leak from their containers after a number of years. The chemicals then move through the soil until they reach groundwater. Hazardous chemicals are especially dangerous once they reach our groundwater resources. Sites like the one at Love Canal are now referred to as '''Superfund sites'''. They are found throughout the country. Many of them have been identified and cleaned up. We now have strict laws to prevent new sites like the Love Canal site from ever forming in the first place. In the United States, we have several laws that help control hazardous waste. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requires any company that produces hazardous materials to keep careful track of what happens to it. The government has passed special rules for how these materials can be disposed of. Companies must ensure that hazardous waste is not allowed to enter the environment in dangerous amounts. They have to protect their workers from the hazards of the materials. They must keep a record of how they dispose of hazardous wastes, and show the government that they did so in a safe way. Individual people can also do much to control hazardous wastes. We can choose to use materials that are not hazardous in the first place. We can make sure that we dispose of materials properly. We can control the amount of pesticides that we use. We can make sure to not pour toxic chemicals over the land, or down the drain or toilet, or even into the trashcan. We can also use hazardous materials less often. We can find safer alternatives for many of the chemicals we use. For example, we can use vinegar and water to clean windows instead of the usual glass-cleaning chemicals. ==Lesson Summary== * Hazardous wastes are dangerous to human health and the environment. They come from many sources, such as household chemicals, gasoline, paints, old batteries, discarded appliances, and industrial chemicals. * Once in the air or buried on land, they can cause human health problems or even death and degrade the environment for other organisms. * Developed countries like the United States produce most of the world's hazardous waste. * We have passed laws that require careful disposal of hazardous materials and that make their producers financially responsible for them if they pollute the environment. ==Review Questions== # How does the United States Superfund Act help control hazardous wastes? # What is the difference between corrosive and flammable? # Organic farming is a method of growing food crops with natural alternatives to chemical pesticides. How does organic farming help control hazardous wastes? # What is one disadvantage of storing hazardous wastes in barrels buried deep in the ground? # Scientists who work with hazardous wastes often wear special clothing like gloves and masks. Why do you think they wear these items? # Which do you think is easiest and hardest to keep track of: hazardous waste that is present as a gas, liquid, or solid? Why? ==Vocabulary== ; degrade : To lower the quality of something. ; pesticides : Chemicals used to kill or harm unwanted pests such as insects that damage food crops. ; Superfund Act : A law passed by the US Congress in 1980 that held companies responsible for any hazardous chemicals that they might create. ; Superfund site : A site where hazardous waste has been spilled. Under the Superfund Act, the company that created the hazardous waste is responsible for cleaning up the waste. ==Points to Consider== * What are the best ways to either prevent or safely dispose of hazardous materials? * If humans are the ones who mostly create hazardous materials, whose responsibility is it to clean them up? * Is it important for each generation to leave the world a safe place? If one generation doesn't do this, who pays the price? {{chapnav|Loss of Soils|Human Actions and Earth's Resources}} s9ty120u7syexgqafevny8k26hjdgw3 0 243614 4634865 4634457 2026-05-09T01:13:44Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-27553-69|~2026-27553-69]]) and restored revision 4336855 by Atcovi 4634865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} ==Learning Objectives== * Learn how humans use water. * Discuss how much water is taken up by each water use. * Explain the difference between consumptive and non-consumptive water uses. * Discuss three of the most serious issues humans face today, including shortages of fresh water, lack of safe drinking water, and water pollution. * Discuss why humans are facing water shortages. * Discuss how water shortages can lead to disputes and even battles between states and countries bordering on the same water source. * Explain why one fifth of the human population does not have access to safe drinking water. * Describe the relationship between disease and exposure to unsafe drinking water. * What is the origin of California's fresh water supply? ==Human Uses of Water== All forms of life need water to survive. As humans, we need water to drink or we need to get it from the foods we eat. We also use water for agriculture, industry, household uses, and recreation. Water is continually cycled and recycled through the environment. Some ways that we use water consume a lot of water that then is lost to the ecosystem and some ways we use water put less demand on our water supplies. Understanding how water cycles and is replaced is important, especially when we look for ways to use less water. Currently, agricultural uses the most water. Considering different methods of irrigation and times of day to water crops can improve this situation. Farming, growing crops and raising livestock uses more than two thirds of the water used by humans globally. When water is used but not recycled, the water use is called consumptive. That water is lost to the ecosystem. When excess water is captured or recycled, it is called non-consumptive. As we move to a more sustainable future, we want to be sure as much of our water use is non-consumptive as possible. What is the most important thing for all life on Earth? Not gold or diamonds. It is water! From the smallest bacteria to the largest trees, all forms of life on Earth depend on water for survival. As humans, we could not survive for more than a few days without drinking water or getting water from the foods we eat. In addition to our basic survival need for water to drink, people also use freshwater for agriculture, industry and household needs. Across the world, different communities also use water for many kinds of recreational and environmental activities. Which human activity uses the most water? Not showers, baths, washing dishes, or other household uses. On average, agriculture uses more than two thirds of the water that humans use across the world. Industry and household uses average 15% each. Recreational use and environmental uses average 1% each. (See Figure 21.1) [[File:Water withdrawals by sector 1982-1997.png|frame|center|'''Figure 21.1''': Proportion of water used for home, industrial, and agricultural purposes across the world.]] Some ways that people use water do not use up the water. When you swim in a lake, you do not use up the water. The water is still in the lake when you climb out. In some cases, water can be recycled for reuse. For example, the water you use to brush your teeth or take a bath can be collected through your household pipes and the sewer system, purified and then redistributed for reuse. These are examples of '''non-consumptive''' water use. By recycling water, we ultimately reduce our overall water consumption. Unlike the previous examples, water sprinklers are called '''consumptive''', because much of the water is lost to the air as evaporation. None of the lost water can be captured and reused. ==Agricultural Water Uses== Have you ever watched huge sprinklers watering large fields of crops (Figure 21.2)? If you have, try to imagine how much water it takes to water a field compared to taking a shower or bath. You may be surprised to learn that agriculture uses more than two thirds (69%) of the water humans use, globally. [[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 21.2''': Overhead sprinklers need to use large quantities of water on crops because much of the water is lost to evaporation and runoff.]] Two of the most popular irrigation methods are overhead sprinklers and trench irrigation. Trench irrigation systems are just that: trench canals that carry water from a water source to the fields. Farmers often chose these methods because they relatively inexpensive. Unfortunately, they are also wasteful of water. Roughly fifteen to thirty-six percent of the water never reaches the crops, because it evaporates into the air or is lost as runoff. When rain or irrigation water is not absorbed by the soil, often it washes valuable soil away. Giving up irrigation is not a choice for most farmers. A farmer living in a dry region, such as a desert, needs irrigation, just to grow crops. A farmer living in a wetter place would use irrigation to produce more crops or to grow more profitable crops. In some cases, farmers can choose to grow crops that match the amount of rain that falls in that region naturally. Instead of giving up irrigation, farmers can use less water by choosing more efficient irrigation methods, such as '''drip irrigation''' (Figure 21.3). This irrigation system uses pipes and tubes to deliver small amounts of water directly to the soil at the roots of each plant or tree. It wastes less water than sprinklers and trenches, because almost all of the water goes directly to the soil and plant roots. [[File:Drip irrigation.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 21.3''': Drip irrigation uses a series of pipes and tubes to deliver water to the base of each plant. Because little water is lost to evaporation and runoff, this method uses less water than sprinklers and trenches.]] You might wonder why any farmer would not switch to efficient irrigation methods, since they would save so much water. There are two reasons. First, drip irrigation and other efficient irrigation methods cost more than trenches and sprinklers. Second, in some countries, such as the United States, the government pays for much of the cost of the water that is used for agriculture. Because, farmers do not have to pay the full price of the water they use, they do not have any financial reason or '''incentive''' to use less water. ==Aquaculture== [[File:Delta Pride Catfish farm harvest.jpg|225px|thumb|'''Figure 21.4''': Workers at a fish farm harvest fish they will sell to stores.]] Aquaculture is the name for the type of farming you might do if you were raising fish, shellfish, algae or aquatic plants (Figure 21.4). This is a farming practice where plants and animals that live in water are raised. As the supplies of fish from lakes, rivers, and the oceans dwindle, people are getting more fish from aquaculture. Raising fish instead of hunting for them is a different way of increasing our food resources. The next time you pass the fish display in the grocery store, look for labels for "farm raised" fish. These fish would have been raised in an aquaculture setting. Some of the most productive aquaculture farming takes place in wetland areas along coastlines. Rivers and streams carry nutrient-rich water into these wetlands, so fish and other animal life thrives. A good supply of nutrients is important when raising a large community of plants or animals. We need to be careful about the wastes that are added to our coastal waters when we increase plant and animal populations in these areas. Aquaculture can be considered a non-consumptive use of water, as long as we keep our coastal waters in good condition. ==Industrial Water Use== Industrial water use accounts for an estimated fifteen percent of worldwide water use. Industries include power plants that use water to cool their equipment, and oil refineries that use water for chemical processes (Figure 21.5). Industry also uses water in many manufacturing processes. Looking at water use in a completely different way, hydroelectric power plants are built along rivers and streams to generate energy. This is a very efficient way to use water that is also non-consumptive. [[File:Poland Solina dam.jpg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 21.5''': A power plant in Poland sits on the edge of a lake with easy access to water for cooling and other purposes.]] ==Household Use== Starting from when you wake up in the morning, count the ways you use water at home (Figure 21.6). You will need to count the water you drink, water used in cooking, bathing, flushing toilets, and even gardening. You will be surprised to notice how many times a day you use water. Have you ever had to go without water? The United States is a developed country. In developed countries, people use a lot of water each day. People living in less developed countries use far less water than people in the United States. Globally, household or personal water use is estimated to account for fifteen percent of world-wide water use. [[File:Humanitarian aid OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 21.6''': Humanitarian aid providing less developed countries with water.]] Some household water uses are considered non-consumptive, because water is recaptured in sewer systems, treated and returned to surface water supplies for reuse. Watering lawns with sprinklers is an exception. Just like sprinkler irrigation on farms, yard sprinklers are consumptive and use large amounts of water. We all have many ways to lower the amount of water we use at home. Hardware stores sell water-efficient home products, such as drip irrigation to water lawns and gardens, low flow shower heads and low flow toilets. What other ways can you use less water at home? ==Recreational Use== Which sports use water? Swimming, fishing, and boating are easy examples to think about (Figure 21.7). Do you think playing golf requires water? Actually it does, because we irrigate the golf course in order to keep it nice and green! The amount of water that most recreational activities use is low: less than one percent of all the water we use. [[File:Crystal Lake.jpg|550px|center|thumb|'''Figure 21.7''': Many recreational activities, such as swimming and fishing, are non-consumptive water activities which won't deplete the water supply.]] Most recreational water uses are non-consumptive. That would include swimming, fishing, and boating. We can swim, fish, and boat without reducing the water supply. The same is not true for playing golf, which is the biggest recreational water consumer. Golf courses require large amounts of water. Water used for golf courses is generally consumptive, since most of it is lost to evaporation, soil, and runoff. ==Environmental Use== Environmental uses include activities to create habitat for wildlife, such as building lakes and fish ladders to help fish spawn (Figure 21.9). Most environmental uses are non-consumptive; they account for even less water use than recreation. [[File:Atchafalaya Basin.jpg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 21.8''': Wetlands and other environments depend on clean water to survive. Water shortages are a leading cause of global biodiversity loss.]] ==California Water Resources== Nevada and other mountain ranges feeds rivers that crisscross the state. Many of these streams feed into the Sacramento River in the northern part of the Central Valley, and the San Joaquin River in the southern portion (Figure 21.9). Virtually all of these rivers are dammed, some more than once, to supply power and water to the cities and farmland of the state. [[File:California water system.jpg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 21.9''': California rivers.]] Groundwater is also an important source of water in California. In a normal year about 40% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater. In a drought year, the number can rise to 60% or more. The largest groundwater reservoirs are found in the Central Valley where thousands of years of snow melt has fed the aquifers. In many locations, much more groundwater is used each year than is available to recharge the aquifer. Subsidence of the land is common in these regions. Despite these vast water sources, the states large population and enormous agricultural landscape put a strain on the water supply. Water rights in California are complex and controversial. Although about 75% of the water resources are in the northern one-third of the state, the largest usage, about 80%, is in the southern two-thirds. Besides projects that exist to distribute water within the state, a large source of water is the Colorado River, which California must share with five other states and Mexico. The distribution of water resources in the Western United States will be a topic of much discussion in the coming decades. ==Lesson Summary== * Human water use can be lumped into five categories. The uses are arranged in order of greatest to the least amounts of total water use on Earth: ** Agriculture (sixty-nine percent) ** Industry uses (fifteen percent of global water use) ** Home and Personal use (fifteen percent) ** Recreation uses (less than one percent) ** Environmental use (less than one percent) * Despite California's abundant water supply from surface streams and groundwater, the state has a number of water rights issues that will be important long into the future. ==Review Questions== # Describe the three water uses that consume the most fresh water. # Explain why humans are limited to using less than one percent of all the water on Earth for our needs. # List two reasons why human water use has increased tremendously during the past century. # Describe four consequences of water shortages. # What does the phrase "water is more valuable than gold" mean? # Describe why some water uses are called consumptive. # Describe drip irrigation and why it wastes less water than irrigating with sprinklers. # Describe why droughts are more serious in arid regions of the world than in wetter regions. # What is the origin of California's fresh water sources? ==Vocabulary== ; consumptive : Water use where water is "lost" to evaporation. ; drip irrigation : Pipes and tubes that deliver small amounts of water directly to the soil at the roots. ; incentive : A financial benefit for taking a particular action. ; non-consumptive : Water use that does not "use up" the water supply. ==Points to Consider== * How could fresh water be more valuable than gold or a diamond? * Which human activity uses more water than all other activities combined? * Why don't all farmers use drip irrigation and other water efficient irrigation methods? * How could water filtration and desalination technologies be best utilized to provide safe drinking water for everyone? {{chapnav|Human Actions and Earth's Waters|Problems with Water Distribution}} tnn0d3ahmpm9dl63vju8tesnhhknbi0 4 245222 4634866 4602677 2026-05-09T01:53:22Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Abilities */ Using the default definitions according to [[Special:ListGroupRights]]. (using [[wikt:MediaWiki:Gadget-AjaxEdit.js|AjaxEdit]]) 4634866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikibooks Reviewer.svg|150px|right]] {{shortcut|WB:R}} '''Reviewers''' are users who can [[WB:REVIEW|review page revisions]]. [[Wikibooks:Administrators|Administrators]] can also review pages. Reviewers are also given the ability to [[WB:ROLL|rollback]] changes in combating vandalism, and various other abilities. When you can satisfy the [[#Automatic criteria|automatic criteria]], you should receive the reviewer permission automatically. Otherwise, you can [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions|manually request]] it; please provide a reasonable argument for manual requests. The reviewer permission is only given manually to those in certain [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy|global roles]] (such as stewards, global sysops, and global rollbackers), or if autopromotion appears to have [[#failure|failed]], or for other compelling reasons. Otherwise, if any pages require reviewing, non-reviewers can request this at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]]. There are currently [[Special:ListUsers/editor|'''{{NUMINGROUP:editor}}''' reviewers]] on the English Wikibooks. == Abilities == The main rights given are the following: * Edit protected pages (semi protected) <code>(editsemiprotected)</code> * Have one's own edits automatically marked as "reviewed" <code>autoreview</code> * Have one's own edits automatically marked as patrolled <code>(autopatrol)</code> * Mark revisions as being "reviewed" <code>(review)</code> * Not be affected by IP-based rate limits <code>(autoconfirmed)</code> * Not create redirects from source pages when moving pages <code>(suppressredirect)</code> * Quickly rollback the edits of the last user who edited a particular page <code>(rollback)</code> * View the [[Special:UnreviewedPages|list of unreviewed pages]] <code>(unreviewedpages)</code> == Automatic criteria == You should ''automatically'' get reviewer tools when/if you meet the following criteria: *Have a registered account that is ''at least'' 30 days old, with either an email set and confirmed in [[Special:Preferences]], or already holding the [[WB:autoreviewed users|autoreviewed]] user right. *Have never been blocked, and have never had the reviewer tools removed (you can [[WB:RFP|request the tools]] if otherwise). *Have ''at least'' 100 edits since registration (excluding deleted edits), in which: **50 or more edits are to pages other than discussion pages, including edits to the main space, Cookbook, and Wikijunior. **50 or more [[WB:ES|edit summaries]] are used. **10 or more unique pages are edited ''at least'' once. **8 edits are spaced 2 or more days apart from each other (which takes ''at least'' 14 days, if you edit every 2 days). ***This does not mean that 8 consecutive edits must be spaced 2 or more days apart from each other to meet this criterion. **5 or more edits are in [[WB:RC|recent changes]] at the time automatic reviewer promotion is checked (this works out to be anytime in the past week). ===Note=== {{anchor|failure}} {{Tracked|T237191|resolved}} On one extended occasion from June 2019 until September 2020, autopromotion stopped working. The bug was tracked at Wikimedia Phabricator, and was officially closed as ''resolved'' (see the link at right). If autopromotion fails to occur, registered users who appear to satisfy the automatic criteria but have not been promoted should instead [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions|apply for manual promotion]]. ==Autoreviewed users== [[File:Wikibooks Autopatrolled.svg|150px|right]] {{shortcut|WB:AUTOREVIEW}} '''Autoreviewed users''', unlike reviewers, solely have their own edits automatically marked as patrolled (<code>autopatrol</code>) and reviewed (<code>autoreview</code>); they cannot review or rollback any edits, or view the list of unreviewed pages. Administrators may grant this permission to users at their discretion, or may be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. For autoreviewed users who later receive the reviewer permission, the autoreviewed user permission may be taken away. However, note that you won't lose anything, as the reviewer permission is a subset of the autoreviewed user permission. There are currently [[Special:ListUsers/autoreview|'''{{NUMINGROUP:autoreview}}''' autoreviewed users]] on the English Wikibooks. ==See also== * [[Help:Tracking changes#Reviewing pages|How to review]] * [[Special:ListUsers/editor|Current users in the Reviewer group]] * [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension|Reviewing system's configuration information]] * [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs]] * [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=flaggedrevs.php Server configuration file] {{user groups}} sssd7szypai2mo71w894a2eq5vku71v 4634867 4634866 2026-05-09T01:53:37Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Abilities */ (using [[wikt:MediaWiki:Gadget-AjaxEdit.js|AjaxEdit]]) 4634867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikibooks Reviewer.svg|150px|right]] {{shortcut|WB:R}} '''Reviewers''' are users who can [[WB:REVIEW|review page revisions]]. [[Wikibooks:Administrators|Administrators]] can also review pages. Reviewers are also given the ability to [[WB:ROLL|rollback]] changes in combating vandalism, and various other abilities. When you can satisfy the [[#Automatic criteria|automatic criteria]], you should receive the reviewer permission automatically. Otherwise, you can [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions|manually request]] it; please provide a reasonable argument for manual requests. The reviewer permission is only given manually to those in certain [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy|global roles]] (such as stewards, global sysops, and global rollbackers), or if autopromotion appears to have [[#failure|failed]], or for other compelling reasons. Otherwise, if any pages require reviewing, non-reviewers can request this at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]]. There are currently [[Special:ListUsers/editor|'''{{NUMINGROUP:editor}}''' reviewers]] on the English Wikibooks. == Abilities == The main rights given are the following: * Edit protected pages (semi protected) <code>(editsemiprotected)</code> * Have one's own edits automatically marked as "reviewed" <code>(autoreview)</code> * Have one's own edits automatically marked as patrolled <code>(autopatrol)</code> * Mark revisions as being "reviewed" <code>(review)</code> * Not be affected by IP-based rate limits <code>(autoconfirmed)</code> * Not create redirects from source pages when moving pages <code>(suppressredirect)</code> * Quickly rollback the edits of the last user who edited a particular page <code>(rollback)</code> * View the [[Special:UnreviewedPages|list of unreviewed pages]] <code>(unreviewedpages)</code> == Automatic criteria == You should ''automatically'' get reviewer tools when/if you meet the following criteria: *Have a registered account that is ''at least'' 30 days old, with either an email set and confirmed in [[Special:Preferences]], or already holding the [[WB:autoreviewed users|autoreviewed]] user right. *Have never been blocked, and have never had the reviewer tools removed (you can [[WB:RFP|request the tools]] if otherwise). *Have ''at least'' 100 edits since registration (excluding deleted edits), in which: **50 or more edits are to pages other than discussion pages, including edits to the main space, Cookbook, and Wikijunior. **50 or more [[WB:ES|edit summaries]] are used. **10 or more unique pages are edited ''at least'' once. **8 edits are spaced 2 or more days apart from each other (which takes ''at least'' 14 days, if you edit every 2 days). ***This does not mean that 8 consecutive edits must be spaced 2 or more days apart from each other to meet this criterion. **5 or more edits are in [[WB:RC|recent changes]] at the time automatic reviewer promotion is checked (this works out to be anytime in the past week). ===Note=== {{anchor|failure}} {{Tracked|T237191|resolved}} On one extended occasion from June 2019 until September 2020, autopromotion stopped working. The bug was tracked at Wikimedia Phabricator, and was officially closed as ''resolved'' (see the link at right). If autopromotion fails to occur, registered users who appear to satisfy the automatic criteria but have not been promoted should instead [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions|apply for manual promotion]]. ==Autoreviewed users== [[File:Wikibooks Autopatrolled.svg|150px|right]] {{shortcut|WB:AUTOREVIEW}} '''Autoreviewed users''', unlike reviewers, solely have their own edits automatically marked as patrolled (<code>autopatrol</code>) and reviewed (<code>autoreview</code>); they cannot review or rollback any edits, or view the list of unreviewed pages. Administrators may grant this permission to users at their discretion, or may be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. For autoreviewed users who later receive the reviewer permission, the autoreviewed user permission may be taken away. However, note that you won't lose anything, as the reviewer permission is a subset of the autoreviewed user permission. There are currently [[Special:ListUsers/autoreview|'''{{NUMINGROUP:autoreview}}''' autoreviewed users]] on the English Wikibooks. ==See also== * [[Help:Tracking changes#Reviewing pages|How to review]] * [[Special:ListUsers/editor|Current users in the Reviewer group]] * [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension|Reviewing system's configuration information]] * [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs]] * [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=flaggedrevs.php Server configuration file] {{user groups}} 0fw1dm74978xuuakdpstux2ytt4kf7j 102 252221 4634847 4518818 2026-05-08T23:07:30Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 added [[Category:Recipes using nettle]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4634847 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{Recipe summary | Category = Sauce recipes | Yield = 16 oz | Difficulty = 2 }} {{recipe}} '''Nettle pesto''' is a sauce made from stinging nettles instead of the basil used in traditional pesto. When properly processed in hot water, stinging nettles are safe to eat. Be sure to forage for the nettles at a location free from chemical sprays, using thick gloves and scissors to clip off leaves. ==Ingredients== *5 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] freshly foraged stinging [[Cookbook:Nettle|nettles]] *⅓ cup [[Cookbook:Hazelnut|hazelnuts]], [[Cookbook:Walnut|walnuts]], or [[Cookbook:Pine Nut|pine nuts]] *3 [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] cloves *⅓ cup extra-virgin [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]] *¼ cup [[Cookbook:Parmesan Cheese|Parmesan cheese]] *2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] juice *2 tsp [[Cookbook:Black Pepper|black pepper]] ==Equipment== *[[Cookbook:Blender|Blender]], [[Cookbook:Food Processor|food processor]], or [[Cookbook:Mortar and Pestle|mortar and pestle]] *[[Cookbook:Oven|Oven]] or [[Cookbook:Stovetop|stovetop]] ==Procedure== # Dry sauté or [[Cookbook:Roasting|roast]] the nuts until slightly browned. # Wearing thick gloves, submerge nettles in [[Cookbook:Boiling|boiling]] water for 1 minute. Drain and transfer to an ice water bath to stop the cooking process. Drain. #Combine all ingredients in a [[Cookbook:Blender|blender]] and process until smooth. Alternatively, grind with [[Cookbook:Mortar and Pestle|mortar and pestle]] for a coarser consistency. ==Notes, tips, and variations== *Pesto can be used in wide variety of dishes from simple but zesty pasta to rubs for meat and fish. *Hazelnuts, walnuts, and pine nuts can be used separately or mixed depending on price and what is available. [[Category:Native American recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for pesto]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using parmesan]] [[Category:Recipes using hazelnut]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon juice]] [[Category:Recipes using nettle]] cba1zqkjmyu6r1a18kvc17ysq7xghya 102 252222 4634848 4518819 2026-05-08T23:07:38Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 added [[Category:Recipes using nettle]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4634848 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{Recipe summary | Category = Sauce recipes | Yield = 16 ounces | Difficulty = 2 }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Foraging|Foraging]] Forage for stinging nettles at a location free from chemical sprays, using with thick gloves and scissors. ==Ingredients== *5 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] freshly-foraged [[Cookbook:Nettle|nettles]] *⅓ cup [[Cookbook:Hazelnut|hazelnuts]], [[Cookbook:Pine Nut|pine nuts]], and/or [[Cookbook:Walnut|walnuts]] *3 [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] cloves *⅓ cup extra virgin [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]] *¼ cup [[Cookbook:Parmesan Cheese|Parmesan cheese]] *2 [[Cookbook:Tsp|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Lemon Juice|lemon juice]] *2 tsp [[Cookbook:Pepper|black pepper]] ==Equipment== *[[Cookbook:Blender|Blender]], [[Cookbook:Food Processor|food processor]], or [[Cookbook:Mortar and Pestle|mortar and pestle]] *[[Cookbook:Oven|Oven]] or [[Cookbook:Stovetop|stove]] ==Procedure== # Dry [[Cookbook:Sautéing|sauté]] or [[Cookbook:Roasting|roast]] nuts until slightly browned. # With thick gloves, place nettles in boiling water for 1 minute. Transfer nettles to an ice water bath to stop the cooking process. Drain. #[[Cookbook:Puréeing|Blend]] all ingredients until smooth. Alternatively, smash with mortar and pestle for a coarser consistency. ==Notes, tips, and variations== *Pesto can be used in wide variety of dishes from simple but zesty pasta to rubs for meat and fish. Hazelnuts, walnuts, and pine nuts can be used separate or mixed depending on what is available. [[Category:Native American recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for pesto]] [[Category:Recipes using parmesan]] [[Category:Recipes using hazelnut]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon juice]] [[Category:Recipes using nettle]] 49tcyxdofk31kxc6rg12i95p330f24j 0 266652 4634853 4634490 2026-05-08T23:27:24Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-27427-36|~2026-27427-36]]) and restored revision 4084987 by Xania: Addition about a non-notable influencer. 4634853 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ = Blogs, Microblogs and Podcasts = In this class we will heavily use blogs and microblogs. They are a big help in documenting and in communicating. We may also record the lectures and post them on YouTube. == Blogs == In previous centuries, people wrote personal, private diaries. In our day and age this has become the public blog. The Wikipedia says that :"A blog (web log) is a personal journal published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed in reverse chronological order so the most recent post appears first." <ref name="r4">Blog, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog</ref> The spectrum of blogs is very wide, ranging from personal blogs, corporate blogs and journalism blogs (’citizen journalism’ <ref name="r3">Citizen journalism, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism</ref>). In the exercises you will learn how to write your own blog in case you haven’t started one already. === The History of Blogging === While the term "blog" was not coined until the late 1990s, the history of blogging starts with several digital precursors to it. ==== 1983–1993 ==== At this time Usenet was the primary serial medium included in the original definition of the Internet. It featured moderated newsgroup which allowed all posting in a newsgroup to be under the control of an individual or small group. In the early 1990s, when Tim Berners-Lee coined the term "world wide web" and defined the first standards for HTML and URLs, the specifications although included "USENET newsgroups for serial publishing and discussions." ==== 1994–2001 ==== The modern blog itself evolved from the online diary, where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. The first weblogs were simply manually updated components of common websites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, such as WordPress, Movable Type, Blogger or LiveJournal, or on regular web hosting services. The term "weblog" was first-used by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997. The (“more popular”) short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May 1999. Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams atPyra Labs used "blog" as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog") and devised the term "blogger" in connection with Pyra Labs' Blogger product, leading to the popularization of the terms. After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools: Blogging combined the personal web page with tools to make linking to other pages easier — specifically permalinks, blogrolls and TrackBacks. This, together with weblog search engines enabled bloggers to track the threads that connected them to others with similar interests. ==== 2001–2004 ==== By 2001, blogging was enough of a phenomenon that how-to manuals began to appear, primarily focusing on technique. The importance of the blogging community (and its relationship to larger society) increased rapidly. Established schools of journalism began researching blogging and noting the differences between journalism and blogging. Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that go beyond the traditional left-right divide of the political spectrum. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs' role as a news source. Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. Blogging was used to draw attention to obscure news sources. For example, bloggers posted links to traffic cameras in Madrid as a huge anti-terrorism demonstration filled the streets in the wake of the March 11 attacks. Bloggers began to provide nearly-instant commentary on televised events, creating a secondary meaning of the word "blogging": to simultaneously transcribe and editorialize speeches and events shown on television. Real-time commentary is sometimes referred to as "liveblogging." ==== 2004–present ==== In 2004 Merriam-Webster (American dictionary) voted Blog the "Word of the Year" By 2010 about 8.4% of the german internet users had their own blog. Worldwide there were about 200 million Blogs and min. 200 free blog hoster === Technical Characteristics === ==== Software ==== Typical for most Weblog-Publishing-System is that it is very easy to publicate websites using them. They are Content-Management-System allowing you to create new content as well as changing and commenting for new and amateur users, without giving you a lot of variation in the Webdesign. Most the time the Design is only made once with the installation by choosing one of the designs patterns availabe. Most Blog systems allow you to change your Design later. You can choose whether you host your weblog-software from your own webspace or you use it via ASP-service from a free or charged host. Most famous blog-softwaresystems are Serendipity, WordPress, Movable Type and Textpattern, mostly using PHP. The most famous blog-hoster are Wordpress.com, Blogger.dom/Blogspot.com, Twoday.net or Blog.de ==== Elements ==== '''Posts/Postings''' The articles, which are the main component of a blog, are called posts or postings. They are usually listed chronologically in reversed order. '''Thread''' All posts made about one specified topic inside one Blog '''Comments''' Many blogs give you the opportunity to submit your opinion on a topic. This comment is then placed right on the same page as the original thread. On most Blogs you have the option whether you want to moderate the comment or you want to show them by instant. Moderating helps to avoid Spam or vandalism. '''Feed''' A Feed holds the whole content of a weblog in a unified form. It can be read and subscribed to via a feedreader. Best known formats are RSS and Atom '''Blogroll''' The Blogroll is a link collection open to everyone which refers to other weblogs. Normally it´s made clearly visible on the main page and all subpages. '''Tag Clouds''' Tag Clouds list and prioritise the tags used in the Blog in a very visual way. === The Blogosphere === The blogosphere is made up of all blogs and their interconnections. The term implies that blogs exist together as a connected community (or as a collection of connected communities) or as a social network in which everyday authors can publish their opinions. Since the term has been coined, it has been referenced in a number of media and is also used to refer to the Internet. There is no Study that can show a global view over the whole blogosphere === About the Bloggers === * In the german language area about 66% of all Bloggers are female but the men's blogs are the more read * It's nearly the same in the U.S * About 72% of the english-speaking bloggers write a personal Blog * Only about 28% write their blogs for the reason of commenting and giving Information. But they have the bigger audience and are the far more active bloggers === Blogging niches === '''Political blogs''' These blogs are often tied to a large media or news corporation, such as "The Caucus" (affiliated with The New York Times), "CNN Political Ticker", and the National Review's "The Corner." '''Gossip blogs''' These blogs can greatly be attributed to the popularity of Perez Hilton, a celebrity and entertainment media gossip blogger. His blog posts tabloid photographs of celebrities, accompanied by captions and comments. Web traffic to the often controversial and raunchy Perez Hilton site skyrocketed in 2005, prompting similar gossip blogs, such as TMZ.com, Jezebel, and the Superficial, to gain popularity. '''Food blogs''' These blogs allow foodies and aspiring chefs alike to share recipes, cooking techniques, and food porn, for others to enjoy. Food blogs serve as a sort of online cookbook for followers, often containing restaurant critiques, product reviews, and step-by-step photography for recipes. '''Fashion blogs''' These blogs became their own larger than life sub-community following the explosive growth of the blogosphere. Besides fashion news blogs, street style blogs have also become exceedingly popular. Many Bloggers consider updating their blog a full time job. These style mavens are able to earn considerable livings through advertising, selling their photos and even providing their services as photographers, stylists, and guest designers. '''Health blogs''' These blogs cover health topics, events and/or related content of the health industry and the general community. They can cover diverse health related concerns such as nutrition and diet, fitness, weight control, diseases, disease management, societal trends affecting health, analysis about health, business of health and health research. === Political Impact === * Human Rights Defenders especially in Iran or China write about censoring, human rights violations and the social or political states in their countries * Many politicians use blogs for their PR * Political bloggers like Alexey Navalny in Russia started to challenge the official pro-government media ending in Navalny being called "the man Vladimir Putin fears most" by the "Wall Street Journal" in March 2012 === Legal and Social Consequences === Blogging can result in a range of legal liabilities and other unforeseen consequences. '''Defamation or liability''' Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of defamation or liability. U.S. payouts related to blogging totaled $17.4 million by 2009; in some cases these have been covered by umbrella insurance. The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with third parties (U.S. Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC). '''Employment''' Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment can begin to affect the brand recognition of their employer. In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective. '''Political Dangers''' Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. Blogs are much harder to control than broadcast or even print media. As a result, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs and/or to punish those who maintain them. '''Personal Safety''' One consequence of blogging is the possibility of attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without apparent reason. While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, Internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. '''Behavior''' Tim O'Reilly proposed the Blogger's Code of Conduct for bloggers to enforce civility on their blogs by being civil themselves and moderating comments on their blog. O'Reilly and others came up with a list of seven proposed ideas: # Take responsibility not just for your own words, but for the comments you allow on your blog. # Label your tolerance level for abusive comments. # Consider eliminating anonymous comments. # Ignore the trolls. # Take the conversation offline, and talk directly, or find an intermediary who can do so. # If you know someone who is behaving badly, tell them so. # Don't say anything online that you wouldn't say in person. === Activity: === # Take a look at some popular blogs and judge for yourself: Blogbar, Bildblog, Spreeblick, Basicthinking, Schockwellenreiter, Ehrensenf, Netzpolitik, Fefes Blog taken from <ref name="r2">The Ultimate Guide for Everything Twitter, www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/03/the-ultimate-guide-for-everything-twitter/</ref>. # Use the blog search engine Technorati (http://technorati.com/) to search for ’social web’ or any other thing you may want to look for in blogs. == Microblogs == Microblogs are a relatively new phenomenon and are a special form of blogging. The most famous microblog is Twitter, but also alternatives like Tumblr or Google Buzz exist. The main idea behind a microblog is to restrict the size of a message to 140 characters. This comes from its original connection to texting (SMS) <ref name="r5">Text messaging, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging</ref>. In todays society with its general tendency toward information overflow this is a welcome trend. This is also why it is very popular with mobile devices. Microblogging <ref name="r6">Microblogging, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging</ref> is essentially a broadcast medium, meaning you write a message, which then will be broadcast to all your followers. It is not unusual that you also follow your followers. It can not only be used to exchange textual messages, but also links, images and videos. In our class we will use it to primarily communicate class announcements. === Messages === Sent messages, sometimes also referred to as “microposts”, can either be public, so for the whole world to see, or private, i.e. only viewable for a specified group of people. Depending on the service used these options are either preset, or can be changed in settings. As an example, when using twitter all your posts are public, while in Facebook you are able to decide for yourself with whom you’re going to share your news. You can even change publicity settings for every post individually right before sending. Microblog messages can be submitted via SMS, instant messengers, e-mail, digital audio or simply typed straight into the web interface, and will then be sent out by the service of your choice. One aspect that made microblogs popular as they are today for sure is mobility. Not being bound to a computer and instead being able to send out your message the moment you feel the need to has been one of the biggest selling points since the beginning. So it’s no big surprise that, when microblogs first became popular, one of the most common ways to submit messages was via SMS. And that however is the origin of the microblogs length restrictions, adjusting the size of microposts to traditional text messages. An additional theory says another reason of choosing the length of the traditional SMS was that people are used to consuming these short texts quickly and so would more easily adopt the new online equivalent. Nowadays clearly the most popular method of submitting is through the use of service-specific smartphone applications. Being able to quickly share messages, and pictures about events, experiences or whatever as they're happening is what really makes up the charm. === History === The first microblogs documented were known as tublelogs, and weren’t actually microblogs as we know them today. Moreover they were based on using the regular blog services, but instead of long meaningful posts they were simply being filled with hundreds of short, sometimes seeming randomly put together, text messages about the authors life, certain events or just about anything imaginable. From that example emerged basically all the microblog services we know today. In fact the idea was spreading like a wildfire so that by May 2007 there already existed 111 microblogging sites. Founded in March 2006, Twitter is today’s most popular pure microblog service, but also Tumblr, which is focused on posting and collecting pictures, is enjoying great popularity. But also social networks contain micropost features, usually referred to as “status update”. The most popular representatives here are Facebook and Google+. Twitter is sometimes being referred to as some type of time shifted instant messaging, since it doesn’t require you to be online and allows you to filter whose posts you want to receive. The posts content comes from a wide range of topics covering probably every aspect of life. The most popular and posted about are personal actions and interests as well as occurring events, be it organized or natural. Beyond that microblogs are also commonly used for communication and basic conversation. People share ideas with others of the same interests, concerns or professions. === Criticism === Critics say that the majority of microposts being sent only contain dull, meaningless messages documenting people eating, waiting, etc… But opposing this argument, it’s not every bit of information sent through these channels that is important, but the potential it has in general. For example it is the fastest way to spread news nowadays. In recent events there occurred several natural catastrophes and the first reports about what’s happening always reached people via twitter being posted by random people experiencing said events at the very moment. And that’s long before news stations were able to produce and publish/send their first reports. === Other services === There are a huge number of microblogging services similar to the ones mentioned above. Additionally there are free software packages that can be used to implement microblogging services inside a private network. The most popular ones here are identi.ca and present.ly, which are often used by companies to set up a new channel for intern communication. Services like Lifestream and Profilactic will aggregate microblogs from multiple social networks into a single list, while Ping.fm will send out your microblog to multiple networks and services. === Usage === As recent studies have shown 10% of Twitter users account for 86% of all activity on the network. Marketers running commercial microblogs for promotion of products, websites or simply their brand seem to be much more active and follow a lot more people than noncommercial equivalents. === Video === Finally for everyone interested in more about microblogs I’d like to recommend the video “[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddO9idmax0o&feature=player_embedded Twitter in Plain English]”, where the phenomenon of Twitter gets explained easily understandable for everyone. == Podcasts == A podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio or video files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a computer or mobile device. The word is a neologism derived from "broadcast" and "pod" from the success of the iPod, as podcasts are often listened to on portable media players. ===Variants:=== Video podcast: The same as a normal podcast, but it includes video. Podcast novels: A podcast novel is a mix of the traditional podcast and a format called audiobook. It’s like a traditional novel but it’s delivered via RSS. The recording process is made continuously. Every time an episode is done it will be released online. Podcast novels are distributed over the Internet, commonly on a weblog. Enhanced podcast: Enhanced podcast is also an expansion of the traditional podcast format. It includes some extra information like images displayed simultaneously. Links are also allowed to provide extra information and content. ===Platform:=== The most used platform is called iTunes. iTunes is a media player computer program, used for playing, downloading, saving, and organizing digital music content and video files on personal computers. It can also manage contents on iDevices. Other software not that popular is also available for different platforms. A list can be viewed on: http://www.buzzmaven.com/podcast-software-list.html#Macintosh_Podcast_Software. ===Most popular Podcasts in Germany:=== The most popular podcast(audio) on iTunes is actual because of the European championship, Jogis Jungs provided by SWR 3, a Bavarian radio station. 2nd is Quarks and Co(video podcast) a scientific TV format explaining the world from the eyes of a scientist. 3rd is Wissen macht Ah! the same format like the previous one from Westdeutscher Rundfunk. == Let's Play == 'Let's Play' is a form of 'User Generated Content' (UGC) like screenshots or videos showing people playing a video game === Presentation === It's up to the player to decide on how to present the gaming session. <ref>http://www.kstatecollegian.com/2013/04/18/fan-fiction-more-creative-than-most-people-think/</ref><br /> When using screenshots the presentation is done in a text form. The end result is quite similar to ordinary blogs or reviews.<br /> Presentation by video offers more opportunities. The player may opt between recording his own voice of comment the video with captions.<br /> Some players use both methods, audio for their own comments and captions as a comical relief. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/user/PointyHairedJedi</ref><br /> If the player wants to reach an international audience using the english language is a must. There are however players that limit themselves to an audience speaking the same language.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/user/SarazarLP</ref><br /> Sometimes distinguishing a 'Let's play' from a video blog isn't that easy. Some players add personal information in their videos or create a distinct series for this. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/user/BohemianEagle</ref> === Attractivity === People watch 'Let's plays' out of different reason.<ref>http://kotaku.com/5927191/the-joy-of-playing-video-games-without-actually-playing-them</ref> ==== Experience ==== The skill level among a player base differs greatly. Some may have difficulties with the game mechanics and so may not be able to experience some content of the game. Others may not have to time or patience for challenging different story lines. 'let's plays' offers these people an opportunity to experience this content. ==== Availability ==== The Audience gets the opportunity to see games that are no longer available on the local market or never have been available. The audience might also us the 'let's play' to decide if they want to purchase the game or not. ==== Comfort ==== It's easier for the audience to integrate a 'let's play' in their schedule. Some games don't allow the player to save the game at any place. The gamer has to advance to the next savepoint if he doesn't want to lose the achievements he made in the meantime. A video however can be paused anytime and be resumed later. === Distribution === Apart from recording a video and uploading it to video sharing services like youtube there is the possibility using a live stream. One of the most widely used services is Twitch.tv which is specialised in streaming video games. <ref>http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110606005437/en/Justin.tv-Launches-TwitchTV-World%E2%80%99s-Largest-Competitive-Video</ref><br /> Youtube stated that 'let's plays' and 'walkthroughs' make out nearly 50% of their videos.<ref>http://kotaku.com/gamers-you-rely-on-youtube-642009402</ref> === Popularity === The number of subscribers of some 'let's players' now exceed the one of contemporary pop-stars <ref>http://kotaku.com/one-gamer-has-more-youtube-subscribers-than-rihanna-bi-1545208809</ref> end reaches two-digit millions. Success however is not guaranteed. Success is determined by how good you can present yourself and how skilled you are with the creating and editing videos. <ref>http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/netzwirtschaft/let-s-play-guck-mal-wer-da-spielt-die-neue-youtube-masche-12126102.html</ref> === Economic Aspects === 'Let's plays' offer the opportunity to earn money.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10457250/Six-ways-to-make-money-playing-video-games.html</ref> In addition to earnings from ads services like twitch.tv offer further opportunities like subscriptions <ref>http://www.twitch.tv/p/partners</ref> or donations.<br /> <br /> The market in between has reached a size that makes it attractive to corporations.<br /> Twitch.tv was bought by Amazon for over 900 million US dollars.<ref>http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Video-Streaming-fuer-Gamer-Amazon-kauft-Twitch-fuer-rund-eine-Milliarde-Dollar-2302159.html</ref><br /> PC hardware manufacturers tweak their products to match the needs of 'let's players' and advertise this.<ref>http://www.golem.de/news/nvidia-shadowplay-ausprobiert-spielevideos-im-schatten-von-kepler-1310-102468.html</ref><br /> Game creators have mixed feelings about the topic. While some allow videos from their games <ref>http://worldoftanks.eu/en/content/docs/terms_of_service/</ref> others try to prohibit this <ref>http://www.golem.de/news/phil-fish-let-s-play-ist-im-grunde-piraterie-1406-107321.html</ref> or try to benefit from it. <ref>http://www.golem.de/news/mario-co-nintendo-will-nur-noch-anteil-an-let-s-play-gewinnen-1405-106803.html</ref>. <br /> Some 'let's players' are directly paid by game developers or are supported otherwise <ref>http://www.golem.de/news/let-s-player-es-gibt-spiele-fuer-die-man-bezahlt-wird-1407-107947.html</ref>. === Legal Aspects === In Germany the legal situation concerning 'let's plays' has yet not been clarified. The content of video games is protected by copyright, there is however no clarification if a 'let's player' needs the agreement of the entitled person to create videos out of the game. You can be on the safe side of you get the agreement in advance.<ref>http://spielerecht.de/lets-play-urheberrechtlich-kein-kinderspiel/</ref><br /> Some 'let's plays' are accompanied by commercial musics. Since this in most cases is a copyright violation service providers like twitch.tv are now blocking audio sections from affected videos.<ref>http://blog.twitch.tv/2014/08/3136/</ref> == Assignments == === Ex.1: Start your Blog === For your personal learning journal it makes sense to start a blog. If you already have one, and you want to use it that is fine. However, it may make sense to create a new one, just for this class. You may use any blog web site you like, only it should be publicly accessible, and it should allow others to leave comments. In case you have difficulties setting up a blog, check the ’HowTo’ pages. Note that your blog can be anonymous, but we the class need to know about your blog. My blog can be found under ’Social Web Ohm’ (http://socialwebohm.blogspot.com/). If you need more help, check out <ref name="r1">Blogger help, http://support.google.com/blogger/?hl=en</ref>. === Ex.2: Micro-Blogs: Twitter === For communications relating to the whole class we will be using Twitter. Follow the ’HowTo’ pages and see how to set up a Twitter account. Again, you may not want to use your real name for it. If you have already an account, you are more than welcome to use that. I have set up an account for the class: ’@SocialWebOhm’ (https://twitter.com/SocialWebOhm). Make sure you become a follower of that account, if you don’t know how to do that ask a friend. If you need some introduction / help with Twitter reference <ref name="r2"/> maybe a good starter. If your interested in some interesting Twits, reference <ref name="r8">13 “Twits” Who Will Change Your Perspective on Reality, mashable.com/2009/04/14/twitter-science/</ref> maybe interesting. === Ex.3: Podcasts === Read the wikipedia article on podcasts <ref name="r7">Podcast, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasts</ref>. Find podcasts in an area that interests you and listen to one or two. Write about your favorite podcasts in your blog. <noinclude> == References == {{Reflist}} [[../Introduction|< previous]] [[../Collaboration|next >]] {{BookCat}} </noinclude> qq8ep51gtudny5ba7mi5t9mb9sg0whf 0 274498 4634925 4634544 2026-05-09T10:10:17Z Jeff1138 301139 4634925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * IDE (also known as ATA, [[#PATA]] or Parallel ATA) * USB * SCSI limited ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial C300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0 UJ8C1 UJ8C2 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. 7hj5uiwsxm82wf9jy8oj18fisz8eijw 4634928 4634925 2026-05-09T10:26:53Z Jeff1138 301139 4634928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * IDE (also known as ATA, [[#PATA]] or Parallel ATA) * USB * SCSI limited ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial C300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0 UJ8C1 UJ8C2 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - feels cheap and flaky in use - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. 4izivfo9z7dk8gqqjozvuy6j5vrjtl3 4634929 4634928 2026-05-09T10:38:34Z Jeff1138 301139 4634929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * IDE (also known as ATA, [[#PATA]] or Parallel ATA) * USB * SCSI limited ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial C300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUC0N (ALOK113) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 9mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 2013 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive | <!--Model-->DU-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - feels cheap and flaky in use - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. 9c18961z15tapn9f7hbht2e2mug1g41 4634930 4634929 2026-05-09T10:46:49Z Jeff1138 301139 4634930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * IDE (also known as ATA, [[#PATA]] or Parallel ATA) * USB * SCSI limited ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial C300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUC0N (ALOK113) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 9mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 2013 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive | <!--Model-->DU-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - feels cheap and flaky in use - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. htbo74oy8nfpvpi9y2yrxyyd5xsxhym 4634933 4634930 2026-05-09T11:00:46Z Jeff1138 301139 4634933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces: * [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus * [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases) * IDE (also known as ATA, [[#PATA]] or Parallel ATA) * USB * SCSI limited ==PCI-e== ===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)=== *Controller and firmware *DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming *Cache like SLC HMB techniques *NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy) SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND. General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="30%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 |- | <!--Brand-->Unnamed OEMs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 to date - Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) |- | <!--Brand-->Acer Predator GM7 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD | <!--Model-->IM2P33F8-512GD | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ASX8200PNP1TTC | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 consumer |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA XPG ATOM 50 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 |- | <!--Brand-->Adata Legend 710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Legend 900 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - |- | <!--Brand-->BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SM2263XT |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin NV7400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force LE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair Force MP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Elite | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP600 Core XT | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model-->CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P1 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express | <!--Model-->CT1000P2SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P3SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P5 Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 some have DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 | <!--Model-->CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD | <!--Model-->CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD | <!--Model-->CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T705 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 dramless Phison SSD controller |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial T710 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN660 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 gets hot |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN870 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca EN855 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Ediloca | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S660 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S880/R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S770 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->FIKWOT FN950 FN955 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->FW-FX991-2TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN960 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->S3-240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->HP EX950 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HP FX900 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dram less |- | <!--Brand-->HP | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 | <!--Model-->INSSD500GM280NM2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Professional TLC E12S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E18 |- | <!--Brand-->Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash |- | <!--Brand-->Inland TD510 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC | <!--Model-->SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel 660p m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ssdpeknw010tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p | <!--Model-->SSDPEKNU010TZ | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache QLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm | <!--Model-->SSDPELKX020T8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 very long |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA1000M8/480G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD | <!--Model-->SA2000M8/250G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston KC3000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model-->SNV1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV2 | <!--Model-->SNV2 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston NV3 | <!--Model-->SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD | <!--Model-->THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres | <!--Model-->KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> *KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02 *KBG40ZNT256G, *KBG40ZNV1T02 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG7 | <!--Model-->KXG70ZNV1T0G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and "MG2h" version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 | <!--Model-->KGB50ZNV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 HMB buffer |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes KIOXIA |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->NM610Pro | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM620 *IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L *MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Maxio MAP1602 no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->EQ790 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 | <!--Model-->MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 | <!--Model-->MTFDKBA512TFH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no cache |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2450 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 E19T |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 2600 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium S270 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV2000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico D10 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico e3500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico O7000 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek |- | <!--Brand-->Raydisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->SB-RKT4P-1TB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Sabrent Rocket 5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Phison E25 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZVLV1T | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *MZ-VKW5120 *MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-V6P1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> *Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, *Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, *Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 EVO Plus | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V8P1T0BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model-->MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4 | <!--Model--> *2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , *2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0 | <!--Model-->MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme | <!--Model--> *ZP1000GM30001, *ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda Q5 | <!--Model-->ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 515 | <!--Model-->ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 no dram and qlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4 | <!--Model-->ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->ZP500GM3A013, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison PS5018-E18 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model-->ZP1000CV3A002, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 540 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Firecuda 530R | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme | <!--Model-->SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A60 A80 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD | <!--Model--> *Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, *Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD | <!--Model-->HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model-->HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 okay but no dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4 | <!--Model--> *HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N *HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 bad batch early - |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix SK500 Gen 4 (x4) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 |- | <!--Brand-->SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4 2230 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team | <!--Model-->TM8PS7512G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup MP34 | <!--Model-->MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison’s E19T controller |- | <!--Brand-->teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC |- | <!--Brand-->Team MP33Q | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force G70 Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend MTE400S | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 mlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TWSC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Verbatim V15000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers | <!--Model-->SDAQNTW-512G-1001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2021 |- | <!--Brand-->WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 to 2020 |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 industrial sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME | <!--Model-->SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN750 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY | <!--Model-->WDS100T1X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - |- | <!--Brand-->Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - various controllers and NANDs |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN850X | <!--Model-->WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme | <!--Model-->WDS100T3X0E, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless cache with TLC |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD | <!--Model-->WDS100T3G0C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->WD_BLACK SN750 SE | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless |- | <!--Brand-->WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280 | <!--Model-->SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash |- | <!--Brand-->WD_Blue SN580 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SN5000 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2026 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Zhitai (Yangtze Memory) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === Mini SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand-->Biwin PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid - 3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2025 |- |} ==SATA== Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers. === SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5" | <!--Model-->ASU630SS-240GQ-R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU650SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU800 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in | <!--Model-->ASU680SS240GTR | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS340 Panther | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Apacer AS350 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2009 sata2 3gbp/s |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial C300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 sata3 6gbps - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M4 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb | <!--Model-->CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial M550 120G to 1T | <!--Model-->CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX100 | <!--Model-->CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache Micron controller and nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial MX200 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch | <!--Model-->CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - |- | <!--Brand-->Crucial (Micron) MX500 | <!--Model-->CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Fikwot founded in 2018 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch | <!--Model-->S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hypertech | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5" SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro Series 1500 | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel S3610 Series 2.5" 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BX400G4R | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 data center |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF512H6 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BB800G7, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5" | <!--Model-->SSDSC2BA800G4P, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 server |- | <!--Brand-->Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KB240G7P | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston SSDNow 300 | <!--Model-->SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch | <!--Model-->SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in | <!--Model--> *9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU *7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - no dram |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->LNS100-1TRB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - |- | <!--Brand-->Lexar NQ100 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LiteOn | <!--Model-->LCS-128L9S-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 no dram - sata2 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD | <!--Model-->MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS | <!--Work MSDos-->UP TO 550MB/S | <!--Work GPT-->UP TO 500MB/S | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1100 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5" | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch | <!--Model-->MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Mushkin Reactor | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC flash |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Netac SA500 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Orico S500-Pro s500pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D tlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> qlc flash nand - |- | <!--Brand-->Patriot P220 | <!--Model-->P220S2TB25 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> flash nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Plextor M6V | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD | <!--Model-->SSD7CS900-480-PB | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung SM PM | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE120 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 2.5in sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 PRO | <!--Model-->MZ-7KE1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM883 1.92TB | <!--Model-->MZ-7LH1T90 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76E1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO PRO | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 QVO | <!--Model-->MZ-76Q1T0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 870 EVO | <!--Model-->MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871b | <!--Model-->MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2021 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Ultra Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDHP-256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Marvell 88SS9188 Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x300s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Plus | <!--Model-->SDSSDA-240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk Z400s | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk x400 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD | <!--Model-->ZA240CV10001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand-->sk hynix | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 sandforce controller - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SH910A | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - |- | <!--Brand-->sk Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD *3110A SL301STD *3210A *3300A *3310A | <!--Model-->HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram |- | <!--Brand-->Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD *N1A0A , , *N1A1A *N1A2A SC308STD, *N2A0A , , SC311STD | <!--Model-->HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2023 |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD | <!--Model-->T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 3D NAND TLC |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - |- | <!--Brand-->TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Topesel | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend 220S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS120GSSD220S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 3D TLC without dram |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend SSD230S 2.5in | <!--Model-->TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Viathan | <!--Model-->S001T3V | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red SA500 NAS | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb | <!--Model-->WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5" | <!--Model-->WDS240G1G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 - cheap and slow ssd - |- | <!--Brand-->WD SA530 | <!--Model-->SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand-->[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Xum | <!--Model-->hx256gssdsata3 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y3000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCie 3.0 |- | <!--Brand-->Yottamaster | <!--Model-->Y7000 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> PCIe 4.0 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === SATA M.2 (M and B key) === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->ADATA M.2 2280 Sata | <!--Model-->AXNS381E-128GM-B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->S201 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan "Ordinary" Road Technology Co., Ltd) | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) | <!--Model-->YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 2242 120G | <!--Model-->INSSD120GM242 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral M.2 2280 | <!--Model-->INSSD256GM.26M2280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB | <!--Model-->INSSD1TM280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 | <!--Model-->SSDSCKKF256G8H | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> no dram, TLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Intel | <!--Model-->SSDSC2KF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB | <!--Model-->Top | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston A400 m.2 | <!--Model-->SA400M8/240G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston | <!--Model-->RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingston V300 | <!--Model-->SV300S3505AG | <!--Work MSDos-->{{yes}} | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->Nightly Build 2014-09-18 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON SATA 128GB | <!--Model-->CV3-8D128-11 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LITEON | <!--Model-->CV1-8B256-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Lite-On | <!--Model-->L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->LSI | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 SF37000 controller |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron | <!--Model-->M550 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller |- | <!--Brand-->Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256MBF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package |- | <!--Brand-->MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 | <!--Model-->MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico Y20M-2242 | <!--Model-->Y20M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->Orico | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->202 |- | <!--Brand-->PNY | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 | <!--Model-->MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 TLC |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung CM871 Rev 0 | <!--Model-->MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata | <!--Model-->MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 TLC |- | <!--Brand-->SAMSUNG PM871b | <!--Model-->MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM881 | <!--Model-->MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD7SN6S-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - |- | <!--Brand-->SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive | <!--Model-->SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260 | <!--Model-->SD6SP1M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK Hynix SC300 | <!--Model-->SC308M280S HFS128G39TND | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC311 HFS256G39TNF | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->SK HYNIX | <!--Model-->SC401 HFS256G39TNH | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 | <!--Model-->A55 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 - no dram - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 | <!--Model-->TM8PS7001T0C101 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3) | <!--Model-->KBG30ZMV256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba HG6 m.2 | <!--Model-->THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2018 |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB | <!--Model-->KSG50ZMV256G | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2019 |- | <!--Brand-->Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 | <!--Model-->KSG60ZMG256G, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->400 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S TS128GMTS400S | <!--Model-->400S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend | <!--Model-->M.2 SSD 600 (2260), M.2 SSD 800S (2280) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> mlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S | <!--Model-->420S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> can run hot slc cache |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S | <!--Model-->430S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache - 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S | <!--Model-->820S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3D nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S | <!--Model-->830S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> dram cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb | <!--Model-->WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2020 made in malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to | <!--Model-->WDS240G3G0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2022 made in |- | <!--Brand-->WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb | <!--Model-->WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB | <!--Model-->SA500 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->union memory AM610 m.2 sata | <!--Model-->SSS0R27339, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === mSATA SSD === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fangxiang S301 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Kingchuxing | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Integral | <!--Model-->INSSD256GMSA MO-300 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> tlc 3d nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Micron enterprise | <!--Model-->M600 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Orico ZH-10 ZH10 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2024 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-M | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2015 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in | <!--Model-->MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung PM851 1.8" msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2016 |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata | <!--Model-->MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA370S | <!--Model-->MSA370S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> MLC nand |- | <!--Brand-->Transcend TS64GMSA230S | <!--Model-->230S | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 3d tlc nand |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks === ====7mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP628230-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP552605-01 250Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->CP693440-01 500Gb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series * 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS * 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS | <!--Model-->HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series | <!--Model-->HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> avoid if it does not have the DCM code |- | <!--Brand-->HGST 1T 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HTS541010B7E610 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under-->2017 128m cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus Thin | <!--Model-->ST500LT012 ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5" | <!--Model-->ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 | <!--Model-->ST500VT000 500GB, | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2014 |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 | <!--Model-->ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda Pro | <!--Model-->ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> up to 128MB cache |- | <!--Brand-->SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5 | <!--Model-->ST500LX025 ST1000LX015 ST2000LX001 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 2.5in | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA MQ01ACF | <!--Model-->MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Model | Work MSDos | Work GPT | Tested Under |- | <!--Brand-->western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm * 2014 Rev T0 * 2015 Rev T1 | <!--Model-->wd5000lpvx | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under-->2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2.5" WD Blue Slim | <!--Model-->WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 | <!--Work MSDos-->{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}} | <!--Work GPT-->{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}} | <!--Tested under-->AROS One 1.8 USB |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> 2017 Malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====9.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHW2040BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 40gig |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu | <!--Model-->MHY2080BH | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 80gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHW2120B | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 | <!--Model-->HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 | <!--Model-->HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HTS721010A9E630 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) | <!--Model-->ST1000LM024 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm * 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I * 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4 * 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C | <!--Model-->ST500LM012 (500M) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Momentus 5400.3 | <!--Model-->ST9160821AS | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 160gig |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1t | <!--Model-->ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 8g nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SSHD 1T | <!--Model-->ST1000LX001 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32G nand flash |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK2555GSX HDD2H24 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 250g 5400rpm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 | <!--Work-->{{yes}} | <!--Tested under-->Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2013 to 2016) | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD100 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba (2015 to 2020) *2013 *2014 *2015 AA50/AX0D5A *2016 AA60/AX0E1A * *2017 AGM AA01/AX002V *2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A *2020 AA71/AX0G1A | <!--Model-->MQ01ABD050 500meg | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba | <!--Model-->MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 | <!--Work-->{{Yes}} | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->TOSHIBA | <!--Model-->MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD7500BPVX 2013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5" SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> , uses Advanced Format (AF) |- | <!--Brand-->WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5" Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache | <!--Model-->WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD10JPCX 1Tb | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital * 2019 | <!--Model-->WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Scorpio Black * 2010 * 2014 | <!--Model-->WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 16m cache, 7200rpm thailand then malaysia |- | <!--Brand-->WD Western Digital Black * 2016 | <!--Model-->WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> 32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III malaysia |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks === ====11mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB | <!--Model-->MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->TP00640GB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====12.5mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} ====15mm==== {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5" SATA | <!--Model-->ST91000640NS 81Y9731 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand-->HL-DT-ST DVDRAM | <!--Model-->GSA T50L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter | <!--Model-->CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 5v 12.7mm fails early |- | <!--Brand-->Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GT20L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009/2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Hitachi / LG | <!--Model-->GT30N GT32N GT30L | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT40N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT50N GT51N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data Storage | <!--Model-->GT90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 5v 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GU70N (HP/Dell), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HL | <!--Model-->GUD0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model-->GTA0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUC0N (ALOK113) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 9.5mm - flaky - |- | <!--Brand-->HL Data | <!--Model-->GTC0N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS | <!--Model-->BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer | <!--Model-->GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8A0 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD | <!--Model-->UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8B1 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2011 5v 1.5a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 2013 5v 1.6a |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd | <!--Model-->UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013 ok lifeline, |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8E2Q | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic | <!--Model-->UJ8FB | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline | <!--Model-->UJ260 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DC-8A2SH, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A3S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8A4SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DS-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM | <!--Model-->DS-8DBSH1148 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips Lite-On | <!--Model-->DU-8A6SH (HP) | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Philips and LiteOn | <!--Model-->DS-8A8SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DS-8ABSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive | <!--Model-->DU-8A5LH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD | <!--Model-->DU-8ACSH | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->PLSD Philips | <!--Model-->da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2019 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Pioneer | <!--Model-->DVR-TD09TBG | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008-2010 5V 1.5A |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc SATA DVD | <!--Model-->AD-7561S, AD-7560S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7 MM |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7585H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner. Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD7590s, AD-7591s, | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony Optiarc | <!--Model-->AD-7760H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7711H AD-7740H | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 12.5mm 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2009 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp | <!--Model-->TS-L633 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba Samsung | <!--Model-->SN-208FB/BEBE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - feels cheap and flaky in use - |- | <!--Brand-->TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp. | <!--Model-->SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> 9.5mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} === [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] === Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts <pre> WD: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf </pre> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Seagate Barracuda 7200.9 | ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm | <!--Model-->ST1000DL002 1TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series | <!--Model-->ST4000VX013 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate Baracuda Compute | <!--Model-->ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5" - 32MB Cache |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate CMR | <!--Model-->ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate 2TB SMR | <!--Model-->ST2000DM008 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate SMR | <!--Model-->ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 5400rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD220 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba 7200rpm | <!--Model-->HDWD320 | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Toshiba P300 CMR | <!--Model-->HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital 2010 | <!--Model-->WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital WD | <!--Model-->WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital | <!--Model-->WD4002FFWD | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital CMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Western Digital SMR | <!--Model-->WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === SATA Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- |} ==PATA== === IDE Desktop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | M1624TAU | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | IBM | DHEA-38451 | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SP40A2H | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST3160215ACE | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Seagate | ST32122A | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD102AA | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Western Digital | WD200 | {{maybe}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Laptop Hard Disks === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Fujitsu | MHV2040AH | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand-->HGST Hitachi Travelstar | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Samsung | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand-->Seagate | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Toshiba | MK2011GAP | {{yes}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} === IDE Desktop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | Compaq | CR-594-BCQ | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8322B(CP1) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | CRD-8484B(AM2A) | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Compaq | LTN-485 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Creative | CD220E | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Hitachi-LG | GDA-4120B | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | LG | CRD-8400B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Lite-On | LTN486S | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Mitsumi | CRMC-FX4830T | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | CDR-1700B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | DV-5800A | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | ND-2100A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | NEC | NR-7900A | {{yes}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Philips | DVD8631 | {{no}} | {{no}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Samsung | SC-148 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SCR-2030 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Samsung | SM-348B | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU601 | {{yes}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Sony | CDU611-25 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | Toshiba | SD-M1202 | {{no}} | {{n/a}} | Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested under--> |} === IDE Laptop Optical Drives === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Reads ! width="10%" |Writes ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->H-L Hitachi LG | <!--Model-->GCC-4244N | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2006 |- | Hitachi-LG | GCCT10N | {{yes}} | {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}} | AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Philips | SDR089 | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L462C TS-L462D | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | TSSTcorp | TS-L632H | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 1.4 |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | Sony | DW-Q58A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | Sony Optiarc | AD-7540A | {{yes}} | {{unk}} | Icaros Desktop 2.2 |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand-->Sony | <!--Model-->AD-7590A | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution-->2008 12.7mm |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Reads--> | <!--Writes--> | <!--Tested Distribution--> |} == SCSI == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! width="20%" |Brand ! width="20%" |Model ! width="10%" |Works MSDos/PC Bios ! width="10%" |Works GPT/UEFI ! width="20%" |Tested Distribution |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Work MSDos--> | <!--Work GPT--> | <!--Tested under--> |- |} NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each. d3lgzsyn5vwmeyuj4shhfigeeqt0o5b 0 286123 4634903 4485149 2026-05-09T06:55:09Z Jeff1138 301139 4634903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a charity founded in May 2009 to promote the study of basic computer science in schools, and is responsible for developing a single-board computer called the Raspberry Pi. The Foundation is supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. Its aim is to "promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing." The original Raspberry Pi 1 Model B computer went on sale in February 2012 and set a new standard shattering the dominance of the PC in the home and education markets. Millions in the various formats, A, B, A+, B+ and Compute have since been shipped worldwide. The original concept of the Raspberry Pi was for a computer board providing Internet access with up to 1080p HD graphics at very low cost. The boards provide a platform for children and adults from any background to acquire computer science knowledge and help develop the future World-Wide-Web and all things internet (IOT hub and bridges out to home network to cloud of sensors). Hobbyists and tech dabblers/tinkerers are the main purchases of the Pis (around half). The rest of the sales are split between education/industrial. While the Raspberry Pi boards were designed primarily for education, they have become very popular with manufacturers of embedded systems. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has ensured backwards compatibility with each new revision. The bare-bones Compute module is aimed specifically at the OEM manufacturer. * Pi 5 - Quad A76 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 4Gb 8Gb LPDDR4X * Pi 4 - Quad A72 VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 64 bit - VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit but more power consumed * Model B+ - lower power usage but same speed as the original Pis * Model A and B - * Compute 1 and 3 - industrial use <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold and updated Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2015 Pi 2 Model B - 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit core ARMv7 and the same VideoCore IV 3d GPU in a BCM 2836 with 1Gb RAM 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Pi Zero released 2016 Passed Sinclair total number of computer lines sold - around 7 million 2016 Pi 3 Model B - four 64 bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - bluetooth 4.1, wireless 802.11n and a dual VideoCore IV GPU - Broadcom BCM 2837 SOC 2016 Passed Amstrad PCW line in total sales - 8 million so will be the best selling computer range in the UK, later over 10 million 2016 Compute 3 launched 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4 core 1.4GHz A53 BCM2837B0 - wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711 quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE, 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C power, 2xVLI USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram, 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support and PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2021 Pi zero 2 w 64bit quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 w VideoCore VII - 5V 5A psu - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector 2024 Pi-500 2025 </pre> ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues slowly with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume with adding BE big endian support as well] * 2023 NinjaCowboy The status of AROS native for RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plan to fix them). Got stuck on modifying the ABI (application binary interface) and adjusting binutils/gcc to support it wanted to have real executable files but got stuck a little. This change for the type of relocations embedded in ARM files and not sure if this very type is well supported, on the other hand without this change ARM version of AROS wouldn't work well. By reverting the change to ABI we could have a (somehow) working AROS on RasPi, but unfortunately still unstable. * Newer version with USB WIP [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS ABIv1 snapshot/nightly] ===Hosted=== ==== ARM linux ==== * Hosted under ARM Linux which needs to be already installed [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.php current ABIv1] Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM I was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic i found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so i do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that i have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? i fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but i ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time I built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point I built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and I don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but i think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but i don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. I'll try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...i changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Now i need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so i can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh I found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Though I don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. I try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. Please ignore the [http://www.aros.org/nightly.php deprecated unused ABI] [http://www.aeros-os.org/styled-11/index.html Hosted free on Linux for R Pi works well] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] with [https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/boot Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi] == Hardware == ===BCM2708(family)=== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board BCM2837 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ LAN7515 The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has very slowly risen. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and might benefit from active cooling (ie fan) if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], ===BCM2711=== ===BCM2712=== ==Implemented so far...== # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one (3months) - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset (might still need a little work), and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an audio driver (a few weeks - independent of USB) # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # Improve the gfx driver add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # Improve the sdcard device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. ===Boot up === On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, ===Framebuffer - basic display=== RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. ===USB === * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] ===Audio === To follow... [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 ===Ethernet=== 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket ===GPIO === GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p ===GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration=== Sadly none yet == References == === Compiling === ==== Native ==== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load our arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) ==== Hosted ==== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> siseof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make === Core Kernel === the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. I am even thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . What I see on screen suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/e7bdc7e7b7f12b07aa24c739abb63721a872a53a arasan eMMC sdcard controller specific header which is not USB] and [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/8bd19674084526a534ac11f7d4c51932e9ffe3d2 added prelim sdcard device]. [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/9ab8217f61911fb8b7fd41bee46a992b4668ced1 do not set 4bit data mode, or enable acmd12/dma int's]. === Misc === ==== Linux ==== Change lxde to another sudo leafpad /etc/x11/xinit/xinitrc xorg.conf <pre> Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screen" DefaultDepth 16 SubSection "Display" # Viewport 0 0 Depth 16 Modes "800x600" EndSubsection EndSection Section "Device" Option "Backingstore" Identifier "Card0" EndSection </pre> Will raspberrypi ARM programs run on other ARM archs and vice-versa ? If not I would like to use different cpu names for archs which are incompatible. All code compiled for at most armv6 with softfp float abi will work on all softfp ARM targets, including raspberry. Code compiled for hard-float ABI will not work on any softfp target. But then, hard-float abi uses -armhf- cpu name. keyboard or mouse not functioning or partly working lsmod kernel and modules (stored in /lib/modules/ get from https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware and click on ZIP button) have to be updated simultaneously sudo Apt-Get Update sudo Apt-Get Install <program > <program > cksfv joystick p7zip-full stopwatch mtpaint searchmonkey zip geany renameutils fbreader unrar-free mhwaveedit xpad milkytracker grafx par2 libreoffice epiphany-browser xbmc ace-of-penguins gweled black-box petris xmahjongg thrust fceu freesci frotz xgammon tuxpuck littlewizard xsoldier micropolis xbubble eboard&xboard (freezes) bomberclone OMXPlayer not responding or working with keyboard or no sound audio through HDMI LXterminal—command "OMXPlayer -o hdmi %f " hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. o8ny6txz802fszdzwexhagh80r34bmr 4634918 4634903 2026-05-09T08:47:19Z Jeff1138 301139 4634918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] ==Introduction== The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a charity founded in May 2009 to promote the study of basic computer science in schools, and is responsible for developing a single-board computer called the Raspberry Pi. The Foundation is supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. Its aim is to "promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing." The original Raspberry Pi 1 Model B computer went on sale in February 2012 and set a new standard shattering the dominance of the PC in the home and education markets. Millions in the various formats, A, B, A+, B+ and Compute have since been shipped worldwide. The original concept of the Raspberry Pi was for a computer board providing Internet access with up to 1080p HD graphics at very low cost. The boards provide a platform for children and adults from any background to acquire computer science knowledge and help develop the future World-Wide-Web and all things internet (IOT hub and bridges out to home network to cloud of sensors). Hobbyists and tech dabblers/tinkerers are the main purchases of the Pis (around half). The rest of the sales are split between education/industrial. While the Raspberry Pi boards were designed primarily for education, they have become very popular with manufacturers of embedded systems. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has ensured backwards compatibility with each new revision. The bare-bones Compute module is aimed specifically at the OEM manufacturer. * Pi 5 - Quad A76 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 4Gb 8Gb LPDDR4X * Pi 4 - Quad A72 VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 64 bit - VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit but more power consumed * Model B+ - lower power usage but same speed as the original Pis * Model A and B - * Compute 1 and 3 - industrial use <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold and updated Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2015 Pi 2 Model B - 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit core ARMv7 and the same VideoCore IV 3d GPU in a BCM 2836 with 1Gb RAM 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Pi Zero released 2016 Passed Sinclair total number of computer lines sold - around 7 million 2016 Pi 3 Model B - four 64 bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - bluetooth 4.1, wireless 802.11n and a dual VideoCore IV GPU - Broadcom BCM 2837 SOC 2016 Passed Amstrad PCW line in total sales - 8 million so will be the best selling computer range in the UK, later over 10 million 2016 Compute 3 launched 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4 core 1.4GHz A53 BCM2837B0 - wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711 quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE, 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C power, 2xVLI USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram, 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support and PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2021 Pi zero 2 w 64bit quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 w VideoCore VII - 5V 5A psu - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector 2024 Pi-500 2025 </pre> ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] with [https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/boot Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi] == Hardware == ===BCM2708(family)=== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board BCM2837 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ LAN7515 The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has very slowly risen. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and might benefit from active cooling (ie fan) if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], ===BCM2711=== ===BCM2712=== ==Implemented so far...== # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one (3months) - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset (might still need a little work), and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an audio driver (a few weeks - independent of USB) # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # Improve the gfx driver add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # Improve the sdcard device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. ===Boot up === On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, ===Framebuffer - basic display=== RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. ===USB === * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] ===Audio === To follow... [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 ===Ethernet=== 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket ===GPIO === GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p ===GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration=== Sadly none yet == References == ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues slowly with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume with adding BE big endian support as well] * 2023 NinjaCowboy The status of AROS native for RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plan to fix them). Got stuck on modifying the ABI (application binary interface) and adjusting binutils/gcc to support it wanted to have real executable files but got stuck a little. This change for the type of relocations embedded in ARM files and not sure if this very type is well supported, on the other hand without this change ARM version of AROS wouldn't work well. By reverting the change to ABI we could have a (somehow) working AROS on RasPi, but unfortunately still unstable. * Newer version with USB WIP [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS ABIv1 snapshot/nightly] # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load our arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) ==== Hosted ==== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> siseof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make === Core Kernel === the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. I am even thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . What I see on screen suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/e7bdc7e7b7f12b07aa24c739abb63721a872a53a arasan eMMC sdcard controller specific header which is not USB] and [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/8bd19674084526a534ac11f7d4c51932e9ffe3d2 added prelim sdcard device]. [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/9ab8217f61911fb8b7fd41bee46a992b4668ced1 do not set 4bit data mode, or enable acmd12/dma int's]. === Misc === ===Hosted=== ==== Linux ==== Change lxde to another sudo leafpad /etc/x11/xinit/xinitrc xorg.conf <pre> Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screen" DefaultDepth 16 SubSection "Display" # Viewport 0 0 Depth 16 Modes "800x600" EndSubsection EndSection Section "Device" Option "Backingstore" Identifier "Card0" EndSection </pre> Will raspberrypi ARM programs run on other ARM archs and vice-versa ? If not I would like to use different cpu names for archs which are incompatible. All code compiled for at most armv6 with softfp float abi will work on all softfp ARM targets, including raspberry. Code compiled for hard-float ABI will not work on any softfp target. But then, hard-float abi uses -armhf- cpu name. keyboard or mouse not functioning or partly working lsmod kernel and modules (stored in /lib/modules/ get from https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware and click on ZIP button) have to be updated simultaneously sudo Apt-Get Update sudo Apt-Get Install <program > <program > cksfv joystick p7zip-full stopwatch mtpaint searchmonkey zip geany renameutils fbreader unrar-free mhwaveedit xpad milkytracker grafx par2 libreoffice epiphany-browser xbmc ace-of-penguins gweled black-box petris xmahjongg thrust fceu freesci frotz xgammon tuxpuck littlewizard xsoldier micropolis xbubble eboard&xboard (freezes) bomberclone OMXPlayer not responding or working with keyboard or no sound audio through HDMI LXterminal—command "OMXPlayer -o hdmi %f " hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. * Hosted under ARM Linux which needs to be already installed [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.php current ABIv1] Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM I was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic i found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so i do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that i have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? i fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but i ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time I built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point I built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and I don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but i think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but i don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. I'll try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...i changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Now i need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so i can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh I found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Though I don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. I try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. Please ignore the [http://www.aros.org/nightly.php deprecated unused ABI] [http://www.aeros-os.org/styled-11/index.html Hosted free on Linux for R Pi works well] 0xt3eoutcd3v76radgkdi7m3nifvr4d 0 294003 4634779 4441310 2026-05-08T14:59:57Z Tem5psu 1013978 /* &#160;8.6 Spinel, perovskite, and rutile structures */ 4634779 wikitext text/x-wiki == <big>'''Chapter 8: Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures'''</big>== [[File:Pyrite_60608.jpg|right|150px|thumb|The morphology of twinned crystals of iron pyrite (FeS₂) is related to the underlying cubic symmetry of the unit cell. Like NaCl, the pyrite crystal structure can be thought of as a face-centered cubic array of anions (S₂^2-) with cations (Fe²⁺) occupying all the octahedral holes.]]As we noted in our discussion of metal and alloy structures in Chapter 6, there is an intimate connection between the structures and the physical properties of materials. As we "graduate" from simple metal structures based on sphere packings to more complex structures, we find that this is still true. In this chapter we will try to systematize the structures of inorganic solids - metal oxides, halides, sulfides, and related compounds - and develop some rules for which structures to expect based on electronegativity differences, hard-soft acid-base rules, and other periodic trends. We will see that many of these structures are related to the sphere packings that we learned about in Chapter 6. '''Learning goals for Chapter 8:''' *Describe many crystal structures in terms of close-packed frameworks with systematic filling of octahedral and tetrahedral holes. *Represent crystal structures by drawing them in sections. *Rationalize, using chemical principles, why certain crystal structures are stable for certain compounds but not for others, as well as why certain structural and bonding motifs are preferred for certain compounds relative to others. *Predict which crystal structures are most favorable for a given composition based on ionicity and periodic trends. *Explain structure-dependent properties such as ferroelectricity and magnetic ordering based on crystal structures. *Understand intercalation reactions in layered and open framework solids. *Predict the preferred formation of normal or inverse spinels using arguments from transition metal chemistry (e.g. crystal field stabilization energies). Inorganic solids often have simple crystal structures, and some of these structures are adopted by large families of ionic or covalent compounds. Examples of the most common structures include NaCl, CsCl, NiAs, zincblende, wurtzite, fluorite, perovskite, rutile, and spinel. We will develop these structures systematically from the close packed and non-close packed lattices shown below. Some layered structures, such as CdCl₂ and CdI₂, can be thought of as relatives of simple ionic lattices with some atoms "missing." <br /> <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Face-centered cubic.svg|Face-centered cubic (fcc) or cubic close-packed (ccp) File:Hexagonal close packed.svg|Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) File:Cubic-body-centered.png|Body-centered cubic File:Simple cubic crystal lattice.svg|Simple cubic </gallery> ==&#160; 8.1 Close-packing and interstitial sites== [[File:Sites interstitiels cubique a faces centrees.svg|left|180px|thumb|One octahedral and one tetrahedral site in a face-centered cubic unit cell. Each cell contains four packing atoms (gray), four octahedral sites (pink), and eight tetrahedral sites (blue).]]Many common inorganic crystals have structures that are related to cubic close packed (face-centered cubic) or hexagonal close packed sphere packings. These packing lattices contain two types of sites or "holes" that the interstitial atoms fill, and the coordination geometry of these sites is either '''tetrahedral''' or '''octahedral'''. An interstitial atom filling a tetrahedral hole is coordinated to four packing atoms, and an atom filling an octahedral hole is coordinated to six packing atoms. In both the hexagonal close packed and cubic close packed lattices, there is one octahedral hole and two tetrahedral holes per packing atom. <br/> <br /> '''Question:''' Would anions or cations be better as packing atoms? <br/> We might expect that anions, which are often larger than cations, would be better suited to the positions of packing atoms. While this is often true, there are many examples of structures in which cations are the packing atoms, and others in which the distinction is arbitrary. The NaCl structure is a good example of the latter. <br /><br /> [[File:NaCl polyhedra.svg|thumb|200px|right|Crystal structure of NaCl. Both the Na⁺ and Cl^- ions are octahedrally coordinated.]] [[File:em_diffraction.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The lattice dimensions and positions of atoms in crystals such as NaCl are inferred from diffraction patterns.]] In the NaCl structure, shown on the right, the green spheres are the Cl^- ions and the gray spheres are the Na⁺ ions. The octahedral holes in a face-centered cubic lattice can be found at fractional coordinates (1/2 1/2 1/2), (1/2 0 0), (0 1/2 0), and (0 0 1/2). There are four of these holes per cell, and they are filled by the chloride ions. The packing atoms (Na⁺) have coordinates (0 0 0), (0 1/2 1/2), (1/2 1/2 0), and (1/2 0 1/2). Note that each of the Na⁺ positions is related to a Cl^- position by a translation of (1/2 0 0). Another way of stating this is that the structure consists of '''two interpenetrating fcc lattices''', which are related to each other by a translation of half the unit cell along any of the three Cartesian axes. We could have equivalently placed the Cl ions at the fcc lattice points and the Na ions in the octahedral holes by simply translating the origin of the unit cell by (1/2 0 0). Thus the distinction between packing and interstitial atoms in this case is arbitrary. <br /> <br /> NaCl is interesting in that it is a three-dimensional checkerboard, and thus there are no NaCl "molecules" that exist in the structure. When this structure was originally solved (in 1913 by using X-ray diffraction) by W. L. Bragg, his interpretation met resistance by chemists who thought that precise integer stoichiometries were a consequence of the valency of atoms in molecules. The German chemist P. Pfeiffer noted in 1915 that ‘the ordinary notion of valency didn’t seem to apply’, and fourteen years later, the influential chemist H. E. Armstrong still found Bragg’s proposed structure of sodium chloride ‘more than repugnant to the common sense, not chemical cricket’! Nevertheless, Bragg and his father, W. H. Bragg, persevered and used the then-new technique of X-ray diffraction to determine the structures of a number of other compounds, including diamond, zincblende, calcium fluoride, and other alkali halides. These experiments gave chemists their first real look at the atomic structure of solids, and laid the groundwork for X-ray diffraction experiments that later elucidated the structures of DNA, proteins, and many other compounds. For their work on X-ray diffraction the Braggs received the Nobel prize in Physics in 1915. Since each type of atom in the NaCl structure forms a face-centered cubic lattice, there are four Na and four Cl atoms per NaCl unit cell. It is because of this ratio that NaCl has a 1:1 stoichiometry. The shaded green and gray bipyramidal structures in the NaCl lattice show that the Na⁺ ions are coordinated to six Cl^- ions, and vice versa. The NaCl structure can be alternatively drawn as a stacking of close-packed layer planes, AcBaCbAcBa... along the body diagonal of the unit cell. Here the uppercase letters represent the packing atoms, and the lower case letters are the interstitial atoms. This layered packing is illustrated below: <br/> NaCl structure[[file:Rocksalt_layers.jpg|330px|right]] * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -a- - - - * ------------ C * - - -b- - - - * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -a- - - - * ------------ C * - - -b- - - - * ------------ A Note that both the packing atoms and interstitials are stacked in the sequence A-B-C-A-B-C..., in keeping with the fact that each forms a cubic close-packed lattice.[[file:ccp_structures.png|right|450px|The packing of the interstitial sites of a fcc unit cell with different elements results in the formation of common inorganic crystal structures. ]] <br/> The NaCl structure is fairly common among ionic compounds: <br/> * Alkali Halides (except CsCl, CsBr, and CsI) * Transition Metal Monoxides (TiO, VO,..., NiO) * Alkali Earth Oxides and Sulfides (MgO, CaO, BaS... except BeO and MgTe) * Carbides and Nitrides (TiC, TiN, ZrC, NbC) -these are very stable refractory, interstitial alloys (metallic)<br/> <br/> A number of other inorganic crystal structures are formed (at least conceptually) by filling octahedral and/or tetrahedral holes in close-packed lattices. The figure at the right shows some of the most common structures (fluorite, halite, zincblende) as well as a rather rare one (Li₃Bi) that derive from the fcc lattice. From the hcp lattice, we can make the NiAs and wurzite structures, which are the hexagonal relatives of NaCl and zincblende, respectively. <br /><br /> [[file:structures-in-sections.png|left|350px]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An alternative and very convenient way to represent inorganic crystal structures (especially complex structures such as Li₃Bi) is to draw the unit cell in slices along one of the unit cell axes. This kind of representation is shown at the left for the fcc lattice and the NaCl structure. Since all atoms in these structures have z-coordinates of either 0 or 1/2, only those sections need to be drawn in order to describe the contents of the unit cell. It is a useful exercise to draw some of the fcc compound structures (above right) in sections. <br /> ==&#160;8.2 Structures related to NaCl and NiAs== [[File:CaCO3_calcite.png|thumbnail|350px|The rhombohedral unit cell of the calcite crystal structure. The hexagonal c-axis is shown.]] There are a number of compounds that have structures similar to that of NaCl, but have a lower symmetry (usually imposed by the geometry of the anion) than NaCl itself. These compounds include: * FeS₂ (pyrite, "fools gold"): S₂^2- (disulfide) and Fe²⁺ *CaC₂ (a salt-like carbide): Ca²⁺ and linear C₂^2- anions * CaCO₃ (calcite, limestone, marble): Ca²⁺ and triangular CO₃^2-. <br/> <br/> [[File:Calcite.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Calcite crystals are birefringent, meaning that their refractive indices are different along the two principal crystal directions. This gives rise to the phenomenon of double refraction.]]The '''calcite''' (CaCO₃) crystal structure is shown at the right. Triangular CO₃^2- ions fill octahedral holes between the Ca²⁺ ions (black spheres) in a distorted NaCl lattice. As in NaCl, each ion is coordinated by six of the other kind. From this image we can see why the CaCO₃ structure has a lower symmetry than that of NaCl. The fourfold rotation symmetry of the NaCl unit cell is lost when the spherical Cl^- ions are replaced by triangular CO₃^2- ions. Because of this symmetry lowering, transparent crystals of calcite are birefringent, as illustrated at the left. <br/> <br /> '''NiAs structure.''' The NaCl structure can be described a face-centered cubic lattice with all of the octahedral holes filled. What if we start with a hexagonal-close packed lattice rather than a face-centered cubic lattice?<br/> [[File:Strukturformel Nickelarsenid.png|right|220px|thumbnail|Nickel arsenide crystal structure. The Ni₆As trigonal prisms are shaded gray. One octahedron of six As atoms surrounding a Ni atom is shown in the center of the figure.]]This is the structure adopted by '''NiAs''' and many other transition metal sulfides, phosphides, and arsenides. The cations are shown in gray while the anions are light blue in the figure at the right. The cations are in octahedral coordination, so each cation is coordinated to six anions. The anions are also coordinated to six cations, but they occupy trigonal prismatic sites. In terms of layer stacking, the NiAs structure is AcBcAcBc..., where the A and B sites (the hcp lattice) are occupied by the As atoms, and the c sites, which are eclipsed along the layer stacking axis, are occupied by Ni. Unlike the NaCl structure, where the anion and cation sites are interchangeable, NiAs has unique anion and cation sites. The layer stacking sequence for NiAs is shown below: * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -c- - - - * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -c- - - - The NiAs structure cannot be adopted by ionic compounds because of the eclipsing cations, because the cation-cation repulsions would be internally destabilizing for an ionic compound. This structure is mainly adopted by covalent and polar covalent MX compounds, typically with "soft" X anions (S, Se, P, As,....) and low-valent transition metal cations. For example, some compounds with the NiAs structure are: MS, MSe, MTe (M=Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni). Often these are nonstoichiometric or complex stoichiometries with ordered vacancies (Cr₇S₈, Fe₇S₈). ==&#160;8.3 Tetrahedral structures== [[File:CaF2 polyhedra.png|250px|thumb|left|The fluorite (CaF₂) crystal structure showing the coordination environments of the Ca and F atoms]]In ccp and hcp lattices, there are two tetrahedral holes per packing atom. A stoichiometry of either M₂X or MX₂ gives a structure that fills all tetrahedral sites, while an MX structure fills only half of the sites. An example of an MX₂ structure is '''fluorite''', CaF₂, whose structure is shown in the figure at the left. The packing atom in fluorite is Ca²⁺ and the structure is composed of three interpenetrating fcc lattices. It should be noted that the Ca²⁺ ion (gray spheres) as a packing atom defies our "rule" that anions are larger than cations and therefore must be the packing atoms. The fluorite structure is common for ionic MX₂ (MgF₂, ZrO₂, etc.) and M₂X compounds (Li₂O). In contrast, the hcp relative of the fluorite structure is quite rare because of unfavorable close contacts between like-charged ions. <br /> In terms of geometry, Ca²⁺ is in cubic coordination with eight F^- neighbors, and the fluoride ions are tetrahedrally coordinated by four Ca²⁺ ions. The 8:4 coordination geometry is consistent with the 1:2 Ca:F stoichiometry; in all crystal structures the ratio of the coordination numbers is the inverse of the stoichiometric ratio. The three interpenetrating fcc lattices have Ca at 0,0,0 , 1/2,1/2,0 , etc....F at 1/4,1/4,1/4 , 3/4,3/4,1/4 , etc... and F at 3/4,3/4,3/4 , 1/4,1/4/3/4 , etc. Looking more closely at the tetrahedral sites in fluorite, we see that they fall into two distinct groups: T₊ and T_-. If a tetrahedron is oriented with a vertex pointing upwards along the stacking axis, the site is T₊. Likewise, a tetrahedron with a vertex oriented downward is T_-. The alternation of T₊ and T_- sites allows for efficient packing of ions in the structure. The layer stacking sequence in this structure (including fluoride ions in the T₊ and T_- sites) is:[[file:polyhedral-fluorite.png|right|200px|thumb|Polyhedral view of the fluorite crystal structure, showing T₊ and T_- Ca₄F tetrahedra. The Ca²⁺ ions are stacked ABCABC... along the body diagonal of the unit cell, which is the vertical direction in this image.]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - -a- - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -c- - - T₊ * - - -b- - - T_- * ------------ C<br /> * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - -c- - - T_- * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - -a- - - T_- Tetrahedrally bonded compounds with a 1:1 stoichiometry (MX compounds) have only '''half''' of the tetrahedral sites (either the T₊ or T_- sites) filled. In this case, both the M and the X atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated. The '''zincblende''' and '''wurtzite''' structures are 1:1 tetrahedral structures based on fcc and hcp lattices, respectively. Both structures are favored by p-block compounds that follow the octet rule, and these compounds are usually semiconductors or insulators. The zincblende structure, shown below, can be thought of as two interpenetrating fcc lattices, one of anions and one of cations, offset from each other by a translation of 1/4 along the body diagonal of the unit cell. Examples of compounds with the zincblende structure include CuCl, CuI, ZnSe, HgS, BeS, CdTe, AlP, GaP, SnSb, CSi, and diamond. Additionally, the compound CuInSe₂ is zincblende in an ordered, doubled unit cell (the chalcopyrite structure). The solid solution compounds CuIn_1-xGa_xSe₂ with this structure are among the most widely studied materials for use in efficient thin film photovoltaic cells. Using ZnS as a representative of zincblende, the coordination of both Zn and S atoms is tetrahedral. The layer sequence, which is AbBcCaAbBcC..., results in six-membered ZnS rings that have the same geometry as the "chair" version of cyclohexane. The chair conformation allows for a relatively long distance between opposite atoms in the ring and, as a result, it is more sterically favorable than the boat form. The sequence of close-packed layers in zincblende, filling only the T₊ sites and leaving the T_- sites empty, is shown below:[[File:Boron-phosphide-unit-cell-1963-CM-3D-balls.png|200px|right|thumb|The zincblende unit cell]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -c- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ C<br /> * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_-<br /> The wurtzite structure is a close relative of zinc blende, based on filling half the tetrahedral holes in the hcp lattice. Like zincblende, wurtzite contains planes of fused six-membered rings in the chair conformation. Unlike zincblende, however, the rings joining these planes contain six-membered "boat" rings. The boat aligns the anions so that they are directly above the cations in the structure, a less favorable situation sterically but a more favorable one in terms of electrostatics. As a result, the wurtzite structure tends to favor more polar or ionic compounds (e.g., ZnO, NH₄⁺F^-) than the zincblende structure. As with zincblende, both ions are in tetrahedral (4:4) coordination and there are typically eight valence electrons in the MX compound. Examples of compounds with this structure include: BeO, ZnO, MnS, CdSe, MgTe, AlN, and NH₄F. The layered structure of wurtzite is AbBaAbB and the layer sequence with T₊ sites filled is illustrated below:[[File:Wurtzite-boat-chair.png|thumb|right|200 px|The chair and boat conformations of six-membered ZnS rings in the wurtzite structure.]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B <br /> An interesting consequence of the layer stacking in the wurtzite structure is that the crystals are polar. When cleaved along the c-axis (the stacking axis), crystals of ZnO, ZnS, and GaN have one negatively charged face and an opposite positively charged face. An applied electric field interacts with the crystal dipole, resulting in compression or elongation of the lattice along this direction. For this reason crystals of compounds in the wurtzite structure are typically [[w:piezoelectrcity|piezoelectric]]. Some compounds are diamorphic and can have either the zincblende or wurtzite structure. Examples of these compounds that have intermediate polarities include CdS and ZnS. SiO₂ exists in polymorphs (crystobalite and tridymite) that resemble zincblende and wurtzite with O atoms midway between each of the Si atoms. The zincblende and wurtzite structures have efficient packing arrangements for tetrahedrally bonded networks and are commonly found in compounds that have tetrahedral bonding. Water, for example, has a tetrahedral hydrogen bonding network and is wurtzite-type. The undistorted wurtzite and zinc blende structures are typically found for AX compounds with eight valence electrons, which follow the octet rule. AX compounds with nine or ten electrons such as GaSe and SbAs crystallize in distorted variants of the wurtzite structure. In GaSe, the extra electrons form lone pairs and this creates layers in the structure, as can be seen in the figure below. To the right of GaSe, the structures of As, Sb, and SbAs show an ever further breakdown of the structure into layers as more valence electrons are added. <br /> <br /> <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:Boron-nitride-(wurtzite)-3D-balls.png|Wurtzite crystal structure File:GaS_crystal_structure.jpg|GaSe crystal structure File:SbAs_lattice.png|Crystal structure of Sb, SbAs, and gray As File:冰晶结构.png|Crystal structure of hexagonal ice </gallery> <br/> Hexagonal ice is the most stable polymorph of ice, which is obtained upon freezing at 1 atmosphere pressure. This polymorph (ice-I) has a hcp wurtzite-type structure. Looking at the structure shown at the right, we see that there are irregular arrangements of the O-H---O bonds. In the structure, hydrogen bonding enforces the tetrahedral coordination of each water molecule, resulting in a relatively open structure that is less dense than liquid water. For this reason, ice floats in water. ==&#160;8.4 Layered structures and intercalation reactions== '''Layered structures''' are characterized by strong (and typically covalent) bonding between atoms in two dimensions and weaker bonding in the third. A broad range of compounds including metal halides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, borides, nitrides, carbides, and allotropes of some pure elements (B, C, P, As) exist in layered forms. Structurally, the simplest of these structures (for example binary metal halides and sulfides) can be described as having some fraction of the octahedral and/or tetrahedral sites filled in the fcc and hcp lattices. For example, the CdCl₂ structure is formed by filling all the octahedral sites in alternate layers of the fcc lattice, and the CdI₂ structure is the relative of this structure in the hcp lattice. [[File:CdCl2 and CdI2.png|400px|left|thumb|Comparison of the CdCl₂ (left) and CdI₂ (right) crystal structures]][[File:Cadmium-iodide-3D-octahedra.png|250px|thumb|Polyhedral drawing of one layer of the CdCl₂ or CdI₂ structure showing edge-sharing MX₆ octahedra.]] In the '''CdCl₂ structure''', the stacking sequence of anion layers is ABCABC... <br /> In the '''CdI₂ structure''', the anion stacking sequence is ABAB..., and all the cations are eclipsed along the stacking axis. <br /> <br /> These are examples of '''6-3 structures''', because the cations are coordinated by an octahedron of six anions, and the anions are coordinated by three cations to make a trigonal pyramid (like NH₃). Another way to describe these structures is to say that the MX₆ octahedra each share six edges in the MX₂ sheets. <br /> <br /> Because these structures place the packing atoms (the anions) in direct van der Waals contact, they are most stable for relatively '''covalent''' compounds. Otherwise, the electrostatic repulsion between contacting anions would destabilize the structure energetically. More ionic MX₂ compounds tend to adopt the fluorite (CaF₂) or rutile (TiO₂) structures, which are not layered. <br /> <br /> Despite the fact that these two structure types are the same at the level of nearest and next-nearest neighbor ions, the CdI₂ structure is much more common than the CdCl₂ structure. '''CdCl₂ structure:''' :MCl₂ (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) :NiBr₂, NiI₂, ZnBr₂, ZnI₂ '''CdI₂ structure:''' :MCl₂ (M = Ti, V) :MBr₂ (M = Mg, Fe, Co, Cd) :MI₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cd, Ge, Pb, Th) :M(OH)₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd) :MS₂ (M = Ti, Zr, Sn, Ta, Pt) :MSe₂ (M = Ti, Zr, Sn, V, Pt) :MTe₂ (M = Ti, Co, Ni, Rh, Pd, Pt) <br /> Physically, layered compounds are '''soft''' and '''slippery''', because the layer planes slide past each other easily. For example, graphite, MoS₂, and talc (a silicate) are layered compounds that are used widely as '''lubricants''' and lubricant additives. <br /><br /> An important reaction of layered compounds is '''intercalation'''. In intercalation reactions, guest molecules and ions enter the galleries that separate the sheets, usually with expansion of the lattice along the stacking axis. This reaction is typically reversible if it does not perturb the bonding within the sheets. Often the '''driving force for intercalation is a redox reaction''', i.e., electron transfer between the host and guest. For example, lithium metal reacts with TiS₂, MoS₂, and graphite to produce LiTiS₂, Li_xMoS₂ (x < 1), and LiC₆. In these compounds, lithium is ionized to Li⁺ and the sheets are negatively charged. Oxidizing agents such as Br₂, FeCl₃, and AsF₅ also react with graphite. In the resulting intercalation compounds, the sheets are positively charged and the intercalated species are anionic. <br /><br /> [[file:intercalation schematic.png|left|500px|thumb|Oxidative or reductive intercalation involves the placement of anions or cations between sheets.]] Intercalation reactions are especially important for electrochemical energy storage in '''secondary batteries''', such as [[w:Lithium-ion_batteries|'''lithium ion''' batteries]], [[w:Nickel-metal_hydride_battery|'''nickel-metal hydride''' batteries]], and [[w:Nickel-cadmium_battery|'''nickel-cadmium''' batteries]]. The reversible nature of the intercalation reaction allows the electrodes to be charged and discharged up to several thousand times without losing their mechanical integrity. In lithium ion batteries, the negative electrode material is typically graphite, which is intercalated by lithium to make LiC₆. Several different oxides and phosphates containing redox active transition metal ions (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) are used as the positive electrode materials. <br /> <br /> [[File:Inorganic-chemistry-lab-Oxford-plaque.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[w:Blue plaque|Blue plaque]] erected by the [[w:Royal Society of Chemistry|Royal Society of Chemistry]] commemorating the development of cathode materials for the lithium-ion battery]] Lithium ion batteries based on CoO₂ were first described in 1980<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Materials Research Bulletin | volume = 15 | pages = 783–789 | year = 1980 | title = Li_xCoO₂ (0<x<l): A New Cathode Material for Batteries of High Energy Density | author = K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman, J.B. Goodenough | doi=10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4}} </ref> by [[w:John B. Goodenough|John B. Goodenough]]'s research group, then at Oxford Univsrsity. In batteries based on CoO₂, which has the CdI₂ structure, the positive electrode half-reaction is: :<math>{LiCoO_2}\leftrightarrows\mathrm{Li}_{1-x}\mathrm{CoO_2}+x\mathrm{Li^+}+x\mathrm{e^-}</math> The negative electrode half reaction is: :<math>x\mathrm{Li^+} + x\mathrm{e^-} + x\mathrm{C_6} \leftrightarrows\ x\mathrm{LiC_6}</math> <br /> The battery is fully charged when the positive electrode is in the CoO₂ form and the negative electrode is in the LiC₆ form. Discharge involves the motion of Li⁺ ions through the electrolyte, forming Li_xCoO₂ and graphite at the two electrodes. <br /> [[File:Lithium-cobalt-oxide-3D-balls.png|left|250px|thumb|Crystal structure of LiCoO₂<ref>{{ cite journal | journal = [[w:Nature Materials|Nature Materials]] | volume = 2 |date=July 2003 | issue = 7 |pages = 464–467 | doi = 10.1038/nmat922 | title = Atomic resolution of lithium ions in LiCoO₂ | author = Yang Shao-Horn, Laurence Croguennec, Claude Delmas, E. Chris Nelson and Michael A. O'Keefe | pmid = 12806387 }}</ref> ]][[File:Schematic of a Li-ion battery.jpg|200px]] <br /> <br />[[File:M. Stanley Whittingham01Whittingham-99990-portrait-mini-2x.jpg|thumb|130px|right|Prof. M. Stanley Whittingham, who demonstrated the principle of the lithium ion battery in research at Exxon in the mid-1970's.<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Science | volume = 192 | pages = 1126-1127 | year = 1976 | title = Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry | author = M.S. Whittingham | doi=10.1126/science.192.4244.1126}} </ref>]] The lithium ion battery is a "rocking chair" battery, so named because charging and discharging involve moving Li⁺ ions from one side to the other. While the first lithium ion batteries contained layered metal sulfides such as TiS₂, metal oxides gave higher operating voltages and more stable batteries. CoO₂ is one example of a positive electrode material that has been used in lithium ion batteries. It has a high energy density, but batteries based on CoO₂ have poor thermal stability. Safer materials include lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), and LiMO₂ (M = a mixture of Co, Mn, and Ni). The negative electrode material, LiC₆, has a potential close to lithium metal in the electrochemical series. Lithium metal electrodes provide substantially higher energy density than LiC₆, but lithium metal batteries are not yet in commercial use because of safety and cycle life issues.<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Nature Materials | volume = 18 | pages = 384-389 | year = 2019 | title = Polymer–inorganic solid–electrolyte interphase for stable lithium metal batteries under lean electrolyte conditions | author = . Gao, Z. Yan, J. L. Gray, X. He, T. Chen, Q. Huang, Y. C. Li, H. Wang, S. H. Kim, T. E. Mallouk, and D. Wang | doi=10.1038/s41563-019-0305-8}} </ref> Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are used very widely in laptop computers, portable electronics, cellular telephones, cordless tools, and electric and hybrid vehicles. [[w:John_B._Goodenough|John Goodenough]] (University of Texas) shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with [[w:M._Stanley_Whittingham|M. Stanley Whittingham]] (Binghamton University) and [[w:Akira_Yoshino|Akira Yoshino]] (Asahi Kasei) for their foundational research on lithium ion batteries. A similar intercalation reaction occurs in nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, except in this case the reaction involves the movement of protons in and out of the Ni(OH)₂ lattice, which has the CdI₂ structure: :<math>\mathrm{NiO(OH) + H_2O + e^- \rightarrow Ni(OH)_2 + OH^-}</math> There are many layered compounds that cannot be intercalated by redox reactions, typically because some other stable product is formed. For example, the reaction of layered CdI₂ with Li produces LiI (NaCl structure) and Cd metal. ==&#160;8.5 Bonding in TiS₂, MoS₂, and pyrite structures== Many layered dichalcogenides, such as TiS₂ and ZrS₂, have the CdI₂ structure. In these compounds, as we have noted above, the metal ions are octahedrally coordinated by S. Interestingly, the structures of MoS₂ and WS₂, while they are also layered, are different. In these cases, the metal is surrounded by a '''trigonal prism''' of sulfur atoms. NbS₂, TaS₂, MoSe₂, MoTe₂, and WSe₂ also have the trigonal prismatic molybdenite structure, which is shown below alongside a platy crystal of MoS₂. [[File:Molybdenite.GIF|350px|left]][[File:MoS2chips.jpg|250px]] <br /> The coordination of the metal ions by a trigonal prism of chalcogenide ions is '''sterically unfavorable''' relative to octahedral coordination. There are close contacts between the chalcogenide ions, which are eclipsed in the stacking sequence '''AbA/BaB/AbA/BaB'''... (where "/" indicates the van der Waals gap between layers). What stabilizes this structure? The molybdenite structure occurs most commonly in MX₂ compounds with a '''d¹ or d² electron count'''. The figure below compares the splitting of d-orbital energies in the octahedral and trigonal prismatic coordination environments: [[File:TiS2-MoS2.png|450px|left|thumb|d-orbital splittings and energy bands in TiS₂ and MoS₂. MoS₂ is a semiconductor with a 1.3 eV gap between its filled and empty bands.]] The trigonal prismatic structure is stabilized in MoS₂ by filling the lowest energy band, the d_z2. The d_z2 orbital, which points vertically through the triangular top and bottom faces of the trigonal prism, has the least interaction with the sulfide ligands and therefore the lowest energy. The d_xz and d_yz orbitals, which point at the ligands, have the highest energy. The d_z2 orbital is lower in energy in this structure than the t_2g orbitals are in the octahedral structure of TiS₂. <br /> <br /> PtS₂, like TiS₂, adopts the octahedral CdI₂ structure. In this case, because Pt⁴⁺ has six d-electrons, the t_2g orbitals are filled. There is a large crystal field stabilization energy (which stabilizes the high oxidation state of Pt) because S^2- is a strong field ligand. Like MoS₂, PtS₂ is semiconducting because there is an energy gap between the filled t_2g and empty e_g bands. <br /> <br /> Because it has an unfilled t_2g band, TiS₂ is relatively easy to reduce by intercalation with Li. For this reason, LiTiS₂ was one of the first intercalation compounds studied by [[w:M. Stanley Whittingham|Stanley Whittingham]], who developed the concept of the non-aqueous lithium ion battery in the early 1970's.<ref>M. Stanley Whittingham "Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials" Chem. Rev., 2004, vol. 104, pp. 4271–4302. DOI: 10.1021/cr020731c</ref> Because it has a filled d_z2 band, MoS₂ is harder to reduce, but it can be intercalated by reaction with the powerful reducing agent n-butyllithium to make Li_xMoS₂ (x < 1). Atoms in the van der Waals planes of these compounds are relatively unreactive, which gives MoS₂ its good oxidative stability and enables its application as a high temperature lubricant. Atoms at the edges of the crystals are however more reactive and in fact are catalytic. High surface area MoS₂, which has a high density of exposed edge planes, is used as a hydrodesulfurization catalyst and is also of increasing interest as an electrocatalyst for the reduction of water to hydrogen. [[file:pyrite crystal structure.png|right|200px|thumb|The pyrite (FeS₂) crystal structure. The structure is related to NaCl, with Fe²⁺ and S₂^2- ions occupying the cation and anion sites.]]Layered metal dichalcogenides, including MoS₂, WS₂, and SnS₂, can form closed nanostructures that take the shape of multiwalled onions and multiwalled tubes. These materials were discovered by the group of [[w:Reshef Tenne|Reshef Tenne]] in 1992, shortly after the discovery of carbon nanotubes. Since then nanotubes have been synthesized from many other materials, including vanadium and manganese oxides. Although early (TiS₂) and late (PtS₂) transition metal disulfides have layered structures, a number of MS₂ compounds in the middle of the transition series, such as MnS₂, FeS₂ and RuS₂, have three-dimensionally bonded structures. For example, FeS₂ has the '''pyrite structure''', which is related to the NaCl structure. The reason is that FeS₂ is not Fe⁴⁺(S^2-)₂, but is actually Fe²⁺(S₂^2-), where S₂^2- is the disulfide anion (which contains a single bond like the peroxide anion O₂^2-). S^2- is too strong a reducing agent to exist in the same compound with Fe⁴⁺, which is a strong oxidizing agent. Because FeS₂ is actually Fe²⁺(S₂^2-), it is a 1:1 compound and adopts a 1:1 structure. <br /> <br /> ==&#160;8.6 Spinel, perovskite, and rutile structures== There are three more structures, which are derived from close-packed lattices, that are particularly important because of the material properties of their compounds. These are the '''spinel''' structure, on which ferrites and other magnetic oxides are based, the '''perovskite''' structure, which is adopted by ferroelectric and superconducting oxides, and the '''rutile''' structure, which is a common binary 6:3 structure adopted by oxides and fluorides. <br /><br /> [[file:Spinel.GIF|350px|left]][[file:AB2O4 spinel.jpg|350px]] The '''spinel structure''' is formulated MM'₂X₄, where M and M' are tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated cations, respectively, and X is an anion (typically O or F). The structure is named after the mineral MgAl₂O₄, and oxide spinels have the general formula AB₂O₄. In the '''normal spinel''' structure, there is a close-packed array of anions. The A-site cations fill 1/8 of the tetrahedral holes and the B-site cations fill 1/2 of the octahedral holes. A polyhedral view of the normal spinel unit cell is shown at the left, and a simplified view (with the contents of the back half of the cell removed for clarity) is shown above. Each unit cell contains eight formula units and has a composition A₈B₁₆O₃₂. '''Inverse spinels''' have a closely related structure (with the same large unit cell) in which the A-site ions and half of the B-site ions switch places. Inverse spinels are thus formulated B(AB)O₄, where the AB ions in parentheses occupy octahedral sites, and the other B ions are on tetrahedral sites. There are also mixed spinels, which are intermediate between the '''normal''' and '''inverse''' spinel structure. Some spinel and inverse spinel AB combinations are: :A²⁺B³⁺, e.g., MgAl₂O₄ (normal spinel) :A⁴⁺B²⁺, e.g., Pb₃O₄ = Pb^II(Pb^IIPb^IV)O₄ (inverse spinel) :A⁶⁺B⁺, e.g., Na₂WO₄ (normal spinel) Many magnetic oxides, such as Fe₃O₄ and CoFe₂O₄, are spinels. '''Normal vs. inverse spinel structure.''' For transition metal oxide spinels, the choice of the normal vs. inverse spinel structure is driven primarily by the '''crystal field stabilization energy''' (CFSE) of ions in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. For spinels that contain 3d elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, the electron configuration is typically '''high spin''' because O^2- is a '''weak field ligand'''. As an example, we can consider magnetite, Fe₃O₄. This compound contains one Fe²⁺ and two Fe³⁺ ions per formula unit, so we could formulate it as a normal spinel, Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺)₂O₄, or as an inverse spinel, Fe³⁺(Fe²⁺Fe³⁺)O₄. Which one would have the lowest energy? [[file:d6cfse.png|left|300px|thumb|d-orbital energy diagram for Fe²⁺]] <br /> <br /> First we consider the crystal field energy of the '''Fe²⁺''' ion, which is d⁶. Comparing the tetrahedral and high spin octahedral diagrams, we find that the CFSE in an '''octahedral''' field of O^2- ions is [(4)(2/5) - (2)(3/5)]Δ_o - P = '''0.4 Δ_o - P'''. In the '''tetrahedral''' field, the CFSE is [(3)(3/5) - (3)(2/5)]Δ_t - P = '''0.6 Δ_t - P'''. Since Δ_o is about 2.25 times larger than Δ_t, the octahedral arrangement has a larger CFSE and is preferred for Fe²⁺. [[file:d5cfse.png|left|300px|thumb|d-orbital energy diagram for Fe³⁺]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> In contrast, it is easy to show that '''Fe³⁺''', which is d⁵, would have a CFSE of zero in either the octahedral or tetrahedral geometry. This means that Fe²⁺ has a preference for the octahedral site, but Fe³⁺ has no preference. Consequently, we place Fe²⁺ on octahedral sites and '''Fe₃O₄ is an''' '''inverse spinel''', Fe³⁺(Fe²⁺Fe³⁺)O₄. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ferrites''' are compounds of general formula '''M^IIFe₂O₄'''. We can see that magnetite is one example of a ferrite (with M = Fe). Other divalent metals (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) also form ferrites. Ferrites can be normal or inverse spinels, or mixed spinels, depending on the CFSE of the M^II ion. Based on their CFSE, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, and Ni²⁺ all have a strong preference for the octahedral site, so those compounds are all inverse spinels. ZnFe₂O₄ is a normal spinel because the small Zn²⁺ ion (d¹⁰) fits more easily into the tetrahedral site than Fe³⁺ (d⁵), and both ions have zero CFSE. MgFe₂O₄ and MnFe₂O₄, in which all ions have zero CFSE and no site preference, are mixed spinels. '''Chromite''' spinels, '''M^IICr₂O₄''', are always '''normal spinels''' because the d³ Cr³⁺ ion has a strong preference for the octahedral site. '''Examples of normal and inverse spinel structures:''' :'''MgAl₂O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since both Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ are non-transition metal ions and thus CFSE = 0. The more highly charged Al³⁺ ion prefers the octahedral site, where it is surrounded by six negatively charged oxygen atoms. :'''Mn₃O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since the Mn²⁺ ion is a high spin d⁵ system with zero CFSE. The two Mn³⁺ ions are high spin d⁴ with higher CFSE on the octahedral sites (3/5 Δ_O) than on the tetrahedral site (2/5 Δ_t ~ 1/5 Δ_O). :'''Fe₃O₄''' is an '''inverse spinel''' since the Fe³⁺ ion is a high spin d⁵ system with zero CFSE. Fe²⁺ is a high spin d⁶ system with more CFSE on an octahedral site than on a tetrahedral one. :'''NiFe₂O₄''' is again an '''inverse spinel''' since Ni²⁺ (a d⁸ ion) prefers the octahedral site and the CFSE of Fe³⁺ (a d⁵ ion) is zero. :'''FeCr₂O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since Fe²⁺ is high spin d⁶ ion with CFSE = [4(2/5)-2(3/5)] Δ_O = 2/5Δ_O on an octahedral site, and Cr³⁺ is a d³ ion with CFSE = 3(2/5) Δ_O = 6/5 Δ_O. Hence it is more energetically favorable for Cr³⁺ to occupy both of the octahedral sites. :'''Co₃O₄''' is a '''normal spinel'''. Even in the presence of weak field oxo ligands, Co³⁺ is a low spin d⁶ ion with very high CFSE on the octahedral sites, because of the high charge and small size of the Co³⁺ ion. Hence the Co³⁺ ions occupy both octahedral sites, and Co²⁺ occupies the tetrahedral site. [[File:MnO-superaustausch.GIF|thumb|Illustration of antiferromagnetic superexchange between two transition metal cations through a shared oxygen atom.]] '''Magnetism of ferrite spinels'''. Ferrite spinels are of technological interest because of their magnetic ordering, which can be ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic depending on the structure (normal or inverse) and the nature of the metal ions. Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄, and NiFe₂O₄ are all inverse spinels and are ferrimagnets. The latter two compounds are used in magnetic recording media and as deflection magnets, respectively. In order to understand the magnetism of ferrites, we need to think about how the unpaired spins of metal ions are coupled in oxides. If an oxide ion is shared by two metal ions, it can mediate the coupling of spins by [[w:superexchange|superexchange]] as shown at the right. The coupling can be antiferromagnetic, as shown, or ferromagnetic, depending on the orbital filling and the symmetry of the orbitals involved. The '''Goodenough-Kanamori rules''' predict the local magnetic ordering (ferromagnetic vs. antiferromagnetic) that results from superexchange coupling of the electron spins of transition metal ions. For ferrites, the strongest coupling is between ions on neighboring '''tetrahedral and octahedral sites''', and the ordering of spins between these two sites is reliably '''antiferromagnetic'''. [[file:Fe3O4ferrimagnetism.png|left|300px]] <br /> Because all the tetrahedral and octahedral sites in a spinel or inverse spinel crystal are coupled together identically, it works out that ions on the tetrahedral sites will all have one orientation (e.g., spin down) and ions on all the octahedral sites will have the opposite orientation (e.g., spin up). If the number of spins on the two sites is the same, then the solid will be antiferromagnetic. However, if the '''number of spins is unequal''' (as in the case of Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄, and NiFe₂O₄) then the solid will be '''ferrimagnetic'''. This is illustrated at the left for Fe₃O₄. The spins on the Fe³⁺ sites cancel, because half of them are up and half are down. However, the four unpaired electrons on the Fe²⁺ ions are all aligned the same way in the crystal, so the compound is ferrimagnetic. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[file:perovskite.jpg|left|250px|thumb|ABX₃ perovskite structure. A, B, and X are white, blue, and red, respectively.]] '''Perovskites''' are '''ternary oxides''' of general formula '''ABO₃'''. More generally, the perovskite formula is ABX₃, where the anion X can be '''O, N, or halogen'''. The A ions are typically large ions such as Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Rb⁺, or a lanthanide 3+ ion, and the B ions are smaller transition metal ions such as Ti⁴⁺, Nb⁵⁺, Ru⁴⁺, etc. The mineral after which the structure is named has the formula CaTiO₃. The perovskite structure has simple cubic symmetry, but is related to the fcc lattice in the sense that the A site cations and the six O atoms comprise a fcc lattice. The B-site cations fill 1/4 of the octahedral holes and are surrounded by six oxide anions. [[File:ReO3.png|350px|right|thumb|Polyhedral representation of the ReO₃ structure showing the large cuboctahedral cavity that is surrounded by 12 oxygen atoms]] The coordination of the A ions in perovskite and the arrangement of BO₆ octahedra is best understood by looking at the ReO₃ structure, which is the same structure but with the A-site cations removed. In the polyhedral representation of the structure shown at the right, it can be seen that the octahedra share all their vertices but do not share any octahedral edges. This makes the ReO₃ and perovskite structures flexible, like three-dimensional wine racks, in that the octahedra can '''rotate and tilt cooperatively'''. Eight such octahedra surround a large '''cuboctahedral cavity''', which is the site of the A ions in the perovskite structure. Cations in these sites are coordinated by 12 oxide ions, as expected from the relationship between the perovskite and fcc lattices. <br /> <br /> Because the A-site is empty in the ReO₃ structure, compounds with that structure can be reversibly '''intercalated''' by small ions such as '''Li⁺ or H⁺''', which then occupy sites in the cuboctahedral cavity. For example, smart windows that darken in bright sunlight contain the '''electrochromic''' material WO₃, which has the ReO₃ structure. In the sunlight, a photovoltaic cell drives the reductive intercalation of WO₃ according to the reaction: :<math>x\mathrm{H^+} + x\mathrm{e^-} + {WO_3} \leftrightarrows\ {H}_{x}\mathrm{WO_3}</math> WO₃ is a light yellow compound containing d⁰ W(VI). In contrast, H_xWO₃, which is mixed-valent W(V)-W(VI) = d¹-d⁰, has a deep blue color. Such coloration is typical of mixed-valence transition metal complexes because their d-electrons can be excited to delocalized conduction band levels by red light. Because the electrochemical intercalation-deintercalation process is powered by a solar cell, the tint of the windows can adjust automatically to the level of sunlight. [[File:Perovskite.svg|right|350px|thumb|Tetragonal distortion of the perovskite unit cell in the ferroelectric oxide PZT, PbTi_xZr_1-xO₃]] '''Ferroelectric perovskites.''' The flexibility of the network of corner-sharing BO₆ octahedra is also very important in [[w:ferroelectric|ferroelectric]] oxides that have the perovskite structure. In some perovsites with small B-site cations, such as Ti⁴⁺ and Nb⁵⁺, the cation is too small to fit symmetrically in the BO₆ octahedron. The octahedron distorts, allowing the cation to move off-center. These distortions can be '''tetragonal''' (as in the example shown at the right), '''rhombohedral''', or '''orthorhombic''', depending on whether the cation moves towards a vertex, face, or edge of the BO₆ octahedron. Moving the cation off-center in the octahedron creates an '''electric dipole'''. In ferroelectrics, these dipoles align in neighboring unit cells through cooperative rotation and tilting of octahedra. The crystal thus acquires a net electrical polarization. [[w:ferroelectricity|'''Ferroelectricity''']] behaves analogously to [[w:ferromagnetism|'''ferromagnetism''']], except that the polarization is electrical rather than magnetic. In both cases, there is a '''critical temperature (T_c)''' above which the '''spontaneous polarization''' of the crystal disappears. Below T_c, the electric polarization of a ferroelectric can be switched with a coercive field, and hysteresis loop of polarization vs. field resembles that of a ferromagnet. Above T_c, the crystal is '''paraelectric''' and has a high dielectric permittivity. Ferroelectric and paraelectric oxides (along with piezoelectrics and pyroelectrics) have a wide variety of applications as switches, actuators, transducers, and dielectrics for capacitors. '''Ferroelectric capacitors''' are important in memory devices (FRAM) and in the tuning circuits of cellular telephones. '''Multiferroics''', which are materials that are simultaneously ferroelectric and ferromagnetic, are rare and are being now intensively researched because of their potential applications in electrically adressable magnetic memory. <br><br> [[File:Perovskite solar cell architectures 1.png|350px|thumb|a) Solar cell architecture in which a lead halide perovskite absorber coats a layer of nanocrystalline anatase TiO₂. b) Thin-film solar cell, with a layer of lead halide perovskite sandwiched between two selective contacts. c) Charge generation and extraction in the sensitized architecture and d) in the thin-film architecture.]] '''Halide perovskites''' (ABX₃, X = Cl, Br, I) can be made by combining salts of monovalent A ions (A⁺ = Cs⁺, NH₄⁺, RNH₃⁺) and divalent metal salts such as PbCl₂ or PbI₂. These compounds have sparked recent interest as light absorbers for '''thin film solar cells''' that produce electricity from sunlight. Lead and tin halide perovskites can be grown as thin films from solution precursors or by thermal evaporation at relatively low temperatures. In some lead halide perovskites, the mobility of electrons and holes is very high, comparable to that of more expensive III-V semiconductors such as GaAs, which must be grown as very pure single crystals at high temperatures for use in solar cells. Because of their high carrier mobility, some lead halide perovskites are also electroluminescent and are of interest as inexpensive materials for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). [[File:Cherie Kagan.jpg|140px|left|thumb|The exceptionally high carrier mobility of tin halide perovskites was discovered by Dr. Cherie R. Kagan and coworkers at IBM.]]Tin and lead halide perovskites were first studied in the 1990s as materials for thin film electronics,<ref >{{cite journal|last1=Kagan|first1=Cherie R.|last2=Mitzi|first2=David B.|last3=Dimitrakopoulos|first3=C. D.|title=Organic-inorganic hybrid materials as semiconducting channels in thin-film field-effect transistors|journal=Science|date=1999|volume=286|pages=945-947|doi=10.1126/science.286.5441.945|}}</ref> and more recently as light absorbers in [[w:Dye-sensitized_solar_cell|'''dye-sensitized''']] and [[w:Thin-film_solar_cell|'''thin-film solar cells''']]. Soon after the results on dye-sensitized perovskite cells were reported, it was discovered that halide perovskites could also be used in thin film solid state solar cells. The structures of these solar cells are shown schematically at the right. The highest reported solar power conversion efficiencies of [[w:Perovskite_solar_cell|'''perovskite solar cells''']] have jumped from 3.8% in 2009 <ref >{{cite journal|last1=Kojima|first1=Akihiro|last2=Teshima|first2=Kenjiro|last3=Shirai|first3=Yasuo|last4=Miyasaka|first4=Tsutomu|title=Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=6 May 2009|volume=131|issue=17|pages=6050–6051|doi=10.1021/ja809598r|pmid=19366264}}</ref> to 10.2% in 2012<ref >{{cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=In|last2=Lee|first2=Byunghong|last3=He|first3=Jiaking|last4=Chang|first4=Robert P. H.|last5=Kanatzidis|first5=Mercouri G.|title=All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency|journal=Nature|date=24 May 2012|volume=485|pages=486-489|doi=10.1038/nature11067}}</ref> to 25.5% in 2020 in single-junction architectures,<ref name="NREL_chart">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20190802.pdf|title=NREL efficiency chart}}</ref> and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.15%,<ref name="NREL_chart"/> exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are therefore the fastest-advancing solar technology. With the potential of achieving even higher efficiencies and very low production costs, perovskite solar cells have become commercially attractive. The highest performing cells to date contain divalent lead in the perovskite B cation site and a mixture of methylammonium and formamidinium ions in the perovskite A cation site. Despite their very impressive efficiency, perovskite solar cells are less stable than solar cells made from covalent network solids such as Si or GaAs, and are sensitive to air and moisture. Current research is focused on understanding the degradation mechanisms of these solar cells and improving their stability under operating conditions. <br /><br /> [[File:Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|200px|left]] [[file:polyhedralrutile.png|175px|right|thumb|View down the tetragonal c-axis of the rutile lattice, showing edge-sharing MO₆ octahedra.]] The '''rutile structure''' is an important MX₂ (X = O, F) structure. It is a 6:3 structure, in which the cations are octahedrally coordinated by anions, and as such is intermediate in polarity between the CaF₂ (8:4) and SiO₂ (4:2) structures. The mineral rutile is one of the polymorphs of TiO₂, the others (anatase and brookite) also being 6:3 structures. The rutile structure can be described as a distorted version of the NiAs structure with half the cations removed. Recall that compounds with the NiAs structure were typically metallic because the metal ions are eclipsed along the stacking axis and thus are in relatively close contact. In rutile, the MO₆ '''octahedra share edges''' along the tetragonal c-axis, and so some rutile oxides, such as '''NbO₂, RuO₂ and IrO₂,''' are also '''metallic''' because of '''d-orbital overlap''' along that axis. These compounds are important as electrolyzer catalysts and catalyst supports because they combine high catalytic activity with good electronic conductivity. Rutile TiO₂, because of its high refractive index, is the base pigment for white paint. It is a wide bandgap semiconductor that has also been extensively researched as an electrode for water splitting solar cells and as a photocatalyst (primarily as the [[w:anatase|anatase]] polymorph) for degradation of pollutants in air and water. [[w:Self-cleaning_glass|Self-cleaning glass]] exploits the photocatalytic properties of a thin film of TiO₂ to remove oily substances from the glass surface and improve the wetting properties of the glass. <br /> <br /> ==&#160;8.7 Discussion questions== *Using the Liverpool 3D visualization website (http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm) determine the anion and cation coordination geometries in cadmium chloride and anatase. Describe the arrangement of octahedra (in terms of whether they share edges, faces, etc.) in these structures. *Count the number of atoms in the Li₃Bi and ReO₃ unit cells, and determine the coordination environments of each of the ions. *Silicon, germanium, and many other semiconductors adopt the diamond (or zincblende) structure. Assuming that all the atoms are the same size, calculate the volume fraction of the unit cell that is occupied by the atoms. How does the filling fraction of diamond compare to simple cubic and close-packed structures, and what does this tell us about the relationship between coordination number and density? *Describe the structural basis of ferroelectricity in barium titanate. ==&#160; 8.8 Problems== 1. For each of the following close packed layer sequences, indicate the name of the structure (structure type), the coordination environment of the cations (represented by lower case letters), and the coordination environment of the anions (upper case letters). Give two additional examples (apart from the structure type itself) of compounds with the same structure. (a) AbBaAbBaAbB......<br /> (b) AaBbCcAaBbCc..... <br /> (c) AcBaCbAcBaCb.....<br /> (d) AcB | AcB | AcB |.... ("|" = van der Waals gap) 2. Below are sections of the lithium oxide unit cell. [[File:Li2O unit cell.jpg|left|400px|]] (a) Describe how to obtain (and do obtain) the empirical formula. (b) What is the coordination number and geometry for each type of ion? (c) Which atom is close-packed? (d) What type and fraction of holes are filled by the other ion? <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3. The hexagonal unit cell of a metal nitride is shown below in sections. [[File:Li3N.png|left|300px|]] (a) What is the empirical formula of the compound? (b) How many M atoms are coordinated to each N atom? (c) In what group of the periodic table would you expect to find M? <br /> 4. Draw the cubic Li₃Bi unit cell in sections. 5. If half the cesium is removed from the CsCl structure, such that each Cl atom is then tetrahedrally coordinated, what structure type is generated? 6. The crystal structure of a certain ternary oxide is shown below. [[File:BaTiO3unitcell.jpg|left|300px|]] (a) What is the empirical formula, and how many formula units are in the unit cell? (b) Which atoms (if any) are close packed? (c) How many oxide ions coordinate each of the different cations in the structure? (d) Are the coordination numbers in part (c) different? If so, why? <br /> <br /> <br /> 7. The structures of the disulfides (MS₂) show an apparently unusual trend, proceeding from left to right across the transition series. On the left side (TiS₂, ZrS₂, MoS₂, etc.), one finds layered structures, whereas in the middle (ReS₂, FeS₂, RuS₂) there are three-dimensional pyrite- and marcasite-type structures. On the right (PtS₂, SnS₂), there are again layered structures. Briefly explain these trends. 8. Explain why layered compounds are typically covalent and rarely ionic. 9. Draw the zincblende structure in sections. 10. The zincblende structure is rarely found with very polar or ionic compounds. However, some polar and ionic compounds (BeO, NH₄F, etc.) have the wurtzite structure. (a) Describe the similarities and the differences between the zincblende and wurtzite structures (in terms of coordination numbers, stacking sequence of cations and anions, etc.) (b) Why is wurtzite more ionic than zincblende? 11. A recent article by R. Cava and co-workers (''Nature Materials'' 2010, ''9,'' 546-9) describes the unusual electronic properties of a Y-Pt-Bi alloy, the structure of which is shown in sections below: <br /><br /> [[file:YPtBi.png|350px|left]]<br /> (a) What is the stoichiometry of the compound?<br /> (b) How many Y and how many Pt atoms coordinate each Bi atom? <br /><br /> 12. The fluorite structure, CaF₂, which is generated by filling all the tetrahedral holes in a FCC array, is a common MX₂ structure type. (a) What is the coordination environment of F in a hypothetical relative of CaF₂, in which Ca forms a hcp array and F occupies all the tetrahedral sites? (b) Suggest a reason why the structure described in (a) is very rare.[[File:cuprite half cell.jpg|thumb|500px|]] 13. The cuprite (Cu₂O) structure is related to zincblende (or diamond) in that oxygen occupies both the Zn and S positions, with copper in between. This is shown schematically at the right. Actually, in cuprite there are ''two'' such interpenetrating networks with no bonds between them. Draw the second network in the empty cell. If you put the two halves together and take out the copper, what cubic packing lattice do you get? Is it a closest packing lattice? (''Hint #1:'' start with an O atom at 1/2,1/2,1/2) (''Hint #2:'' try this in pencil first) 14. Draw the rutile structure in sections of the unit cell, and verify that the stoichiometry is MX₂. What are the coordination numbers of Ti and O? 15. Stishovite is a high pressure form of SiO₂ found in meteorite craters. While normal SiO₂ has the quartz structure, in which each Si is coordinated by four O atoms, stishovite has the rutile structure. Would you expect the Si-O bond to be longer in stishovite, or in quartz? What is the bond order in each polymorph? 16. Na and Cl combine in a 1:1 ratio to make the ionic NaCl lattice. Interestingly, recent theoretical predictions (confirmed by high pressure synthesis and crystallography) have identified several other stoichiometries that form stable crystals at high pressure. These include Na₃Cl, Na₂Cl, Na₃Cl₂, NaCl₃, and several others.<ref>W. Zhang et al. (2013), "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides." ''Science'', vol. 342, no. 6165, pp. 1502-1505. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1244989 doi: 10.1126/science.1244989]</ref> The structure of one of these new sodium chlorides is shown below in sections. [[file:highPNa3Cl.jpg|300px|left]] :a) What is the stoichiometry of this compound? :b) What are the coordination numbers of Na and Cl, and how do they compare to the coordination numbers in NaCl and Na metal? :c) Based on your answer to (b), explain why high pressure should stabilize this phase. 17. One of the new compounds discovered in the study described in problem 16 is NaCl₃. There are two polymorphs of this compound, one of which contains linear Cl₃^- ions. Accurate molecular orbital calculations indicate that the charge on the central Cl atom in these linear anions is close to zero. Draw the MO diagram and the valence bond pictures for the Cl₃^- ion that are consistent with these observations. Would you expect the Cl-Cl bond to be longer or shorter than the bond in Cl₂? 18. Some MX salts can exist in either the CsCl or NaCl structure. Use the Pauling formula to predict the M-X bond length in the CsCl structure of a compound that has a bond length of 3.5 Å in the NaCl structure. Would applying a high pressure stabilize the CsCl form, or the NaCl form of this compound? (''hint:'' calculate the volume per formula unit) 19. Mn₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄ are both mixed-valence oxides. In both cases, there is one M²⁺ ion and two M³⁺ ions per formula unit (M = Fe, Mn). :(a) One of these is a normal spinel and one is an inverse spinel. Explain which is which, and why. (hint: think about CFSE's)<br /> :(b) For Mn₃O₄, what kind of magnetic ordering (ferri-, ferro-, or antiferromagnetic) would you expect, and why? You can assume that neighboring tetrahedral and octahedral ions in the structure are antiferromagnetically coupled. <br /> :(c) Sketch the approximate form of the χ vs. T and 1/χ vs. T curves for Mn₃O₄. Label any special values of temperature on your graphs. 20. Predict whether each of the following should form a normal or inverse spinel: MgV₂O₄, VMg₂O₄, NiGa₂O₄, ZnCr₂S₄, NiFe₂O₄. Would kind of magnetic ordering (ferro-, ferri-, or antiferromagnetic) would you predict for NiFe₂O₄? 21. For each pair, which structure is preferred by LESS polar compounds? A. NaCl        CsCl B. Zincblende        Wurtzite C. CdI₂        CdCl₂ D. NaCl        NiAs E. Fluorite        Quartz (SiO₂) 22. For the following inorganic crystal structures, describe the arrangement of packing ions and interstitial ions, give the layer stacking sequence (such as AaBbCcA...), and draw the unit cell in sections. A. Zincblende B. Wurtzite ==&#160;8.9 References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{BookCat}} g9z0ek92vfy26rf96kgdv80i8t7oe4n 4634781 4634779 2026-05-08T15:04:40Z Tem5psu 1013978 /* &#160;8.6 Spinel, perovskite, and rutile structures */ 4634781 wikitext text/x-wiki == <big>'''Chapter 8: Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures'''</big>== [[File:Pyrite_60608.jpg|right|150px|thumb|The morphology of twinned crystals of iron pyrite (FeS₂) is related to the underlying cubic symmetry of the unit cell. Like NaCl, the pyrite crystal structure can be thought of as a face-centered cubic array of anions (S₂^2-) with cations (Fe²⁺) occupying all the octahedral holes.]]As we noted in our discussion of metal and alloy structures in Chapter 6, there is an intimate connection between the structures and the physical properties of materials. As we "graduate" from simple metal structures based on sphere packings to more complex structures, we find that this is still true. In this chapter we will try to systematize the structures of inorganic solids - metal oxides, halides, sulfides, and related compounds - and develop some rules for which structures to expect based on electronegativity differences, hard-soft acid-base rules, and other periodic trends. We will see that many of these structures are related to the sphere packings that we learned about in Chapter 6. '''Learning goals for Chapter 8:''' *Describe many crystal structures in terms of close-packed frameworks with systematic filling of octahedral and tetrahedral holes. *Represent crystal structures by drawing them in sections. *Rationalize, using chemical principles, why certain crystal structures are stable for certain compounds but not for others, as well as why certain structural and bonding motifs are preferred for certain compounds relative to others. *Predict which crystal structures are most favorable for a given composition based on ionicity and periodic trends. *Explain structure-dependent properties such as ferroelectricity and magnetic ordering based on crystal structures. *Understand intercalation reactions in layered and open framework solids. *Predict the preferred formation of normal or inverse spinels using arguments from transition metal chemistry (e.g. crystal field stabilization energies). Inorganic solids often have simple crystal structures, and some of these structures are adopted by large families of ionic or covalent compounds. Examples of the most common structures include NaCl, CsCl, NiAs, zincblende, wurtzite, fluorite, perovskite, rutile, and spinel. We will develop these structures systematically from the close packed and non-close packed lattices shown below. Some layered structures, such as CdCl₂ and CdI₂, can be thought of as relatives of simple ionic lattices with some atoms "missing." <br /> <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Face-centered cubic.svg|Face-centered cubic (fcc) or cubic close-packed (ccp) File:Hexagonal close packed.svg|Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) File:Cubic-body-centered.png|Body-centered cubic File:Simple cubic crystal lattice.svg|Simple cubic </gallery> ==&#160; 8.1 Close-packing and interstitial sites== [[File:Sites interstitiels cubique a faces centrees.svg|left|180px|thumb|One octahedral and one tetrahedral site in a face-centered cubic unit cell. Each cell contains four packing atoms (gray), four octahedral sites (pink), and eight tetrahedral sites (blue).]]Many common inorganic crystals have structures that are related to cubic close packed (face-centered cubic) or hexagonal close packed sphere packings. These packing lattices contain two types of sites or "holes" that the interstitial atoms fill, and the coordination geometry of these sites is either '''tetrahedral''' or '''octahedral'''. An interstitial atom filling a tetrahedral hole is coordinated to four packing atoms, and an atom filling an octahedral hole is coordinated to six packing atoms. In both the hexagonal close packed and cubic close packed lattices, there is one octahedral hole and two tetrahedral holes per packing atom. <br/> <br /> '''Question:''' Would anions or cations be better as packing atoms? <br/> We might expect that anions, which are often larger than cations, would be better suited to the positions of packing atoms. While this is often true, there are many examples of structures in which cations are the packing atoms, and others in which the distinction is arbitrary. The NaCl structure is a good example of the latter. <br /><br /> [[File:NaCl polyhedra.svg|thumb|200px|right|Crystal structure of NaCl. Both the Na⁺ and Cl^- ions are octahedrally coordinated.]] [[File:em_diffraction.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The lattice dimensions and positions of atoms in crystals such as NaCl are inferred from diffraction patterns.]] In the NaCl structure, shown on the right, the green spheres are the Cl^- ions and the gray spheres are the Na⁺ ions. The octahedral holes in a face-centered cubic lattice can be found at fractional coordinates (1/2 1/2 1/2), (1/2 0 0), (0 1/2 0), and (0 0 1/2). There are four of these holes per cell, and they are filled by the chloride ions. The packing atoms (Na⁺) have coordinates (0 0 0), (0 1/2 1/2), (1/2 1/2 0), and (1/2 0 1/2). Note that each of the Na⁺ positions is related to a Cl^- position by a translation of (1/2 0 0). Another way of stating this is that the structure consists of '''two interpenetrating fcc lattices''', which are related to each other by a translation of half the unit cell along any of the three Cartesian axes. We could have equivalently placed the Cl ions at the fcc lattice points and the Na ions in the octahedral holes by simply translating the origin of the unit cell by (1/2 0 0). Thus the distinction between packing and interstitial atoms in this case is arbitrary. <br /> <br /> NaCl is interesting in that it is a three-dimensional checkerboard, and thus there are no NaCl "molecules" that exist in the structure. When this structure was originally solved (in 1913 by using X-ray diffraction) by W. L. Bragg, his interpretation met resistance by chemists who thought that precise integer stoichiometries were a consequence of the valency of atoms in molecules. The German chemist P. Pfeiffer noted in 1915 that ‘the ordinary notion of valency didn’t seem to apply’, and fourteen years later, the influential chemist H. E. Armstrong still found Bragg’s proposed structure of sodium chloride ‘more than repugnant to the common sense, not chemical cricket’! Nevertheless, Bragg and his father, W. H. Bragg, persevered and used the then-new technique of X-ray diffraction to determine the structures of a number of other compounds, including diamond, zincblende, calcium fluoride, and other alkali halides. These experiments gave chemists their first real look at the atomic structure of solids, and laid the groundwork for X-ray diffraction experiments that later elucidated the structures of DNA, proteins, and many other compounds. For their work on X-ray diffraction the Braggs received the Nobel prize in Physics in 1915. Since each type of atom in the NaCl structure forms a face-centered cubic lattice, there are four Na and four Cl atoms per NaCl unit cell. It is because of this ratio that NaCl has a 1:1 stoichiometry. The shaded green and gray bipyramidal structures in the NaCl lattice show that the Na⁺ ions are coordinated to six Cl^- ions, and vice versa. The NaCl structure can be alternatively drawn as a stacking of close-packed layer planes, AcBaCbAcBa... along the body diagonal of the unit cell. Here the uppercase letters represent the packing atoms, and the lower case letters are the interstitial atoms. This layered packing is illustrated below: <br/> NaCl structure[[file:Rocksalt_layers.jpg|330px|right]] * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -a- - - - * ------------ C * - - -b- - - - * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -a- - - - * ------------ C * - - -b- - - - * ------------ A Note that both the packing atoms and interstitials are stacked in the sequence A-B-C-A-B-C..., in keeping with the fact that each forms a cubic close-packed lattice.[[file:ccp_structures.png|right|450px|The packing of the interstitial sites of a fcc unit cell with different elements results in the formation of common inorganic crystal structures. ]] <br/> The NaCl structure is fairly common among ionic compounds: <br/> * Alkali Halides (except CsCl, CsBr, and CsI) * Transition Metal Monoxides (TiO, VO,..., NiO) * Alkali Earth Oxides and Sulfides (MgO, CaO, BaS... except BeO and MgTe) * Carbides and Nitrides (TiC, TiN, ZrC, NbC) -these are very stable refractory, interstitial alloys (metallic)<br/> <br/> A number of other inorganic crystal structures are formed (at least conceptually) by filling octahedral and/or tetrahedral holes in close-packed lattices. The figure at the right shows some of the most common structures (fluorite, halite, zincblende) as well as a rather rare one (Li₃Bi) that derive from the fcc lattice. From the hcp lattice, we can make the NiAs and wurzite structures, which are the hexagonal relatives of NaCl and zincblende, respectively. <br /><br /> [[file:structures-in-sections.png|left|350px]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An alternative and very convenient way to represent inorganic crystal structures (especially complex structures such as Li₃Bi) is to draw the unit cell in slices along one of the unit cell axes. This kind of representation is shown at the left for the fcc lattice and the NaCl structure. Since all atoms in these structures have z-coordinates of either 0 or 1/2, only those sections need to be drawn in order to describe the contents of the unit cell. It is a useful exercise to draw some of the fcc compound structures (above right) in sections. <br /> ==&#160;8.2 Structures related to NaCl and NiAs== [[File:CaCO3_calcite.png|thumbnail|350px|The rhombohedral unit cell of the calcite crystal structure. The hexagonal c-axis is shown.]] There are a number of compounds that have structures similar to that of NaCl, but have a lower symmetry (usually imposed by the geometry of the anion) than NaCl itself. These compounds include: * FeS₂ (pyrite, "fools gold"): S₂^2- (disulfide) and Fe²⁺ *CaC₂ (a salt-like carbide): Ca²⁺ and linear C₂^2- anions * CaCO₃ (calcite, limestone, marble): Ca²⁺ and triangular CO₃^2-. <br/> <br/> [[File:Calcite.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Calcite crystals are birefringent, meaning that their refractive indices are different along the two principal crystal directions. This gives rise to the phenomenon of double refraction.]]The '''calcite''' (CaCO₃) crystal structure is shown at the right. Triangular CO₃^2- ions fill octahedral holes between the Ca²⁺ ions (black spheres) in a distorted NaCl lattice. As in NaCl, each ion is coordinated by six of the other kind. From this image we can see why the CaCO₃ structure has a lower symmetry than that of NaCl. The fourfold rotation symmetry of the NaCl unit cell is lost when the spherical Cl^- ions are replaced by triangular CO₃^2- ions. Because of this symmetry lowering, transparent crystals of calcite are birefringent, as illustrated at the left. <br/> <br /> '''NiAs structure.''' The NaCl structure can be described a face-centered cubic lattice with all of the octahedral holes filled. What if we start with a hexagonal-close packed lattice rather than a face-centered cubic lattice?<br/> [[File:Strukturformel Nickelarsenid.png|right|220px|thumbnail|Nickel arsenide crystal structure. The Ni₆As trigonal prisms are shaded gray. One octahedron of six As atoms surrounding a Ni atom is shown in the center of the figure.]]This is the structure adopted by '''NiAs''' and many other transition metal sulfides, phosphides, and arsenides. The cations are shown in gray while the anions are light blue in the figure at the right. The cations are in octahedral coordination, so each cation is coordinated to six anions. The anions are also coordinated to six cations, but they occupy trigonal prismatic sites. In terms of layer stacking, the NiAs structure is AcBcAcBc..., where the A and B sites (the hcp lattice) are occupied by the As atoms, and the c sites, which are eclipsed along the layer stacking axis, are occupied by Ni. Unlike the NaCl structure, where the anion and cation sites are interchangeable, NiAs has unique anion and cation sites. The layer stacking sequence for NiAs is shown below: * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -c- - - - * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -c- - - - The NiAs structure cannot be adopted by ionic compounds because of the eclipsing cations, because the cation-cation repulsions would be internally destabilizing for an ionic compound. This structure is mainly adopted by covalent and polar covalent MX compounds, typically with "soft" X anions (S, Se, P, As,....) and low-valent transition metal cations. For example, some compounds with the NiAs structure are: MS, MSe, MTe (M=Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni). Often these are nonstoichiometric or complex stoichiometries with ordered vacancies (Cr₇S₈, Fe₇S₈). ==&#160;8.3 Tetrahedral structures== [[File:CaF2 polyhedra.png|250px|thumb|left|The fluorite (CaF₂) crystal structure showing the coordination environments of the Ca and F atoms]]In ccp and hcp lattices, there are two tetrahedral holes per packing atom. A stoichiometry of either M₂X or MX₂ gives a structure that fills all tetrahedral sites, while an MX structure fills only half of the sites. An example of an MX₂ structure is '''fluorite''', CaF₂, whose structure is shown in the figure at the left. The packing atom in fluorite is Ca²⁺ and the structure is composed of three interpenetrating fcc lattices. It should be noted that the Ca²⁺ ion (gray spheres) as a packing atom defies our "rule" that anions are larger than cations and therefore must be the packing atoms. The fluorite structure is common for ionic MX₂ (MgF₂, ZrO₂, etc.) and M₂X compounds (Li₂O). In contrast, the hcp relative of the fluorite structure is quite rare because of unfavorable close contacts between like-charged ions. <br /> In terms of geometry, Ca²⁺ is in cubic coordination with eight F^- neighbors, and the fluoride ions are tetrahedrally coordinated by four Ca²⁺ ions. The 8:4 coordination geometry is consistent with the 1:2 Ca:F stoichiometry; in all crystal structures the ratio of the coordination numbers is the inverse of the stoichiometric ratio. The three interpenetrating fcc lattices have Ca at 0,0,0 , 1/2,1/2,0 , etc....F at 1/4,1/4,1/4 , 3/4,3/4,1/4 , etc... and F at 3/4,3/4,3/4 , 1/4,1/4/3/4 , etc. Looking more closely at the tetrahedral sites in fluorite, we see that they fall into two distinct groups: T₊ and T_-. If a tetrahedron is oriented with a vertex pointing upwards along the stacking axis, the site is T₊. Likewise, a tetrahedron with a vertex oriented downward is T_-. The alternation of T₊ and T_- sites allows for efficient packing of ions in the structure. The layer stacking sequence in this structure (including fluoride ions in the T₊ and T_- sites) is:[[file:polyhedral-fluorite.png|right|200px|thumb|Polyhedral view of the fluorite crystal structure, showing T₊ and T_- Ca₄F tetrahedra. The Ca²⁺ ions are stacked ABCABC... along the body diagonal of the unit cell, which is the vertical direction in this image.]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - -a- - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -c- - - T₊ * - - -b- - - T_- * ------------ C<br /> * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - -c- - - T_- * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - -a- - - T_- Tetrahedrally bonded compounds with a 1:1 stoichiometry (MX compounds) have only '''half''' of the tetrahedral sites (either the T₊ or T_- sites) filled. In this case, both the M and the X atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated. The '''zincblende''' and '''wurtzite''' structures are 1:1 tetrahedral structures based on fcc and hcp lattices, respectively. Both structures are favored by p-block compounds that follow the octet rule, and these compounds are usually semiconductors or insulators. The zincblende structure, shown below, can be thought of as two interpenetrating fcc lattices, one of anions and one of cations, offset from each other by a translation of 1/4 along the body diagonal of the unit cell. Examples of compounds with the zincblende structure include CuCl, CuI, ZnSe, HgS, BeS, CdTe, AlP, GaP, SnSb, CSi, and diamond. Additionally, the compound CuInSe₂ is zincblende in an ordered, doubled unit cell (the chalcopyrite structure). The solid solution compounds CuIn_1-xGa_xSe₂ with this structure are among the most widely studied materials for use in efficient thin film photovoltaic cells. Using ZnS as a representative of zincblende, the coordination of both Zn and S atoms is tetrahedral. The layer sequence, which is AbBcCaAbBcC..., results in six-membered ZnS rings that have the same geometry as the "chair" version of cyclohexane. The chair conformation allows for a relatively long distance between opposite atoms in the ring and, as a result, it is more sterically favorable than the boat form. The sequence of close-packed layers in zincblende, filling only the T₊ sites and leaving the T_- sites empty, is shown below:[[File:Boron-phosphide-unit-cell-1963-CM-3D-balls.png|200px|right|thumb|The zincblende unit cell]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -c- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ C<br /> * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_-<br /> The wurtzite structure is a close relative of zinc blende, based on filling half the tetrahedral holes in the hcp lattice. Like zincblende, wurtzite contains planes of fused six-membered rings in the chair conformation. Unlike zincblende, however, the rings joining these planes contain six-membered "boat" rings. The boat aligns the anions so that they are directly above the cations in the structure, a less favorable situation sterically but a more favorable one in terms of electrostatics. As a result, the wurtzite structure tends to favor more polar or ionic compounds (e.g., ZnO, NH₄⁺F^-) than the zincblende structure. As with zincblende, both ions are in tetrahedral (4:4) coordination and there are typically eight valence electrons in the MX compound. Examples of compounds with this structure include: BeO, ZnO, MnS, CdSe, MgTe, AlN, and NH₄F. The layered structure of wurtzite is AbBaAbB and the layer sequence with T₊ sites filled is illustrated below:[[File:Wurtzite-boat-chair.png|thumb|right|200 px|The chair and boat conformations of six-membered ZnS rings in the wurtzite structure.]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B <br /> An interesting consequence of the layer stacking in the wurtzite structure is that the crystals are polar. When cleaved along the c-axis (the stacking axis), crystals of ZnO, ZnS, and GaN have one negatively charged face and an opposite positively charged face. An applied electric field interacts with the crystal dipole, resulting in compression or elongation of the lattice along this direction. For this reason crystals of compounds in the wurtzite structure are typically [[w:piezoelectrcity|piezoelectric]]. Some compounds are diamorphic and can have either the zincblende or wurtzite structure. Examples of these compounds that have intermediate polarities include CdS and ZnS. SiO₂ exists in polymorphs (crystobalite and tridymite) that resemble zincblende and wurtzite with O atoms midway between each of the Si atoms. The zincblende and wurtzite structures have efficient packing arrangements for tetrahedrally bonded networks and are commonly found in compounds that have tetrahedral bonding. Water, for example, has a tetrahedral hydrogen bonding network and is wurtzite-type. The undistorted wurtzite and zinc blende structures are typically found for AX compounds with eight valence electrons, which follow the octet rule. AX compounds with nine or ten electrons such as GaSe and SbAs crystallize in distorted variants of the wurtzite structure. In GaSe, the extra electrons form lone pairs and this creates layers in the structure, as can be seen in the figure below. To the right of GaSe, the structures of As, Sb, and SbAs show an ever further breakdown of the structure into layers as more valence electrons are added. <br /> <br /> <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:Boron-nitride-(wurtzite)-3D-balls.png|Wurtzite crystal structure File:GaS_crystal_structure.jpg|GaSe crystal structure File:SbAs_lattice.png|Crystal structure of Sb, SbAs, and gray As File:冰晶结构.png|Crystal structure of hexagonal ice </gallery> <br/> Hexagonal ice is the most stable polymorph of ice, which is obtained upon freezing at 1 atmosphere pressure. This polymorph (ice-I) has a hcp wurtzite-type structure. Looking at the structure shown at the right, we see that there are irregular arrangements of the O-H---O bonds. In the structure, hydrogen bonding enforces the tetrahedral coordination of each water molecule, resulting in a relatively open structure that is less dense than liquid water. For this reason, ice floats in water. ==&#160;8.4 Layered structures and intercalation reactions== '''Layered structures''' are characterized by strong (and typically covalent) bonding between atoms in two dimensions and weaker bonding in the third. A broad range of compounds including metal halides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, borides, nitrides, carbides, and allotropes of some pure elements (B, C, P, As) exist in layered forms. Structurally, the simplest of these structures (for example binary metal halides and sulfides) can be described as having some fraction of the octahedral and/or tetrahedral sites filled in the fcc and hcp lattices. For example, the CdCl₂ structure is formed by filling all the octahedral sites in alternate layers of the fcc lattice, and the CdI₂ structure is the relative of this structure in the hcp lattice. [[File:CdCl2 and CdI2.png|400px|left|thumb|Comparison of the CdCl₂ (left) and CdI₂ (right) crystal structures]][[File:Cadmium-iodide-3D-octahedra.png|250px|thumb|Polyhedral drawing of one layer of the CdCl₂ or CdI₂ structure showing edge-sharing MX₆ octahedra.]] In the '''CdCl₂ structure''', the stacking sequence of anion layers is ABCABC... <br /> In the '''CdI₂ structure''', the anion stacking sequence is ABAB..., and all the cations are eclipsed along the stacking axis. <br /> <br /> These are examples of '''6-3 structures''', because the cations are coordinated by an octahedron of six anions, and the anions are coordinated by three cations to make a trigonal pyramid (like NH₃). Another way to describe these structures is to say that the MX₆ octahedra each share six edges in the MX₂ sheets. <br /> <br /> Because these structures place the packing atoms (the anions) in direct van der Waals contact, they are most stable for relatively '''covalent''' compounds. Otherwise, the electrostatic repulsion between contacting anions would destabilize the structure energetically. More ionic MX₂ compounds tend to adopt the fluorite (CaF₂) or rutile (TiO₂) structures, which are not layered. <br /> <br /> Despite the fact that these two structure types are the same at the level of nearest and next-nearest neighbor ions, the CdI₂ structure is much more common than the CdCl₂ structure. '''CdCl₂ structure:''' :MCl₂ (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) :NiBr₂, NiI₂, ZnBr₂, ZnI₂ '''CdI₂ structure:''' :MCl₂ (M = Ti, V) :MBr₂ (M = Mg, Fe, Co, Cd) :MI₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cd, Ge, Pb, Th) :M(OH)₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd) :MS₂ (M = Ti, Zr, Sn, Ta, Pt) :MSe₂ (M = Ti, Zr, Sn, V, Pt) :MTe₂ (M = Ti, Co, Ni, Rh, Pd, Pt) <br /> Physically, layered compounds are '''soft''' and '''slippery''', because the layer planes slide past each other easily. For example, graphite, MoS₂, and talc (a silicate) are layered compounds that are used widely as '''lubricants''' and lubricant additives. <br /><br /> An important reaction of layered compounds is '''intercalation'''. In intercalation reactions, guest molecules and ions enter the galleries that separate the sheets, usually with expansion of the lattice along the stacking axis. This reaction is typically reversible if it does not perturb the bonding within the sheets. Often the '''driving force for intercalation is a redox reaction''', i.e., electron transfer between the host and guest. For example, lithium metal reacts with TiS₂, MoS₂, and graphite to produce LiTiS₂, Li_xMoS₂ (x < 1), and LiC₆. In these compounds, lithium is ionized to Li⁺ and the sheets are negatively charged. Oxidizing agents such as Br₂, FeCl₃, and AsF₅ also react with graphite. In the resulting intercalation compounds, the sheets are positively charged and the intercalated species are anionic. <br /><br /> [[file:intercalation schematic.png|left|500px|thumb|Oxidative or reductive intercalation involves the placement of anions or cations between sheets.]] Intercalation reactions are especially important for electrochemical energy storage in '''secondary batteries''', such as [[w:Lithium-ion_batteries|'''lithium ion''' batteries]], [[w:Nickel-metal_hydride_battery|'''nickel-metal hydride''' batteries]], and [[w:Nickel-cadmium_battery|'''nickel-cadmium''' batteries]]. The reversible nature of the intercalation reaction allows the electrodes to be charged and discharged up to several thousand times without losing their mechanical integrity. In lithium ion batteries, the negative electrode material is typically graphite, which is intercalated by lithium to make LiC₆. Several different oxides and phosphates containing redox active transition metal ions (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) are used as the positive electrode materials. <br /> <br /> [[File:Inorganic-chemistry-lab-Oxford-plaque.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[w:Blue plaque|Blue plaque]] erected by the [[w:Royal Society of Chemistry|Royal Society of Chemistry]] commemorating the development of cathode materials for the lithium-ion battery]] Lithium ion batteries based on CoO₂ were first described in 1980<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Materials Research Bulletin | volume = 15 | pages = 783–789 | year = 1980 | title = Li_xCoO₂ (0<x<l): A New Cathode Material for Batteries of High Energy Density | author = K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman, J.B. Goodenough | doi=10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4}} </ref> by [[w:John B. Goodenough|John B. Goodenough]]'s research group, then at Oxford Univsrsity. In batteries based on CoO₂, which has the CdI₂ structure, the positive electrode half-reaction is: :<math>{LiCoO_2}\leftrightarrows\mathrm{Li}_{1-x}\mathrm{CoO_2}+x\mathrm{Li^+}+x\mathrm{e^-}</math> The negative electrode half reaction is: :<math>x\mathrm{Li^+} + x\mathrm{e^-} + x\mathrm{C_6} \leftrightarrows\ x\mathrm{LiC_6}</math> <br /> The battery is fully charged when the positive electrode is in the CoO₂ form and the negative electrode is in the LiC₆ form. Discharge involves the motion of Li⁺ ions through the electrolyte, forming Li_xCoO₂ and graphite at the two electrodes. <br /> [[File:Lithium-cobalt-oxide-3D-balls.png|left|250px|thumb|Crystal structure of LiCoO₂<ref>{{ cite journal | journal = [[w:Nature Materials|Nature Materials]] | volume = 2 |date=July 2003 | issue = 7 |pages = 464–467 | doi = 10.1038/nmat922 | title = Atomic resolution of lithium ions in LiCoO₂ | author = Yang Shao-Horn, Laurence Croguennec, Claude Delmas, E. Chris Nelson and Michael A. O'Keefe | pmid = 12806387 }}</ref> ]][[File:Schematic of a Li-ion battery.jpg|200px]] <br /> <br />[[File:M. Stanley Whittingham01Whittingham-99990-portrait-mini-2x.jpg|thumb|130px|right|Prof. M. Stanley Whittingham, who demonstrated the principle of the lithium ion battery in research at Exxon in the mid-1970's.<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Science | volume = 192 | pages = 1126-1127 | year = 1976 | title = Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry | author = M.S. Whittingham | doi=10.1126/science.192.4244.1126}} </ref>]] The lithium ion battery is a "rocking chair" battery, so named because charging and discharging involve moving Li⁺ ions from one side to the other. While the first lithium ion batteries contained layered metal sulfides such as TiS₂, metal oxides gave higher operating voltages and more stable batteries. CoO₂ is one example of a positive electrode material that has been used in lithium ion batteries. It has a high energy density, but batteries based on CoO₂ have poor thermal stability. Safer materials include lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), and LiMO₂ (M = a mixture of Co, Mn, and Ni). The negative electrode material, LiC₆, has a potential close to lithium metal in the electrochemical series. Lithium metal electrodes provide substantially higher energy density than LiC₆, but lithium metal batteries are not yet in commercial use because of safety and cycle life issues.<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Nature Materials | volume = 18 | pages = 384-389 | year = 2019 | title = Polymer–inorganic solid–electrolyte interphase for stable lithium metal batteries under lean electrolyte conditions | author = . Gao, Z. Yan, J. L. Gray, X. He, T. Chen, Q. Huang, Y. C. Li, H. Wang, S. H. Kim, T. E. Mallouk, and D. Wang | doi=10.1038/s41563-019-0305-8}} </ref> Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are used very widely in laptop computers, portable electronics, cellular telephones, cordless tools, and electric and hybrid vehicles. [[w:John_B._Goodenough|John Goodenough]] (University of Texas) shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with [[w:M._Stanley_Whittingham|M. Stanley Whittingham]] (Binghamton University) and [[w:Akira_Yoshino|Akira Yoshino]] (Asahi Kasei) for their foundational research on lithium ion batteries. A similar intercalation reaction occurs in nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, except in this case the reaction involves the movement of protons in and out of the Ni(OH)₂ lattice, which has the CdI₂ structure: :<math>\mathrm{NiO(OH) + H_2O + e^- \rightarrow Ni(OH)_2 + OH^-}</math> There are many layered compounds that cannot be intercalated by redox reactions, typically because some other stable product is formed. For example, the reaction of layered CdI₂ with Li produces LiI (NaCl structure) and Cd metal. ==&#160;8.5 Bonding in TiS₂, MoS₂, and pyrite structures== Many layered dichalcogenides, such as TiS₂ and ZrS₂, have the CdI₂ structure. In these compounds, as we have noted above, the metal ions are octahedrally coordinated by S. Interestingly, the structures of MoS₂ and WS₂, while they are also layered, are different. In these cases, the metal is surrounded by a '''trigonal prism''' of sulfur atoms. NbS₂, TaS₂, MoSe₂, MoTe₂, and WSe₂ also have the trigonal prismatic molybdenite structure, which is shown below alongside a platy crystal of MoS₂. [[File:Molybdenite.GIF|350px|left]][[File:MoS2chips.jpg|250px]] <br /> The coordination of the metal ions by a trigonal prism of chalcogenide ions is '''sterically unfavorable''' relative to octahedral coordination. There are close contacts between the chalcogenide ions, which are eclipsed in the stacking sequence '''AbA/BaB/AbA/BaB'''... (where "/" indicates the van der Waals gap between layers). What stabilizes this structure? The molybdenite structure occurs most commonly in MX₂ compounds with a '''d¹ or d² electron count'''. The figure below compares the splitting of d-orbital energies in the octahedral and trigonal prismatic coordination environments: [[File:TiS2-MoS2.png|450px|left|thumb|d-orbital splittings and energy bands in TiS₂ and MoS₂. MoS₂ is a semiconductor with a 1.3 eV gap between its filled and empty bands.]] The trigonal prismatic structure is stabilized in MoS₂ by filling the lowest energy band, the d_z2. The d_z2 orbital, which points vertically through the triangular top and bottom faces of the trigonal prism, has the least interaction with the sulfide ligands and therefore the lowest energy. The d_xz and d_yz orbitals, which point at the ligands, have the highest energy. The d_z2 orbital is lower in energy in this structure than the t_2g orbitals are in the octahedral structure of TiS₂. <br /> <br /> PtS₂, like TiS₂, adopts the octahedral CdI₂ structure. In this case, because Pt⁴⁺ has six d-electrons, the t_2g orbitals are filled. There is a large crystal field stabilization energy (which stabilizes the high oxidation state of Pt) because S^2- is a strong field ligand. Like MoS₂, PtS₂ is semiconducting because there is an energy gap between the filled t_2g and empty e_g bands. <br /> <br /> Because it has an unfilled t_2g band, TiS₂ is relatively easy to reduce by intercalation with Li. For this reason, LiTiS₂ was one of the first intercalation compounds studied by [[w:M. Stanley Whittingham|Stanley Whittingham]], who developed the concept of the non-aqueous lithium ion battery in the early 1970's.<ref>M. Stanley Whittingham "Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials" Chem. Rev., 2004, vol. 104, pp. 4271–4302. DOI: 10.1021/cr020731c</ref> Because it has a filled d_z2 band, MoS₂ is harder to reduce, but it can be intercalated by reaction with the powerful reducing agent n-butyllithium to make Li_xMoS₂ (x < 1). Atoms in the van der Waals planes of these compounds are relatively unreactive, which gives MoS₂ its good oxidative stability and enables its application as a high temperature lubricant. Atoms at the edges of the crystals are however more reactive and in fact are catalytic. High surface area MoS₂, which has a high density of exposed edge planes, is used as a hydrodesulfurization catalyst and is also of increasing interest as an electrocatalyst for the reduction of water to hydrogen. [[file:pyrite crystal structure.png|right|200px|thumb|The pyrite (FeS₂) crystal structure. The structure is related to NaCl, with Fe²⁺ and S₂^2- ions occupying the cation and anion sites.]]Layered metal dichalcogenides, including MoS₂, WS₂, and SnS₂, can form closed nanostructures that take the shape of multiwalled onions and multiwalled tubes. These materials were discovered by the group of [[w:Reshef Tenne|Reshef Tenne]] in 1992, shortly after the discovery of carbon nanotubes. Since then nanotubes have been synthesized from many other materials, including vanadium and manganese oxides. Although early (TiS₂) and late (PtS₂) transition metal disulfides have layered structures, a number of MS₂ compounds in the middle of the transition series, such as MnS₂, FeS₂ and RuS₂, have three-dimensionally bonded structures. For example, FeS₂ has the '''pyrite structure''', which is related to the NaCl structure. The reason is that FeS₂ is not Fe⁴⁺(S^2-)₂, but is actually Fe²⁺(S₂^2-), where S₂^2- is the disulfide anion (which contains a single bond like the peroxide anion O₂^2-). S^2- is too strong a reducing agent to exist in the same compound with Fe⁴⁺, which is a strong oxidizing agent. Because FeS₂ is actually Fe²⁺(S₂^2-), it is a 1:1 compound and adopts a 1:1 structure. <br /> <br /> ==&#160;8.6 Spinel, perovskite, and rutile structures== There are three more structures, which are derived from close-packed lattices, that are particularly important because of the material properties of their compounds. These are the '''spinel''' structure, on which ferrites and other magnetic oxides are based, the '''perovskite''' structure, which is adopted by ferroelectric and superconducting oxides, and the '''rutile''' structure, which is a common binary 6:3 structure adopted by oxides and fluorides. <br /><br /> [[file:Spinel.GIF|350px|left]][[file:AB2O4 spinel.jpg|350px]] The '''spinel structure''' is formulated MM'₂X₄, where M and M' are tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated cations, respectively, and X is an anion (typically O or F). The structure is named after the mineral MgAl₂O₄, and oxide spinels have the general formula AB₂O₄. In the '''normal spinel''' structure, there is a close-packed array of anions. The A-site cations fill 1/8 of the tetrahedral holes and the B-site cations fill 1/2 of the octahedral holes. A polyhedral view of the normal spinel unit cell is shown at the left, and a simplified view (with the contents of the back half of the cell removed for clarity) is shown above. Each unit cell contains eight formula units and has a composition A₈B₁₆O₃₂. '''Inverse spinels''' have a closely related structure (with the same large unit cell) in which the A-site ions and half of the B-site ions switch places. Inverse spinels are thus formulated B(AB)O₄, where the AB ions in parentheses occupy octahedral sites, and the other B ions are on tetrahedral sites. There are also mixed spinels, which are intermediate between the '''normal''' and '''inverse''' spinel structure. Some spinel and inverse spinel AB combinations are: :A²⁺B³⁺, e.g., MgAl₂O₄ (normal spinel) :A⁴⁺B²⁺, e.g., Pb₃O₄ = Pb^II(Pb^IIPb^IV)O₄ (inverse spinel) :A⁶⁺B⁺, e.g., Na₂WO₄ (normal spinel) Many magnetic oxides, such as Fe₃O₄ and CoFe₂O₄, are spinels. '''Normal vs. inverse spinel structure.''' For transition metal oxide spinels, the choice of the normal vs. inverse spinel structure is driven primarily by the '''crystal field stabilization energy''' (CFSE) of ions in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. For spinels that contain 3d elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, the electron configuration is typically '''high spin''' because O^2- is a '''weak field ligand'''. As an example, we can consider magnetite, Fe₃O₄. This compound contains one Fe²⁺ and two Fe³⁺ ions per formula unit, so we could formulate it as a normal spinel, Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺)₂O₄, or as an inverse spinel, Fe³⁺(Fe²⁺Fe³⁺)O₄. Which one would have the lowest energy? [[file:d6cfse.png|left|300px|thumb|d-orbital energy diagram for Fe²⁺]] <br /> <br /> First we consider the crystal field energy of the '''Fe²⁺''' ion, which is d⁶. Comparing the tetrahedral and high spin octahedral diagrams, we find that the CFSE in an '''octahedral''' field of O^2- ions is [(4)(2/5) - (2)(3/5)]Δ_o - P = '''0.4 Δ_o - P'''. In the '''tetrahedral''' field, the CFSE is [(3)(3/5) - (3)(2/5)]Δ_t - P = '''0.6 Δ_t - P'''. Since Δ_o is about 2.25 times larger than Δ_t, the octahedral arrangement has a larger CFSE and is preferred for Fe²⁺. [[file:d5cfse.png|left|300px|thumb|d-orbital energy diagram for Fe³⁺]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> In contrast, it is easy to show that '''Fe³⁺''', which is d⁵, would have a CFSE of zero in either the octahedral or tetrahedral geometry. This means that Fe²⁺ has a preference for the octahedral site, but Fe³⁺ has no preference. Consequently, we place Fe²⁺ on octahedral sites and '''Fe₃O₄ is an''' '''inverse spinel''', Fe³⁺(Fe²⁺Fe³⁺)O₄. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ferrites''' are compounds of general formula '''M^IIFe₂O₄'''. We can see that magnetite is one example of a ferrite (with M = Fe). Other divalent metals (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) also form ferrites. Ferrites can be normal or inverse spinels, or mixed spinels, depending on the CFSE of the M^II ion. Based on their CFSE, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, and Ni²⁺ all have a strong preference for the octahedral site, so those compounds are all inverse spinels. ZnFe₂O₄ is a normal spinel because the small Zn²⁺ ion (d¹⁰) fits more easily into the tetrahedral site than Fe³⁺ (d⁵), and both ions have zero CFSE. MgFe₂O₄ and MnFe₂O₄, in which all ions have zero CFSE and no site preference, are mixed spinels. '''Chromite''' spinels, '''M^IICr₂O₄''', are always '''normal spinels''' because the d³ Cr³⁺ ion has a strong preference for the octahedral site. '''Examples of normal and inverse spinel structures:''' :'''MgAl₂O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since both Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ are non-transition metal ions and thus CFSE = 0. The more highly charged Al³⁺ ion prefers the octahedral site, where it is surrounded by six negatively charged oxygen atoms. :'''Mn₃O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since the Mn²⁺ ion is a high spin d⁵ system with zero CFSE. The two Mn³⁺ ions are high spin d⁴ with higher CFSE on the octahedral sites (3/5 Δ_O) than on the tetrahedral site (2/5 Δ_t ~ 1/5 Δ_O). :'''Fe₃O₄''' is an '''inverse spinel''' since the Fe³⁺ ion is a high spin d⁵ system with zero CFSE. Fe²⁺ is a high spin d⁶ system with more CFSE on an octahedral site than on a tetrahedral one. :'''NiFe₂O₄''' is again an '''inverse spinel''' since Ni²⁺ (a d⁸ ion) prefers the octahedral site and the CFSE of Fe³⁺ (a d⁵ ion) is zero. :'''FeCr₂O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since Fe²⁺ is high spin d⁶ ion with CFSE = [4(2/5)-2(3/5)] Δ_O = 2/5Δ_O on an octahedral site, and Cr³⁺ is a d³ ion with CFSE = 3(2/5) Δ_O = 6/5 Δ_O. Hence it is more energetically favorable for Cr³⁺ to occupy both of the octahedral sites. :'''Co₃O₄''' is a '''normal spinel'''. Even in the presence of weak field oxo ligands, Co³⁺ is a low spin d⁶ ion with very high CFSE on the octahedral sites, because of the high charge and small size of the Co³⁺ ion. Hence the Co³⁺ ions occupy both octahedral sites, and Co²⁺ occupies the tetrahedral site. [[File:MnO-superaustausch.GIF|thumb|Illustration of antiferromagnetic superexchange between two transition metal cations through a shared oxygen atom.]] '''Magnetism of ferrite spinels'''. Ferrite spinels are of technological interest because of their magnetic ordering, which can be ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic depending on the structure (normal or inverse) and the nature of the metal ions. Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄, and NiFe₂O₄ are all inverse spinels and are ferrimagnets. The latter two compounds are used in magnetic recording media and as deflection magnets, respectively. In order to understand the magnetism of ferrites, we need to think about how the unpaired spins of metal ions are coupled in oxides. If an oxide ion is shared by two metal ions, it can mediate the coupling of spins by [[w:superexchange|superexchange]] as shown at the right. The coupling can be antiferromagnetic, as shown, or ferromagnetic, depending on the orbital filling and the symmetry of the orbitals involved. The '''Goodenough-Kanamori rules''' predict the local magnetic ordering (ferromagnetic vs. antiferromagnetic) that results from superexchange coupling of the electron spins of transition metal ions. For ferrites, the strongest coupling is between ions on neighboring '''tetrahedral and octahedral sites''', and the ordering of spins between these two sites is reliably '''antiferromagnetic'''. [[file:Fe3O4ferrimagnetism.png|left|300px]] <br /> Because all the tetrahedral and octahedral sites in a spinel or inverse spinel crystal are coupled together identically, it works out that ions on the tetrahedral sites will all have one orientation (e.g., spin down) and ions on all the octahedral sites will have the opposite orientation (e.g., spin up). If the number of spins on the two sites is the same, then the solid will be antiferromagnetic. However, if the '''number of spins is unequal''' (as in the case of Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄, and NiFe₂O₄) then the solid will be '''ferrimagnetic'''. This is illustrated at the left for Fe₃O₄. The spins on the Fe³⁺ sites cancel, because half of them are up and half are down. However, the four unpaired electrons on the Fe²⁺ ions are all aligned the same way in the crystal, so the compound is ferrimagnetic. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[file:perovskite.jpg|left|250px|thumb|ABX₃ perovskite structure. A, B, and X are white, blue, and red, respectively.]] '''Perovskites''' are '''ternary oxides''' of general formula '''ABO₃'''. More generally, the perovskite formula is ABX₃, where the anion X can be '''O, N, or halogen'''. The A ions are typically large ions such as Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Rb⁺, or a lanthanide 3+ ion, and the B ions are smaller transition metal ions such as Ti⁴⁺, Nb⁵⁺, Ru⁴⁺, etc. The mineral after which the structure is named has the formula CaTiO₃. The perovskite structure has simple cubic symmetry, but is related to the fcc lattice in the sense that the A site cations and the six O atoms comprise a fcc lattice. The B-site cations fill 1/4 of the octahedral holes and are surrounded by six oxide anions. [[File:ReO3.png|350px|right|thumb|Polyhedral representation of the ReO₃ structure showing the large cuboctahedral cavity that is surrounded by 12 oxygen atoms]] The coordination of the A ions in perovskite and the arrangement of BO₆ octahedra is best understood by looking at the ReO₃ structure, which is the same structure but with the A-site cations removed. In the polyhedral representation of the structure shown at the right, it can be seen that the octahedra share all their vertices but do not share any octahedral edges. This makes the ReO₃ and perovskite structures flexible, like three-dimensional wine racks, in that the octahedra can '''rotate and tilt cooperatively'''. Eight such octahedra surround a large '''cuboctahedral cavity''', which is the site of the A ions in the perovskite structure. Cations in these sites are coordinated by 12 oxide ions, as expected from the relationship between the perovskite and fcc lattices. <br /> <br /> Because the A-site is empty in the ReO₃ structure, compounds with that structure can be reversibly '''intercalated''' by small ions such as '''Li⁺ or H⁺''', which then occupy sites in the cuboctahedral cavity. For example, smart windows that darken in bright sunlight contain the '''electrochromic''' material WO₃, which has the ReO₃ structure. In the sunlight, a photovoltaic cell drives the reductive intercalation of WO₃ according to the reaction: :<math>x\mathrm{H^+} + x\mathrm{e^-} + {WO_3} \leftrightarrows\ {H}_{x}\mathrm{WO_3}</math> WO₃ is a light yellow compound containing d⁰ W(VI). In contrast, H_xWO₃, which is mixed-valent W(V)-W(VI) = d¹-d⁰, has a deep blue color. Such coloration is typical of mixed-valence transition metal complexes because their d-electrons can be excited to delocalized conduction band levels by red light. Because the electrochemical intercalation-deintercalation process is powered by a solar cell, the tint of the windows can adjust automatically to the level of sunlight. [[File:Perovskite.svg|right|350px|thumb|Tetragonal distortion of the perovskite unit cell in the ferroelectric oxide PZT, PbTi_xZr_1-xO₃]] '''Ferroelectric perovskites.''' The flexibility of the network of corner-sharing BO₆ octahedra is also very important in [[w:ferroelectric|ferroelectric]] oxides that have the perovskite structure. In some perovsites with small B-site cations, such as Ti⁴⁺ and Nb⁵⁺, the cation is too small to fit symmetrically in the BO₆ octahedron. The octahedron distorts, allowing the cation to move off-center. These distortions can be '''tetragonal''' (as in the example shown at the right), '''rhombohedral''', or '''orthorhombic''', depending on whether the cation moves towards a vertex, face, or edge of the BO₆ octahedron. Moving the cation off-center in the octahedron creates an '''electric dipole'''. In ferroelectrics, these dipoles align in neighboring unit cells through cooperative rotation and tilting of octahedra. The crystal thus acquires a net electrical polarization. [[w:ferroelectricity|'''Ferroelectricity''']] behaves analogously to [[w:ferromagnetism|'''ferromagnetism''']], except that the polarization is electrical rather than magnetic. In both cases, there is a '''critical temperature (T_c)''' above which the '''spontaneous polarization''' of the crystal disappears. Below T_c, the electric polarization of a ferroelectric can be switched with a coercive field, and hysteresis loop of polarization vs. field resembles that of a ferromagnet. Above T_c, the crystal is '''paraelectric''' and has a high dielectric permittivity. Ferroelectric and paraelectric oxides (along with piezoelectrics and pyroelectrics) have a wide variety of applications as switches, actuators, transducers, and dielectrics for capacitors. '''Ferroelectric capacitors''' are important in memory devices (FRAM) and in the tuning circuits of cellular telephones. '''Multiferroics''', which are materials that are simultaneously ferroelectric and ferromagnetic, are rare and are being now intensively researched because of their potential applications in electrically adressable magnetic memory. <br><br> [[File:Perovskite solar cell architectures 1.png|350px|thumb|a) Solar cell architecture in which a lead halide perovskite absorber coats a layer of nanocrystalline anatase TiO₂. b) Thin-film solar cell, with a layer of lead halide perovskite sandwiched between two selective contacts. c) Charge generation and extraction in the sensitized architecture and d) in the thin-film architecture.]] '''Halide perovskites''' (ABX₃, X = Cl, Br, I) can be made by combining salts of monovalent A ions (A⁺ = Cs⁺, NH₄⁺, RNH₃⁺) and divalent metal salts such as PbCl₂ or PbI₂. These compounds have sparked recent interest as light absorbers for '''thin film solar cells''' that produce electricity from sunlight. Lead and tin halide perovskites can be grown as thin films from solution precursors or by thermal evaporation at relatively low temperatures. In some lead halide perovskites, the mobility of electrons and holes is very high, comparable to that of more expensive III-V semiconductors such as GaAs, which must be grown as very pure single crystals at high temperatures for use in solar cells. Because of their high carrier mobility, some lead halide perovskites are also electroluminescent and are of interest as inexpensive materials for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). [[File:Cherie Kagan.jpg|140px|left|thumb|The exceptionally high carrier mobility of tin halide perovskites was discovered by Dr. Cherie R. Kagan and coworkers at IBM.]]Tin and lead halide perovskites were first studied in the 1990s as materials for thin film electronics,<ref >{{cite journal|last1=Kagan|first1=Cherie R.|last2=Mitzi|first2=David B.|last3=Dimitrakopoulos|first3=C. D.|title=Organic-inorganic hybrid materials as semiconducting channels in thin-film field-effect transistors|journal=Science|date=1999|volume=286|pages=945-947|doi=10.1126/science.286.5441.945|}}</ref> and more recently as light absorbers in [[w:Dye-sensitized_solar_cell|'''dye-sensitized''']] and [[w:Thin-film_solar_cell|'''thin-film solar cells''']]. Soon after the results on dye-sensitized perovskite cells were reported, it was discovered that halide perovskites could also be used in thin film solid state solar cells. The structures of these solar cells are shown schematically at the right. The highest reported solar power conversion efficiencies of [[w:Perovskite_solar_cell|'''perovskite solar cells''']] have jumped from 3.8% in 2009 <ref >{{cite journal|last1=Kojima|first1=Akihiro|last2=Teshima|first2=Kenjiro|last3=Shirai|first3=Yasuo|last4=Miyasaka|first4=Tsutomu|title=Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=6 May 2009|volume=131|issue=17|pages=6050–6051|doi=10.1021/ja809598r|pmid=19366264}}</ref> to 10.2% in 2012<ref >{{cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=In|last2=Lee|first2=Byunghong|last3=He|first3=Jiaking|last4=Chang|first4=Robert P. H.|last5=Kanatzidis|first5=Mercouri G.|title=All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency|journal=Nature|date=24 May 2012|volume=485|pages=486-489|doi=10.1038/nature11067}}</ref> to 25.5% in 2020 in single-junction architectures,<ref name="NREL_chart">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlr.gov/pv/cell-efficiency|title=NREL efficiency chart}}</ref> and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.15%,<ref name="NREL_chart"/> exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are therefore the fastest-advancing solar technology. With the potential of achieving even higher efficiencies and very low production costs, perovskite solar cells have become commercially attractive. The highest performing cells to date contain divalent lead in the perovskite B cation site and a mixture of methylammonium and formamidinium ions in the perovskite A cation site. Despite their very impressive efficiency, perovskite solar cells are less stable than solar cells made from covalent network solids such as Si or GaAs, and are sensitive to air and moisture. Current research is focused on understanding the degradation mechanisms of these solar cells and improving their stability under operating conditions. <br /><br /> [[File:Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|200px|left]] [[file:polyhedralrutile.png|175px|right|thumb|View down the tetragonal c-axis of the rutile lattice, showing edge-sharing MO₆ octahedra.]] The '''rutile structure''' is an important MX₂ (X = O, F) structure. It is a 6:3 structure, in which the cations are octahedrally coordinated by anions, and as such is intermediate in polarity between the CaF₂ (8:4) and SiO₂ (4:2) structures. The mineral rutile is one of the polymorphs of TiO₂, the others (anatase and brookite) also being 6:3 structures. The rutile structure can be described as a distorted version of the NiAs structure with half the cations removed. Recall that compounds with the NiAs structure were typically metallic because the metal ions are eclipsed along the stacking axis and thus are in relatively close contact. In rutile, the MO₆ '''octahedra share edges''' along the tetragonal c-axis, and so some rutile oxides, such as '''NbO₂, RuO₂ and IrO₂,''' are also '''metallic''' because of '''d-orbital overlap''' along that axis. These compounds are important as electrolyzer catalysts and catalyst supports because they combine high catalytic activity with good electronic conductivity. Rutile TiO₂, because of its high refractive index, is the base pigment for white paint. It is a wide bandgap semiconductor that has also been extensively researched as an electrode for water splitting solar cells and as a photocatalyst (primarily as the [[w:anatase|anatase]] polymorph) for degradation of pollutants in air and water. [[w:Self-cleaning_glass|Self-cleaning glass]] exploits the photocatalytic properties of a thin film of TiO₂ to remove oily substances from the glass surface and improve the wetting properties of the glass. <br /> <br /> ==&#160;8.7 Discussion questions== *Using the Liverpool 3D visualization website (http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm) determine the anion and cation coordination geometries in cadmium chloride and anatase. Describe the arrangement of octahedra (in terms of whether they share edges, faces, etc.) in these structures. *Count the number of atoms in the Li₃Bi and ReO₃ unit cells, and determine the coordination environments of each of the ions. *Silicon, germanium, and many other semiconductors adopt the diamond (or zincblende) structure. Assuming that all the atoms are the same size, calculate the volume fraction of the unit cell that is occupied by the atoms. How does the filling fraction of diamond compare to simple cubic and close-packed structures, and what does this tell us about the relationship between coordination number and density? *Describe the structural basis of ferroelectricity in barium titanate. ==&#160; 8.8 Problems== 1. For each of the following close packed layer sequences, indicate the name of the structure (structure type), the coordination environment of the cations (represented by lower case letters), and the coordination environment of the anions (upper case letters). Give two additional examples (apart from the structure type itself) of compounds with the same structure. (a) AbBaAbBaAbB......<br /> (b) AaBbCcAaBbCc..... <br /> (c) AcBaCbAcBaCb.....<br /> (d) AcB | AcB | AcB |.... ("|" = van der Waals gap) 2. Below are sections of the lithium oxide unit cell. [[File:Li2O unit cell.jpg|left|400px|]] (a) Describe how to obtain (and do obtain) the empirical formula. (b) What is the coordination number and geometry for each type of ion? (c) Which atom is close-packed? (d) What type and fraction of holes are filled by the other ion? <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3. The hexagonal unit cell of a metal nitride is shown below in sections. [[File:Li3N.png|left|300px|]] (a) What is the empirical formula of the compound? (b) How many M atoms are coordinated to each N atom? (c) In what group of the periodic table would you expect to find M? <br /> 4. Draw the cubic Li₃Bi unit cell in sections. 5. If half the cesium is removed from the CsCl structure, such that each Cl atom is then tetrahedrally coordinated, what structure type is generated? 6. The crystal structure of a certain ternary oxide is shown below. [[File:BaTiO3unitcell.jpg|left|300px|]] (a) What is the empirical formula, and how many formula units are in the unit cell? (b) Which atoms (if any) are close packed? (c) How many oxide ions coordinate each of the different cations in the structure? (d) Are the coordination numbers in part (c) different? If so, why? <br /> <br /> <br /> 7. The structures of the disulfides (MS₂) show an apparently unusual trend, proceeding from left to right across the transition series. On the left side (TiS₂, ZrS₂, MoS₂, etc.), one finds layered structures, whereas in the middle (ReS₂, FeS₂, RuS₂) there are three-dimensional pyrite- and marcasite-type structures. On the right (PtS₂, SnS₂), there are again layered structures. Briefly explain these trends. 8. Explain why layered compounds are typically covalent and rarely ionic. 9. Draw the zincblende structure in sections. 10. The zincblende structure is rarely found with very polar or ionic compounds. However, some polar and ionic compounds (BeO, NH₄F, etc.) have the wurtzite structure. (a) Describe the similarities and the differences between the zincblende and wurtzite structures (in terms of coordination numbers, stacking sequence of cations and anions, etc.) (b) Why is wurtzite more ionic than zincblende? 11. A recent article by R. Cava and co-workers (''Nature Materials'' 2010, ''9,'' 546-9) describes the unusual electronic properties of a Y-Pt-Bi alloy, the structure of which is shown in sections below: <br /><br /> [[file:YPtBi.png|350px|left]]<br /> (a) What is the stoichiometry of the compound?<br /> (b) How many Y and how many Pt atoms coordinate each Bi atom? <br /><br /> 12. The fluorite structure, CaF₂, which is generated by filling all the tetrahedral holes in a FCC array, is a common MX₂ structure type. (a) What is the coordination environment of F in a hypothetical relative of CaF₂, in which Ca forms a hcp array and F occupies all the tetrahedral sites? (b) Suggest a reason why the structure described in (a) is very rare.[[File:cuprite half cell.jpg|thumb|500px|]] 13. The cuprite (Cu₂O) structure is related to zincblende (or diamond) in that oxygen occupies both the Zn and S positions, with copper in between. This is shown schematically at the right. Actually, in cuprite there are ''two'' such interpenetrating networks with no bonds between them. Draw the second network in the empty cell. If you put the two halves together and take out the copper, what cubic packing lattice do you get? Is it a closest packing lattice? (''Hint #1:'' start with an O atom at 1/2,1/2,1/2) (''Hint #2:'' try this in pencil first) 14. Draw the rutile structure in sections of the unit cell, and verify that the stoichiometry is MX₂. What are the coordination numbers of Ti and O? 15. Stishovite is a high pressure form of SiO₂ found in meteorite craters. While normal SiO₂ has the quartz structure, in which each Si is coordinated by four O atoms, stishovite has the rutile structure. Would you expect the Si-O bond to be longer in stishovite, or in quartz? What is the bond order in each polymorph? 16. Na and Cl combine in a 1:1 ratio to make the ionic NaCl lattice. Interestingly, recent theoretical predictions (confirmed by high pressure synthesis and crystallography) have identified several other stoichiometries that form stable crystals at high pressure. These include Na₃Cl, Na₂Cl, Na₃Cl₂, NaCl₃, and several others.<ref>W. Zhang et al. (2013), "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides." ''Science'', vol. 342, no. 6165, pp. 1502-1505. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1244989 doi: 10.1126/science.1244989]</ref> The structure of one of these new sodium chlorides is shown below in sections. [[file:highPNa3Cl.jpg|300px|left]] :a) What is the stoichiometry of this compound? :b) What are the coordination numbers of Na and Cl, and how do they compare to the coordination numbers in NaCl and Na metal? :c) Based on your answer to (b), explain why high pressure should stabilize this phase. 17. One of the new compounds discovered in the study described in problem 16 is NaCl₃. There are two polymorphs of this compound, one of which contains linear Cl₃^- ions. Accurate molecular orbital calculations indicate that the charge on the central Cl atom in these linear anions is close to zero. Draw the MO diagram and the valence bond pictures for the Cl₃^- ion that are consistent with these observations. Would you expect the Cl-Cl bond to be longer or shorter than the bond in Cl₂? 18. Some MX salts can exist in either the CsCl or NaCl structure. Use the Pauling formula to predict the M-X bond length in the CsCl structure of a compound that has a bond length of 3.5 Å in the NaCl structure. Would applying a high pressure stabilize the CsCl form, or the NaCl form of this compound? (''hint:'' calculate the volume per formula unit) 19. Mn₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄ are both mixed-valence oxides. In both cases, there is one M²⁺ ion and two M³⁺ ions per formula unit (M = Fe, Mn). :(a) One of these is a normal spinel and one is an inverse spinel. Explain which is which, and why. (hint: think about CFSE's)<br /> :(b) For Mn₃O₄, what kind of magnetic ordering (ferri-, ferro-, or antiferromagnetic) would you expect, and why? You can assume that neighboring tetrahedral and octahedral ions in the structure are antiferromagnetically coupled. <br /> :(c) Sketch the approximate form of the χ vs. T and 1/χ vs. T curves for Mn₃O₄. Label any special values of temperature on your graphs. 20. Predict whether each of the following should form a normal or inverse spinel: MgV₂O₄, VMg₂O₄, NiGa₂O₄, ZnCr₂S₄, NiFe₂O₄. Would kind of magnetic ordering (ferro-, ferri-, or antiferromagnetic) would you predict for NiFe₂O₄? 21. For each pair, which structure is preferred by LESS polar compounds? A. NaCl        CsCl B. Zincblende        Wurtzite C. CdI₂        CdCl₂ D. NaCl        NiAs E. Fluorite        Quartz (SiO₂) 22. For the following inorganic crystal structures, describe the arrangement of packing ions and interstitial ions, give the layer stacking sequence (such as AaBbCcA...), and draw the unit cell in sections. A. Zincblende B. Wurtzite ==&#160;8.9 References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{BookCat}} 4pf9ra19r38ga6hb6iuj929e3ehnuqk 4634783 4634781 2026-05-08T15:09:41Z Tem5psu 1013978 /* &#160;8.6 Spinel, perovskite, and rutile structures */ 4634783 wikitext text/x-wiki == <big>'''Chapter 8: Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures'''</big>== [[File:Pyrite_60608.jpg|right|150px|thumb|The morphology of twinned crystals of iron pyrite (FeS₂) is related to the underlying cubic symmetry of the unit cell. Like NaCl, the pyrite crystal structure can be thought of as a face-centered cubic array of anions (S₂^2-) with cations (Fe²⁺) occupying all the octahedral holes.]]As we noted in our discussion of metal and alloy structures in Chapter 6, there is an intimate connection between the structures and the physical properties of materials. As we "graduate" from simple metal structures based on sphere packings to more complex structures, we find that this is still true. In this chapter we will try to systematize the structures of inorganic solids - metal oxides, halides, sulfides, and related compounds - and develop some rules for which structures to expect based on electronegativity differences, hard-soft acid-base rules, and other periodic trends. We will see that many of these structures are related to the sphere packings that we learned about in Chapter 6. '''Learning goals for Chapter 8:''' *Describe many crystal structures in terms of close-packed frameworks with systematic filling of octahedral and tetrahedral holes. *Represent crystal structures by drawing them in sections. *Rationalize, using chemical principles, why certain crystal structures are stable for certain compounds but not for others, as well as why certain structural and bonding motifs are preferred for certain compounds relative to others. *Predict which crystal structures are most favorable for a given composition based on ionicity and periodic trends. *Explain structure-dependent properties such as ferroelectricity and magnetic ordering based on crystal structures. *Understand intercalation reactions in layered and open framework solids. *Predict the preferred formation of normal or inverse spinels using arguments from transition metal chemistry (e.g. crystal field stabilization energies). Inorganic solids often have simple crystal structures, and some of these structures are adopted by large families of ionic or covalent compounds. Examples of the most common structures include NaCl, CsCl, NiAs, zincblende, wurtzite, fluorite, perovskite, rutile, and spinel. We will develop these structures systematically from the close packed and non-close packed lattices shown below. Some layered structures, such as CdCl₂ and CdI₂, can be thought of as relatives of simple ionic lattices with some atoms "missing." <br /> <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Face-centered cubic.svg|Face-centered cubic (fcc) or cubic close-packed (ccp) File:Hexagonal close packed.svg|Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) File:Cubic-body-centered.png|Body-centered cubic File:Simple cubic crystal lattice.svg|Simple cubic </gallery> ==&#160; 8.1 Close-packing and interstitial sites== [[File:Sites interstitiels cubique a faces centrees.svg|left|180px|thumb|One octahedral and one tetrahedral site in a face-centered cubic unit cell. Each cell contains four packing atoms (gray), four octahedral sites (pink), and eight tetrahedral sites (blue).]]Many common inorganic crystals have structures that are related to cubic close packed (face-centered cubic) or hexagonal close packed sphere packings. These packing lattices contain two types of sites or "holes" that the interstitial atoms fill, and the coordination geometry of these sites is either '''tetrahedral''' or '''octahedral'''. An interstitial atom filling a tetrahedral hole is coordinated to four packing atoms, and an atom filling an octahedral hole is coordinated to six packing atoms. In both the hexagonal close packed and cubic close packed lattices, there is one octahedral hole and two tetrahedral holes per packing atom. <br/> <br /> '''Question:''' Would anions or cations be better as packing atoms? <br/> We might expect that anions, which are often larger than cations, would be better suited to the positions of packing atoms. While this is often true, there are many examples of structures in which cations are the packing atoms, and others in which the distinction is arbitrary. The NaCl structure is a good example of the latter. <br /><br /> [[File:NaCl polyhedra.svg|thumb|200px|right|Crystal structure of NaCl. Both the Na⁺ and Cl^- ions are octahedrally coordinated.]] [[File:em_diffraction.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The lattice dimensions and positions of atoms in crystals such as NaCl are inferred from diffraction patterns.]] In the NaCl structure, shown on the right, the green spheres are the Cl^- ions and the gray spheres are the Na⁺ ions. The octahedral holes in a face-centered cubic lattice can be found at fractional coordinates (1/2 1/2 1/2), (1/2 0 0), (0 1/2 0), and (0 0 1/2). There are four of these holes per cell, and they are filled by the chloride ions. The packing atoms (Na⁺) have coordinates (0 0 0), (0 1/2 1/2), (1/2 1/2 0), and (1/2 0 1/2). Note that each of the Na⁺ positions is related to a Cl^- position by a translation of (1/2 0 0). Another way of stating this is that the structure consists of '''two interpenetrating fcc lattices''', which are related to each other by a translation of half the unit cell along any of the three Cartesian axes. We could have equivalently placed the Cl ions at the fcc lattice points and the Na ions in the octahedral holes by simply translating the origin of the unit cell by (1/2 0 0). Thus the distinction between packing and interstitial atoms in this case is arbitrary. <br /> <br /> NaCl is interesting in that it is a three-dimensional checkerboard, and thus there are no NaCl "molecules" that exist in the structure. When this structure was originally solved (in 1913 by using X-ray diffraction) by W. L. Bragg, his interpretation met resistance by chemists who thought that precise integer stoichiometries were a consequence of the valency of atoms in molecules. The German chemist P. Pfeiffer noted in 1915 that ‘the ordinary notion of valency didn’t seem to apply’, and fourteen years later, the influential chemist H. E. Armstrong still found Bragg’s proposed structure of sodium chloride ‘more than repugnant to the common sense, not chemical cricket’! Nevertheless, Bragg and his father, W. H. Bragg, persevered and used the then-new technique of X-ray diffraction to determine the structures of a number of other compounds, including diamond, zincblende, calcium fluoride, and other alkali halides. These experiments gave chemists their first real look at the atomic structure of solids, and laid the groundwork for X-ray diffraction experiments that later elucidated the structures of DNA, proteins, and many other compounds. For their work on X-ray diffraction the Braggs received the Nobel prize in Physics in 1915. Since each type of atom in the NaCl structure forms a face-centered cubic lattice, there are four Na and four Cl atoms per NaCl unit cell. It is because of this ratio that NaCl has a 1:1 stoichiometry. The shaded green and gray bipyramidal structures in the NaCl lattice show that the Na⁺ ions are coordinated to six Cl^- ions, and vice versa. The NaCl structure can be alternatively drawn as a stacking of close-packed layer planes, AcBaCbAcBa... along the body diagonal of the unit cell. Here the uppercase letters represent the packing atoms, and the lower case letters are the interstitial atoms. This layered packing is illustrated below: <br/> NaCl structure[[file:Rocksalt_layers.jpg|330px|right]] * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -a- - - - * ------------ C * - - -b- - - - * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -a- - - - * ------------ C * - - -b- - - - * ------------ A Note that both the packing atoms and interstitials are stacked in the sequence A-B-C-A-B-C..., in keeping with the fact that each forms a cubic close-packed lattice.[[file:ccp_structures.png|right|450px|The packing of the interstitial sites of a fcc unit cell with different elements results in the formation of common inorganic crystal structures. ]] <br/> The NaCl structure is fairly common among ionic compounds: <br/> * Alkali Halides (except CsCl, CsBr, and CsI) * Transition Metal Monoxides (TiO, VO,..., NiO) * Alkali Earth Oxides and Sulfides (MgO, CaO, BaS... except BeO and MgTe) * Carbides and Nitrides (TiC, TiN, ZrC, NbC) -these are very stable refractory, interstitial alloys (metallic)<br/> <br/> A number of other inorganic crystal structures are formed (at least conceptually) by filling octahedral and/or tetrahedral holes in close-packed lattices. The figure at the right shows some of the most common structures (fluorite, halite, zincblende) as well as a rather rare one (Li₃Bi) that derive from the fcc lattice. From the hcp lattice, we can make the NiAs and wurzite structures, which are the hexagonal relatives of NaCl and zincblende, respectively. <br /><br /> [[file:structures-in-sections.png|left|350px]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An alternative and very convenient way to represent inorganic crystal structures (especially complex structures such as Li₃Bi) is to draw the unit cell in slices along one of the unit cell axes. This kind of representation is shown at the left for the fcc lattice and the NaCl structure. Since all atoms in these structures have z-coordinates of either 0 or 1/2, only those sections need to be drawn in order to describe the contents of the unit cell. It is a useful exercise to draw some of the fcc compound structures (above right) in sections. <br /> ==&#160;8.2 Structures related to NaCl and NiAs== [[File:CaCO3_calcite.png|thumbnail|350px|The rhombohedral unit cell of the calcite crystal structure. The hexagonal c-axis is shown.]] There are a number of compounds that have structures similar to that of NaCl, but have a lower symmetry (usually imposed by the geometry of the anion) than NaCl itself. These compounds include: * FeS₂ (pyrite, "fools gold"): S₂^2- (disulfide) and Fe²⁺ *CaC₂ (a salt-like carbide): Ca²⁺ and linear C₂^2- anions * CaCO₃ (calcite, limestone, marble): Ca²⁺ and triangular CO₃^2-. <br/> <br/> [[File:Calcite.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Calcite crystals are birefringent, meaning that their refractive indices are different along the two principal crystal directions. This gives rise to the phenomenon of double refraction.]]The '''calcite''' (CaCO₃) crystal structure is shown at the right. Triangular CO₃^2- ions fill octahedral holes between the Ca²⁺ ions (black spheres) in a distorted NaCl lattice. As in NaCl, each ion is coordinated by six of the other kind. From this image we can see why the CaCO₃ structure has a lower symmetry than that of NaCl. The fourfold rotation symmetry of the NaCl unit cell is lost when the spherical Cl^- ions are replaced by triangular CO₃^2- ions. Because of this symmetry lowering, transparent crystals of calcite are birefringent, as illustrated at the left. <br/> <br /> '''NiAs structure.''' The NaCl structure can be described a face-centered cubic lattice with all of the octahedral holes filled. What if we start with a hexagonal-close packed lattice rather than a face-centered cubic lattice?<br/> [[File:Strukturformel Nickelarsenid.png|right|220px|thumbnail|Nickel arsenide crystal structure. The Ni₆As trigonal prisms are shaded gray. One octahedron of six As atoms surrounding a Ni atom is shown in the center of the figure.]]This is the structure adopted by '''NiAs''' and many other transition metal sulfides, phosphides, and arsenides. The cations are shown in gray while the anions are light blue in the figure at the right. The cations are in octahedral coordination, so each cation is coordinated to six anions. The anions are also coordinated to six cations, but they occupy trigonal prismatic sites. In terms of layer stacking, the NiAs structure is AcBcAcBc..., where the A and B sites (the hcp lattice) are occupied by the As atoms, and the c sites, which are eclipsed along the layer stacking axis, are occupied by Ni. Unlike the NaCl structure, where the anion and cation sites are interchangeable, NiAs has unique anion and cation sites. The layer stacking sequence for NiAs is shown below: * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -c- - - - * ------------ A * - - -c- - - - * ------------ B * - - -c- - - - The NiAs structure cannot be adopted by ionic compounds because of the eclipsing cations, because the cation-cation repulsions would be internally destabilizing for an ionic compound. This structure is mainly adopted by covalent and polar covalent MX compounds, typically with "soft" X anions (S, Se, P, As,....) and low-valent transition metal cations. For example, some compounds with the NiAs structure are: MS, MSe, MTe (M=Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni). Often these are nonstoichiometric or complex stoichiometries with ordered vacancies (Cr₇S₈, Fe₇S₈). ==&#160;8.3 Tetrahedral structures== [[File:CaF2 polyhedra.png|250px|thumb|left|The fluorite (CaF₂) crystal structure showing the coordination environments of the Ca and F atoms]]In ccp and hcp lattices, there are two tetrahedral holes per packing atom. A stoichiometry of either M₂X or MX₂ gives a structure that fills all tetrahedral sites, while an MX structure fills only half of the sites. An example of an MX₂ structure is '''fluorite''', CaF₂, whose structure is shown in the figure at the left. The packing atom in fluorite is Ca²⁺ and the structure is composed of three interpenetrating fcc lattices. It should be noted that the Ca²⁺ ion (gray spheres) as a packing atom defies our "rule" that anions are larger than cations and therefore must be the packing atoms. The fluorite structure is common for ionic MX₂ (MgF₂, ZrO₂, etc.) and M₂X compounds (Li₂O). In contrast, the hcp relative of the fluorite structure is quite rare because of unfavorable close contacts between like-charged ions. <br /> In terms of geometry, Ca²⁺ is in cubic coordination with eight F^- neighbors, and the fluoride ions are tetrahedrally coordinated by four Ca²⁺ ions. The 8:4 coordination geometry is consistent with the 1:2 Ca:F stoichiometry; in all crystal structures the ratio of the coordination numbers is the inverse of the stoichiometric ratio. The three interpenetrating fcc lattices have Ca at 0,0,0 , 1/2,1/2,0 , etc....F at 1/4,1/4,1/4 , 3/4,3/4,1/4 , etc... and F at 3/4,3/4,3/4 , 1/4,1/4/3/4 , etc. Looking more closely at the tetrahedral sites in fluorite, we see that they fall into two distinct groups: T₊ and T_-. If a tetrahedron is oriented with a vertex pointing upwards along the stacking axis, the site is T₊. Likewise, a tetrahedron with a vertex oriented downward is T_-. The alternation of T₊ and T_- sites allows for efficient packing of ions in the structure. The layer stacking sequence in this structure (including fluoride ions in the T₊ and T_- sites) is:[[file:polyhedral-fluorite.png|right|200px|thumb|Polyhedral view of the fluorite crystal structure, showing T₊ and T_- Ca₄F tetrahedra. The Ca²⁺ ions are stacked ABCABC... along the body diagonal of the unit cell, which is the vertical direction in this image.]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - -a- - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -c- - - T₊ * - - -b- - - T_- * ------------ C<br /> * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - -c- - - T_- * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - -a- - - T_- Tetrahedrally bonded compounds with a 1:1 stoichiometry (MX compounds) have only '''half''' of the tetrahedral sites (either the T₊ or T_- sites) filled. In this case, both the M and the X atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated. The '''zincblende''' and '''wurtzite''' structures are 1:1 tetrahedral structures based on fcc and hcp lattices, respectively. Both structures are favored by p-block compounds that follow the octet rule, and these compounds are usually semiconductors or insulators. The zincblende structure, shown below, can be thought of as two interpenetrating fcc lattices, one of anions and one of cations, offset from each other by a translation of 1/4 along the body diagonal of the unit cell. Examples of compounds with the zincblende structure include CuCl, CuI, ZnSe, HgS, BeS, CdTe, AlP, GaP, SnSb, CSi, and diamond. Additionally, the compound CuInSe₂ is zincblende in an ordered, doubled unit cell (the chalcopyrite structure). The solid solution compounds CuIn_1-xGa_xSe₂ with this structure are among the most widely studied materials for use in efficient thin film photovoltaic cells. Using ZnS as a representative of zincblende, the coordination of both Zn and S atoms is tetrahedral. The layer sequence, which is AbBcCaAbBcC..., results in six-membered ZnS rings that have the same geometry as the "chair" version of cyclohexane. The chair conformation allows for a relatively long distance between opposite atoms in the ring and, as a result, it is more sterically favorable than the boat form. The sequence of close-packed layers in zincblende, filling only the T₊ sites and leaving the T_- sites empty, is shown below:[[File:Boron-phosphide-unit-cell-1963-CM-3D-balls.png|200px|right|thumb|The zincblende unit cell]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -c- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ C<br /> * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_-<br /> The wurtzite structure is a close relative of zinc blende, based on filling half the tetrahedral holes in the hcp lattice. Like zincblende, wurtzite contains planes of fused six-membered rings in the chair conformation. Unlike zincblende, however, the rings joining these planes contain six-membered "boat" rings. The boat aligns the anions so that they are directly above the cations in the structure, a less favorable situation sterically but a more favorable one in terms of electrostatics. As a result, the wurtzite structure tends to favor more polar or ionic compounds (e.g., ZnO, NH₄⁺F^-) than the zincblende structure. As with zincblende, both ions are in tetrahedral (4:4) coordination and there are typically eight valence electrons in the MX compound. Examples of compounds with this structure include: BeO, ZnO, MnS, CdSe, MgTe, AlN, and NH₄F. The layered structure of wurtzite is AbBaAbB and the layer sequence with T₊ sites filled is illustrated below:[[File:Wurtzite-boat-chair.png|thumb|right|200 px|The chair and boat conformations of six-membered ZnS rings in the wurtzite structure.]] * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B * - - -a- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ A * - - -b- - - T₊ * - - - - - - T_- * ------------ B <br /> An interesting consequence of the layer stacking in the wurtzite structure is that the crystals are polar. When cleaved along the c-axis (the stacking axis), crystals of ZnO, ZnS, and GaN have one negatively charged face and an opposite positively charged face. An applied electric field interacts with the crystal dipole, resulting in compression or elongation of the lattice along this direction. For this reason crystals of compounds in the wurtzite structure are typically [[w:piezoelectrcity|piezoelectric]]. Some compounds are diamorphic and can have either the zincblende or wurtzite structure. Examples of these compounds that have intermediate polarities include CdS and ZnS. SiO₂ exists in polymorphs (crystobalite and tridymite) that resemble zincblende and wurtzite with O atoms midway between each of the Si atoms. The zincblende and wurtzite structures have efficient packing arrangements for tetrahedrally bonded networks and are commonly found in compounds that have tetrahedral bonding. Water, for example, has a tetrahedral hydrogen bonding network and is wurtzite-type. The undistorted wurtzite and zinc blende structures are typically found for AX compounds with eight valence electrons, which follow the octet rule. AX compounds with nine or ten electrons such as GaSe and SbAs crystallize in distorted variants of the wurtzite structure. In GaSe, the extra electrons form lone pairs and this creates layers in the structure, as can be seen in the figure below. To the right of GaSe, the structures of As, Sb, and SbAs show an ever further breakdown of the structure into layers as more valence electrons are added. <br /> <br /> <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:Boron-nitride-(wurtzite)-3D-balls.png|Wurtzite crystal structure File:GaS_crystal_structure.jpg|GaSe crystal structure File:SbAs_lattice.png|Crystal structure of Sb, SbAs, and gray As File:冰晶结构.png|Crystal structure of hexagonal ice </gallery> <br/> Hexagonal ice is the most stable polymorph of ice, which is obtained upon freezing at 1 atmosphere pressure. This polymorph (ice-I) has a hcp wurtzite-type structure. Looking at the structure shown at the right, we see that there are irregular arrangements of the O-H---O bonds. In the structure, hydrogen bonding enforces the tetrahedral coordination of each water molecule, resulting in a relatively open structure that is less dense than liquid water. For this reason, ice floats in water. ==&#160;8.4 Layered structures and intercalation reactions== '''Layered structures''' are characterized by strong (and typically covalent) bonding between atoms in two dimensions and weaker bonding in the third. A broad range of compounds including metal halides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, borides, nitrides, carbides, and allotropes of some pure elements (B, C, P, As) exist in layered forms. Structurally, the simplest of these structures (for example binary metal halides and sulfides) can be described as having some fraction of the octahedral and/or tetrahedral sites filled in the fcc and hcp lattices. For example, the CdCl₂ structure is formed by filling all the octahedral sites in alternate layers of the fcc lattice, and the CdI₂ structure is the relative of this structure in the hcp lattice. [[File:CdCl2 and CdI2.png|400px|left|thumb|Comparison of the CdCl₂ (left) and CdI₂ (right) crystal structures]][[File:Cadmium-iodide-3D-octahedra.png|250px|thumb|Polyhedral drawing of one layer of the CdCl₂ or CdI₂ structure showing edge-sharing MX₆ octahedra.]] In the '''CdCl₂ structure''', the stacking sequence of anion layers is ABCABC... <br /> In the '''CdI₂ structure''', the anion stacking sequence is ABAB..., and all the cations are eclipsed along the stacking axis. <br /> <br /> These are examples of '''6-3 structures''', because the cations are coordinated by an octahedron of six anions, and the anions are coordinated by three cations to make a trigonal pyramid (like NH₃). Another way to describe these structures is to say that the MX₆ octahedra each share six edges in the MX₂ sheets. <br /> <br /> Because these structures place the packing atoms (the anions) in direct van der Waals contact, they are most stable for relatively '''covalent''' compounds. Otherwise, the electrostatic repulsion between contacting anions would destabilize the structure energetically. More ionic MX₂ compounds tend to adopt the fluorite (CaF₂) or rutile (TiO₂) structures, which are not layered. <br /> <br /> Despite the fact that these two structure types are the same at the level of nearest and next-nearest neighbor ions, the CdI₂ structure is much more common than the CdCl₂ structure. '''CdCl₂ structure:''' :MCl₂ (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) :NiBr₂, NiI₂, ZnBr₂, ZnI₂ '''CdI₂ structure:''' :MCl₂ (M = Ti, V) :MBr₂ (M = Mg, Fe, Co, Cd) :MI₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cd, Ge, Pb, Th) :M(OH)₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd) :MS₂ (M = Ti, Zr, Sn, Ta, Pt) :MSe₂ (M = Ti, Zr, Sn, V, Pt) :MTe₂ (M = Ti, Co, Ni, Rh, Pd, Pt) <br /> Physically, layered compounds are '''soft''' and '''slippery''', because the layer planes slide past each other easily. For example, graphite, MoS₂, and talc (a silicate) are layered compounds that are used widely as '''lubricants''' and lubricant additives. <br /><br /> An important reaction of layered compounds is '''intercalation'''. In intercalation reactions, guest molecules and ions enter the galleries that separate the sheets, usually with expansion of the lattice along the stacking axis. This reaction is typically reversible if it does not perturb the bonding within the sheets. Often the '''driving force for intercalation is a redox reaction''', i.e., electron transfer between the host and guest. For example, lithium metal reacts with TiS₂, MoS₂, and graphite to produce LiTiS₂, Li_xMoS₂ (x < 1), and LiC₆. In these compounds, lithium is ionized to Li⁺ and the sheets are negatively charged. Oxidizing agents such as Br₂, FeCl₃, and AsF₅ also react with graphite. In the resulting intercalation compounds, the sheets are positively charged and the intercalated species are anionic. <br /><br /> [[file:intercalation schematic.png|left|500px|thumb|Oxidative or reductive intercalation involves the placement of anions or cations between sheets.]] Intercalation reactions are especially important for electrochemical energy storage in '''secondary batteries''', such as [[w:Lithium-ion_batteries|'''lithium ion''' batteries]], [[w:Nickel-metal_hydride_battery|'''nickel-metal hydride''' batteries]], and [[w:Nickel-cadmium_battery|'''nickel-cadmium''' batteries]]. The reversible nature of the intercalation reaction allows the electrodes to be charged and discharged up to several thousand times without losing their mechanical integrity. In lithium ion batteries, the negative electrode material is typically graphite, which is intercalated by lithium to make LiC₆. Several different oxides and phosphates containing redox active transition metal ions (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) are used as the positive electrode materials. <br /> <br /> [[File:Inorganic-chemistry-lab-Oxford-plaque.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[w:Blue plaque|Blue plaque]] erected by the [[w:Royal Society of Chemistry|Royal Society of Chemistry]] commemorating the development of cathode materials for the lithium-ion battery]] Lithium ion batteries based on CoO₂ were first described in 1980<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Materials Research Bulletin | volume = 15 | pages = 783–789 | year = 1980 | title = Li_xCoO₂ (0<x<l): A New Cathode Material for Batteries of High Energy Density | author = K. Mizushima, P.C. Jones, P.J. Wiseman, J.B. Goodenough | doi=10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4}} </ref> by [[w:John B. Goodenough|John B. Goodenough]]'s research group, then at Oxford Univsrsity. In batteries based on CoO₂, which has the CdI₂ structure, the positive electrode half-reaction is: :<math>{LiCoO_2}\leftrightarrows\mathrm{Li}_{1-x}\mathrm{CoO_2}+x\mathrm{Li^+}+x\mathrm{e^-}</math> The negative electrode half reaction is: :<math>x\mathrm{Li^+} + x\mathrm{e^-} + x\mathrm{C_6} \leftrightarrows\ x\mathrm{LiC_6}</math> <br /> The battery is fully charged when the positive electrode is in the CoO₂ form and the negative electrode is in the LiC₆ form. Discharge involves the motion of Li⁺ ions through the electrolyte, forming Li_xCoO₂ and graphite at the two electrodes. <br /> [[File:Lithium-cobalt-oxide-3D-balls.png|left|250px|thumb|Crystal structure of LiCoO₂<ref>{{ cite journal | journal = [[w:Nature Materials|Nature Materials]] | volume = 2 |date=July 2003 | issue = 7 |pages = 464–467 | doi = 10.1038/nmat922 | title = Atomic resolution of lithium ions in LiCoO₂ | author = Yang Shao-Horn, Laurence Croguennec, Claude Delmas, E. Chris Nelson and Michael A. O'Keefe | pmid = 12806387 }}</ref> ]][[File:Schematic of a Li-ion battery.jpg|200px]] <br /> <br />[[File:M. Stanley Whittingham01Whittingham-99990-portrait-mini-2x.jpg|thumb|130px|right|Prof. M. Stanley Whittingham, who demonstrated the principle of the lithium ion battery in research at Exxon in the mid-1970's.<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Science | volume = 192 | pages = 1126-1127 | year = 1976 | title = Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry | author = M.S. Whittingham | doi=10.1126/science.192.4244.1126}} </ref>]] The lithium ion battery is a "rocking chair" battery, so named because charging and discharging involve moving Li⁺ ions from one side to the other. While the first lithium ion batteries contained layered metal sulfides such as TiS₂, metal oxides gave higher operating voltages and more stable batteries. CoO₂ is one example of a positive electrode material that has been used in lithium ion batteries. It has a high energy density, but batteries based on CoO₂ have poor thermal stability. Safer materials include lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), and LiMO₂ (M = a mixture of Co, Mn, and Ni). The negative electrode material, LiC₆, has a potential close to lithium metal in the electrochemical series. Lithium metal electrodes provide substantially higher energy density than LiC₆, but lithium metal batteries are not yet in commercial use because of safety and cycle life issues.<ref> {{cite journal | journal = Nature Materials | volume = 18 | pages = 384-389 | year = 2019 | title = Polymer–inorganic solid–electrolyte interphase for stable lithium metal batteries under lean electrolyte conditions | author = . Gao, Z. Yan, J. L. Gray, X. He, T. Chen, Q. Huang, Y. C. Li, H. Wang, S. H. Kim, T. E. Mallouk, and D. Wang | doi=10.1038/s41563-019-0305-8}} </ref> Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are used very widely in laptop computers, portable electronics, cellular telephones, cordless tools, and electric and hybrid vehicles. [[w:John_B._Goodenough|John Goodenough]] (University of Texas) shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with [[w:M._Stanley_Whittingham|M. Stanley Whittingham]] (Binghamton University) and [[w:Akira_Yoshino|Akira Yoshino]] (Asahi Kasei) for their foundational research on lithium ion batteries. A similar intercalation reaction occurs in nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, except in this case the reaction involves the movement of protons in and out of the Ni(OH)₂ lattice, which has the CdI₂ structure: :<math>\mathrm{NiO(OH) + H_2O + e^- \rightarrow Ni(OH)_2 + OH^-}</math> There are many layered compounds that cannot be intercalated by redox reactions, typically because some other stable product is formed. For example, the reaction of layered CdI₂ with Li produces LiI (NaCl structure) and Cd metal. ==&#160;8.5 Bonding in TiS₂, MoS₂, and pyrite structures== Many layered dichalcogenides, such as TiS₂ and ZrS₂, have the CdI₂ structure. In these compounds, as we have noted above, the metal ions are octahedrally coordinated by S. Interestingly, the structures of MoS₂ and WS₂, while they are also layered, are different. In these cases, the metal is surrounded by a '''trigonal prism''' of sulfur atoms. NbS₂, TaS₂, MoSe₂, MoTe₂, and WSe₂ also have the trigonal prismatic molybdenite structure, which is shown below alongside a platy crystal of MoS₂. [[File:Molybdenite.GIF|350px|left]][[File:MoS2chips.jpg|250px]] <br /> The coordination of the metal ions by a trigonal prism of chalcogenide ions is '''sterically unfavorable''' relative to octahedral coordination. There are close contacts between the chalcogenide ions, which are eclipsed in the stacking sequence '''AbA/BaB/AbA/BaB'''... (where "/" indicates the van der Waals gap between layers). What stabilizes this structure? The molybdenite structure occurs most commonly in MX₂ compounds with a '''d¹ or d² electron count'''. The figure below compares the splitting of d-orbital energies in the octahedral and trigonal prismatic coordination environments: [[File:TiS2-MoS2.png|450px|left|thumb|d-orbital splittings and energy bands in TiS₂ and MoS₂. MoS₂ is a semiconductor with a 1.3 eV gap between its filled and empty bands.]] The trigonal prismatic structure is stabilized in MoS₂ by filling the lowest energy band, the d_z2. The d_z2 orbital, which points vertically through the triangular top and bottom faces of the trigonal prism, has the least interaction with the sulfide ligands and therefore the lowest energy. The d_xz and d_yz orbitals, which point at the ligands, have the highest energy. The d_z2 orbital is lower in energy in this structure than the t_2g orbitals are in the octahedral structure of TiS₂. <br /> <br /> PtS₂, like TiS₂, adopts the octahedral CdI₂ structure. In this case, because Pt⁴⁺ has six d-electrons, the t_2g orbitals are filled. There is a large crystal field stabilization energy (which stabilizes the high oxidation state of Pt) because S^2- is a strong field ligand. Like MoS₂, PtS₂ is semiconducting because there is an energy gap between the filled t_2g and empty e_g bands. <br /> <br /> Because it has an unfilled t_2g band, TiS₂ is relatively easy to reduce by intercalation with Li. For this reason, LiTiS₂ was one of the first intercalation compounds studied by [[w:M. Stanley Whittingham|Stanley Whittingham]], who developed the concept of the non-aqueous lithium ion battery in the early 1970's.<ref>M. Stanley Whittingham "Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials" Chem. Rev., 2004, vol. 104, pp. 4271–4302. DOI: 10.1021/cr020731c</ref> Because it has a filled d_z2 band, MoS₂ is harder to reduce, but it can be intercalated by reaction with the powerful reducing agent n-butyllithium to make Li_xMoS₂ (x < 1). Atoms in the van der Waals planes of these compounds are relatively unreactive, which gives MoS₂ its good oxidative stability and enables its application as a high temperature lubricant. Atoms at the edges of the crystals are however more reactive and in fact are catalytic. High surface area MoS₂, which has a high density of exposed edge planes, is used as a hydrodesulfurization catalyst and is also of increasing interest as an electrocatalyst for the reduction of water to hydrogen. [[file:pyrite crystal structure.png|right|200px|thumb|The pyrite (FeS₂) crystal structure. The structure is related to NaCl, with Fe²⁺ and S₂^2- ions occupying the cation and anion sites.]]Layered metal dichalcogenides, including MoS₂, WS₂, and SnS₂, can form closed nanostructures that take the shape of multiwalled onions and multiwalled tubes. These materials were discovered by the group of [[w:Reshef Tenne|Reshef Tenne]] in 1992, shortly after the discovery of carbon nanotubes. Since then nanotubes have been synthesized from many other materials, including vanadium and manganese oxides. Although early (TiS₂) and late (PtS₂) transition metal disulfides have layered structures, a number of MS₂ compounds in the middle of the transition series, such as MnS₂, FeS₂ and RuS₂, have three-dimensionally bonded structures. For example, FeS₂ has the '''pyrite structure''', which is related to the NaCl structure. The reason is that FeS₂ is not Fe⁴⁺(S^2-)₂, but is actually Fe²⁺(S₂^2-), where S₂^2- is the disulfide anion (which contains a single bond like the peroxide anion O₂^2-). S^2- is too strong a reducing agent to exist in the same compound with Fe⁴⁺, which is a strong oxidizing agent. Because FeS₂ is actually Fe²⁺(S₂^2-), it is a 1:1 compound and adopts a 1:1 structure. <br /> <br /> ==&#160;8.6 Spinel, perovskite, and rutile structures== There are three more structures, which are derived from close-packed lattices, that are particularly important because of the material properties of their compounds. These are the '''spinel''' structure, on which ferrites and other magnetic oxides are based, the '''perovskite''' structure, which is adopted by ferroelectric and superconducting oxides, and the '''rutile''' structure, which is a common binary 6:3 structure adopted by oxides and fluorides. <br /><br /> [[file:Spinel.GIF|350px|left]][[file:AB2O4 spinel.jpg|350px]] The '''spinel structure''' is formulated MM'₂X₄, where M and M' are tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated cations, respectively, and X is an anion (typically O or F). The structure is named after the mineral MgAl₂O₄, and oxide spinels have the general formula AB₂O₄. In the '''normal spinel''' structure, there is a close-packed array of anions. The A-site cations fill 1/8 of the tetrahedral holes and the B-site cations fill 1/2 of the octahedral holes. A polyhedral view of the normal spinel unit cell is shown at the left, and a simplified view (with the contents of the back half of the cell removed for clarity) is shown above. Each unit cell contains eight formula units and has a composition A₈B₁₆O₃₂. '''Inverse spinels''' have a closely related structure (with the same large unit cell) in which the A-site ions and half of the B-site ions switch places. Inverse spinels are thus formulated B(AB)O₄, where the AB ions in parentheses occupy octahedral sites, and the other B ions are on tetrahedral sites. There are also mixed spinels, which are intermediate between the '''normal''' and '''inverse''' spinel structure. Some spinel and inverse spinel AB combinations are: :A²⁺B³⁺, e.g., MgAl₂O₄ (normal spinel) :A⁴⁺B²⁺, e.g., Pb₃O₄ = Pb^II(Pb^IIPb^IV)O₄ (inverse spinel) :A⁶⁺B⁺, e.g., Na₂WO₄ (normal spinel) Many magnetic oxides, such as Fe₃O₄ and CoFe₂O₄, are spinels. '''Normal vs. inverse spinel structure.''' For transition metal oxide spinels, the choice of the normal vs. inverse spinel structure is driven primarily by the '''crystal field stabilization energy''' (CFSE) of ions in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. For spinels that contain 3d elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, the electron configuration is typically '''high spin''' because O^2- is a '''weak field ligand'''. As an example, we can consider magnetite, Fe₃O₄. This compound contains one Fe²⁺ and two Fe³⁺ ions per formula unit, so we could formulate it as a normal spinel, Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺)₂O₄, or as an inverse spinel, Fe³⁺(Fe²⁺Fe³⁺)O₄. Which one would have the lowest energy? [[file:d6cfse.png|left|300px|thumb|d-orbital energy diagram for Fe²⁺]] <br /> <br /> First we consider the crystal field energy of the '''Fe²⁺''' ion, which is d⁶. Comparing the tetrahedral and high spin octahedral diagrams, we find that the CFSE in an '''octahedral''' field of O^2- ions is [(4)(2/5) - (2)(3/5)]Δ_o - P = '''0.4 Δ_o - P'''. In the '''tetrahedral''' field, the CFSE is [(3)(3/5) - (3)(2/5)]Δ_t - P = '''0.6 Δ_t - P'''. Since Δ_o is about 2.25 times larger than Δ_t, the octahedral arrangement has a larger CFSE and is preferred for Fe²⁺. [[file:d5cfse.png|left|300px|thumb|d-orbital energy diagram for Fe³⁺]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> In contrast, it is easy to show that '''Fe³⁺''', which is d⁵, would have a CFSE of zero in either the octahedral or tetrahedral geometry. This means that Fe²⁺ has a preference for the octahedral site, but Fe³⁺ has no preference. Consequently, we place Fe²⁺ on octahedral sites and '''Fe₃O₄ is an''' '''inverse spinel''', Fe³⁺(Fe²⁺Fe³⁺)O₄. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ferrites''' are compounds of general formula '''M^IIFe₂O₄'''. We can see that magnetite is one example of a ferrite (with M = Fe). Other divalent metals (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) also form ferrites. Ferrites can be normal or inverse spinels, or mixed spinels, depending on the CFSE of the M^II ion. Based on their CFSE, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, and Ni²⁺ all have a strong preference for the octahedral site, so those compounds are all inverse spinels. ZnFe₂O₄ is a normal spinel because the small Zn²⁺ ion (d¹⁰) fits more easily into the tetrahedral site than Fe³⁺ (d⁵), and both ions have zero CFSE. MgFe₂O₄ and MnFe₂O₄, in which all ions have zero CFSE and no site preference, are mixed spinels. '''Chromite''' spinels, '''M^IICr₂O₄''', are always '''normal spinels''' because the d³ Cr³⁺ ion has a strong preference for the octahedral site. '''Examples of normal and inverse spinel structures:''' :'''MgAl₂O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since both Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ are non-transition metal ions and thus CFSE = 0. The more highly charged Al³⁺ ion prefers the octahedral site, where it is surrounded by six negatively charged oxygen atoms. :'''Mn₃O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since the Mn²⁺ ion is a high spin d⁵ system with zero CFSE. The two Mn³⁺ ions are high spin d⁴ with higher CFSE on the octahedral sites (3/5 Δ_O) than on the tetrahedral site (2/5 Δ_t ~ 1/5 Δ_O). :'''Fe₃O₄''' is an '''inverse spinel''' since the Fe³⁺ ion is a high spin d⁵ system with zero CFSE. Fe²⁺ is a high spin d⁶ system with more CFSE on an octahedral site than on a tetrahedral one. :'''NiFe₂O₄''' is again an '''inverse spinel''' since Ni²⁺ (a d⁸ ion) prefers the octahedral site and the CFSE of Fe³⁺ (a d⁵ ion) is zero. :'''FeCr₂O₄''' is a '''normal spinel''' since Fe²⁺ is high spin d⁶ ion with CFSE = [4(2/5)-2(3/5)] Δ_O = 2/5Δ_O on an octahedral site, and Cr³⁺ is a d³ ion with CFSE = 3(2/5) Δ_O = 6/5 Δ_O. Hence it is more energetically favorable for Cr³⁺ to occupy both of the octahedral sites. :'''Co₃O₄''' is a '''normal spinel'''. Even in the presence of weak field oxo ligands, Co³⁺ is a low spin d⁶ ion with very high CFSE on the octahedral sites, because of the high charge and small size of the Co³⁺ ion. Hence the Co³⁺ ions occupy both octahedral sites, and Co²⁺ occupies the tetrahedral site. [[File:MnO-superaustausch.GIF|thumb|Illustration of antiferromagnetic superexchange between two transition metal cations through a shared oxygen atom.]] '''Magnetism of ferrite spinels'''. Ferrite spinels are of technological interest because of their magnetic ordering, which can be ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic depending on the structure (normal or inverse) and the nature of the metal ions. Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄, and NiFe₂O₄ are all inverse spinels and are ferrimagnets. The latter two compounds are used in magnetic recording media and as deflection magnets, respectively. In order to understand the magnetism of ferrites, we need to think about how the unpaired spins of metal ions are coupled in oxides. If an oxide ion is shared by two metal ions, it can mediate the coupling of spins by [[w:superexchange|superexchange]] as shown at the right. The coupling can be antiferromagnetic, as shown, or ferromagnetic, depending on the orbital filling and the symmetry of the orbitals involved. The '''Goodenough-Kanamori rules''' predict the local magnetic ordering (ferromagnetic vs. antiferromagnetic) that results from superexchange coupling of the electron spins of transition metal ions. For ferrites, the strongest coupling is between ions on neighboring '''tetrahedral and octahedral sites''', and the ordering of spins between these two sites is reliably '''antiferromagnetic'''. [[file:Fe3O4ferrimagnetism.png|left|300px]] <br /> Because all the tetrahedral and octahedral sites in a spinel or inverse spinel crystal are coupled together identically, it works out that ions on the tetrahedral sites will all have one orientation (e.g., spin down) and ions on all the octahedral sites will have the opposite orientation (e.g., spin up). If the number of spins on the two sites is the same, then the solid will be antiferromagnetic. However, if the '''number of spins is unequal''' (as in the case of Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄, and NiFe₂O₄) then the solid will be '''ferrimagnetic'''. This is illustrated at the left for Fe₃O₄. The spins on the Fe³⁺ sites cancel, because half of them are up and half are down. However, the four unpaired electrons on the Fe²⁺ ions are all aligned the same way in the crystal, so the compound is ferrimagnetic. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[file:perovskite.jpg|left|250px|thumb|ABX₃ perovskite structure. A, B, and X are white, blue, and red, respectively.]] '''Perovskites''' are '''ternary oxides''' of general formula '''ABO₃'''. More generally, the perovskite formula is ABX₃, where the anion X can be '''O, N, or halogen'''. The A ions are typically large ions such as Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Rb⁺, or a lanthanide 3+ ion, and the B ions are smaller transition metal ions such as Ti⁴⁺, Nb⁵⁺, Ru⁴⁺, etc. The mineral after which the structure is named has the formula CaTiO₃. The perovskite structure has simple cubic symmetry, but is related to the fcc lattice in the sense that the A site cations and the six O atoms comprise a fcc lattice. The B-site cations fill 1/4 of the octahedral holes and are surrounded by six oxide anions. [[File:ReO3.png|350px|right|thumb|Polyhedral representation of the ReO₃ structure showing the large cuboctahedral cavity that is surrounded by 12 oxygen atoms]] The coordination of the A ions in perovskite and the arrangement of BO₆ octahedra is best understood by looking at the ReO₃ structure, which is the same structure but with the A-site cations removed. In the polyhedral representation of the structure shown at the right, it can be seen that the octahedra share all their vertices but do not share any octahedral edges. This makes the ReO₃ and perovskite structures flexible, like three-dimensional wine racks, in that the octahedra can '''rotate and tilt cooperatively'''. Eight such octahedra surround a large '''cuboctahedral cavity''', which is the site of the A ions in the perovskite structure. Cations in these sites are coordinated by 12 oxide ions, as expected from the relationship between the perovskite and fcc lattices. <br /> <br /> Because the A-site is empty in the ReO₃ structure, compounds with that structure can be reversibly '''intercalated''' by small ions such as '''Li⁺ or H⁺''', which then occupy sites in the cuboctahedral cavity. For example, smart windows that darken in bright sunlight contain the '''electrochromic''' material WO₃, which has the ReO₃ structure. In the sunlight, a photovoltaic cell drives the reductive intercalation of WO₃ according to the reaction: :<math>x\mathrm{H^+} + x\mathrm{e^-} + {WO_3} \leftrightarrows\ {H}_{x}\mathrm{WO_3}</math> WO₃ is a light yellow compound containing d⁰ W(VI). In contrast, H_xWO₃, which is mixed-valent W(V)-W(VI) = d¹-d⁰, has a deep blue color. Such coloration is typical of mixed-valence transition metal complexes because their d-electrons can be excited to delocalized conduction band levels by red light. Because the electrochemical intercalation-deintercalation process is powered by a solar cell, the tint of the windows can adjust automatically to the level of sunlight. [[File:Perovskite.svg|right|350px|thumb|Tetragonal distortion of the perovskite unit cell in the ferroelectric oxide PZT, PbTi_xZr_1-xO₃]] '''Ferroelectric perovskites.''' The flexibility of the network of corner-sharing BO₆ octahedra is also very important in [[w:ferroelectric|ferroelectric]] oxides that have the perovskite structure. In some perovsites with small B-site cations, such as Ti⁴⁺ and Nb⁵⁺, the cation is too small to fit symmetrically in the BO₆ octahedron. The octahedron distorts, allowing the cation to move off-center. These distortions can be '''tetragonal''' (as in the example shown at the right), '''rhombohedral''', or '''orthorhombic''', depending on whether the cation moves towards a vertex, face, or edge of the BO₆ octahedron. Moving the cation off-center in the octahedron creates an '''electric dipole'''. In ferroelectrics, these dipoles align in neighboring unit cells through cooperative rotation and tilting of octahedra. The crystal thus acquires a net electrical polarization. [[w:ferroelectricity|'''Ferroelectricity''']] behaves analogously to [[w:ferromagnetism|'''ferromagnetism''']], except that the polarization is electrical rather than magnetic. In both cases, there is a '''critical temperature (T_c)''' above which the '''spontaneous polarization''' of the crystal disappears. Below T_c, the electric polarization of a ferroelectric can be switched with a coercive field, and hysteresis loop of polarization vs. field resembles that of a ferromagnet. Above T_c, the crystal is '''paraelectric''' and has a high dielectric permittivity. Ferroelectric and paraelectric oxides (along with piezoelectrics and pyroelectrics) have a wide variety of applications as switches, actuators, transducers, and dielectrics for capacitors. '''Ferroelectric capacitors''' are important in memory devices (FRAM) and in the tuning circuits of cellular telephones. '''Multiferroics''', which are materials that are simultaneously ferroelectric and ferromagnetic, are rare and are being now intensively researched because of their potential applications in electrically adressable magnetic memory. <br><br> [[File:Perovskite solar cell architectures 1.png|350px|thumb|a) Solar cell architecture in which a lead halide perovskite absorber coats a layer of nanocrystalline anatase TiO₂. b) Thin-film solar cell, with a layer of lead halide perovskite sandwiched between two selective contacts. c) Charge generation and extraction in the sensitized architecture and d) in the thin-film architecture.]] '''Halide perovskites''' (ABX₃, X = Cl, Br, I) can be made by combining salts of monovalent A ions (A⁺ = Cs⁺, NH₄⁺, RNH₃⁺) and divalent metal salts such as PbCl₂ or PbI₂. These compounds have sparked recent interest as light absorbers for '''thin film solar cells''' that produce electricity from sunlight. Lead and tin halide perovskites can be grown as thin films from solution precursors or by thermal evaporation at relatively low temperatures. In some lead halide perovskites, the mobility of electrons and holes is very high, comparable to that of more expensive III-V semiconductors such as GaAs, which must be grown as very pure single crystals at high temperatures for use in solar cells. Because of their high carrier mobility, some lead halide perovskites are also electroluminescent and are of interest as inexpensive materials for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). [[File:Cherie Kagan.jpg|140px|left|thumb|The exceptionally high carrier mobility of tin halide perovskites was discovered by Dr. Cherie R. Kagan and coworkers at IBM.]]Tin and lead halide perovskites were first studied in the 1990s as materials for thin film electronics,<ref >{{cite journal|last1=Kagan|first1=Cherie R.|last2=Mitzi|first2=David B.|last3=Dimitrakopoulos|first3=C. D.|title=Organic-inorganic hybrid materials as semiconducting channels in thin-film field-effect transistors|journal=Science|date=1999|volume=286|pages=945-947|doi=10.1126/science.286.5441.945|}}</ref> and more recently as light absorbers in [[w:Dye-sensitized_solar_cell|'''dye-sensitized''']] and [[w:Thin-film_solar_cell|'''thin-film solar cells''']]. Soon after the results on dye-sensitized perovskite cells were reported, it was discovered that halide perovskites could also be used in thin film solid state solar cells. The structures of these solar cells are shown schematically at the right. The highest reported solar power conversion efficiencies of [[w:Perovskite_solar_cell|'''perovskite solar cells''']] have jumped from 3.8% in 2009 <ref >{{cite journal|last1=Kojima|first1=Akihiro|last2=Teshima|first2=Kenjiro|last3=Shirai|first3=Yasuo|last4=Miyasaka|first4=Tsutomu|title=Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=6 May 2009|volume=131|issue=17|pages=6050–6051|doi=10.1021/ja809598r|pmid=19366264}}</ref> to 10.2% in 2012<ref >{{cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=In|last2=Lee|first2=Byunghong|last3=He|first3=Jiaking|last4=Chang|first4=Robert P. H.|last5=Kanatzidis|first5=Mercouri G.|title=All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency|journal=Nature|date=24 May 2012|volume=485|pages=486-489|doi=10.1038/nature11067}}</ref> to 27.8% in 2025 in single-junction architectures,<ref name="NLR_chart">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlr.gov/pv/cell-efficiency|title=NLR efficiency chart}}</ref> and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 35%,<ref name="NLR_chart"/> exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are therefore the fastest-advancing solar technology. With the potential of achieving even higher efficiencies and very low production costs, perovskite solar cells have become commercially attractive. The highest performing cells to date contain divalent lead in the perovskite B cation site and a mixture of methylammonium and formamidinium ions in the perovskite A cation site. Despite their very impressive efficiency, perovskite solar cells are less stable than solar cells made from covalent network solids such as Si or GaAs, and are sensitive to air and moisture. Current research is focused on understanding the degradation mechanisms of these solar cells and improving their stability under operating conditions. <br /><br /> [[File:Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|200px|left]] [[file:polyhedralrutile.png|175px|right|thumb|View down the tetragonal c-axis of the rutile lattice, showing edge-sharing MO₆ octahedra.]] The '''rutile structure''' is an important MX₂ (X = O, F) structure. It is a 6:3 structure, in which the cations are octahedrally coordinated by anions, and as such is intermediate in polarity between the CaF₂ (8:4) and SiO₂ (4:2) structures. The mineral rutile is one of the polymorphs of TiO₂, the others (anatase and brookite) also being 6:3 structures. The rutile structure can be described as a distorted version of the NiAs structure with half the cations removed. Recall that compounds with the NiAs structure were typically metallic because the metal ions are eclipsed along the stacking axis and thus are in relatively close contact. In rutile, the MO₆ '''octahedra share edges''' along the tetragonal c-axis, and so some rutile oxides, such as '''NbO₂, RuO₂ and IrO₂,''' are also '''metallic''' because of '''d-orbital overlap''' along that axis. These compounds are important as electrolyzer catalysts and catalyst supports because they combine high catalytic activity with good electronic conductivity. Rutile TiO₂, because of its high refractive index, is the base pigment for white paint. It is a wide bandgap semiconductor that has also been extensively researched as an electrode for water splitting solar cells and as a photocatalyst (primarily as the [[w:anatase|anatase]] polymorph) for degradation of pollutants in air and water. [[w:Self-cleaning_glass|Self-cleaning glass]] exploits the photocatalytic properties of a thin film of TiO₂ to remove oily substances from the glass surface and improve the wetting properties of the glass. <br /> <br /> ==&#160;8.7 Discussion questions== *Using the Liverpool 3D visualization website (http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm) determine the anion and cation coordination geometries in cadmium chloride and anatase. Describe the arrangement of octahedra (in terms of whether they share edges, faces, etc.) in these structures. *Count the number of atoms in the Li₃Bi and ReO₃ unit cells, and determine the coordination environments of each of the ions. *Silicon, germanium, and many other semiconductors adopt the diamond (or zincblende) structure. Assuming that all the atoms are the same size, calculate the volume fraction of the unit cell that is occupied by the atoms. How does the filling fraction of diamond compare to simple cubic and close-packed structures, and what does this tell us about the relationship between coordination number and density? *Describe the structural basis of ferroelectricity in barium titanate. ==&#160; 8.8 Problems== 1. For each of the following close packed layer sequences, indicate the name of the structure (structure type), the coordination environment of the cations (represented by lower case letters), and the coordination environment of the anions (upper case letters). Give two additional examples (apart from the structure type itself) of compounds with the same structure. (a) AbBaAbBaAbB......<br /> (b) AaBbCcAaBbCc..... <br /> (c) AcBaCbAcBaCb.....<br /> (d) AcB | AcB | AcB |.... ("|" = van der Waals gap) 2. Below are sections of the lithium oxide unit cell. [[File:Li2O unit cell.jpg|left|400px|]] (a) Describe how to obtain (and do obtain) the empirical formula. (b) What is the coordination number and geometry for each type of ion? (c) Which atom is close-packed? (d) What type and fraction of holes are filled by the other ion? <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3. The hexagonal unit cell of a metal nitride is shown below in sections. [[File:Li3N.png|left|300px|]] (a) What is the empirical formula of the compound? (b) How many M atoms are coordinated to each N atom? (c) In what group of the periodic table would you expect to find M? <br /> 4. Draw the cubic Li₃Bi unit cell in sections. 5. If half the cesium is removed from the CsCl structure, such that each Cl atom is then tetrahedrally coordinated, what structure type is generated? 6. The crystal structure of a certain ternary oxide is shown below. [[File:BaTiO3unitcell.jpg|left|300px|]] (a) What is the empirical formula, and how many formula units are in the unit cell? (b) Which atoms (if any) are close packed? (c) How many oxide ions coordinate each of the different cations in the structure? (d) Are the coordination numbers in part (c) different? If so, why? <br /> <br /> <br /> 7. The structures of the disulfides (MS₂) show an apparently unusual trend, proceeding from left to right across the transition series. On the left side (TiS₂, ZrS₂, MoS₂, etc.), one finds layered structures, whereas in the middle (ReS₂, FeS₂, RuS₂) there are three-dimensional pyrite- and marcasite-type structures. On the right (PtS₂, SnS₂), there are again layered structures. Briefly explain these trends. 8. Explain why layered compounds are typically covalent and rarely ionic. 9. Draw the zincblende structure in sections. 10. The zincblende structure is rarely found with very polar or ionic compounds. However, some polar and ionic compounds (BeO, NH₄F, etc.) have the wurtzite structure. (a) Describe the similarities and the differences between the zincblende and wurtzite structures (in terms of coordination numbers, stacking sequence of cations and anions, etc.) (b) Why is wurtzite more ionic than zincblende? 11. A recent article by R. Cava and co-workers (''Nature Materials'' 2010, ''9,'' 546-9) describes the unusual electronic properties of a Y-Pt-Bi alloy, the structure of which is shown in sections below: <br /><br /> [[file:YPtBi.png|350px|left]]<br /> (a) What is the stoichiometry of the compound?<br /> (b) How many Y and how many Pt atoms coordinate each Bi atom? <br /><br /> 12. The fluorite structure, CaF₂, which is generated by filling all the tetrahedral holes in a FCC array, is a common MX₂ structure type. (a) What is the coordination environment of F in a hypothetical relative of CaF₂, in which Ca forms a hcp array and F occupies all the tetrahedral sites? (b) Suggest a reason why the structure described in (a) is very rare.[[File:cuprite half cell.jpg|thumb|500px|]] 13. The cuprite (Cu₂O) structure is related to zincblende (or diamond) in that oxygen occupies both the Zn and S positions, with copper in between. This is shown schematically at the right. Actually, in cuprite there are ''two'' such interpenetrating networks with no bonds between them. Draw the second network in the empty cell. If you put the two halves together and take out the copper, what cubic packing lattice do you get? Is it a closest packing lattice? (''Hint #1:'' start with an O atom at 1/2,1/2,1/2) (''Hint #2:'' try this in pencil first) 14. Draw the rutile structure in sections of the unit cell, and verify that the stoichiometry is MX₂. What are the coordination numbers of Ti and O? 15. Stishovite is a high pressure form of SiO₂ found in meteorite craters. While normal SiO₂ has the quartz structure, in which each Si is coordinated by four O atoms, stishovite has the rutile structure. Would you expect the Si-O bond to be longer in stishovite, or in quartz? What is the bond order in each polymorph? 16. Na and Cl combine in a 1:1 ratio to make the ionic NaCl lattice. Interestingly, recent theoretical predictions (confirmed by high pressure synthesis and crystallography) have identified several other stoichiometries that form stable crystals at high pressure. These include Na₃Cl, Na₂Cl, Na₃Cl₂, NaCl₃, and several others.<ref>W. Zhang et al. (2013), "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides." ''Science'', vol. 342, no. 6165, pp. 1502-1505. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1244989 doi: 10.1126/science.1244989]</ref> The structure of one of these new sodium chlorides is shown below in sections. [[file:highPNa3Cl.jpg|300px|left]] :a) What is the stoichiometry of this compound? :b) What are the coordination numbers of Na and Cl, and how do they compare to the coordination numbers in NaCl and Na metal? :c) Based on your answer to (b), explain why high pressure should stabilize this phase. 17. One of the new compounds discovered in the study described in problem 16 is NaCl₃. There are two polymorphs of this compound, one of which contains linear Cl₃^- ions. Accurate molecular orbital calculations indicate that the charge on the central Cl atom in these linear anions is close to zero. Draw the MO diagram and the valence bond pictures for the Cl₃^- ion that are consistent with these observations. Would you expect the Cl-Cl bond to be longer or shorter than the bond in Cl₂? 18. Some MX salts can exist in either the CsCl or NaCl structure. Use the Pauling formula to predict the M-X bond length in the CsCl structure of a compound that has a bond length of 3.5 Å in the NaCl structure. Would applying a high pressure stabilize the CsCl form, or the NaCl form of this compound? (''hint:'' calculate the volume per formula unit) 19. Mn₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄ are both mixed-valence oxides. In both cases, there is one M²⁺ ion and two M³⁺ ions per formula unit (M = Fe, Mn). :(a) One of these is a normal spinel and one is an inverse spinel. Explain which is which, and why. (hint: think about CFSE's)<br /> :(b) For Mn₃O₄, what kind of magnetic ordering (ferri-, ferro-, or antiferromagnetic) would you expect, and why? You can assume that neighboring tetrahedral and octahedral ions in the structure are antiferromagnetically coupled. <br /> :(c) Sketch the approximate form of the χ vs. T and 1/χ vs. T curves for Mn₃O₄. Label any special values of temperature on your graphs. 20. Predict whether each of the following should form a normal or inverse spinel: MgV₂O₄, VMg₂O₄, NiGa₂O₄, ZnCr₂S₄, NiFe₂O₄. Would kind of magnetic ordering (ferro-, ferri-, or antiferromagnetic) would you predict for NiFe₂O₄? 21. For each pair, which structure is preferred by LESS polar compounds? A. NaCl        CsCl B. Zincblende        Wurtzite C. CdI₂        CdCl₂ D. NaCl        NiAs E. Fluorite        Quartz (SiO₂) 22. For the following inorganic crystal structures, describe the arrangement of packing ions and interstitial ions, give the layer stacking sequence (such as AaBbCcA...), and draw the unit cell in sections. A. Zincblende B. Wurtzite ==&#160;8.9 References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{BookCat}} tma09czelv5mbs1rzv0zjxn83rc62jt 3 354747 4634909 2943453 2026-05-09T07:29:42Z ~2026-28102-42 3582306 4634909 wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Umarfarooq. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Umarfarooq~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Umarfarooq. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Umarfarooq~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.[[Umarfarooq|Turk umarfaru]]<nowiki/>k [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28102-42|&#126;2026-28102-42]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28102-42|talk]]) 07:29, 9 May 2026 (UTC) k20r2g6hgys9xk1ge5srm30f5apli79 0 369755 4634774 4332646 2026-05-08T14:44:58Z Tem5psu 1013978 /* &#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables */ 4634774 wikitext text/x-wiki ==&#160;&#160;<big>Resources for Students and Teachers</big>== <big>'''Powerpoint slides'''</big> to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request ([mailto:tem5@psu.edu tem5@psu.edu]) <br /> <br /> '''<big>Additional resources:</big>''' ==&#160;&#160;12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry== '''IONIC VIPEr''' is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[https://www.ionicviper.org/ '''IONIC VIPEr website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual== The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[http://chemistry.beloit.edu/edetc/nanolab/ '''Video Lab Manual website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/Organic%20Structures%20and%20Bonding.html '''Structure and Bonding website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm '''3D Crystal Structure website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables== <br> ::[[w:Periodic_table|'''Interactive Periodic Table''']] (Wikipedia) <br> [https://ptable.com/#Properties '''Interactive Periodic Properties'''] (ptable.com) <br> -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- [[File:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.png|left|300 px|thumb|Mendeleev's periodic table (1869)]] [[File:Periodic Table Armtuk3.svg|left|600px|thumb|18-column periodic table]] [[File:32-column periodic table.png|center|900px|thumb|A 32-column periodic table with Sc, Y, Lu and Lr in group 3]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ==&#160;&#160;12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values== '''Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K)''' {| class="wikitable" !Substance||ΔH_f° (kJ/mol)!!S° (J/K·mol)!!ΔG_f° (kJ/mol) |- !Aluminum|| || || |- |Al(s)||0||28.3||0 |- |AlCl₃(s)||-704.2||110.67||-628.8 |- |Al₂O₃(s)||-1675.7||50.92||-1582.3 |- !Barium|| || || |- |BaCl₂(s)||-858.6||123.68||-810.4 |- |BaCl₂ • 2 H₂O (s)||-1460.1||203||-1296.5 |- |BaO(s)||-553.5||70.42||-525.1 |- |Ba(OH)₂ • 8 H₂O (s)||-3342||427||-2793 |- |BaSO₄(s)||-1473.2||132.2||-1362.2 |- !Beryllium|| || || |- |Be(s)||0||9.5||0 |- |Be(OH)₂(s)||-902.5||51.9||-815 |- !Bromine|| || || |- |Br(g)||111.884||175.022||82.396 |- |Br₂(liq)||0||152.2||0 |- |Br₂(g)||30.907||245.463||3.11 |- |BrF₃(g)||-255.6||292.53||-229.43 |- |HBr(g)||-36.4||198.695||-53.45 |- !Calcium|| || || |- |Ca(s)||0||41.42||0 |- |Ca(g)||178.2||158.884||144.3 |- |Ca₂₊(g)||1925.9|| || |- |CaC₂(s)||-59.8||69.96||-64.9 |- |CaCO₃ (s; calcite)||-1206.92||92.9||-1128.79 |- |CaCl₂(s)||-795.8||104.6||-748.1 |- |CaF₂(s)||-1219.6||68.87||-1167.3 |- |CaH₂(s)||-186.2||42||-147.2 |- |CaO(s)||-635.09||39.75||-604.03 |- |CaS(s)||-482.4||56.5||-477.4 |- |Ca(OH)₂(s)||-986.09||83.39||-898.49 |- |Ca(OH)₂(aq)||-1002.82||-74.5||-868.07 |- |CaSO₄(s)||-1434.11||106.7||-1321.79 |- !Carbon|| || || |- |C(s, graphite)||0||5.74||0 |- |C(s, diamond)||1.895||2.377||2.9 |- |C(g)||716.682||158.096||671.257 |- |CCl₄(liq)||-135.44||216.4||-65.21 |- |CCl₄(g)||-102.9||309.85||-60.59 |- |CHCl₃(liq)||-134.47||201.7||-73.66 |- |CHCl₃(g)||-103.14||295.71||-70.34 |- |CH₄ (g, methane)||-74.81||186.264||-50.72 |- |C₂H₂ (g, ethyne)||226.73||200.94||209.2 |- |C2H4 (g,ethene)||52.26||219.56||68.15 |- |C₂H₆ (g, ethane)||-84.68||229.6||-32.82 |- |C₃H₈ (g, propane)||-103.8||269.9||-23.49 |- |C₄H₁₀ (g, butane)||-888.0|| || |- |C₆H₆ (liq, benzene)||49.03||172.8||124.5 |- |C₆H₁₄(liq)||-198.782||296.018||-4.035 |- |C₈H₁₈(liq)||-249.952||361.205||6.707 |- |CH₃OH(liq, methanol)||-238.66||126.8||-166.27 |- |CH₃OH(g, methanol)||-200.66||239.81||-161.96 |- |C₂H₅OH(liq, ethanol)||-277.69||160.7||-174.78 |- |C₂H₅OH(g, ethanol)||-235.1||282.7||-168.49 |- |CH3COOH(liq)||-276.981||160.666||-173.991 |- |CO(NH₂)₂(s, urea)||-333.5||104.6||-197.4 |- |CO(g)||-110.525||197.674||-137.168 |- |CO₂(g)||-393.509||213.74||-394.359 |- |CS₂(g)||117.36||237.84||67.12 |- |COCl₂(g)||-218.8||283.53||-204.6 |- !Cesium|| || || |- |Cs(s)||0||85.23||0 |- |Cs⁺(g)||457.964|| || |- |CsCl(s)||-443.04||101.17||-414.53 |- !Chlorine|| || || |- |Cl(g)||121.679||165.198||105.68 |- |Cl^-(g)||-233.13|| || |- |Cl₂(g)||0||223.066||0 |- |HCl(g)||-92.307||186.908||-95.299 |- |HCl(aq)||-167.159||56.5||-131.228 |- !Chromium|| || || |- |Cr(s)||0||23.77||0 |- |Cr₂O₃(s)||-1139.7||81.2||-1058.1 |- |CrCl₃(s)||-556.5||123||-486.1 |- !Copper|| || || |- |Cu(s)||0||33.15||0 |- |CuO(s)||-157.3||42.63||-129.7 |- |CuCl₂(s)||-220.1||108.07||-175.7 |- !Fluorine|| || || |- |F₂(g)||0||202.78||0 |- |F(g)||78.99||158.754||61.91 |- |F^-(g)||-255.39|| || |- |F^-(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- |HF(g)||-271.1||173.779||-273.2 |- |HF(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- !Hydrogen|| || || |- |H₂(g)||0||130.684||0 |- |H(g)||217.965||114.713||203.247 |- |H⁺(g)||1536.202|| || |- |H₂O(liq)||-285.83||69.91||-237.129 |- |H₂O(g)||-241.818||188.825||-228.572 |- |H₂O₂(liq)||-187.78||109.6||-120.35 |- !Iodine|| || || |- |I₂(s)||0||116.135||0 |- |I₂(g)||62.438||260.69||19.327 |- |I(g)||106.838||180.791||70.25 |- |I^-(g)||-197|| || |- |ICl(g)||17.78||247.551||-5.46 |- !Iron|| || || |- |Fe(s)||0||27.78||0 |- |FeO(s)||-272|| || |- |Fe₂O₃(s, hematite)||-824.2||87.4||-742.2 |- |Fe₃O₄(s, magnetite)||-1118.4||146.4||-1015.4 |- |FeCl₂(s)||-341.79||117.95||-302.3 |- |FeCl₃(s)||-399.49||142.3||-344 |- |FeS₂(s, pyrite)||-178.2||52.93||-166.9 |- |Fe(CO)₅(liq)||-774||338.1||-705.3 |- !Lead|| || || |- |Pb(s)||0||64.81||0 |- |PbCl₂(s)||-359.41||136||-314.1 |- |PbO(s, yellow)||-217.32||68.7||-187.89 |- |PbS(s)||-100.4||91.2||-98.7 |- !Lithium|| || || |- |Li(s)||0||29.12||0 |- |Li⁺(g)||685.783|| || |- |LiOH(s)||-484.93||42.8||-438.95 |- |LiOH(aq)||-508.48||2.8||-450.58 |- |LiCl(s)||-408.701||59.33||-384.37 |- !Magnesium|| || || |- |Mg(s)||0||32.68||0 |- |MgCl₂(g)||-641.32||89.62||-591.79 |- |MgO(s)||-601.7||26.94||-569.43 |- |Mg(OH)₂(s)||-924.54||63.18||-833.51 |- |MgS(s)||-346||50.33||-341.8 |- !Mercury|| || || |- |Hg(liq)||0||29.87||0 |- |HgCl₂(s)||-224.3||146||-178.6 |- |HgO(s, red)||-90.83||70.29||-58.539 |- |HgS(s, red)||-58.2||82.4||-50.6 |- !Nickel|| || || |- |Ni(s)||0||29.87||0 |- |NiO(s)||-239.7||37.99||-211.7 |- |NiCl₂(s)||-305.332||97.65||-259.032 |- !Nitrogen|| || || |- |N2(g)||0||191.61||0 |- |N(g)||472.704||153.298||455.563 |- |NH₃(g)||-46.11||192.45||-16.45 |- |N₂H₄(liq)||50.63||121.21||149.34 |- |NH₄Cl(s)||-314.43||94.6||-202.87 |- |NH₄Cl(aq)||-299.66||169.9||-210.52 |- |NH₄NO₃(s)||-365.56||151.08||-183.87 |- |NH₄NO₃(aq)||-339.87||259.8||-190.56 |- |NO(g)||90.25||210.76||86.55 |- |NO₂(g)||33.18||240.06||51.31 |- |N₂O(g)||82.05||219.85||104.2 |- |N₂O₄(g)||9.16||304.29||97.89 |- |NOCl(g)||51.71||261.69||66.08 |- |HNO₃(liq)||-174.1||155.6||-80.71 |- |HNO₃(g)||-135.06||266.38||-74.72 |- |HNO₃(aq)||-207.36||146.4||-111.25 |- !Oxygen|| || || |- |O₂(g)||0||205.138||0 |- |O(g)||249.17||161.055||231.731 |- |O₃(g)||142.7||238.93||163.2 |- !Phosphorus|| || || |- |P₄(s, white)||0||164.36||0 |- |P₄(s, red)||-70.4||91.2||-48.4 |- |P(g)||314.64||163.193||278.25 |- |PH₃(g)||5.4||310.23||13.4 |- |PCl₃(g)||-287||311.78||-267.8 |- |P₄O₁₀(s)||-2984||228.86||-2697.7 |- |H₃PO₄(s)||-1279||110.5||-1119.1 |- !Potassium|| || || |- |K(s)||0||64.18||0 |- |KCl(s)||-436.747||82.59||-409.14 |- |KClO₃(s)||-397.73||143.1||-296.25 |- |KI(s)||-327.9||106.32||-324.892 |- |KOH(s)||-424.764||78.9||-379.08 |- |KOH(aq)||-482.37||91.6||-440.5 |- !Silicon|| || || |- |Si(s)||0||18.83||0 |- |SiBr₄(liq)||-457.3||277.8||-443.8 |- |SiC(s)||-65.3||16.61||-62.8 |- |SiCl₄(g)||-657.01||330.73||-616.98 |- |SiH₄(g)||34.3||204.62||56.9 |- |SiF₄(g)||-1614.94||282.49||-1572.65 |- |SiO₂(s, quartz)||-910.94||41.84||-856.64 |- !Silver|| || || |- |Ag(s)||0||42.55||0 |- |Ag₂O(s)||-31.05||121.3||-11.2 |- |AgCl(s)||-127.068||96.2||-109.789 |- |AgNO₃(s)||-124.39||140.92||-33.41 |- !Sodium|| || || |- |Na(s)||0||51.21||0 |- |Na(g)||107.32||153.712||76.761 |- |Na⁺(g)||609.358|| || |- |NaBr(s)||-361.062||86.82||-348.983 |- |NaCl(s)||-411.153||72.13||-384.138 |- |NaCl(g)||-176.65||229.81||-196.66 |- |NaCl(aq)||-407.27||115.5||-393.133 |- |NaOH(s)||-425.609||64.455||-379.484 |- |NaOH(aq)||-470.114||48.1||-419.15 |- |Na₂CO₃(s)||-1130.68||134.98||-1044.44 |- !Sulfur|| || || |- |S(s, rhombic)||0||31.8||0 |- |S(g)||278.805||167.821||238.25 |- |S₂Cl₂(g)||-18.4||331.5||-31.8 |- |SF₆(g)||1209||291.82||-1105.3 |- |H₂S(g)||-20.63||205.79||-33.56 |- |SO₂(g)||-296.83||248.22||-300.194 |- |SO₃(g)||-395.72||256.76||-371.06 |- |SOCl₂(g)||-212.5||309.77||-198.3 |- |H2SO4(liq)||-813.989||156.904||-690.003 |- |H₂SO₄(aq)||-909.27||20.1||-744.53 |- !Tin|| || || |- |Sn(s, white)||0||51.55||0 |- |Sn(s, gray)||-2.09||44.14||0.13 |- |SnCl₄(liq)||-511.3||248.6||-440.1 |- |SnCl₄(g)||-471.5||365.8||-432.2 |- |SnO₂(s)||-580.7||52.3||-519.6 |- !Titanium|| || || |- |Ti(s)||0||30.63||0 |- |TiCl₄(liq)||-804.2||252.34||-737.2 |- |TiCl₄(g)||-763.2||354.9||-726.7 |- |TiO₂(s)||-939.7||49.92||-884.5 |- !Zinc|| || || |- |Zn(s)||0||41.63||0 |- |ZnCl₂(s)||-415.05||111.46||-369.398 |- |ZnO(s)||-348.28||43.64||-318.3 |- |ZnS(s, sphalerite)||-205.98||57.7||-201.29 |- !Aqueous Ions and Molecules|| || || |- |Ca²⁺(aq)||-542.96||-55.2||-553.04 |- |CO₃^2-(aq)||-676.26||-53.1||-528.1 |- |CO₂(aq)||-413.8||117.6||-386.0 |- |Cl^-(aq)||-167.16||56.5||-131.26 |- |H⁺(aq)||0|| ||0 |- |HCO₂^-(aq)||-410||91.6||-335 |- |HCO₂H(aq)||-410||164||-356 |- |HCO₃^-(aq)||-691.11||95||-587.06 |- |H₂CO₃(aq)||-698.7||191||-623.42 |- |NH₃(aq)||-80.29||111||-26.6 |- |OH^-(aq)||-229.94||-10.54||-157.3 |- |Ag⁺(aq)||105.58||72.68||77.124 |} ==&#160;&#160;12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies== '''Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |H-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;436&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;413&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;391&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;483&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||F-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;155&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;567&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;348||N-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;163||O-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;146||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;431&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;293&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;366&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;358&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;203&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;242&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;299&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;485||N-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;200||O-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;234||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;328&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;243&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Br-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;237&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;276&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;339&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;240&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;322&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;327&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;193&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;490&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;208&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;323&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;266&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;175&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Si&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;226&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||I-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;151&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;301&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;368&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;565&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;464&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |} '''Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |C=C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;614&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;495&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;615&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;607&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;523&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;799&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S=S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |} '''Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |- |C≡C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;839&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;891&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;941&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1072&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} <br /> {{BookCat}} jzzqor6wd7vjcglbrwwrci5ndrc5ex0 4634775 4634774 2026-05-08T14:45:31Z Tem5psu 1013978 /* &#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables */ 4634775 wikitext text/x-wiki ==&#160;&#160;<big>Resources for Students and Teachers</big>== <big>'''Powerpoint slides'''</big> to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request ([mailto:tem5@psu.edu tem5@psu.edu]) <br /> <br /> '''<big>Additional resources:</big>''' ==&#160;&#160;12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry== '''IONIC VIPEr''' is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[https://www.ionicviper.org/ '''IONIC VIPEr website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual== The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[http://chemistry.beloit.edu/edetc/nanolab/ '''Video Lab Manual website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/Organic%20Structures%20and%20Bonding.html '''Structure and Bonding website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm '''3D Crystal Structure website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables== <br> ::[[w:Periodic_table|'''Interactive Periodic Table''']] (Wikipedia) <br> [https://ptable.com/#Properties '''Interactive Periodic Properties'''] (ptable.com) <br> -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- [[File:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.png|left|300 px|thumb|Mendeleev's periodic table (1869)]] [[File:Periodic Table Armtuk3.svg|left|600px|thumb|18-column periodic table]] [[File:32-column periodic table.png|center|900px|thumb|A 32-column periodic table with Sc, Y, Lu and Lr in group 3]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ==&#160;&#160;12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values== '''Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K)''' {| class="wikitable" !Substance||ΔH_f° (kJ/mol)!!S° (J/K·mol)!!ΔG_f° (kJ/mol) |- !Aluminum|| || || |- |Al(s)||0||28.3||0 |- |AlCl₃(s)||-704.2||110.67||-628.8 |- |Al₂O₃(s)||-1675.7||50.92||-1582.3 |- !Barium|| || || |- |BaCl₂(s)||-858.6||123.68||-810.4 |- |BaCl₂ • 2 H₂O (s)||-1460.1||203||-1296.5 |- |BaO(s)||-553.5||70.42||-525.1 |- |Ba(OH)₂ • 8 H₂O (s)||-3342||427||-2793 |- |BaSO₄(s)||-1473.2||132.2||-1362.2 |- !Beryllium|| || || |- |Be(s)||0||9.5||0 |- |Be(OH)₂(s)||-902.5||51.9||-815 |- !Bromine|| || || |- |Br(g)||111.884||175.022||82.396 |- |Br₂(liq)||0||152.2||0 |- |Br₂(g)||30.907||245.463||3.11 |- |BrF₃(g)||-255.6||292.53||-229.43 |- |HBr(g)||-36.4||198.695||-53.45 |- !Calcium|| || || |- |Ca(s)||0||41.42||0 |- |Ca(g)||178.2||158.884||144.3 |- |Ca₂₊(g)||1925.9|| || |- |CaC₂(s)||-59.8||69.96||-64.9 |- |CaCO₃ (s; calcite)||-1206.92||92.9||-1128.79 |- |CaCl₂(s)||-795.8||104.6||-748.1 |- |CaF₂(s)||-1219.6||68.87||-1167.3 |- |CaH₂(s)||-186.2||42||-147.2 |- |CaO(s)||-635.09||39.75||-604.03 |- |CaS(s)||-482.4||56.5||-477.4 |- |Ca(OH)₂(s)||-986.09||83.39||-898.49 |- |Ca(OH)₂(aq)||-1002.82||-74.5||-868.07 |- |CaSO₄(s)||-1434.11||106.7||-1321.79 |- !Carbon|| || || |- |C(s, graphite)||0||5.74||0 |- |C(s, diamond)||1.895||2.377||2.9 |- |C(g)||716.682||158.096||671.257 |- |CCl₄(liq)||-135.44||216.4||-65.21 |- |CCl₄(g)||-102.9||309.85||-60.59 |- |CHCl₃(liq)||-134.47||201.7||-73.66 |- |CHCl₃(g)||-103.14||295.71||-70.34 |- |CH₄ (g, methane)||-74.81||186.264||-50.72 |- |C₂H₂ (g, ethyne)||226.73||200.94||209.2 |- |C2H4 (g,ethene)||52.26||219.56||68.15 |- |C₂H₆ (g, ethane)||-84.68||229.6||-32.82 |- |C₃H₈ (g, propane)||-103.8||269.9||-23.49 |- |C₄H₁₀ (g, butane)||-888.0|| || |- |C₆H₆ (liq, benzene)||49.03||172.8||124.5 |- |C₆H₁₄(liq)||-198.782||296.018||-4.035 |- |C₈H₁₈(liq)||-249.952||361.205||6.707 |- |CH₃OH(liq, methanol)||-238.66||126.8||-166.27 |- |CH₃OH(g, methanol)||-200.66||239.81||-161.96 |- |C₂H₅OH(liq, ethanol)||-277.69||160.7||-174.78 |- |C₂H₅OH(g, ethanol)||-235.1||282.7||-168.49 |- |CH3COOH(liq)||-276.981||160.666||-173.991 |- |CO(NH₂)₂(s, urea)||-333.5||104.6||-197.4 |- |CO(g)||-110.525||197.674||-137.168 |- |CO₂(g)||-393.509||213.74||-394.359 |- |CS₂(g)||117.36||237.84||67.12 |- |COCl₂(g)||-218.8||283.53||-204.6 |- !Cesium|| || || |- |Cs(s)||0||85.23||0 |- |Cs⁺(g)||457.964|| || |- |CsCl(s)||-443.04||101.17||-414.53 |- !Chlorine|| || || |- |Cl(g)||121.679||165.198||105.68 |- |Cl^-(g)||-233.13|| || |- |Cl₂(g)||0||223.066||0 |- |HCl(g)||-92.307||186.908||-95.299 |- |HCl(aq)||-167.159||56.5||-131.228 |- !Chromium|| || || |- |Cr(s)||0||23.77||0 |- |Cr₂O₃(s)||-1139.7||81.2||-1058.1 |- |CrCl₃(s)||-556.5||123||-486.1 |- !Copper|| || || |- |Cu(s)||0||33.15||0 |- |CuO(s)||-157.3||42.63||-129.7 |- |CuCl₂(s)||-220.1||108.07||-175.7 |- !Fluorine|| || || |- |F₂(g)||0||202.78||0 |- |F(g)||78.99||158.754||61.91 |- |F^-(g)||-255.39|| || |- |F^-(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- |HF(g)||-271.1||173.779||-273.2 |- |HF(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- !Hydrogen|| || || |- |H₂(g)||0||130.684||0 |- |H(g)||217.965||114.713||203.247 |- |H⁺(g)||1536.202|| || |- |H₂O(liq)||-285.83||69.91||-237.129 |- |H₂O(g)||-241.818||188.825||-228.572 |- |H₂O₂(liq)||-187.78||109.6||-120.35 |- !Iodine|| || || |- |I₂(s)||0||116.135||0 |- |I₂(g)||62.438||260.69||19.327 |- |I(g)||106.838||180.791||70.25 |- |I^-(g)||-197|| || |- |ICl(g)||17.78||247.551||-5.46 |- !Iron|| || || |- |Fe(s)||0||27.78||0 |- |FeO(s)||-272|| || |- |Fe₂O₃(s, hematite)||-824.2||87.4||-742.2 |- |Fe₃O₄(s, magnetite)||-1118.4||146.4||-1015.4 |- |FeCl₂(s)||-341.79||117.95||-302.3 |- |FeCl₃(s)||-399.49||142.3||-344 |- |FeS₂(s, pyrite)||-178.2||52.93||-166.9 |- |Fe(CO)₅(liq)||-774||338.1||-705.3 |- !Lead|| || || |- |Pb(s)||0||64.81||0 |- |PbCl₂(s)||-359.41||136||-314.1 |- |PbO(s, yellow)||-217.32||68.7||-187.89 |- |PbS(s)||-100.4||91.2||-98.7 |- !Lithium|| || || |- |Li(s)||0||29.12||0 |- |Li⁺(g)||685.783|| || |- |LiOH(s)||-484.93||42.8||-438.95 |- |LiOH(aq)||-508.48||2.8||-450.58 |- |LiCl(s)||-408.701||59.33||-384.37 |- !Magnesium|| || || |- |Mg(s)||0||32.68||0 |- |MgCl₂(g)||-641.32||89.62||-591.79 |- |MgO(s)||-601.7||26.94||-569.43 |- |Mg(OH)₂(s)||-924.54||63.18||-833.51 |- |MgS(s)||-346||50.33||-341.8 |- !Mercury|| || || |- |Hg(liq)||0||29.87||0 |- |HgCl₂(s)||-224.3||146||-178.6 |- |HgO(s, red)||-90.83||70.29||-58.539 |- |HgS(s, red)||-58.2||82.4||-50.6 |- !Nickel|| || || |- |Ni(s)||0||29.87||0 |- |NiO(s)||-239.7||37.99||-211.7 |- |NiCl₂(s)||-305.332||97.65||-259.032 |- !Nitrogen|| || || |- |N2(g)||0||191.61||0 |- |N(g)||472.704||153.298||455.563 |- |NH₃(g)||-46.11||192.45||-16.45 |- |N₂H₄(liq)||50.63||121.21||149.34 |- |NH₄Cl(s)||-314.43||94.6||-202.87 |- |NH₄Cl(aq)||-299.66||169.9||-210.52 |- |NH₄NO₃(s)||-365.56||151.08||-183.87 |- |NH₄NO₃(aq)||-339.87||259.8||-190.56 |- |NO(g)||90.25||210.76||86.55 |- |NO₂(g)||33.18||240.06||51.31 |- |N₂O(g)||82.05||219.85||104.2 |- |N₂O₄(g)||9.16||304.29||97.89 |- |NOCl(g)||51.71||261.69||66.08 |- |HNO₃(liq)||-174.1||155.6||-80.71 |- |HNO₃(g)||-135.06||266.38||-74.72 |- |HNO₃(aq)||-207.36||146.4||-111.25 |- !Oxygen|| || || |- |O₂(g)||0||205.138||0 |- |O(g)||249.17||161.055||231.731 |- |O₃(g)||142.7||238.93||163.2 |- !Phosphorus|| || || |- |P₄(s, white)||0||164.36||0 |- |P₄(s, red)||-70.4||91.2||-48.4 |- |P(g)||314.64||163.193||278.25 |- |PH₃(g)||5.4||310.23||13.4 |- |PCl₃(g)||-287||311.78||-267.8 |- |P₄O₁₀(s)||-2984||228.86||-2697.7 |- |H₃PO₄(s)||-1279||110.5||-1119.1 |- !Potassium|| || || |- |K(s)||0||64.18||0 |- |KCl(s)||-436.747||82.59||-409.14 |- |KClO₃(s)||-397.73||143.1||-296.25 |- |KI(s)||-327.9||106.32||-324.892 |- |KOH(s)||-424.764||78.9||-379.08 |- |KOH(aq)||-482.37||91.6||-440.5 |- !Silicon|| || || |- |Si(s)||0||18.83||0 |- |SiBr₄(liq)||-457.3||277.8||-443.8 |- |SiC(s)||-65.3||16.61||-62.8 |- |SiCl₄(g)||-657.01||330.73||-616.98 |- |SiH₄(g)||34.3||204.62||56.9 |- |SiF₄(g)||-1614.94||282.49||-1572.65 |- |SiO₂(s, quartz)||-910.94||41.84||-856.64 |- !Silver|| || || |- |Ag(s)||0||42.55||0 |- |Ag₂O(s)||-31.05||121.3||-11.2 |- |AgCl(s)||-127.068||96.2||-109.789 |- |AgNO₃(s)||-124.39||140.92||-33.41 |- !Sodium|| || || |- |Na(s)||0||51.21||0 |- |Na(g)||107.32||153.712||76.761 |- |Na⁺(g)||609.358|| || |- |NaBr(s)||-361.062||86.82||-348.983 |- |NaCl(s)||-411.153||72.13||-384.138 |- |NaCl(g)||-176.65||229.81||-196.66 |- |NaCl(aq)||-407.27||115.5||-393.133 |- |NaOH(s)||-425.609||64.455||-379.484 |- |NaOH(aq)||-470.114||48.1||-419.15 |- |Na₂CO₃(s)||-1130.68||134.98||-1044.44 |- !Sulfur|| || || |- |S(s, rhombic)||0||31.8||0 |- |S(g)||278.805||167.821||238.25 |- |S₂Cl₂(g)||-18.4||331.5||-31.8 |- |SF₆(g)||1209||291.82||-1105.3 |- |H₂S(g)||-20.63||205.79||-33.56 |- |SO₂(g)||-296.83||248.22||-300.194 |- |SO₃(g)||-395.72||256.76||-371.06 |- |SOCl₂(g)||-212.5||309.77||-198.3 |- |H2SO4(liq)||-813.989||156.904||-690.003 |- |H₂SO₄(aq)||-909.27||20.1||-744.53 |- !Tin|| || || |- |Sn(s, white)||0||51.55||0 |- |Sn(s, gray)||-2.09||44.14||0.13 |- |SnCl₄(liq)||-511.3||248.6||-440.1 |- |SnCl₄(g)||-471.5||365.8||-432.2 |- |SnO₂(s)||-580.7||52.3||-519.6 |- !Titanium|| || || |- |Ti(s)||0||30.63||0 |- |TiCl₄(liq)||-804.2||252.34||-737.2 |- |TiCl₄(g)||-763.2||354.9||-726.7 |- |TiO₂(s)||-939.7||49.92||-884.5 |- !Zinc|| || || |- |Zn(s)||0||41.63||0 |- |ZnCl₂(s)||-415.05||111.46||-369.398 |- |ZnO(s)||-348.28||43.64||-318.3 |- |ZnS(s, sphalerite)||-205.98||57.7||-201.29 |- !Aqueous Ions and Molecules|| || || |- |Ca²⁺(aq)||-542.96||-55.2||-553.04 |- |CO₃^2-(aq)||-676.26||-53.1||-528.1 |- |CO₂(aq)||-413.8||117.6||-386.0 |- |Cl^-(aq)||-167.16||56.5||-131.26 |- |H⁺(aq)||0|| ||0 |- |HCO₂^-(aq)||-410||91.6||-335 |- |HCO₂H(aq)||-410||164||-356 |- |HCO₃^-(aq)||-691.11||95||-587.06 |- |H₂CO₃(aq)||-698.7||191||-623.42 |- |NH₃(aq)||-80.29||111||-26.6 |- |OH^-(aq)||-229.94||-10.54||-157.3 |- |Ag⁺(aq)||105.58||72.68||77.124 |} ==&#160;&#160;12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies== '''Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |H-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;436&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;413&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;391&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;483&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||F-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;155&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;567&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;348||N-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;163||O-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;146||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;431&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;293&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;366&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;358&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;203&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;242&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;299&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;485||N-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;200||O-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;234||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;328&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;243&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Br-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;237&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;276&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;339&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;240&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;322&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;327&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;193&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;490&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;208&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;323&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;266&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;175&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Si&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;226&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||I-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;151&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;301&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;368&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;565&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;464&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |} '''Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |C=C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;614&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;495&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;615&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;607&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;523&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;799&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S=S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |} '''Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |- |C≡C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;839&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;891&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;941&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1072&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} <br /> {{BookCat}} sg4qh6bya97sut4xqiuvg4k0p7ee7ny 4634776 4634775 2026-05-08T14:45:55Z Tem5psu 1013978 /* &#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables */ 4634776 wikitext text/x-wiki ==&#160;&#160;<big>Resources for Students and Teachers</big>== <big>'''Powerpoint slides'''</big> to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request ([mailto:tem5@psu.edu tem5@psu.edu]) <br /> <br /> '''<big>Additional resources:</big>''' ==&#160;&#160;12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry== '''IONIC VIPEr''' is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[https://www.ionicviper.org/ '''IONIC VIPEr website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual== The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[http://chemistry.beloit.edu/edetc/nanolab/ '''Video Lab Manual website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/Organic%20Structures%20and%20Bonding.html '''Structure and Bonding website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm '''3D Crystal Structure website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables== <br> ::[[w:Periodic_table|'''Interactive Periodic Table''']] (Wikipedia) <br> [https://ptable.com/#Properties '''Interactive Periodic Properties'''] (ptable.com) <br> -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- [[File:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.png|left|300 px|thumb|Mendeleev's periodic table (1869)]] [[File:Periodic Table Armtuk3.svg|left|600px|thumb|18-column periodic table]] [[File:32-column periodic table.png|center|900px|thumb|A 32-column periodic table with Sc, Y, Lu and Lr in group 3]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ==&#160;&#160;12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values== '''Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K)''' {| class="wikitable" !Substance||ΔH_f° (kJ/mol)!!S° (J/K·mol)!!ΔG_f° (kJ/mol) |- !Aluminum|| || || |- |Al(s)||0||28.3||0 |- |AlCl₃(s)||-704.2||110.67||-628.8 |- |Al₂O₃(s)||-1675.7||50.92||-1582.3 |- !Barium|| || || |- |BaCl₂(s)||-858.6||123.68||-810.4 |- |BaCl₂ • 2 H₂O (s)||-1460.1||203||-1296.5 |- |BaO(s)||-553.5||70.42||-525.1 |- |Ba(OH)₂ • 8 H₂O (s)||-3342||427||-2793 |- |BaSO₄(s)||-1473.2||132.2||-1362.2 |- !Beryllium|| || || |- |Be(s)||0||9.5||0 |- |Be(OH)₂(s)||-902.5||51.9||-815 |- !Bromine|| || || |- |Br(g)||111.884||175.022||82.396 |- |Br₂(liq)||0||152.2||0 |- |Br₂(g)||30.907||245.463||3.11 |- |BrF₃(g)||-255.6||292.53||-229.43 |- |HBr(g)||-36.4||198.695||-53.45 |- !Calcium|| || || |- |Ca(s)||0||41.42||0 |- |Ca(g)||178.2||158.884||144.3 |- |Ca₂₊(g)||1925.9|| || |- |CaC₂(s)||-59.8||69.96||-64.9 |- |CaCO₃ (s; calcite)||-1206.92||92.9||-1128.79 |- |CaCl₂(s)||-795.8||104.6||-748.1 |- |CaF₂(s)||-1219.6||68.87||-1167.3 |- |CaH₂(s)||-186.2||42||-147.2 |- |CaO(s)||-635.09||39.75||-604.03 |- |CaS(s)||-482.4||56.5||-477.4 |- |Ca(OH)₂(s)||-986.09||83.39||-898.49 |- |Ca(OH)₂(aq)||-1002.82||-74.5||-868.07 |- |CaSO₄(s)||-1434.11||106.7||-1321.79 |- !Carbon|| || || |- |C(s, graphite)||0||5.74||0 |- |C(s, diamond)||1.895||2.377||2.9 |- |C(g)||716.682||158.096||671.257 |- |CCl₄(liq)||-135.44||216.4||-65.21 |- |CCl₄(g)||-102.9||309.85||-60.59 |- |CHCl₃(liq)||-134.47||201.7||-73.66 |- |CHCl₃(g)||-103.14||295.71||-70.34 |- |CH₄ (g, methane)||-74.81||186.264||-50.72 |- |C₂H₂ (g, ethyne)||226.73||200.94||209.2 |- |C2H4 (g,ethene)||52.26||219.56||68.15 |- |C₂H₆ (g, ethane)||-84.68||229.6||-32.82 |- |C₃H₈ (g, propane)||-103.8||269.9||-23.49 |- |C₄H₁₀ (g, butane)||-888.0|| || |- |C₆H₆ (liq, benzene)||49.03||172.8||124.5 |- |C₆H₁₄(liq)||-198.782||296.018||-4.035 |- |C₈H₁₈(liq)||-249.952||361.205||6.707 |- |CH₃OH(liq, methanol)||-238.66||126.8||-166.27 |- |CH₃OH(g, methanol)||-200.66||239.81||-161.96 |- |C₂H₅OH(liq, ethanol)||-277.69||160.7||-174.78 |- |C₂H₅OH(g, ethanol)||-235.1||282.7||-168.49 |- |CH3COOH(liq)||-276.981||160.666||-173.991 |- |CO(NH₂)₂(s, urea)||-333.5||104.6||-197.4 |- |CO(g)||-110.525||197.674||-137.168 |- |CO₂(g)||-393.509||213.74||-394.359 |- |CS₂(g)||117.36||237.84||67.12 |- |COCl₂(g)||-218.8||283.53||-204.6 |- !Cesium|| || || |- |Cs(s)||0||85.23||0 |- |Cs⁺(g)||457.964|| || |- |CsCl(s)||-443.04||101.17||-414.53 |- !Chlorine|| || || |- |Cl(g)||121.679||165.198||105.68 |- |Cl^-(g)||-233.13|| || |- |Cl₂(g)||0||223.066||0 |- |HCl(g)||-92.307||186.908||-95.299 |- |HCl(aq)||-167.159||56.5||-131.228 |- !Chromium|| || || |- |Cr(s)||0||23.77||0 |- |Cr₂O₃(s)||-1139.7||81.2||-1058.1 |- |CrCl₃(s)||-556.5||123||-486.1 |- !Copper|| || || |- |Cu(s)||0||33.15||0 |- |CuO(s)||-157.3||42.63||-129.7 |- |CuCl₂(s)||-220.1||108.07||-175.7 |- !Fluorine|| || || |- |F₂(g)||0||202.78||0 |- |F(g)||78.99||158.754||61.91 |- |F^-(g)||-255.39|| || |- |F^-(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- |HF(g)||-271.1||173.779||-273.2 |- |HF(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- !Hydrogen|| || || |- |H₂(g)||0||130.684||0 |- |H(g)||217.965||114.713||203.247 |- |H⁺(g)||1536.202|| || |- |H₂O(liq)||-285.83||69.91||-237.129 |- |H₂O(g)||-241.818||188.825||-228.572 |- |H₂O₂(liq)||-187.78||109.6||-120.35 |- !Iodine|| || || |- |I₂(s)||0||116.135||0 |- |I₂(g)||62.438||260.69||19.327 |- |I(g)||106.838||180.791||70.25 |- |I^-(g)||-197|| || |- |ICl(g)||17.78||247.551||-5.46 |- !Iron|| || || |- |Fe(s)||0||27.78||0 |- |FeO(s)||-272|| || |- |Fe₂O₃(s, hematite)||-824.2||87.4||-742.2 |- |Fe₃O₄(s, magnetite)||-1118.4||146.4||-1015.4 |- |FeCl₂(s)||-341.79||117.95||-302.3 |- |FeCl₃(s)||-399.49||142.3||-344 |- |FeS₂(s, pyrite)||-178.2||52.93||-166.9 |- |Fe(CO)₅(liq)||-774||338.1||-705.3 |- !Lead|| || || |- |Pb(s)||0||64.81||0 |- |PbCl₂(s)||-359.41||136||-314.1 |- |PbO(s, yellow)||-217.32||68.7||-187.89 |- |PbS(s)||-100.4||91.2||-98.7 |- !Lithium|| || || |- |Li(s)||0||29.12||0 |- |Li⁺(g)||685.783|| || |- |LiOH(s)||-484.93||42.8||-438.95 |- |LiOH(aq)||-508.48||2.8||-450.58 |- |LiCl(s)||-408.701||59.33||-384.37 |- !Magnesium|| || || |- |Mg(s)||0||32.68||0 |- |MgCl₂(g)||-641.32||89.62||-591.79 |- |MgO(s)||-601.7||26.94||-569.43 |- |Mg(OH)₂(s)||-924.54||63.18||-833.51 |- |MgS(s)||-346||50.33||-341.8 |- !Mercury|| || || |- |Hg(liq)||0||29.87||0 |- |HgCl₂(s)||-224.3||146||-178.6 |- |HgO(s, red)||-90.83||70.29||-58.539 |- |HgS(s, red)||-58.2||82.4||-50.6 |- !Nickel|| || || |- |Ni(s)||0||29.87||0 |- |NiO(s)||-239.7||37.99||-211.7 |- |NiCl₂(s)||-305.332||97.65||-259.032 |- !Nitrogen|| || || |- |N2(g)||0||191.61||0 |- |N(g)||472.704||153.298||455.563 |- |NH₃(g)||-46.11||192.45||-16.45 |- |N₂H₄(liq)||50.63||121.21||149.34 |- |NH₄Cl(s)||-314.43||94.6||-202.87 |- |NH₄Cl(aq)||-299.66||169.9||-210.52 |- |NH₄NO₃(s)||-365.56||151.08||-183.87 |- |NH₄NO₃(aq)||-339.87||259.8||-190.56 |- |NO(g)||90.25||210.76||86.55 |- |NO₂(g)||33.18||240.06||51.31 |- |N₂O(g)||82.05||219.85||104.2 |- |N₂O₄(g)||9.16||304.29||97.89 |- |NOCl(g)||51.71||261.69||66.08 |- |HNO₃(liq)||-174.1||155.6||-80.71 |- |HNO₃(g)||-135.06||266.38||-74.72 |- |HNO₃(aq)||-207.36||146.4||-111.25 |- !Oxygen|| || || |- |O₂(g)||0||205.138||0 |- |O(g)||249.17||161.055||231.731 |- |O₃(g)||142.7||238.93||163.2 |- !Phosphorus|| || || |- |P₄(s, white)||0||164.36||0 |- |P₄(s, red)||-70.4||91.2||-48.4 |- |P(g)||314.64||163.193||278.25 |- |PH₃(g)||5.4||310.23||13.4 |- |PCl₃(g)||-287||311.78||-267.8 |- |P₄O₁₀(s)||-2984||228.86||-2697.7 |- |H₃PO₄(s)||-1279||110.5||-1119.1 |- !Potassium|| || || |- |K(s)||0||64.18||0 |- |KCl(s)||-436.747||82.59||-409.14 |- |KClO₃(s)||-397.73||143.1||-296.25 |- |KI(s)||-327.9||106.32||-324.892 |- |KOH(s)||-424.764||78.9||-379.08 |- |KOH(aq)||-482.37||91.6||-440.5 |- !Silicon|| || || |- |Si(s)||0||18.83||0 |- |SiBr₄(liq)||-457.3||277.8||-443.8 |- |SiC(s)||-65.3||16.61||-62.8 |- |SiCl₄(g)||-657.01||330.73||-616.98 |- |SiH₄(g)||34.3||204.62||56.9 |- |SiF₄(g)||-1614.94||282.49||-1572.65 |- |SiO₂(s, quartz)||-910.94||41.84||-856.64 |- !Silver|| || || |- |Ag(s)||0||42.55||0 |- |Ag₂O(s)||-31.05||121.3||-11.2 |- |AgCl(s)||-127.068||96.2||-109.789 |- |AgNO₃(s)||-124.39||140.92||-33.41 |- !Sodium|| || || |- |Na(s)||0||51.21||0 |- |Na(g)||107.32||153.712||76.761 |- |Na⁺(g)||609.358|| || |- |NaBr(s)||-361.062||86.82||-348.983 |- |NaCl(s)||-411.153||72.13||-384.138 |- |NaCl(g)||-176.65||229.81||-196.66 |- |NaCl(aq)||-407.27||115.5||-393.133 |- |NaOH(s)||-425.609||64.455||-379.484 |- |NaOH(aq)||-470.114||48.1||-419.15 |- |Na₂CO₃(s)||-1130.68||134.98||-1044.44 |- !Sulfur|| || || |- |S(s, rhombic)||0||31.8||0 |- |S(g)||278.805||167.821||238.25 |- |S₂Cl₂(g)||-18.4||331.5||-31.8 |- |SF₆(g)||1209||291.82||-1105.3 |- |H₂S(g)||-20.63||205.79||-33.56 |- |SO₂(g)||-296.83||248.22||-300.194 |- |SO₃(g)||-395.72||256.76||-371.06 |- |SOCl₂(g)||-212.5||309.77||-198.3 |- |H2SO4(liq)||-813.989||156.904||-690.003 |- |H₂SO₄(aq)||-909.27||20.1||-744.53 |- !Tin|| || || |- |Sn(s, white)||0||51.55||0 |- |Sn(s, gray)||-2.09||44.14||0.13 |- |SnCl₄(liq)||-511.3||248.6||-440.1 |- |SnCl₄(g)||-471.5||365.8||-432.2 |- |SnO₂(s)||-580.7||52.3||-519.6 |- !Titanium|| || || |- |Ti(s)||0||30.63||0 |- |TiCl₄(liq)||-804.2||252.34||-737.2 |- |TiCl₄(g)||-763.2||354.9||-726.7 |- |TiO₂(s)||-939.7||49.92||-884.5 |- !Zinc|| || || |- |Zn(s)||0||41.63||0 |- |ZnCl₂(s)||-415.05||111.46||-369.398 |- |ZnO(s)||-348.28||43.64||-318.3 |- |ZnS(s, sphalerite)||-205.98||57.7||-201.29 |- !Aqueous Ions and Molecules|| || || |- |Ca²⁺(aq)||-542.96||-55.2||-553.04 |- |CO₃^2-(aq)||-676.26||-53.1||-528.1 |- |CO₂(aq)||-413.8||117.6||-386.0 |- |Cl^-(aq)||-167.16||56.5||-131.26 |- |H⁺(aq)||0|| ||0 |- |HCO₂^-(aq)||-410||91.6||-335 |- |HCO₂H(aq)||-410||164||-356 |- |HCO₃^-(aq)||-691.11||95||-587.06 |- |H₂CO₃(aq)||-698.7||191||-623.42 |- |NH₃(aq)||-80.29||111||-26.6 |- |OH^-(aq)||-229.94||-10.54||-157.3 |- |Ag⁺(aq)||105.58||72.68||77.124 |} ==&#160;&#160;12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies== '''Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |H-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;436&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;413&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;391&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;483&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||F-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;155&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;567&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;348||N-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;163||O-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;146||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;431&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;293&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;366&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;358&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;203&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;242&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;299&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;485||N-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;200||O-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;234||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;328&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;243&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Br-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;237&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;276&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;339&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;240&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;322&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;327&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;193&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;490&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;208&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;323&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;266&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;175&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Si&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;226&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||I-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;151&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;301&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;368&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;565&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;464&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |} '''Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |C=C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;614&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;495&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;615&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;607&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;523&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;799&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S=S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |} '''Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |- |C≡C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;839&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;891&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;941&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1072&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} <br /> {{BookCat}} ohx93mp2q2wtxuptoouzmq8uk978fyb 4634777 4634776 2026-05-08T14:46:44Z Tem5psu 1013978 /* &#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables */ 4634777 wikitext text/x-wiki ==&#160;&#160;<big>Resources for Students and Teachers</big>== <big>'''Powerpoint slides'''</big> to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request ([mailto:tem5@psu.edu tem5@psu.edu]) <br /> <br /> '''<big>Additional resources:</big>''' ==&#160;&#160;12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry== '''IONIC VIPEr''' is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[https://www.ionicviper.org/ '''IONIC VIPEr website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual== The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[http://chemistry.beloit.edu/edetc/nanolab/ '''Video Lab Manual website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/Organic%20Structures%20and%20Bonding.html '''Structure and Bonding website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm '''3D Crystal Structure website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables== <br> ::[[w:Periodic_table|'''Interactive Periodic Table''']] (Wikipedia) <br> [https://ptable.com/#Properties '''Interactive Periodic Properties'''] (ptable.com) <br> -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- [[File:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.png|left|300 px|thumb|Mendeleev's periodic table (1869)]] [[File:Periodic Table Armtuk3.svg|left|600px|thumb|18-column periodic table]] [[File:32-column periodic table.png|center|900px|thumb|A 32-column periodic table with Sc, Y, Lu and Lr in group 3]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ==&#160;&#160;12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values== '''Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K)''' {| class="wikitable" !Substance||ΔH_f° (kJ/mol)!!S° (J/K·mol)!!ΔG_f° (kJ/mol) |- !Aluminum|| || || |- |Al(s)||0||28.3||0 |- |AlCl₃(s)||-704.2||110.67||-628.8 |- |Al₂O₃(s)||-1675.7||50.92||-1582.3 |- !Barium|| || || |- |BaCl₂(s)||-858.6||123.68||-810.4 |- |BaCl₂ • 2 H₂O (s)||-1460.1||203||-1296.5 |- |BaO(s)||-553.5||70.42||-525.1 |- |Ba(OH)₂ • 8 H₂O (s)||-3342||427||-2793 |- |BaSO₄(s)||-1473.2||132.2||-1362.2 |- !Beryllium|| || || |- |Be(s)||0||9.5||0 |- |Be(OH)₂(s)||-902.5||51.9||-815 |- !Bromine|| || || |- |Br(g)||111.884||175.022||82.396 |- |Br₂(liq)||0||152.2||0 |- |Br₂(g)||30.907||245.463||3.11 |- |BrF₃(g)||-255.6||292.53||-229.43 |- |HBr(g)||-36.4||198.695||-53.45 |- !Calcium|| || || |- |Ca(s)||0||41.42||0 |- |Ca(g)||178.2||158.884||144.3 |- |Ca₂₊(g)||1925.9|| || |- |CaC₂(s)||-59.8||69.96||-64.9 |- |CaCO₃ (s; calcite)||-1206.92||92.9||-1128.79 |- |CaCl₂(s)||-795.8||104.6||-748.1 |- |CaF₂(s)||-1219.6||68.87||-1167.3 |- |CaH₂(s)||-186.2||42||-147.2 |- |CaO(s)||-635.09||39.75||-604.03 |- |CaS(s)||-482.4||56.5||-477.4 |- |Ca(OH)₂(s)||-986.09||83.39||-898.49 |- |Ca(OH)₂(aq)||-1002.82||-74.5||-868.07 |- |CaSO₄(s)||-1434.11||106.7||-1321.79 |- !Carbon|| || || |- |C(s, graphite)||0||5.74||0 |- |C(s, diamond)||1.895||2.377||2.9 |- |C(g)||716.682||158.096||671.257 |- |CCl₄(liq)||-135.44||216.4||-65.21 |- |CCl₄(g)||-102.9||309.85||-60.59 |- |CHCl₃(liq)||-134.47||201.7||-73.66 |- |CHCl₃(g)||-103.14||295.71||-70.34 |- |CH₄ (g, methane)||-74.81||186.264||-50.72 |- |C₂H₂ (g, ethyne)||226.73||200.94||209.2 |- |C2H4 (g,ethene)||52.26||219.56||68.15 |- |C₂H₆ (g, ethane)||-84.68||229.6||-32.82 |- |C₃H₈ (g, propane)||-103.8||269.9||-23.49 |- |C₄H₁₀ (g, butane)||-888.0|| || |- |C₆H₆ (liq, benzene)||49.03||172.8||124.5 |- |C₆H₁₄(liq)||-198.782||296.018||-4.035 |- |C₈H₁₈(liq)||-249.952||361.205||6.707 |- |CH₃OH(liq, methanol)||-238.66||126.8||-166.27 |- |CH₃OH(g, methanol)||-200.66||239.81||-161.96 |- |C₂H₅OH(liq, ethanol)||-277.69||160.7||-174.78 |- |C₂H₅OH(g, ethanol)||-235.1||282.7||-168.49 |- |CH3COOH(liq)||-276.981||160.666||-173.991 |- |CO(NH₂)₂(s, urea)||-333.5||104.6||-197.4 |- |CO(g)||-110.525||197.674||-137.168 |- |CO₂(g)||-393.509||213.74||-394.359 |- |CS₂(g)||117.36||237.84||67.12 |- |COCl₂(g)||-218.8||283.53||-204.6 |- !Cesium|| || || |- |Cs(s)||0||85.23||0 |- |Cs⁺(g)||457.964|| || |- |CsCl(s)||-443.04||101.17||-414.53 |- !Chlorine|| || || |- |Cl(g)||121.679||165.198||105.68 |- |Cl^-(g)||-233.13|| || |- |Cl₂(g)||0||223.066||0 |- |HCl(g)||-92.307||186.908||-95.299 |- |HCl(aq)||-167.159||56.5||-131.228 |- !Chromium|| || || |- |Cr(s)||0||23.77||0 |- |Cr₂O₃(s)||-1139.7||81.2||-1058.1 |- |CrCl₃(s)||-556.5||123||-486.1 |- !Copper|| || || |- |Cu(s)||0||33.15||0 |- |CuO(s)||-157.3||42.63||-129.7 |- |CuCl₂(s)||-220.1||108.07||-175.7 |- !Fluorine|| || || |- |F₂(g)||0||202.78||0 |- |F(g)||78.99||158.754||61.91 |- |F^-(g)||-255.39|| || |- |F^-(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- |HF(g)||-271.1||173.779||-273.2 |- |HF(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- !Hydrogen|| || || |- |H₂(g)||0||130.684||0 |- |H(g)||217.965||114.713||203.247 |- |H⁺(g)||1536.202|| || |- |H₂O(liq)||-285.83||69.91||-237.129 |- |H₂O(g)||-241.818||188.825||-228.572 |- |H₂O₂(liq)||-187.78||109.6||-120.35 |- !Iodine|| || || |- |I₂(s)||0||116.135||0 |- |I₂(g)||62.438||260.69||19.327 |- |I(g)||106.838||180.791||70.25 |- |I^-(g)||-197|| || |- |ICl(g)||17.78||247.551||-5.46 |- !Iron|| || || |- |Fe(s)||0||27.78||0 |- |FeO(s)||-272|| || |- |Fe₂O₃(s, hematite)||-824.2||87.4||-742.2 |- |Fe₃O₄(s, magnetite)||-1118.4||146.4||-1015.4 |- |FeCl₂(s)||-341.79||117.95||-302.3 |- |FeCl₃(s)||-399.49||142.3||-344 |- |FeS₂(s, pyrite)||-178.2||52.93||-166.9 |- |Fe(CO)₅(liq)||-774||338.1||-705.3 |- !Lead|| || || |- |Pb(s)||0||64.81||0 |- |PbCl₂(s)||-359.41||136||-314.1 |- |PbO(s, yellow)||-217.32||68.7||-187.89 |- |PbS(s)||-100.4||91.2||-98.7 |- !Lithium|| || || |- |Li(s)||0||29.12||0 |- |Li⁺(g)||685.783|| || |- |LiOH(s)||-484.93||42.8||-438.95 |- |LiOH(aq)||-508.48||2.8||-450.58 |- |LiCl(s)||-408.701||59.33||-384.37 |- !Magnesium|| || || |- |Mg(s)||0||32.68||0 |- |MgCl₂(g)||-641.32||89.62||-591.79 |- |MgO(s)||-601.7||26.94||-569.43 |- |Mg(OH)₂(s)||-924.54||63.18||-833.51 |- |MgS(s)||-346||50.33||-341.8 |- !Mercury|| || || |- |Hg(liq)||0||29.87||0 |- |HgCl₂(s)||-224.3||146||-178.6 |- |HgO(s, red)||-90.83||70.29||-58.539 |- |HgS(s, red)||-58.2||82.4||-50.6 |- !Nickel|| || || |- |Ni(s)||0||29.87||0 |- |NiO(s)||-239.7||37.99||-211.7 |- |NiCl₂(s)||-305.332||97.65||-259.032 |- !Nitrogen|| || || |- |N2(g)||0||191.61||0 |- |N(g)||472.704||153.298||455.563 |- |NH₃(g)||-46.11||192.45||-16.45 |- |N₂H₄(liq)||50.63||121.21||149.34 |- |NH₄Cl(s)||-314.43||94.6||-202.87 |- |NH₄Cl(aq)||-299.66||169.9||-210.52 |- |NH₄NO₃(s)||-365.56||151.08||-183.87 |- |NH₄NO₃(aq)||-339.87||259.8||-190.56 |- |NO(g)||90.25||210.76||86.55 |- |NO₂(g)||33.18||240.06||51.31 |- |N₂O(g)||82.05||219.85||104.2 |- |N₂O₄(g)||9.16||304.29||97.89 |- |NOCl(g)||51.71||261.69||66.08 |- |HNO₃(liq)||-174.1||155.6||-80.71 |- |HNO₃(g)||-135.06||266.38||-74.72 |- |HNO₃(aq)||-207.36||146.4||-111.25 |- !Oxygen|| || || |- |O₂(g)||0||205.138||0 |- |O(g)||249.17||161.055||231.731 |- |O₃(g)||142.7||238.93||163.2 |- !Phosphorus|| || || |- |P₄(s, white)||0||164.36||0 |- |P₄(s, red)||-70.4||91.2||-48.4 |- |P(g)||314.64||163.193||278.25 |- |PH₃(g)||5.4||310.23||13.4 |- |PCl₃(g)||-287||311.78||-267.8 |- |P₄O₁₀(s)||-2984||228.86||-2697.7 |- |H₃PO₄(s)||-1279||110.5||-1119.1 |- !Potassium|| || || |- |K(s)||0||64.18||0 |- |KCl(s)||-436.747||82.59||-409.14 |- |KClO₃(s)||-397.73||143.1||-296.25 |- |KI(s)||-327.9||106.32||-324.892 |- |KOH(s)||-424.764||78.9||-379.08 |- |KOH(aq)||-482.37||91.6||-440.5 |- !Silicon|| || || |- |Si(s)||0||18.83||0 |- |SiBr₄(liq)||-457.3||277.8||-443.8 |- |SiC(s)||-65.3||16.61||-62.8 |- |SiCl₄(g)||-657.01||330.73||-616.98 |- |SiH₄(g)||34.3||204.62||56.9 |- |SiF₄(g)||-1614.94||282.49||-1572.65 |- |SiO₂(s, quartz)||-910.94||41.84||-856.64 |- !Silver|| || || |- |Ag(s)||0||42.55||0 |- |Ag₂O(s)||-31.05||121.3||-11.2 |- |AgCl(s)||-127.068||96.2||-109.789 |- |AgNO₃(s)||-124.39||140.92||-33.41 |- !Sodium|| || || |- |Na(s)||0||51.21||0 |- |Na(g)||107.32||153.712||76.761 |- |Na⁺(g)||609.358|| || |- |NaBr(s)||-361.062||86.82||-348.983 |- |NaCl(s)||-411.153||72.13||-384.138 |- |NaCl(g)||-176.65||229.81||-196.66 |- |NaCl(aq)||-407.27||115.5||-393.133 |- |NaOH(s)||-425.609||64.455||-379.484 |- |NaOH(aq)||-470.114||48.1||-419.15 |- |Na₂CO₃(s)||-1130.68||134.98||-1044.44 |- !Sulfur|| || || |- |S(s, rhombic)||0||31.8||0 |- |S(g)||278.805||167.821||238.25 |- |S₂Cl₂(g)||-18.4||331.5||-31.8 |- |SF₆(g)||1209||291.82||-1105.3 |- |H₂S(g)||-20.63||205.79||-33.56 |- |SO₂(g)||-296.83||248.22||-300.194 |- |SO₃(g)||-395.72||256.76||-371.06 |- |SOCl₂(g)||-212.5||309.77||-198.3 |- |H2SO4(liq)||-813.989||156.904||-690.003 |- |H₂SO₄(aq)||-909.27||20.1||-744.53 |- !Tin|| || || |- |Sn(s, white)||0||51.55||0 |- |Sn(s, gray)||-2.09||44.14||0.13 |- |SnCl₄(liq)||-511.3||248.6||-440.1 |- |SnCl₄(g)||-471.5||365.8||-432.2 |- |SnO₂(s)||-580.7||52.3||-519.6 |- !Titanium|| || || |- |Ti(s)||0||30.63||0 |- |TiCl₄(liq)||-804.2||252.34||-737.2 |- |TiCl₄(g)||-763.2||354.9||-726.7 |- |TiO₂(s)||-939.7||49.92||-884.5 |- !Zinc|| || || |- |Zn(s)||0||41.63||0 |- |ZnCl₂(s)||-415.05||111.46||-369.398 |- |ZnO(s)||-348.28||43.64||-318.3 |- |ZnS(s, sphalerite)||-205.98||57.7||-201.29 |- !Aqueous Ions and Molecules|| || || |- |Ca²⁺(aq)||-542.96||-55.2||-553.04 |- |CO₃^2-(aq)||-676.26||-53.1||-528.1 |- |CO₂(aq)||-413.8||117.6||-386.0 |- |Cl^-(aq)||-167.16||56.5||-131.26 |- |H⁺(aq)||0|| ||0 |- |HCO₂^-(aq)||-410||91.6||-335 |- |HCO₂H(aq)||-410||164||-356 |- |HCO₃^-(aq)||-691.11||95||-587.06 |- |H₂CO₃(aq)||-698.7||191||-623.42 |- |NH₃(aq)||-80.29||111||-26.6 |- |OH^-(aq)||-229.94||-10.54||-157.3 |- |Ag⁺(aq)||105.58||72.68||77.124 |} ==&#160;&#160;12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies== '''Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |H-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;436&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;413&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;391&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;483&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||F-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;155&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;567&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;348||N-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;163||O-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;146||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;431&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;293&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;366&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;358&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;203&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;242&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;299&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;485||N-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;200||O-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;234||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;328&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;243&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Br-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;237&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;276&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;339&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;240&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;322&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;327&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;193&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;490&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;208&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;323&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;266&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;175&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Si&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;226&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||I-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;151&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;301&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;368&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;565&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;464&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |} '''Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |C=C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;614&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;495&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;615&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;607&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;523&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;799&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S=S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |} '''Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |- |C≡C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;839&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;891&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;941&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1072&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} <br /> {{BookCat}} f89coa170lqua3gm8ms5tved64nfx9l 4634778 4634777 2026-05-08T14:47:40Z Tem5psu 1013978 /*   12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables */ 4634778 wikitext text/x-wiki ==&#160;&#160;<big>Resources for Students and Teachers</big>== <big>'''Powerpoint slides'''</big> to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request ([mailto:tem5@psu.edu tem5@psu.edu]) <br /> <br /> '''<big>Additional resources:</big>''' ==&#160;&#160;12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry== '''IONIC VIPEr''' is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[https://www.ionicviper.org/ '''IONIC VIPEr website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual== The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry. <br /> ::[http://chemistry.beloit.edu/edetc/nanolab/ '''Video Lab Manual website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/Organic%20Structures%20and%20Bonding.html '''Structure and Bonding website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool)== The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book. <br /> ::[http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_table.htm '''3D Crystal Structure website'''] <br /> ==&#160;&#160;12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables== <br> ::[[w:Periodic_table|'''Interactive Periodic Table''']] (Wikipedia) <br> [https://ptable.com/#Properties '''Interactive Periodic Properties'''] (ptable.com) <br> -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- [[File:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.png|left|300 px|thumb|Mendeleev's periodic table (1869)]] [[File:Periodic Table Armtuk3.svg|left|600px|thumb|18-column periodic table]] [[File:32-column periodic table.png|center|900px|thumb|A 32-column periodic table with Sc, Y, Lu and Lr in group 3]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ==&#160;&#160;12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values== '''Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K)''' {| class="wikitable" !Substance||ΔH_f° (kJ/mol)!!S° (J/K·mol)!!ΔG_f° (kJ/mol) |- !Aluminum|| || || |- |Al(s)||0||28.3||0 |- |AlCl₃(s)||-704.2||110.67||-628.8 |- |Al₂O₃(s)||-1675.7||50.92||-1582.3 |- !Barium|| || || |- |BaCl₂(s)||-858.6||123.68||-810.4 |- |BaCl₂ • 2 H₂O (s)||-1460.1||203||-1296.5 |- |BaO(s)||-553.5||70.42||-525.1 |- |Ba(OH)₂ • 8 H₂O (s)||-3342||427||-2793 |- |BaSO₄(s)||-1473.2||132.2||-1362.2 |- !Beryllium|| || || |- |Be(s)||0||9.5||0 |- |Be(OH)₂(s)||-902.5||51.9||-815 |- !Bromine|| || || |- |Br(g)||111.884||175.022||82.396 |- |Br₂(liq)||0||152.2||0 |- |Br₂(g)||30.907||245.463||3.11 |- |BrF₃(g)||-255.6||292.53||-229.43 |- |HBr(g)||-36.4||198.695||-53.45 |- !Calcium|| || || |- |Ca(s)||0||41.42||0 |- |Ca(g)||178.2||158.884||144.3 |- |Ca₂₊(g)||1925.9|| || |- |CaC₂(s)||-59.8||69.96||-64.9 |- |CaCO₃ (s; calcite)||-1206.92||92.9||-1128.79 |- |CaCl₂(s)||-795.8||104.6||-748.1 |- |CaF₂(s)||-1219.6||68.87||-1167.3 |- |CaH₂(s)||-186.2||42||-147.2 |- |CaO(s)||-635.09||39.75||-604.03 |- |CaS(s)||-482.4||56.5||-477.4 |- |Ca(OH)₂(s)||-986.09||83.39||-898.49 |- |Ca(OH)₂(aq)||-1002.82||-74.5||-868.07 |- |CaSO₄(s)||-1434.11||106.7||-1321.79 |- !Carbon|| || || |- |C(s, graphite)||0||5.74||0 |- |C(s, diamond)||1.895||2.377||2.9 |- |C(g)||716.682||158.096||671.257 |- |CCl₄(liq)||-135.44||216.4||-65.21 |- |CCl₄(g)||-102.9||309.85||-60.59 |- |CHCl₃(liq)||-134.47||201.7||-73.66 |- |CHCl₃(g)||-103.14||295.71||-70.34 |- |CH₄ (g, methane)||-74.81||186.264||-50.72 |- |C₂H₂ (g, ethyne)||226.73||200.94||209.2 |- |C2H4 (g,ethene)||52.26||219.56||68.15 |- |C₂H₆ (g, ethane)||-84.68||229.6||-32.82 |- |C₃H₈ (g, propane)||-103.8||269.9||-23.49 |- |C₄H₁₀ (g, butane)||-888.0|| || |- |C₆H₆ (liq, benzene)||49.03||172.8||124.5 |- |C₆H₁₄(liq)||-198.782||296.018||-4.035 |- |C₈H₁₈(liq)||-249.952||361.205||6.707 |- |CH₃OH(liq, methanol)||-238.66||126.8||-166.27 |- |CH₃OH(g, methanol)||-200.66||239.81||-161.96 |- |C₂H₅OH(liq, ethanol)||-277.69||160.7||-174.78 |- |C₂H₅OH(g, ethanol)||-235.1||282.7||-168.49 |- |CH3COOH(liq)||-276.981||160.666||-173.991 |- |CO(NH₂)₂(s, urea)||-333.5||104.6||-197.4 |- |CO(g)||-110.525||197.674||-137.168 |- |CO₂(g)||-393.509||213.74||-394.359 |- |CS₂(g)||117.36||237.84||67.12 |- |COCl₂(g)||-218.8||283.53||-204.6 |- !Cesium|| || || |- |Cs(s)||0||85.23||0 |- |Cs⁺(g)||457.964|| || |- |CsCl(s)||-443.04||101.17||-414.53 |- !Chlorine|| || || |- |Cl(g)||121.679||165.198||105.68 |- |Cl^-(g)||-233.13|| || |- |Cl₂(g)||0||223.066||0 |- |HCl(g)||-92.307||186.908||-95.299 |- |HCl(aq)||-167.159||56.5||-131.228 |- !Chromium|| || || |- |Cr(s)||0||23.77||0 |- |Cr₂O₃(s)||-1139.7||81.2||-1058.1 |- |CrCl₃(s)||-556.5||123||-486.1 |- !Copper|| || || |- |Cu(s)||0||33.15||0 |- |CuO(s)||-157.3||42.63||-129.7 |- |CuCl₂(s)||-220.1||108.07||-175.7 |- !Fluorine|| || || |- |F₂(g)||0||202.78||0 |- |F(g)||78.99||158.754||61.91 |- |F^-(g)||-255.39|| || |- |F^-(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- |HF(g)||-271.1||173.779||-273.2 |- |HF(aq)||-332.63||-13.8||-278.79 |- !Hydrogen|| || || |- |H₂(g)||0||130.684||0 |- |H(g)||217.965||114.713||203.247 |- |H⁺(g)||1536.202|| || |- |H₂O(liq)||-285.83||69.91||-237.129 |- |H₂O(g)||-241.818||188.825||-228.572 |- |H₂O₂(liq)||-187.78||109.6||-120.35 |- !Iodine|| || || |- |I₂(s)||0||116.135||0 |- |I₂(g)||62.438||260.69||19.327 |- |I(g)||106.838||180.791||70.25 |- |I^-(g)||-197|| || |- |ICl(g)||17.78||247.551||-5.46 |- !Iron|| || || |- |Fe(s)||0||27.78||0 |- |FeO(s)||-272|| || |- |Fe₂O₃(s, hematite)||-824.2||87.4||-742.2 |- |Fe₃O₄(s, magnetite)||-1118.4||146.4||-1015.4 |- |FeCl₂(s)||-341.79||117.95||-302.3 |- |FeCl₃(s)||-399.49||142.3||-344 |- |FeS₂(s, pyrite)||-178.2||52.93||-166.9 |- |Fe(CO)₅(liq)||-774||338.1||-705.3 |- !Lead|| || || |- |Pb(s)||0||64.81||0 |- |PbCl₂(s)||-359.41||136||-314.1 |- |PbO(s, yellow)||-217.32||68.7||-187.89 |- |PbS(s)||-100.4||91.2||-98.7 |- !Lithium|| || || |- |Li(s)||0||29.12||0 |- |Li⁺(g)||685.783|| || |- |LiOH(s)||-484.93||42.8||-438.95 |- |LiOH(aq)||-508.48||2.8||-450.58 |- |LiCl(s)||-408.701||59.33||-384.37 |- !Magnesium|| || || |- |Mg(s)||0||32.68||0 |- |MgCl₂(g)||-641.32||89.62||-591.79 |- |MgO(s)||-601.7||26.94||-569.43 |- |Mg(OH)₂(s)||-924.54||63.18||-833.51 |- |MgS(s)||-346||50.33||-341.8 |- !Mercury|| || || |- |Hg(liq)||0||29.87||0 |- |HgCl₂(s)||-224.3||146||-178.6 |- |HgO(s, red)||-90.83||70.29||-58.539 |- |HgS(s, red)||-58.2||82.4||-50.6 |- !Nickel|| || || |- |Ni(s)||0||29.87||0 |- |NiO(s)||-239.7||37.99||-211.7 |- |NiCl₂(s)||-305.332||97.65||-259.032 |- !Nitrogen|| || || |- |N2(g)||0||191.61||0 |- |N(g)||472.704||153.298||455.563 |- |NH₃(g)||-46.11||192.45||-16.45 |- |N₂H₄(liq)||50.63||121.21||149.34 |- |NH₄Cl(s)||-314.43||94.6||-202.87 |- |NH₄Cl(aq)||-299.66||169.9||-210.52 |- |NH₄NO₃(s)||-365.56||151.08||-183.87 |- |NH₄NO₃(aq)||-339.87||259.8||-190.56 |- |NO(g)||90.25||210.76||86.55 |- |NO₂(g)||33.18||240.06||51.31 |- |N₂O(g)||82.05||219.85||104.2 |- |N₂O₄(g)||9.16||304.29||97.89 |- |NOCl(g)||51.71||261.69||66.08 |- |HNO₃(liq)||-174.1||155.6||-80.71 |- |HNO₃(g)||-135.06||266.38||-74.72 |- |HNO₃(aq)||-207.36||146.4||-111.25 |- !Oxygen|| || || |- |O₂(g)||0||205.138||0 |- |O(g)||249.17||161.055||231.731 |- |O₃(g)||142.7||238.93||163.2 |- !Phosphorus|| || || |- |P₄(s, white)||0||164.36||0 |- |P₄(s, red)||-70.4||91.2||-48.4 |- |P(g)||314.64||163.193||278.25 |- |PH₃(g)||5.4||310.23||13.4 |- |PCl₃(g)||-287||311.78||-267.8 |- |P₄O₁₀(s)||-2984||228.86||-2697.7 |- |H₃PO₄(s)||-1279||110.5||-1119.1 |- !Potassium|| || || |- |K(s)||0||64.18||0 |- |KCl(s)||-436.747||82.59||-409.14 |- |KClO₃(s)||-397.73||143.1||-296.25 |- |KI(s)||-327.9||106.32||-324.892 |- |KOH(s)||-424.764||78.9||-379.08 |- |KOH(aq)||-482.37||91.6||-440.5 |- !Silicon|| || || |- |Si(s)||0||18.83||0 |- |SiBr₄(liq)||-457.3||277.8||-443.8 |- |SiC(s)||-65.3||16.61||-62.8 |- |SiCl₄(g)||-657.01||330.73||-616.98 |- |SiH₄(g)||34.3||204.62||56.9 |- |SiF₄(g)||-1614.94||282.49||-1572.65 |- |SiO₂(s, quartz)||-910.94||41.84||-856.64 |- !Silver|| || || |- |Ag(s)||0||42.55||0 |- |Ag₂O(s)||-31.05||121.3||-11.2 |- |AgCl(s)||-127.068||96.2||-109.789 |- |AgNO₃(s)||-124.39||140.92||-33.41 |- !Sodium|| || || |- |Na(s)||0||51.21||0 |- |Na(g)||107.32||153.712||76.761 |- |Na⁺(g)||609.358|| || |- |NaBr(s)||-361.062||86.82||-348.983 |- |NaCl(s)||-411.153||72.13||-384.138 |- |NaCl(g)||-176.65||229.81||-196.66 |- |NaCl(aq)||-407.27||115.5||-393.133 |- |NaOH(s)||-425.609||64.455||-379.484 |- |NaOH(aq)||-470.114||48.1||-419.15 |- |Na₂CO₃(s)||-1130.68||134.98||-1044.44 |- !Sulfur|| || || |- |S(s, rhombic)||0||31.8||0 |- |S(g)||278.805||167.821||238.25 |- |S₂Cl₂(g)||-18.4||331.5||-31.8 |- |SF₆(g)||1209||291.82||-1105.3 |- |H₂S(g)||-20.63||205.79||-33.56 |- |SO₂(g)||-296.83||248.22||-300.194 |- |SO₃(g)||-395.72||256.76||-371.06 |- |SOCl₂(g)||-212.5||309.77||-198.3 |- |H2SO4(liq)||-813.989||156.904||-690.003 |- |H₂SO₄(aq)||-909.27||20.1||-744.53 |- !Tin|| || || |- |Sn(s, white)||0||51.55||0 |- |Sn(s, gray)||-2.09||44.14||0.13 |- |SnCl₄(liq)||-511.3||248.6||-440.1 |- |SnCl₄(g)||-471.5||365.8||-432.2 |- |SnO₂(s)||-580.7||52.3||-519.6 |- !Titanium|| || || |- |Ti(s)||0||30.63||0 |- |TiCl₄(liq)||-804.2||252.34||-737.2 |- |TiCl₄(g)||-763.2||354.9||-726.7 |- |TiO₂(s)||-939.7||49.92||-884.5 |- !Zinc|| || || |- |Zn(s)||0||41.63||0 |- |ZnCl₂(s)||-415.05||111.46||-369.398 |- |ZnO(s)||-348.28||43.64||-318.3 |- |ZnS(s, sphalerite)||-205.98||57.7||-201.29 |- !Aqueous Ions and Molecules|| || || |- |Ca²⁺(aq)||-542.96||-55.2||-553.04 |- |CO₃^2-(aq)||-676.26||-53.1||-528.1 |- |CO₂(aq)||-413.8||117.6||-386.0 |- |Cl^-(aq)||-167.16||56.5||-131.26 |- |H⁺(aq)||0|| ||0 |- |HCO₂^-(aq)||-410||91.6||-335 |- |HCO₂H(aq)||-410||164||-356 |- |HCO₃^-(aq)||-691.11||95||-587.06 |- |H₂CO₃(aq)||-698.7||191||-623.42 |- |NH₃(aq)||-80.29||111||-26.6 |- |OH^-(aq)||-229.94||-10.54||-157.3 |- |Ag⁺(aq)||105.58||72.68||77.124 |} ==&#160;&#160;12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies== '''Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |H-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;436&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;413&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;391&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;483&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||F-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;155&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;567&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;348||N-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;163||O-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;146||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;431&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;293&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;366&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;358&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;272&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;203&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Cl-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;242&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |H-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;299&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;485||N-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;200||O-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;234||&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;328&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;243&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Br-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;237&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;276&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;339&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;240&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;322&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;327&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||Br-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;193&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||C-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||P-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;490&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;253&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;218&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;208&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;323&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;266&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||I-Br&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;175&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Si&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;226&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||I-I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;151&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;301&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;368&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;565&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |&nbsp;||Si-Cl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;464&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |} '''Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |C=C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;614&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||O=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;495&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;615&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;607&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||S=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;523&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |C=O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;799&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||&nbsp;||S=S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;418&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- |} '''Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)''' {| class="wikitable" |- |C≡C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;839&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;891&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||N≡N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;941&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||C≡O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1072&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} <br /> {{BookCat}} mh7014ferr8ybucv4m96itrvvqq03qd 0 395626 4634923 3375668 2026-05-09T09:50:42Z Deeprobot 3582325 I removed an advertisement. 4634923 wikitext text/x-wiki তুমি কোথায় যাচ্ছ ? Where are you going? {{BookCat}} aqdh84brrnvwnhr97hafmeg6avnmlen 0 422599 4634839 4004259 2026-05-08T20:55:38Z Gmestanley 3355295 /* Technology */ Added missing comma 4634839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DPRK - (39146805460).png|thumb|Pyongyang in 2018. Pyongyang is the capitol city of North Korea.]] ==History== As early as the year 2000 concerns about using North Korea using games consoles as guidance computers for weapons platforms lead to export restrictions of gaming hardware to North Korea.<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC News ASIA-PACIFIC Military fears over PlayStation2 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/716237.stm |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=20 Years Later: How Concerns About Weaponized Consoles Almost Sunk the PS2 |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/20-years-later-how-concerns-about-weaponized-consoles-almost-sunk-the-ps2 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref> Additionally there is a high poverty rate in the North Korean general population,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crespo Cuaresma |first1=Jesús |last2=Danylo |first2=Olha |last3=Fritz |first3=Steffen |last4=Hofer |first4=Martin |last5=Kharas |first5=Homi |last6=Laso Bayas |first6=Juan Carlos |title=What do we know about poverty in North Korea? |journal=Palgrave Communications |date=17 March 2020 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1057/s41599-020-0417-4 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0417-4 |access-date=7 January 2021 |language=en |issn=2055-1045}}</ref> as well as a state controlled and censored entertainment industry<ref>{{cite news |title=North Korea’s human rights: What's not being talked about |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44234505 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2019}}</ref> which has contributed to a rather small video game industry in the country. However by the late 2010's there was high demand for foreign entertainment products in the country, especially by the elite of North Korea.<ref>{{cite news |title=How leisure time is changing for North Korea's privileged |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42910896 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=BBC News |date=21 April 2018}}</ref> The Moranbong is perhaps the only game console to see an official release in North Korea.<ref name="MS Power User Moranbong"/> The system caught the attention of gaming media outlets following a press release by a North Korean website on September 9th, 2019.<ref name="Nintendo Life Moranbong"/><ref name="TechRaptor">{{cite news |title=North Korea has a Video Game Console Now For Some Reason |url=https://techraptor.net/gaming/news/north-korea-has-video-game-console-now-for-some-reason |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=TechRaptor |language=en}}</ref> The console is marketed as a way to improve physical fitness through exergaming, which it achieves with motion controls.<ref name="MS Power User Moranbong"/> The North Korean cartoon character Clever Raccoon Dog was apparently used in console promotions.<ref name="TechRaptor"/> Due to the closed nature of North Korea, little more is known about the console outside the country. Still the console is historically significant, as it not only is likely the first game console made for the North Korean market, it is also a sign that the North Korean government views video games as an entertainment medium it can use to further its policies, as this console is focused on making the population more fit. Such explicit political involvement in a game console is rare, and provides a fascinating insight to the priorities of the North Korean government. ==Technology== The game console uses camera based motion controls, remotes, and a floor mat to allow for exergaming experiences.<ref name="MS Power User Moranbong"/><ref name="TechRaptor"/> The game console also doubles as an general multimedia device, and has edutainment software.<ref name="MS Power User Moranbong">{{cite news |title=Moranbong is North Korea's new video game console with Wii-esque controls |url=https://mspoweruser.com/moranbong-is-north-koreas-new-video-game-console-with-wii-esque-controls/ |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=MSPoweruser}}</ref> The Moranbong appears to be a localized version of either the Subor G80, or the Cdragon Cassidy G80, both game consoles from China.<ref name="Nintendo Life Moranbong">{{cite news |title=Random: This North Korean Games Console Is Straight Outta 2006 |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/10/random_this_north_korean_games_console_is_straight_outta_2006 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=Nintendo Life |date=29 October 2019}}</ref> Again, due to the closed nature of North Korea, little more is known about the technology used by the console, or what games it can play. ==References== {{wikipedia|Mass media in North Korea|Clever Raccoon Dog}} {{commons category|Media of North Korea}} {{reflist|2}} {{status|100%}} {{BookCat}} __NOTOC__ o5gjoea3qi12u98lvbewqiis18w71bz 4 447875 4634842 4633411 2026-05-08T22:03:17Z Alexis Jazz 470964 Updating gadget usage statistics from [[Special:GadgetUsage]] ([[phab:T121049]]) 4634842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexist:Project:GUS2Wiki/top|{{/top}}|This page provides a historical record of [[Special:GadgetUsage]] through its page history. To get the data in CSV format, see wikitext. To customize this message or add categories, create [[/top]].}} The following data is cached, and was last updated 2026-05-07T06:26:14Z. A maximum of {{PLURAL:5000|one result is|5000 results are}} available in the cache. {| class="sortable wikitable" ! Gadget !! data-sort-type="number" | Number of users !! data-sort-type="number" | Active users |- |BookCat || 106 || 6 |- |CleanDeleteReasons || 54 || 0 |- |CommentsInLocalTime || 665 || 6 |- |DeluxeBar || 207 || 7 |- |GetCollection || 551 || 2 |- |HotCat || 2 || 2 |- |Massblock || 2 || 2 |- |OneClickWelcomer || 26 || 1 |- |SpecialSearch || 662 || 3 |- |UTCLiveClock || 366 || 6 |- |background-awesomeness || 781 || 8 |- |bottomtabs || 430 || 3 |- |commons-file || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default |- |contribsrange || 328 || 6 |- |markAdmins || 141 || 13 |- |markblocked || 57 || 3 |- |modrollback || 83 || 2 |- |navpop || 840 || 13 |- |purge || 619 || 11 |- |rightsfilter || 370 || 5 |- |searchbox || 209 || 6 |- |sidebartranslate || 502 || 4 |- |sixtabs || 312 || 1 |- |subject-pages || 607 || 6 |- |subpages || 29 || 4 |- |wiked || 666 || 4 |- |wikidialog || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default |} * [[Special:GadgetUsage]] * [[m:Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] <!-- data in CSV format: BookCat,106,6 CleanDeleteReasons,54,0 CommentsInLocalTime,665,6 DeluxeBar,207,7 GetCollection,551,2 HotCat,2,2 Massblock,2,2 OneClickWelcomer,26,1 SpecialSearch,662,3 UTCLiveClock,366,6 background-awesomeness,781,8 bottomtabs,430,3 commons-file,default,default contribsrange,328,6 markAdmins,141,13 markblocked,57,3 modrollback,83,2 navpop,840,13 purge,619,11 rightsfilter,370,5 searchbox,209,6 sidebartranslate,502,4 sixtabs,312,1 subject-pages,607,6 subpages,29,4 wiked,666,4 wikidialog,default,default --> lx4zpri1eg64rl2opf07337ye4f5m8d 0 449112 4634854 4537247 2026-05-08T23:40:28Z LodestarChariot2 3138880 Updated sections 4634854 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:left;font-size:150%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;">Open Scholarship Press Collections</span>}} The '''Open Scholarship Press Collections''' began by featuring four individual, book-length annotated bibliographies with analytical overviews covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training. More recently, volumes on other key topics have been added. To view any of the collections, click the Wikibooks links below; print versions are also available via PediaPress at the links below as well. Open social scholarship is the creation and dissemination of research and research technologies to a broad, interdisciplinary audience of specialists and non-specialists, in ways that are both accessible and significant to all groups (Implementing New Knowledge Environments Partnership, https://inke.ca/). ''The four initial collections are accompanied by primers, curated volumes of essential reading in each of these areas as well, following an analytical overview. For these curated volumes, please see the [[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes|'''Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes''']]. For an overview of the OSP and related projects, please see the '''[[Open Scholarship Press]]'''.'' == [[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Community|'''Community: An Analysis and Annotated Bibliography in the Context of Open Social Scholarship''']] == [[File:OSP_Collections_Community_Cover_July2024.jpg|left|125px]] {{Helpful hint|title=Print Version (via PediaPress)|hint=[https://pediapress.com/books/show/fd0e233aec6a828d20e684abdf0193/ Click here] to order a printed copy of this book for a fee.}} '''Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic), Caroline Winter (UVic), Jesse Kern (UBC), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students’ Forum), Alan Colín-Arce (U Autónoma del Estado de México), Graham Jensen (UVic), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with Jon Bath (U Saskatchewan), Jon Saklofske (Acadia U), and the INKE and ETCL Research Groups. (2023)''' {{ISBN|9798210902801}} This annotated bibliography draws together recent thinking and writing on the emergence and evolution of open, digital scholarship. The scan revolves around three core themes--public/community engagement, open social scholarship, and scholarly communication--but includes selections from topics as far reaching as public humanities to open data to knowledge mobilization. The emergence and evolution of open, digital scholarship has shone a light on the possibilities for academic work beyond the real or perceived boundaries of postsecondary institutions. Academic research can now be produced, published, and shared in a way that extends past the hallowed halls of a long-established university or the compact shelves of that university’s library. The Open Access movement has been pivotal for the largescale reconsideration of who does and who should have access to the world’s research. Community-university partnerships and concerted knowledge translation and mobilization efforts have also formalized efforts to bring various publics together around issues of shared interest. The evolution of open access to open scholarship to open social scholarship is also representative of changing notions around the purpose and possibility of academic work. == [[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Connection|'''Connection: An Analysis and Annotated Bibliography in the Context of Open Social Scholarship''']] == [[File:OSP_Collections_Connection_Cover_May2024.jpg|left|125px]] {{Helpful hint|title=Print Version (via PediaPress)|hint=[https://pediapress.com/books/show/027aafb529e385156b25c85a8d71e/ Click here] to order a printed copy of this book for a fee.}} '''Graham Jensen (UVic), Tyler Fontenot (Independent), Alan Colín-Arce (U Autónoma del Estado de México), Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students' Forum), Caroline Winter (UVic), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with the INKE and ETCL Research Groups. (2023)''' {{ISBN|9798210903815}} This annotated bibliography gathers and synthesizes scholarship on the digital spaces, tools, and technologies that have increasingly facilitated open communication among researchers, organizations, and the public in the last few decades. In particular, it examines the possibilities and problems associated with “digital knowledge commons” or “digital research commons”—that is, digital spaces for publishing, sharing, and accessing information. Examples of digital knowledge commons include Wikipedia as well as academic social networking sites such as Academia.edu and ResearchGate, which have now enabled millions of researchers to share information and connect with others online. Indeed, this latter form of knowledge commons has helped researchers share their work within and beyond their existing academic networks using sharing features that are familiar to users of Facebook, Twitter, and other popular commercial social networking sites. Although many of the works compiled in this bibliography compellingly outline the problems associated with academic social networking sites, and with social media more generally, the cumulative and overwhelming message of this body of work is nevertheless clear: it is difficult to overstate the impact of such platforms—and the rapidly changing technologies that enable them—on the present shape and future possibilities of academic research. == [[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Policy|'''Policy: An Analysis and Annotated Bibliography in the Context of Open Social Scholarship''']] == {{Helpful hint|title=Print Version (via PediaPress)|hint=[https://pediapress.com/books/show/ba74969039f2e077d208a367e112c1/ Click here] to order a printed copy of this book for a fee.}} [[File:OSP Collections Policy Cover Jan2024.jpg|left|125px]] '''Caroline Winter (UVic), Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic), Jesse Thomas Kern (UVic), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students' Forum), Tyler Fontenot (Independent), Graham Jensen (UVic), Alan Colin Arce (U Autónomo del Estado de México), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with Tanja Niemann (Érudit) and Lynne Siemens (UVic), and the INKE and ETCL Research Groups. (2023)''' {{ISBN|9798210902702}} This annotated bibliography surveys current literature about open scholarship policy, offering a snapshot of the field of policy analysis and criticism. It does so with the goal of mapping the contours of this field and identifying the major critical pathways, recognizing that, as a snapshot, it cannot capture the entirety of the field in detail. In particular, questions about open scholarship policy include: How and to what extent does policy advance open scholarship? What effect does policy have on individuals and their work? How does policy affect open scholarly practices? This resource builds upon the Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, a hub for information and resources related to all aspects of open scholarship that includes a collection of policy documents as well as policy analysis. It follows and reflects policy developments related to open scholarship in Canada and beyond, analyzing policy changes and their relevance to researchers, information professionals, librarians, faculty, and policymakers. Its roots in the Open Scholarship Policy Observatory lend this bibliography a Canadian focus and an interest in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), but it takes a broad view, considering open scholarship as an international and interdisciplinary movement. The term ''policy'' is already broad, and it is applied here broadly as well to encompass not only formal international, national, and institutional policy statements but also formal and informal policies about the issues and topics that constitute open scholarship and adjacent issues. == [[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Training|'''Training: An Analysis and Annotated Bibliography in the Context of Open Social Scholarship''']] == [[File:OSP_Collections_Training_Cover_July2024.jpg|left|125px]] {{Helpful hint|title=Print Version (via PediaPress)|hint=[https://pediapress.com/books/show/763d613c60f578edc65268718af060/ Click here] to order a printed copy of this book for a fee.}} '''Randa El Khatib (UTSC), Alan Colín-Arce (U Autónoma del Estado de México), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students’ Forum), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with the INKE and ETCL Research Groups. (2023)''' {{ISBN|9798210902603}} This annotated bibliography provides a snapshot of topics pertaining to training and pedagogy within the context of open social scholarship. More specifically, it frames the intersections between digital humanities pedagogy, public humanities, and open resources. Embracing new media and digital technologies in higher education has caused a profound shift in training and pedagogy. The unprecedented access to education facilitated by the Internet has extended skills training and knowledge exchange beyond the confines of the university and lowered barriers for accessing education. At the same time, today’s digital economy requires additional training and skills to improve digital literacy, including the use of digital technologies for information-seeking and research purposes, as well as knowledge production and dissemination. These shifts pose several challenges for higher education, ranging from how digital training and pedagogy can be adopted in the classroom, curricula, and universities, to thinking about best practices for engaging and training active publics. == [[Foundational Observations: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2017-2020|'''Foundational Observations: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2017-2020''']] == [[File:OSP-OSPO Volume 1 English cover.jpg|left|125px]] '''Editors: Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, Tanja Niemann, and Lynne Siemens (2025)''' <br/>'''Authors: Sarah Milligan, Alyssa Arbuckle, Kim Silk, Caroline Winter''' '''Foundational Observations: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2017-2020''' is a book-length compendium of reflections on issues pertinent to the open scholarship movement. As momentum behind the Open Scholarship movement has increased over the past several years, policy has emerged as a key issue. In particular, questions about open scholarship policy include: How and to what extent does policy advance open scholarship? What effect does policy have on individuals and their work? How does policy affect open scholarly practices? This volume reflects the first years, 2017-2020, of the Open Scholarship Policy Observatory (OSPO). == [[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024|'''Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024''']] == [[File:OSP-OSPO Volume 2 English cover.jpg|left|125px]] '''Editors: Lynne Siemens, Tanja Niemann, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens (2025)''' <br/>'''Authors: Caroline Winter, Talya Jesperson, JT Kern, Maggie Sardino, and Brittany Amell''' '''Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024''' is a book-length compendium of reflections on issues pertinent to the open scholarship movement. The contents of this volume build on ''Foundational Observations: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2017-2020''. They reflect the last several years (2021-2024) of work on the Open Scholarship Policy Observatory (OSPO) – a hub for information and resources related to all aspects of open scholarship which also includes a collection of policy documents as well as policy analysis. While policy is part of a complex of interrelated fields, disciplines, and stakeholder groups, the focus of our work is on the role of policy in the scholarly communication ecosystem. == [[b:fr:Observations préliminaires : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2017-2020|'''Observations préliminaires : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2017-2020''']] == [[File:OSP-OSPO Volume 1 French cover.jpg|left|125px]] '''Editors: Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, Tanja Niemann, and Lynne Siemens (2025)''' <br/>'''Authors: Sarah Milligan, Alyssa Arbuckle, Kim Silk, Caroline Winter''' '''Observations préliminaires : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2017-2020''' est un recueil de réflexions, sous forme de livre, sur des questions pertinentes au mouvement de la science ouverte. Ce tome vise à faciliter la compréhension de la science sociale ouverte à travers le Canada et à l'international, afin de contribuer à influencer et à mettre en œuvre des politiques liées à la mobilisation des connaissances. Ce faisant, il reflète les politiques pertinentes et leur impact sur les communautés de recherche, tout en signalant les tendances et les recherches actuelles; et offre une base large et approfondie pour l'élaboration de recommandations politiques sur des questions importantes, notamment la gestion de l'identité, l'accès ouvert, la gestion des données, la science citoyenne et d'autres domaines connexes. == [[b:fr:Extension : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2021-2024|'''Extension : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2021-2024''']] == [[File:OSP-OSPO Volume 2 French cover.jpg|left|125px]] '''Editors: Lynne Siemens, Tanja Niemann, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens (2025)''' <br/>'''Authors: Caroline Winter, Talya Jesperson, JT Kern, Maggie Sardino, and Brittany Amell''' '''L'Extension : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2021-2024''' est un recueil de réflexions, sous forme de livre, sur des questions pertinentes au mouvement de la science ouverte. Ce tome, actuellement en cours, vise à faciliter la compréhension de la science sociale ouverte à travers le Canada et à l'international, afin de contribuer à influencer et à mettre en œuvre des politiques liées à la mobilisation des connaissances. Ce faisant, il reflète les politiques pertinentes et leur impact sur les communautés de recherche, tout en signalant les tendances et les recherches actuelles; et offre une base large et approfondie pour l'élaboration de recommandations politiques sur des questions importantes, notamment la gestion de l'identité, l'accès ouvert, la gestion des données, la science citoyenne et d'autres domaines connexes. == [[Knowledge Mobilization in the Humanities|'''Knowledge Mobilization in the Humanities''']] == [[File:OSP Knowledge Mobilization Scan cover.jpg|left|125px]] '''Caroline Winter, Alan Colín-Arce, JT Kern, Randa El Khatib, Alyssa Arbuckle, Vitor Yano, Anna Honcharova, Graham Jensen, Maggie Sardino, Britt Amell, Ray Siemens, with the ETCL and INKE Research Groups''' Knowledge mobilization (KMb) is a broad, complex concept with many overlapping and sometimes conflicting definitions, but it can be understood as the process of putting knowledge to use, within and across the borders of academia and the broader community. Many terms are used to refer to the same essential activity of circulating research beyond academia: in the sciences, it is often called “knowledge translation,” which suggests a one-way movement of knowledge from academia to the public in terms that laypeople can understand. It is also often called “knowledge exchange,” which suggests a two-way, reciprocal sharing of knowledge across the academic–public divide. “Knowledge brokers” are intermediaries between researchers and knowledge users. “Knowledge mobilization” is the most common term in the social sciences and humanities, and it suggests an active, non-hierarchical engagement with knowledge: to mobilize something is to put it in motion, or to put it into action in pursuit of a goal. == [[Engaging Knowledge Diversity|'''Engaging Knowledge Diversity''']] == [[File:OSP Knowledge Diversity Scan cover.jpg|left|125px]] '''Alan Colin-Arce, Maggie Sardino, Eduardo Muñoz Francisco, Graham Jensen, Caroline Winter, Alyssa Arbuckle, and Ray Siemens (2025)''' In recent debates around open scholarship, there is an increasing focus not only in making research outputs more openly accessible but also in ensuring that there is a more diverse and equitable participation in knowledge production in terms of geography, language, and scholars’ positionality. This perspective seeks to increase and encourage knowledge diversity, an epistemological stance which recognizes the legitimacy and value of a wide range of ways of knowing while also challenging power dynamics that cause some ways of knowing to be considered more legitimate or valuable than others. This challenge to Western notions of knowledge production has been addressed for decades by scholars in the Global South and in some areas of the humanities, such as Indigenous studies, oral history, and cultural materialism in literary studies. This collection has been crafted to not only cover core concepts related to knowledge diversity but to also reflect the values and principles embedded in it. == [[Engaging Platforms in Open Scholarship|'''Engaging Platforms in Open Scholarship''']] == [[File:OSP Platforms Scan cover.jpg|left|125px]] '''Brittany Amell, Graham Jensen, Alan Colin-Arce, Randa El Khatib, Caroline Winter, Alyssa Arbuckle, Faraz Forghan Parast, and Ray Siemens (2025)''' This environmental scan examines the concept of platforms—broadly understood as digital systems that connect users, facilitate content exchange, and enable various forms of interaction—through an analytical introduction and comprehensive annotated bibliography. While the term carries multiple meanings across disciplines, this work adopts a core understanding of platforms as tools, techniques, and technologies that connect different user groups, host user-generated content, enable social networking and communication, facilitate various forms of exchange, and support code execution. {{shelves|Humanities}} {{One-page book}} bvddqkyqzeq7870xsq8rfachy2zlzbr 0 464644 4634851 4537244 2026-05-08T23:18:13Z LodestarChariot2 3138880 /* Open Scholarship Press Collections */ 4634851 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:left;font-size:150%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;">Open Scholarship Press </span>}} [[File:Open Scholarship Press Logo.png|frameless|500px|none]] ''The Open Scholarship Press makes relevant open social scholarship research and output available openly to academics and non-academics alike.'' Its mandate is threefold: * '''Curate and republish''' foundational, significant open access work in open social scholarship—and publish select important new and emergent work in the area—as objects of intervention aligned with stated goals of the Implementing New Knowledge Environments (INKE; https://inke.ca/) Partnership and its members and employing established and emergent methods pertinent to them. * '''Publish open access''' journal issues related to work undertaken by Canadian Social Knowledge Institute (https://c-ski.ca/) entities, as objects of intervention and academic record aligned with shared open social scholarship goals. * '''Provide a space''' for INKE Partnership researchers and partners to model collaborative, open scholarly practices that effectively meet the interests and needs of an engaged public for humanities and social sciences research in particular. The Open Scholarship Press has published foundational research scans and curated volumes of reprinted, open access material on PubPub and Wikibooks. Further details are available [https://inke.ca/research-initiatives-output/open-scholarship-press/ here]. == [[Open Scholarship Press Collections]] == {{Helpful hint|title=PediaPress Versions |hint=PediaPress print versions of the texts are available for a fee: <br/><br/> [https://pediapress.com/books/show/fd0e233aec6a828d20e684abdf0193/ Community] <br /> [https://pediapress.com/books/show/027aafb529e385156b25c85a8d71e/ Connection] <br /> [https://pediapress.com/books/show/ba74969039f2e077d208a367e112c1/ Policy] <br /> [https://pediapress.com/books/show/763d613c60f578edc65268718af060/ Training]}} The '''Open Scholarship Press Collections''' began by featuring four individual, book-length annotated bibliographies with analytical overviews covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training. More recently, volumes on other key topics have been added. {{Gallery |File:OSP_Collections_Community_Cover_July2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Community]]''' <br>''by Alyssa Arbuckle et al. (2023)''</center> |File:OSP_Collections_Connection_Cover_May2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Connection]]''' <br>''by Graham Jensen et al. (2023)''</center> |File:OSP Collections Policy Cover Jan2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Policy]]''' <br>''by Caroline Winter et al. (2023)''</center> |File:OSP_Collections_Training_Cover_July2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Training]]''' <br>''by Randa El Khatib et al. (2023)''</center> |File:OSP-OSPO Volume 1 English cover.jpg|<center>'''[[Foundational Observations: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2017-2020]]''' <br>''by Alyssa Arbuckle et al eds. (2025)''</center> |File:OSP-OSPO Volume 2 English cover.jpg|<center>'''[[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024]]''' <br>''by Lynne Siemens et al eds. (2025)''</center> |File:OSP-OSPO Volume 1 French cover.jpg|<center>'''[[b:fr:Observations préliminaires : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2017-2020|Observations préliminaires : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2017-2020]]''' <br>''by Alyssa Arbuckle et al eds. (2025)''</center> |File:OSP-OSPO Volume 2 French cover.jpg|<center>'''[[b:fr:Extension : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2021-2024|Extension : Observatoire des politiques d'Érudition ouverte, 2021-2024]]''' <br>''by Lynne Siemens et al eds. (2025)''</center> |File:OSP Knowledge Mobilization Scan cover.jpg|<center>'''[[Knowledge Mobilization in the Humanities]]''' <br>''by Caroline Winter et al eds. (2025)''</center> |File:OSP Knowledge Diversity Scan cover.jpg|<center>'''[[Engaging Knowledge Diversity]]''' <br>''by Alan Colín-Arce et al eds. (2025)''</center> |File:OSP Platforms Scan cover.jpg|<center>'''[[Engaging Platforms in Open Scholarship]]''' <br>''by Brittany Amell et al eds. (2025)''</center> }} == [[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes]] == {{Helpful hint|title=Other Versions |hint=Other versions of the texts are available from PubPub and, in print (for a fee), blurb: <br/><br/> Community: [https://openscholarshippress.pubpub.org/osp-curated-community PubPub] / [https://www.blurb.ca/bookstore/invited/10382733/21ae0c0a2df7161f08726f34d22f91b5dddd82ad blurb] <br /> Connection: [https://openscholarshippress.pubpub.org/osp-curated-connection PubPub] / [https://www.blurb.ca/bookstore/invited/10382732/0a55facf2f0064f78e1639e4b381579587e9fe19 blurb] <br /> Policy: [https://openscholarshippress.pubpub.org/osp-curated-policy PubPub] / [https://www.blurb.ca/bookstore/invited/10382910/178a90fb84761811c5ef79a3025ccf2e91f2a01d blurb] <br /> Training: [https://openscholarshippress.pubpub.org/osp-curated-training PubPub] / [https://www.blurb.ca/bookstore/invited/10382309/af6b2b48b2f0437383ccd75bff31c27f92e9335f blurb]}} The '''Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes''' feature four individual primers, book-length curated volumes of essential readings, following an analytical introduction, covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training. {{Gallery |File:OSP_Collections_Community_Cover_July2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Community]]''' <br>''by Alyssa Arbuckle et al. (2024)''</center> |File:OSP_Collections_Connection_Cover_May2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Connection]]''' <br>''by Graham Jensen et al. (2024)''</center> |File:OSP Collections Policy Cover Jan2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy]]''' <br>''by Caroline Winter et al. (2024)''</center> |File:OSP_Collections_Training_Cover_July2024.jpg|<center>'''[[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Training]]''' <br>''by Randa El Khatib et al. (2024)''</center> }} == Other Publications Aligned With and Supporting OSP Volumes == These related publications have been part of the research and design process associated with these Open Scholarship Press volumes. {{Gallery |File:Folio_195r_-_The_Mass_of_Saint_Michael.jpg|'''[[Saint Michael: Early Anglo-Saxon Tradition]]''' (2022) |File:HenryVIII 1509.jpg|'''[[The Lyrics of Henry VIII]]''' [https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/L/bo38377003.html <br /> (also published as The Lyrics of the Henry VIII Manuscript)] (2018) |File:Open_book_(Unsplash).jpg|'''[[Open Social Scholarship Annotated Bibliography]]''' [https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/S/bo29121483.html <br /> (also published as An Annotated Bibliography of Social Knowledge Creation)] (2017) |File:Hans Holbein the Younger - Unknown English Lady (Oskar Reinhart Collection).jpg|'''[[The Devonshire Manuscript|A Social Edition of the Devonshire MS (BL Add. MS 17492)]]''' <br /> [https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/S/bo24757982.html (also published as A Social Edition of the Devonshire Manuscript (BL MS Add 17,492))] (2015) }} {{shelves|Humanities}} {{One-page book}} ajbnjyf6u1wymwt7vewa8d7huslpblu 2 468265 4634910 4631796 2026-05-09T07:39:03Z SnappyDragonPennyroyal 3463904 4634910 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i. == Action Verbs == * qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place) * noliy = to abandon (loved ones) * matiy = to abolish (one object) * wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects) * ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain * nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent * huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse * miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster * hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept * neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative) * yulócha(i) = to accommodate * hatíila = to accompany * 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave * 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish * churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish * yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive) * na'yawun = to accuse (transitive) * 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive) * 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon * puxi = to blow * pithi = to break * hilála(i) = to climb * woki = to cut * heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive) * hulúka(i) = to fall * moyóoni = to feed * neqpi = to fight * wola = to grow * xáari = to growl at * heli = to hide * kopa(i) = to hit * yaaw = to hold * 'ári = to kick * moknu = to kill * howa = to lie down * heda(i) = to open or uncover * paqa(i) = to pound, beat * núuli = to push * $okapa(i) = to scratch * mu'án = to shoot * tawa = to sit * 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent * chuxi = to spit * pava(i) = to split * yona(i) = to squeeze * pora(i) = to stab, pierce * wiita = to stand * 'uyootu = to steal * hiipa(i) = to suck * waaka(i) = to sweep * havácha = to swell * waaya = to swim * hata(i) = to throw * chaqálaqi = to tickle * pona(i) = to tie or fasten * moma(i) = to turn * muváay = to wash the face * chaayi = to winnow == Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words == === Adverbs === * pilék = absolutely * 'eechi/pa'áq = above * tuutuva = above all * pominik = abundantly * neshkin = accessible * wehmali = a little * yu'pan = again * waam 'eechi = far above * tuwíilangay = from above * muyuk = much * neshkin = near * wehkun = twice/two times === Conjunctions === * pi' = and * tee = if === Personal Pronouns === === Demonstrative Pronouns === === Sentence Words === * aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise * miiyu = hello (to one person) * miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people) * suláaqaxam = welcome * 'ohóo = yes *qay = no, not, never *tee = maybe === Question Words === == Abstract Concepts == === Abstract Nouns === * huu'iwut = ability * ma'nish = abstaining * toowaxat = accent * hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun) * 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to * teela = language (same word as "prayer") * tungla = name * humáhmash = something absurd * muuyaat = something abundant * 'áa'alvish = story (same word as "book") * teelamal = word === Abstract Verbs === * michá' 'axána = to be able to do * 'o'na = to be able to tell * 'aláxwi = to be bad * 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as "to fish") * 'ayáli = to know * 'onáni = to know * 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable * piláchi = to learn * woy'a = to think == Colors == === Color Adjectives === * yuváttaat = black * malómlush = blue * toxótxush = brown * yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words) * qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold * piwípwish = gray * xwayáxwyish = gray or faded * konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised) * pixépxish = light blue or steel blue * 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange * 'av'aat = red * qwayáqwyash = red * 'avá'vash = pink * ngaxlul = purple (same word for "graphite") * sisínnaval = silver * qaasimal = violet * xwayyaat = white * 'a$ó'$ush = yellow === Color Verbs === Color verbs take on the meaning of "to make or paint this color" when transitive. * yuváta(i) = to be black * piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour * 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive) * xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive) == Common Words == === Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs === * loovi = to be accurate * wehmal = a few, a little bit * choo'un = all * yawáywish = beautiful * toongax = below * yot = big * navúnvush = blunt, dull * konóknish = bruised * neshkin = close, near * 'iitaat = cold * puráara = to be cold * 'a$uun = correct, true (literally "its heart;" stress on the second syllable) * axaxunat = delicious * wimaat = difficult, hard * kwila(i) = to be or make dirty * waxa = dry * waam = far * $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous * 'ayáalinik = good * polóov = good, nice * wima(i) = to be heavy * tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long * 'iipit = new * 'anxa = old * hethi = open * 'awoo = other * $owa(i) = to be sharp * kapákpamal = short * 'alú'mal = small * tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick * 'alú'mal = thin * paamuwish = wet === Common Verbs === * samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate "from" or "to" because this word is used for two verbal actions) * mon = to come * tápi = to finish * noonomi = to follow * 'oovi = to give * naqma = to hear or listen * máamayu = to help * yí'yi = to play * ya = to say * toow = to see or watch * kup = to sleep or take a nap * hu$i = to smell * téetila = to talk * kwaavichu = to take care of * aa'alvi = to tell history * mon = to walk * wukála = to walk *'owó'a = to work * 'uwó'u = to work == Days and Seasons == === Days of the Week === * Luunis = Monday * Powéhlo = Tuesday * Popáahaylo = Wednesday * Powasá<nowiki>''</nowiki>ilo = Thursday * Pomháarilo = Friday * Saavatha = Saturday * Miisish = Sunday === Seasons === * qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall * ta$pa = spring * tawpash = summer * $uvóowut = winter === Units of Time === * pitóo = now, today * 'exngay = tomorrow * waxáam = yesterday == Environment == === Buildings and Constructed World === * 'oma = to be abroad or absent * napilash = cemetery * chuyi = to cremate * taaxanash = grave * kiicha = house * naachaxanlash = restaurant * pet = road, path * piláchilash = school * ha$lash = sweathouse * pweevlo = town * $uyvish = trash (same word as "stinger") === Natural World === * $oomawish = abloom landscape * woolaqat = abyss * tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds) * chuya(i) = to burn * tuvíicha = cloud * xwaayamal = dawn * toowut = dust * 'exla = earth, soil * ngiinish = earthquake * kut = fire * ya' = to flow * mesmal = fog * ngaxlul = graphite (same word as "purple") * $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay * paala = lake * pokwóoyaqala = lake * 'exla = land, ground, or soil * $iwári = to flash of lightning * qawíicha = mountain * moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach * pisát = outdoors or outside world * 'axíllax = rain (noun) * xila(i) = to rain * 'a$óonax = rainbow * kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns * 'engla = salt * 'exval = sand * tuupash = sky * kuumit = smoke * toota = stone * toomawut = thunder/thundercloud * 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean) * paala = water * hungla = wind or air === Astronomy === * Yungauish = Altair * Nukulish = Antares * piwíish = Milky Way (same word as "headband") * moyla = Moon * tukva = night or evening * tuukumit = night * tukmit = night sky * Hulaish = Orion * Chehaiyan = Pleiades * Tukmishwut = Polaris * Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair * $u'la = star * temét = Sun, day, time, or weather * naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun * aylucha = Venus == Flora and Fauna == === Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms === * pe' = feather (inalienable) * wiila = to fly * qwq'pish = game animal * $uyvish = stinger (same word as "trash") * kawít = wing === Aquatic Animals and Amphibians === * 'ayla = abalone * 'anámat = fish * kiyúul = fish * waxáw'kila = frog * chaláka = horned toad * momngawish = marine, from the sea * waaxal = mussel * $awvish = olive snail * qap$ut = pismo clam * selwamal = rainbow trout * qexla = red abalone * paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle * tukval = sea otter * waxáawut = toad * paa'ila = turtle * 'oymal = Washington clam * koyóowut = whale === Arthropods and Mollusks === * 'aanat = ant * lamáqata = ant * 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses) * $isqila = beetle * kuyxingish = black widow spider * 'avélaka = butterfly, moth * $iválaka = cabbage looper * $akíshla = caterpillar * chilíkmay = cricket * kamaríwthi = dragonfly * mokwáchish = flea * ku'áal = fly * wi'ét = grasshopper * $akíshla = hairy caterpillar * keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug) * 'ulát = louse * lukú'chish = mosquito * xuvóoviqat = moth * 'aanat = red ant * $uyla = scorpion * muvíllaqa = snail * kuyxingish = spider * $isqila = stink bug * 'amácha = tick * $aa$angla = yellow jacket === Birds === * paam'ush = bald eagle * mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon * 'ehéngmay = bird * 'ihéngmal = bird * chachaláaka = blue grouse * 'aláawaka = buzzard * yungáavaywut = California condor * wi'kasmal = California jay * $oola = California woodpecker * qaxaavaywut = chicken * pal'vismal = cliff swallow * $ayla = coot * 'alwut = crow * mixéel = dove, pigeon * qaatqat = duck * táavish = flicker bird * 'a$wut = golden eagle * muuta = great horned owl * tishla = hummingbird * tishmal = hummingbird * pepnash = junco * tamáawut = mockingbird * qaxáawut = mountain quail * chaa'ish = pinyon jay * qaxáal = quail * paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird * kwa'la = red-tailed hawk * puypuy = roadrunner * yunúqwut = ruddy duck * kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk * waxolóoti = turkey * yungáavish = turkey vulture * qaxáal = valley quail * 'aláawaka = vulture * la'la = Western Canada goose * atáal = white pelican * $oola = woodpecker === Mammals === * tonla = antelope * huunal = badger * taválalakmal = bat * tavállalakmay = bat * hunwut = bear * paa'at = bighorn sheep * $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit * tuukut = bobcat/lynx * toovit = brush rabbit * tuukut kingawish = cat * gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish) * wiskun = chipmunk * too$axit = cottontail rabbit * 'anó' = coyote * $uukat = deer * 'awáal = dog * 'iswut = dingo or wolf * paa$ukat = elk/horse * qewéewish = fox * yuula = fur * qeengish = gray ground squirrel * $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel * hunwut = grizzly bear * muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person) * moota = gopher * kaváayu = horse * 'ixí'wumal = lamb * tukwut = mountain lion/cougar * tapáshmal = mouse * 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock * 'inú'nish = pig * moota = pocket gopher * pa'yamal = racoon * 'ixí'wut = sheep * paalukut = skunk * tukyaspal = spotted skunk * qeengish = squirrel * $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel * tuukut = wildcat * qawla = wood rat === Plant Parts === * $oo' = flower (inalienable) * pavlash = leaf * towla = root * choochavish = thistle * kulaawut = wood === Reptiles === * $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake * qiqéngla = king snake * qa$ílla = lizard * qa$íla = scaly lizard * 'avétkala = small brown lizard * piiqwala = snake * $oowut = rattlesnake === Small Plants and Fungi === * pikwla = blackberry * kanvut = black sage * patumkut = blue eyed grass * sikimona = branching phaciela * puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids * kaukat = bush mallow * pankla = bush sunflower * hulakul = California buckwheat * wuláqla = California buckwheat * ashla = California golden violet * 'atóo$anat = California poppy * hulvul = California sagebrush * 'u'utt = chamise * paa$al = chia * kutápish = corn * náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed * makiyal = desert dandelion * wiicha = dogbane * takovschich = Douglas' nightshade * kuuta = elderberry * panáa'al = foothills yucca * puchakla = fringed redmaids * chachwomal = gilia * wu$óochish = gooseberry * $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay * shakishla = hoary nettle * pavivut = Indian tobacco * mawut = lupine * paatamkat = milkweed * tokmat = milkweed * towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce * $aqáapish = oyster mushroom * 'iyáala = poison oak * ataushanut = poppy * $ooval = skunkbush * qeenat = soaproot * $oyla = southwestern spiny rush * $akíshla = stinging nettle * ko$aat = sugarcane * sawvel = sumac * palit = thistle sage * solisal = tidy tips * piivat = tobacco * paalaxwish = toxic mushroom * aatchawut = toyon * pivée$ash = tule * $aaxish = wheat * kawá'wal = white chaparral currant * quaashil = white sage * 'enwish = wild cucumber * tokapish = wild hyacinth * nanukuish = wild four o'clock * makwit = wild grapevine * 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice * 'ushla = wild rose * paa'akal = wild sunflower * paukla = wild sunflower * chevnish = yerba mansa * palwut = yerba santa * panáa'al = yucca whipplei === Trees === * sashet = Arroyo willow * kwiila = black oak * wiat = canyon oak * wi'áa$al = coast live oak * avahut = cottonwood * 'aváaxat = cottonwood * wixétut = digger pine * tovashal = Engleman oak * ahanish = holly leaf cherry * tovat = incense cedar * waa'at = juniper * koolul = manzanita * hunúuvat = Mojave yucca * tuvát = pinyon pine * l'mushla = scrub oak * yoela = singleleaf pinyon * kuláawut = tree * kwiila = valley oak * 'u'úumal = white fir * chaamish = wild cherry * $axát = willow == Food and Drink == * kwiila = acorn * $aawokish = acorn bread * puutash = acorn cap * pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough * maaxish = acorn flour * wiiwish = acorn porridge * paa'kilash = alcohol * ko'i = to bite * ko$$aat = candy or cookie * meecha(i) = to chew * lo'xa = to cook * qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen * ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue (with a direct object, transitive) *ko'cha = to be cooked or barbecued (without a direct object, intransitive) * 'engmawish = cracker (saltine) * paa'i = to drink * kwa' = to eat * naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals) * naachaxanlo = to eat lunch * paanil = egg * wi' = fat, grease (inalienable) * 'ichi = to fish (same word as "clear from obligation or get even") * naachaxanish = food or meal * pushla = fruit * paaw = to get water * $a$angla po'aw = honey * 'aamo = to hunt * waa'ish = meat * pooyish = pinole * meewa(i) = to roast vegetables * pisá'a = to rot * engla = salt * 'engmawish = salty * ko$aat = sugar * paala = water == Locations == * Awa' = Aguanga * Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain * Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain * Paisvi = Iron Spring * Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season * Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande * Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook * Pala = Pala * Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season * Paauw = Palomar Mountain ** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain * Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season * Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo * Woshha = Rincon ** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero * Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain * Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain * Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house * I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain * Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season == Modern Objects and Concepts == === Bathroom === * 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures * muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub) * pisáangalash = toilet === Bedroom, Living Room, and Office === * kuplash = bed * kupú'ilash = bedroom * taanat = blanket * 'áa'alvish = book/story * táwwilash = chair * kut = lamp * yukkavish = pillow * nooli = to read * laméesa = table * waam tiiwilash = television === Currency === * purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money) * sinnaval chooraat = coin * sisínnaval = money (same word as "money" and "silver") * sinnaval = money or cash === Kitchen === * pakápkish = fork * naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen * wokkilash = knife * 'iitaat = refridgerator * ko'chilash = stove or oven * peshlish = plate or bowl * 'iival = spoon === Machines === * toomawumal = battery * qa$lapish = clapper * toomawutal = electric/electronic === Stationery === * naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard * piwípwilash = pencil === Substances === * chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid * chiivní'i = to acidify * sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold * sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as "money") === Transport === * kwaatilash = school bus === Tools === * waakilash = broom or brush * heyyilash = shovel === Weapons === * patkilash = gun == Numbers == * qay haaya = to abound * woy'a(i) = to count * supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an) * weh = two * paahey = three * wasá' = four * maháar = five * paváahay = six * kavíkvish = seven * $iwlash = eight * nomaawasá' = nine * tappaat = ten == People and Bodies == === Bodily Functions === * qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child * hakwís = to breathe * pi'muk = to die or be dead * puti' = to dream about * 'aaw = to live or be alive * kup = to sleep * xula = to sweat * haaqwi = to yawn * haka = to yawn === Bodily Substances === * 'owla = blood * $aa'ish = feces === Body Parts === * 'iyé'iyish = ankle * maa = arm, hand * qwalma = armpit * maachat = back * qli = back of the neck (inalienable) * muu$il = beard * tee'la = belly * taaxaw = body (inalienable) * kulaawut = bone * pit = breast * 'aal = chest (inalienable) * 'ooyi = chin (inalienable) * toowish = corpse * naq = ear (inalienable) * naqla = ear * pushla = eye * push = face, eye (inalienable) * $ulát = fingernail or claw * 'et = foot (inalienable) * qwi = forehead (inalienable) * piwíila = gray hair * yu'/yuula = hair, head * mat = hand * no$úun = heart * chíi'a = hip (inalienable) * $ii = intestines * 'echvash = left hand * 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable) * nooma = liver * savásvash = lung * tamát = mouth * tma = mouth, teeth * qalát = nape * qelát = neck * muuvi = nose (inalienable) * muuvil = nose or nasal passages * pli = right hand (inalienable) * yuutush = scalp or wig * $ooka = shoulder * taavash = skin * tee' = stomach (inalienable) * qasíivish = tail * xaara = throat (inalienable) * xaarash = throat * weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable) * tamát = tooth === Diseases and Injuries === * muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound * xeva = to have acne * hulúka = to have an accident * to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident * muukil = boil or pimple * naq taaxa = to have an earache * kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache * tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache * $uyi = to itch * taaxa(i) = to have a sideache * $uypish = sting or bugbite * koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache * tamát tiwish = toothache * tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally "to eat a maggot") * muyi = to vomit === Emotional States === * putii'ish = dream * naala = fear === Emotional Verbs === * $ala = to abhore, hate * $owóo' = to be afraid * $ala = to be unable to stand * ngaa = to cry * $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of * $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive) * tooya = to laugh * hamooya = to be shy === Family Members === * keeka = aunt * yuku = cousin (inalienable) * $waamay = daughter (inalienable) * kiiyam = family (inalienable) * na' = father (inalienable) * kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable) * tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable) * yo' = mother (inalienable) * 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable) * paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable) * qee'es = older sister (inalienable) * ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable) * kaamay = son (inalienable) * nukmu = uncle * $ungaaki = wife * peet = younger brother (inalienable) * piit = younger sister (inalienable) === Types of People === * 'ahíichu = abandoned person * qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate * 'uví'vish = absentminded person * kihúutsamal = baby * muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat) * hengéemal = boy * noot = chief, leader * kihaat = child * 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher * tengalkat = doctor * taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person) * nawítmal = girl * hamú'wish = indigenous person * hamúulawish = indigenous person * ya'ásh = man * 'ahíichu = orphan * 'atáax = person * to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal * momngawish = sailor (same word as "marine" (adj)) * puula = shaman * heelikat = singer * neqpikat = soldier * huu'unikat = teacher * $ungáal = woman == Suffixes == * -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns) * -mal = little/dear (diminutive) * -kat = one who has or does * -ma = should have, would have, or every day * -kun = times/instances * -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function == Religion and Spirituality == * 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin) * tolmul = afterlife * yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit * teela = prayer (same word as "language") * toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person == Traditional Objects and Concepts == === Abstract Culture === * qapúta = to abbreviate * pelaxish = to dance * pélla = to dance * pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood * wiqeni = to initiate a girl into womanhood * tungla = name or title * héela = to sing * heelaxish = song * teelat = spoken word or language === Clothing and Jewelry === * yumpish = basketry hat * miyxanish = clothing * paaxwichat = earring * cheeyat = feather headband * yumpish = hat * piwíish = headband (same word for "Milky Way") * tóonav = to make baskets * qenxat = necklace * wiiru = to play a flute * wachxat = shoes * olval = skirt === Objects === * $avárvash = abrasive (noun) * chuunga(i) = to absorb * chuungkawut = absorbent (noun) * huula = arrow * yoowlash = arrow straightener * teelingish = ash * kunla = bag, sack * ichilash kaarawut = bait * waw'kish = ball game * tukmal = basket * pavyut = bead * ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping * taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug * kutapish = bow * nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed) * pawxit = canoe * iikat = carrying net * wotilash = club (tool) * qeepish = cradleboard * nax'a = digging stick * icháqilash = drinking cup * moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event) * kut pochuyila = fireplace * kulaawut = firewood * iiqish = fish hook * hunuuvat = fishing line * wiirulash = flute * $aanat = glue * neexwut = gourd rattle * malaal = grinding stone * pikát = knife * tengalish = medicine * toopal = mortar * eevish = needle, awl * navyót = ochre * wotilish = paddle, oar * toopawut = pestle * $aanut = pitch, tar * peshlish = pot * taavalkwash = quiver * páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs * tamish = sacred stone bowl * washpish = seed beater * apmal = small basket * huu$i = smoke * $e'lalash = spear * iival = stirring stick * sinaval = string of shells used as currency * paa'ayat = rattle * paa'isval = red paint * toota = rock * wiichut = rope, string * kotlash = thatch, roof * waakat = throwing strick * piveesash = tobacco pipe * orilash = trap, snare * $uyvish = trash * wixét = tule boat * wixee'et = tule boat * paayut = turtle rattle * toovish = white paint * naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive) == References == * https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3 * https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/ * https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/ * Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete) * https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/ * https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/ * A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions) Convert these into proper citations. 7qdl6l9u90dg0anlgmjpwl2ki0c1dgt 4634911 4634910 2026-05-09T07:54:23Z SnappyDragonPennyroyal 3463904 4634911 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i. == Action Verbs == * qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place) * noliy = to abandon (loved ones) * matiy = to abolish (one object) * wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects) * ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain * nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent * huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse * miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster * hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept * neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative) * yulócha(i) = to accommodate * hatíila = to accompany * 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave * 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish * churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish * yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive) * na'yawun = to accuse (transitive) * 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive) * 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon * puxi = to blow * pithi = to break * hilála(i) = to climb * woki = to cut * heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive) * hulúka(i) = to fall * moyóoni = to feed * neqpi = to fight * wola = to grow * xáari = to growl at * heli = to hide * kopa(i) = to hit * yaaw = to hold * 'ári = to kick * moknu = to kill * howa = to lie down * heda(i) = to open or uncover * paqa(i) = to pound, beat * núuli = to push * $okapa(i) = to scratch * mu'án = to shoot * tawa = to sit * 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent * chuxi = to spit * pava(i) = to split * yona(i) = to squeeze * pora(i) = to stab, pierce * wiita = to stand * 'uyootu = to steal * hiipa(i) = to suck * waaka(i) = to sweep * havácha = to swell * waaya = to swim * hata(i) = to throw * chaqálaqi = to tickle * pona(i) = to tie or fasten * moma(i) = to turn * muváay = to wash the face * chaayi = to winnow == Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words == === Adverbs === * pilék = absolutely * 'eechi/pa'áq = above * tuutuva = above all * pominik = abundantly * neshkin = accessible * wehmali = a little * yu'pan = again * waam 'eechi = far above * tuwíilangay = from above * muyuk = much * neshkin = near * wehkun = twice/two times === Conjunctions === * pi' = and * tee = if === Personal Pronouns === === Demonstrative Pronouns === === Sentence Words === * aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise * miiyu = hello (to one person) * miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people) * suláaqaxam = welcome * 'ohóo = yes *qay = no, not, never *tee = maybe === Question Words === == Abstract Concepts == === Abstract Nouns === * huu'iwut = ability * ma'nish = abstaining * toowaxat = accent * hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun) * 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to * teela = language (same word as "prayer") * tungla = name * humáhmash = something absurd * muuyaat = something abundant * 'áa'alvish = story (same word as "book") * teelamal = word === Abstract Verbs === * michá' 'axána = to be able to do * 'o'na = to be able to tell * 'aláxwi = to be bad * 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as "to fish") * 'ayáli = to know * 'onáni = to know * 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable * piláchi = to learn * woy'a = to think == Colors == === Color Adjectives === * yuváttaat = black * malómlush = blue * toxótxush = brown * yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words) * qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold * piwípwish = gray * xwayáxwyish = gray or faded * konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised) * pixépxish = light blue or steel blue * 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange * 'av'aat = red * qwayáqwyash = red * 'avá'vash = pink * ngaxlul = purple (same word for "graphite") * sisínnaval = silver * qaasimal = violet * xwayyaat = white * 'a$ó'$ush = yellow === Color Verbs === Color verbs take on the meaning of "to make or paint this color" when transitive. * yuváta(i) = to be black * piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour * 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive) * xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive) == Common Words == === Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs === * loovi = to be accurate * wehmal = a few, a little bit * choo'un = all * yawáywish = beautiful * toongax = below * yot = big * navúnvush = blunt, dull * konóknish = bruised * neshkin = close, near * 'iitaat = cold * puráara = to be cold * 'a$uun = correct, true (literally "its heart;" stress on the second syllable) * axaxunat = delicious * wimaat = difficult, hard * kwila(i) = to be or make dirty * waxa = dry * waam = far * $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous * 'ayáalinik = good * polóov = good, nice * wima(i) = to be heavy * tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long * 'iipit = new * 'anxa = old * hethi = open * 'awoo = other * $owa(i) = to be sharp * kapákpamal = short * 'alú'mal = small * tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick * 'alú'mal = thin * paamuwish = wet === Common Verbs === * samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate "from" or "to" because this word is used for two verbal actions) * mon = to come * tápi = to finish * noonomi = to follow * 'oovi = to give * naqma = to hear or listen * máamayu = to help * yí'yi = to play * ya = to say * toow = to see or watch * kup = to sleep or take a nap * hu$i = to smell * téetila = to talk * kwaavichu = to take care of * aa'alvi = to tell history * mon = to walk * wukála = to walk *'owó'a = to work * 'uwó'u = to work == Days and Seasons == === Days of the Week === * Luunis = Monday * Powéhlo = Tuesday * Popáahaylo = Wednesday * Powasá<nowiki>''</nowiki>ilo = Thursday * Pomháarilo = Friday * Saavatha = Saturday * Miisish = Sunday === Seasons === * qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall * ta$pa = spring * tawpash = summer * $uvóowut = winter === Units of Time === * pitóo = now, today * 'exngay = tomorrow * waxáam = yesterday == Environment == === Buildings and Constructed World === * 'oma = to be abroad or absent * napilash = cemetery * chuyi = to cremate * taaxanash = grave * kiicha = house * naachaxanlash = restaurant * pet = road, path * piláchilash = school * ha$lash = sweathouse * pweevlo = town * $uyvish = trash (same word as "stinger") === Natural World === * $oomawish = abloom landscape * woolaqat = abyss * tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds) * chuya(i) = to burn * tuvíicha = cloud * xwaayamal = dawn * toowut = dust * 'exla = earth, soil * ngiinish = earthquake * kut = fire * ya' = to flow * mesmal = fog * ngaxlul = graphite (same word as "purple") * $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay * paala = lake * pokwóoyaqala = lake * 'exla = land, ground, or soil * $iwári = to flash of lightning * qawíicha = mountain * moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach * pisát = outdoors or outside world * 'axíllax = rain (noun) * xila(i) = to rain * 'a$óonax = rainbow * kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns * 'engla = salt * 'exval = sand * tuupash = sky * kuumit = smoke * toota = stone * toomawut = thunder/thundercloud * 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean) * paala = water * hungla = wind or air === Astronomy === * Yungauish = Altair * Nukulish = Antares * piwíish = Milky Way (same word as "headband") * moyla = Moon * tukva = night or evening * tuukumit = night * tukmit = night sky * Hulaish = Orion * Chehaiyan = Pleiades * Tukmishwut = Polaris * Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair * $u'la = star * temét = Sun, day, time, or weather * naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun * aylucha = Venus == Flora and Fauna == === Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms === * pe' = feather (inalienable) * wiila = to fly * qwq'pish = game animal * $uyvish = stinger (same word as "trash") * kawít = wing === Aquatic Animals and Amphibians === * 'ayla = abalone * 'anámat = fish * kiyúul = fish * waxáw'kila = frog * chaláka = horned toad * momngawish = marine, from the sea * waaxal = mussel * $awvish = olive snail * qap$ut = pismo clam * selwamal = rainbow trout * qexla = red abalone * paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle * tukval = sea otter * waxáawut = toad * paa'ila = turtle * 'oymal = Washington clam * koyóowut = whale === Arthropods and Mollusks === * 'aanat = ant * lamáqata = ant * 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses) * $isqila = beetle * kuyxingish = black widow spider * 'avélaka = butterfly, moth * $iválaka = cabbage looper * $akíshla = caterpillar * chilíkmay = cricket * kamaríwthi = dragonfly * mokwáchish = flea * ku'áal = fly * wi'ét = grasshopper * $akíshla = hairy caterpillar * keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug) * 'ulát = louse * lukú'chish = mosquito * xuvóoviqat = moth * 'aanat = red ant * $uyla = scorpion * muvíllaqa = snail * kuyxingish = spider * $isqila = stink bug * 'amácha = tick * $aa$angla = yellow jacket === Birds === * paam'ush = bald eagle * mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon * 'ehéngmay = bird * 'ihéngmal = bird * chachaláaka = blue grouse * 'aláawaka = buzzard * yungáavaywut = California condor * wi'kasmal = California jay * $oola = California woodpecker * qaxaavaywut = chicken * pal'vismal = cliff swallow * $ayla = coot * 'alwut = crow * mixéel = dove, pigeon * qaatqat = duck * táavish = flicker bird * 'a$wut = golden eagle * muuta = great horned owl * tishla = hummingbird * tishmal = hummingbird * pepnash = junco * tamáawut = mockingbird * qaxáawut = mountain quail * chaa'ish = pinyon jay * qaxáal = quail * paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird * kwa'la = red-tailed hawk * puypuy = roadrunner * yunúqwut = ruddy duck * kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk * waxolóoti = turkey * yungáavish = turkey vulture * qaxáal = valley quail * 'aláawaka = vulture * la'la = Western Canada goose * atáal = white pelican * $oola = woodpecker === Mammals === * tonla = antelope * huunal = badger * taválalakmal = bat * tavállalakmay = bat * hunwut = bear * paa'at = bighorn sheep * $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit * tuukut = bobcat/lynx * toovit = brush rabbit * tuukut kingawish = cat * gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish) * wiskun = chipmunk * too$axit = cottontail rabbit * 'anó' = coyote * $uukat = deer * 'awáal = dog * 'iswut = dingo or wolf * paa$ukat = elk/horse * qewéewish = fox * yuula = fur * qeengish = gray ground squirrel * $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel * hunwut = grizzly bear * muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person) * moota = gopher * kaváayu = horse * 'ixí'wumal = lamb * tukwut = mountain lion/cougar * tapáshmal = mouse * 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock * 'inú'nish = pig * moota = pocket gopher * pa'yamal = racoon * 'ixí'wut = sheep * paalukut = skunk * tukyaspal = spotted skunk * qeengish = squirrel * $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel * tuukut = wildcat * qawla = wood rat === Plant Parts === * $oo' = flower (inalienable) * pavlash = leaf * towla = root * choochavish = thistle * kulaawut = wood === Reptiles === * $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake * qiqéngla = king snake * qa$ílla = lizard * qa$íla = scaly lizard * 'avétkala = small brown lizard * piiqwala = snake * $oowut = rattlesnake === Small Plants and Fungi === * pikwla = blackberry * kanvut = black sage * patumkut = blue eyed grass * sikimona = branching phaciela * puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids * kaukat = bush mallow * pankla = bush sunflower * hulakul = California buckwheat * wuláqla = California buckwheat * ashla = California golden violet * 'atóo$anat = California poppy * hulvul = California sagebrush * 'u'utt = chamise * paa$al = chia * kutápish = corn * náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed * makiyal = desert dandelion * wiicha = dogbane * takovschich = Douglas' nightshade * kuuta = elderberry * panáa'al = foothills yucca * puchakla = fringed redmaids * chachwomal = gilia * wu$óochish = gooseberry * $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay * shakishla = hoary nettle * pavivut = Indian tobacco * mawut = lupine * paatamkat = milkweed * tokmat = milkweed * towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce * $aqáapish = oyster mushroom * 'iyáala = poison oak * ataushanut = poppy * $ooval = skunkbush * qeenat = soaproot * $oyla = southwestern spiny rush * $akíshla = stinging nettle * ko$aat = sugarcane * sawvel = sumac * palit = thistle sage * solisal = tidy tips * piivat = tobacco * paalaxwish = toxic mushroom * aatchawut = toyon * pivée$ash = tule * $aaxish = wheat * kawá'wal = white chaparral currant * quaashil = white sage * 'enwish = wild cucumber * tokapish = wild hyacinth * nanukuish = wild four o'clock * makwit = wild grapevine * 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice * 'ushla = wild rose * paa'akal = wild sunflower * paukla = wild sunflower * chevnish = yerba mansa * palwut = yerba santa * panáa'al = yucca whipplei === Trees === * sashet = Arroyo willow * kwiila = black oak * wiat = canyon oak * wi'áa$al = coast live oak * avahut = cottonwood * 'aváaxat = cottonwood * wixétut = digger pine * tovashal = Engleman oak * ahanish = holly leaf cherry * tovat = incense cedar * waa'at = juniper * koolul = manzanita * hunúuvat = Mojave yucca * tuvát = pinyon pine * l'mushla = scrub oak * yoela = singleleaf pinyon * kuláawut = tree * kwiila = valley oak * 'u'úumal = white fir * chaamish = wild cherry * $axát = willow == Food and Drink == * kwiila = acorn * $aawokish = acorn bread * puutash = acorn cap * pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough * maaxish = acorn flour * siwvol = acorn hull * wiiwish = acorn porridge * paamumal po$íchi = acorn porridge (vulgar term literally meaning "seagull spew") * mawpish = acorn on a tree * paa'kilash = alcohol * ko'i = to bite * ko$$aat = candy or cookie * meecha(i) = to chew * lo'xa = to cook * qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen * ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue (with a direct object, transitive) *ko'cha = to be cooked or barbecued (without a direct object, intransitive) * 'engmawish = cracker (saltine) * paa'i = to drink * kwa' = to eat * naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals) * naachaxanlo = to eat lunch * paanil = egg * wi' = fat, grease (inalienable) * 'ichi = to fish (same word as "clear from obligation or get even") * naachaxanish = food or meal * pushla = fruit * paaw = to get water * $a$angla po'aw = honey * 'aamo = to hunt * waa'ish = meat * pooyish = pinole * meewa(i) = to roast vegetables * pisá'a = to rot * engla = salt * 'engmawish = salty * ko$aat = sugar * paala = water == Locations == * Awa' = Aguanga * Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain * Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain * Paisvi = Iron Spring * Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season * Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande * Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook * Pala = Pala * Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season * Paauw = Palomar Mountain ** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain ** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain * Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season * Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo * Woshha = Rincon ** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero * Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain * Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain * Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house * I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain * Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season == Modern Objects and Concepts == === Bathroom === * 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures * muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub) * pisáangalash = toilet === Bedroom, Living Room, and Office === * kuplash = bed * kupú'ilash = bedroom * taanat = blanket * 'áa'alvish = book/story * táwwilash = chair * kut = lamp * yukkavish = pillow * nooli = to read * laméesa = table * waam tiiwilash = television === Currency === * purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money) * sinnaval chooraat = coin * sisínnaval = money (same word as "money" and "silver") * sinnaval = money or cash === Kitchen === * pakápkish = fork * naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen * wokkilash = knife * 'iitaat = refridgerator * ko'chilash = stove or oven * peshlish = plate or bowl * 'iival = spoon === Machines === * toomawumal = battery * qa$lapish = clapper * toomawutal = electric/electronic === Stationery === * naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard * piwípwilash = pencil === Substances === * chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid * chiivní'i = to acidify * sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold * sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as "money") === Transport === * kwaatilash = school bus === Tools === * waakilash = broom or brush * heyyilash = shovel === Weapons === * patkilash = gun == Numbers == * qay haaya = to abound * woy'a(i) = to count * supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an) * weh = two * paahey = three * wasá' = four * maháar = five * paváahay = six * kavíkvish = seven * $iwlash = eight * nomaawasá' = nine * tappaat = ten == People and Bodies == === Bodily Functions === * qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child * hakwís = to breathe * pi'muk = to die or be dead * puti' = to dream about * 'aaw = to live or be alive * kup = to sleep * xula = to sweat * haaqwi = to yawn * haka = to yawn === Bodily Substances === * 'owla = blood * $aa'ish = feces === Body Parts === * 'iyé'iyish = ankle * maa = arm, hand * qwalma = armpit * maachat = back * qli = back of the neck (inalienable) * muu$il = beard * tee'la = belly * taaxaw = body (inalienable) * kulaawut = bone * pit = breast * 'aal = chest (inalienable) * 'ooyi = chin (inalienable) * toowish = corpse * naq = ear (inalienable) * naqla = ear * pushla = eye * push = face, eye (inalienable) * $ulát = fingernail or claw * 'et = foot (inalienable) * qwi = forehead (inalienable) * piwíila = gray hair * yu'/yuula = hair, head * mat = hand * no$úun = heart * chíi'a = hip (inalienable) * $ii = intestines * 'echvash = left hand * 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable) * nooma = liver * savásvash = lung * tamát = mouth * tma = mouth, teeth * qalát = nape * qelát = neck * muuvi = nose (inalienable) * muuvil = nose or nasal passages * pli = right hand (inalienable) * yuutush = scalp or wig * $ooka = shoulder * taavash = skin * tee' = stomach (inalienable) * qasíivish = tail * xaara = throat (inalienable) * xaarash = throat * weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable) * tamát = tooth === Diseases and Injuries === * muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound * xeva = to have acne * hulúka = to have an accident * to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident * muukil = boil or pimple * naq taaxa = to have an earache * kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache * tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache * $uyi = to itch * taaxa(i) = to have a sideache * $uypish = sting or bugbite * koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache * tamát tiwish = toothache * tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally "to eat a maggot") * muyi = to vomit === Emotional States === * putii'ish = dream * naala = fear === Emotional Verbs === * $ala = to abhore, hate * $owóo' = to be afraid * $ala = to be unable to stand * ngaa = to cry * $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of * $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive) * tooya = to laugh * hamooya = to be shy === Family Members === * keeka = aunt * yuku = cousin (inalienable) * $waamay = daughter (inalienable) * kiiyam = family (inalienable) * na' = father (inalienable) * kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable) * tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable) * yo' = mother (inalienable) * 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable) * paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable) * qee'es = older sister (inalienable) * ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable) * kaamay = son (inalienable) * nukmu = uncle * $ungaaki = wife * peet = younger brother (inalienable) * piit = younger sister (inalienable) === Types of People === * 'ahíichu = abandoned person * qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate * 'uví'vish = absentminded person * kihúutsamal = baby * muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat) * hengéemal = boy * noot = chief, leader * kihaat = child * 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher * tengalkat = doctor * taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person) * nawítmal = girl * hamú'wish = indigenous person * hamúulawish = indigenous person * ya'ásh = man * 'ahíichu = orphan * 'atáax = person * to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal * momngawish = sailor (same word as "marine" (adj)) * puula = shaman * heelikat = singer * neqpikat = soldier * huu'unikat = teacher * $ungáal = woman == Suffixes == * -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns) * -mal = little/dear (diminutive) * -kat = one who has or does * -ma = should have, would have, or every day * -kun = times/instances * -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function == Religion and Spirituality == * 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin) * tolmul = afterlife * yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit * teela = prayer (same word as "language") * toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person == Traditional Objects and Concepts == === Abstract Culture === * qapúta = to abbreviate * pelaxish = to dance * pélla = to dance * pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood * wiqeni = to initiate a girl into womanhood * tungla = name or title * héela = to sing * heelaxish = song * teelat = spoken word or language === Clothing and Jewelry === * yumpish = basketry hat * miyxanish = clothing * paaxwichat = earring * cheeyat = feather headband * yumpish = hat * piwíish = headband (same word for "Milky Way") * tóonav = to make baskets * qenxat = necklace * wiiru = to play a flute * wachxat = shoes * olval = skirt === Objects === * $avárvash = abrasive (noun) * chuunga(i) = to absorb * chuungkawut = absorbent (noun) * huula = arrow * yoowlash = arrow straightener * teelingish = ash * kunla = bag, sack * ichilash kaarawut = bait * waw'kish = ball game * tukmal = basket * pavyut = bead * ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping * taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug * kutapish = bow * nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed) * pawxit = canoe * iikat = carrying net * wotilash = club (tool) * qeepish = cradleboard * nax'a = digging stick * icháqilash = drinking cup * moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event) * kut pochuyila = fireplace * kulaawut = firewood * iiqish = fish hook * hunuuvat = fishing line * wiirulash = flute * $aanat = glue * neexwut = gourd rattle * malaal = grinding stone * pikát = knife * tengalish = medicine * toopal = mortar * eevish = needle, awl * navyót = ochre * wotilish = paddle, oar * toopawut = pestle * $aanut = pitch, tar * peshlish = pot * taavalkwash = quiver * páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs * tamish = sacred stone bowl * washpish = seed beater * apmal = small basket * huu$i = smoke * $e'lalash = spear * iival = stirring stick * sinaval = string of shells used as currency * paa'ayat = rattle * paa'isval = red paint * toota = rock * wiichut = rope, string * kotlash = thatch, roof * waakat = throwing strick * piveesash = tobacco pipe * orilash = trap, snare * $uyvish = trash * wixét = tule boat * wixee'et = tule boat * paayut = turtle rattle * toovish = white paint * naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive) == References == * https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3 * https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/ * https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/ * Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete) * https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/ * https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/ * A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions) Convert these into proper citations. rd74bwuud1mz64bdlq0rzqu08bqvu8n 102 471935 4634830 4511732 2026-05-08T19:15:04Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 style, format, language, links 4634830 wikitext text/x-wiki __notoc__ {{Incomplete recipe|reason=needs cat corrections, fixed headers, formatting fixes}}{{Recipe summary | Category = Meat recipes | Servings = 6 | Difficulty = 2 }} '''Potato and ground beef taquitos''' is a savory dish that combines soft corn tortillas with a flavorful filling of mashed potatoes and seasoned ground beef. This recipe is popular in various regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States, often served with a spicy tomato-based sauce. It's hearty, affordable, and perfect for family meals or gatherings. Serve hot with salsa, guacamole, or sour cream, garnished with additional chopped cilantro and lime wedges for freshness. ==Ingredients== * 3 large russet [[Cookbook:Potato|potatoes]], rinsed * 5 Roma [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]], divided (4 whole, one chopped) * 4 [[Cookbook:Jalapeño|jalapeño peppers]] * 2 serrano peppers * 1 white [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]], halved and divided, ½ whole and ½ [[Cookbook:Chop|chopped]] * 2 [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] cloves * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], to taste * ¼ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] fresh [[Cookbook:Cilantro|cilantro]], chopped * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoon]] plus 2 cups [[Cookbook:Vegetable oil|vegetable oil]], divided * 1 pound (454g) lean ground [[Cookbook:Beef|beef]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] [[Cookbook:Garlic Salt|garlic salt]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] freshly ground [[Cookbook:Black Pepper|black pepper]] * ½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] ground [[Cookbook:Cumin|cumin]] * 20 corn [[Cookbook:Tortilla|tortillas]] ==Equipment== * Medium [[Cookbook:Pots and Pans|pot]] * [[Cookbook: Saucepan|Saucepan]] * [[Cookbook: Skillet|Skillet]] or [[Cookbook: Frying Pan|frying pan]] * [[Cookbook:Blender|Blender]] or [[Cookbook: Food Processor|food processor]] * [[Cookbook: Potato Masher|Potato masher]] or [[Cookbook:Fork|fork]] * [[Cookbook:Knife|Knife ]] and [[Cookbook: Cutting Board|cutting board]] * [[Cookbook: Mixing Bowl|Mixing bowl]] * [[Cookbook: Cooking Spoon|Spoon]] or [[Cookbook: Spatula|spatula]] * [[Cookbook:Tongs|Tongs]] ==Procedure== # In a small pot over medium heat, add the potatoes and cover with water. Boil for about 30 minutes or until fork-tender. Drain, mash, and set aside. # In a medium saucepan, combine the 4 whole tomatoes, jalapeño peppers, serrano peppers, and the half of the onion left whole. Cover with water and bring to a boil. Cook until the tomatoes and peppers are soft, about 10–15 minutes. # Transfer the boiled vegetables to a blender. Add the garlic cloves and a pinch of salt. Blend until smooth, then stir in chopped cilantro. Set aside the sauce. # In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil over medium heat. Add the ground beef, chopped half onion, chopped tomato, garlic salt, black pepper, and cumin. Cook, breaking up the meat, until fully browned and cooked through. Set aside. # Heat the remaining 2 cups of vegetable oil in a frying pan over medium-high heat. # Fry the tortillas one at a time for about 15–20 seconds per side or until soft and slightly crispy. Remove and drain on paper towels. # To assemble, spread mashed potato on a tortilla, add a spoonful of the cooked beef mixture, and roll it up. Repeat with remaining ingredients. # Serve warm, topped with the prepared tomato sauce and extra cilantro if desired. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * For extra flavor, roast the tomatoes, peppers, and onion in the oven before blending. * Use gloves when handling jalapeños and serrano peppers to avoid irritation. * Adding a couple tablespoons of salt to the water when boiling the potatoes will enhance the flavor. * Substitute ground turkey or chicken for beef for a lighter version. You can also add cooked beans or vegetables like zucchini or corn to stretch the meat in the filling. * Use flour tortillas instead of corn tortillas for a softer texture. [[Category:Recipes using tortilla]] [[Category:Recipes using beef]] [[Category:Potato recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Garlic salt recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using cumin]] [[Category:Recipes using cilantro]] mffzoibemiax8ipdpx4nby61nnlugk8 4634831 4634830 2026-05-08T19:15:11Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 4634831 wikitext text/x-wiki __notoc__{{Recipe summary | Category = Meat recipes | Servings = 6 | Difficulty = 2 }} '''Potato and ground beef taquitos''' is a savory dish that combines soft corn tortillas with a flavorful filling of mashed potatoes and seasoned ground beef. This recipe is popular in various regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States, often served with a spicy tomato-based sauce. It's hearty, affordable, and perfect for family meals or gatherings. Serve hot with salsa, guacamole, or sour cream, garnished with additional chopped cilantro and lime wedges for freshness. ==Ingredients== * 3 large russet [[Cookbook:Potato|potatoes]], rinsed * 5 Roma [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]], divided (4 whole, one chopped) * 4 [[Cookbook:Jalapeño|jalapeño peppers]] * 2 serrano peppers * 1 white [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]], halved and divided, ½ whole and ½ [[Cookbook:Chop|chopped]] * 2 [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] cloves * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], to taste * ¼ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] fresh [[Cookbook:Cilantro|cilantro]], chopped * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoon]] plus 2 cups [[Cookbook:Vegetable oil|vegetable oil]], divided * 1 pound (454g) lean ground [[Cookbook:Beef|beef]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] [[Cookbook:Garlic Salt|garlic salt]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] freshly ground [[Cookbook:Black Pepper|black pepper]] * ½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] ground [[Cookbook:Cumin|cumin]] * 20 corn [[Cookbook:Tortilla|tortillas]] ==Equipment== * Medium [[Cookbook:Pots and Pans|pot]] * [[Cookbook: Saucepan|Saucepan]] * [[Cookbook: Skillet|Skillet]] or [[Cookbook: Frying Pan|frying pan]] * [[Cookbook:Blender|Blender]] or [[Cookbook: Food Processor|food processor]] * [[Cookbook: Potato Masher|Potato masher]] or [[Cookbook:Fork|fork]] * [[Cookbook:Knife|Knife ]] and [[Cookbook: Cutting Board|cutting board]] * [[Cookbook: Mixing Bowl|Mixing bowl]] * [[Cookbook: Cooking Spoon|Spoon]] or [[Cookbook: Spatula|spatula]] * [[Cookbook:Tongs|Tongs]] ==Procedure== # In a small pot over medium heat, add the potatoes and cover with water. Boil for about 30 minutes or until fork-tender. Drain, mash, and set aside. # In a medium saucepan, combine the 4 whole tomatoes, jalapeño peppers, serrano peppers, and the half of the onion left whole. Cover with water and bring to a boil. Cook until the tomatoes and peppers are soft, about 10–15 minutes. # Transfer the boiled vegetables to a blender. Add the garlic cloves and a pinch of salt. Blend until smooth, then stir in chopped cilantro. Set aside the sauce. # In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil over medium heat. Add the ground beef, chopped half onion, chopped tomato, garlic salt, black pepper, and cumin. Cook, breaking up the meat, until fully browned and cooked through. Set aside. # Heat the remaining 2 cups of vegetable oil in a frying pan over medium-high heat. # Fry the tortillas one at a time for about 15–20 seconds per side or until soft and slightly crispy. Remove and drain on paper towels. # To assemble, spread mashed potato on a tortilla, add a spoonful of the cooked beef mixture, and roll it up. Repeat with remaining ingredients. # Serve warm, topped with the prepared tomato sauce and extra cilantro if desired. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * For extra flavor, roast the tomatoes, peppers, and onion in the oven before blending. * Use gloves when handling jalapeños and serrano peppers to avoid irritation. * Adding a couple tablespoons of salt to the water when boiling the potatoes will enhance the flavor. * Substitute ground turkey or chicken for beef for a lighter version. You can also add cooked beans or vegetables like zucchini or corn to stretch the meat in the filling. * Use flour tortillas instead of corn tortillas for a softer texture. [[Category:Recipes using tortilla]] [[Category:Recipes using beef]] [[Category:Potato recipes]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Garlic salt recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using cumin]] [[Category:Recipes using cilantro]] rpgzmstn4o7mrszsllo8smzql9wynwt 4634832 4634831 2026-05-08T19:17:00Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 + 4 categories; ± 2 categories using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4634832 wikitext text/x-wiki __notoc__{{Recipe summary | Category = Meat recipes | Servings = 6 | Difficulty = 2 }} '''Potato and ground beef taquitos''' is a savory dish that combines soft corn tortillas with a flavorful filling of mashed potatoes and seasoned ground beef. This recipe is popular in various regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States, often served with a spicy tomato-based sauce. It's hearty, affordable, and perfect for family meals or gatherings. Serve hot with salsa, guacamole, or sour cream, garnished with additional chopped cilantro and lime wedges for freshness. ==Ingredients== * 3 large russet [[Cookbook:Potato|potatoes]], rinsed * 5 Roma [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]], divided (4 whole, one chopped) * 4 [[Cookbook:Jalapeño|jalapeño peppers]] * 2 serrano peppers * 1 white [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]], halved and divided, ½ whole and ½ [[Cookbook:Chop|chopped]] * 2 [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] cloves * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], to taste * ¼ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] fresh [[Cookbook:Cilantro|cilantro]], chopped * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoon]] plus 2 cups [[Cookbook:Vegetable oil|vegetable oil]], divided * 1 pound (454g) lean ground [[Cookbook:Beef|beef]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] [[Cookbook:Garlic Salt|garlic salt]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] freshly ground [[Cookbook:Black Pepper|black pepper]] * ½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] ground [[Cookbook:Cumin|cumin]] * 20 corn [[Cookbook:Tortilla|tortillas]] ==Equipment== * Medium [[Cookbook:Pots and Pans|pot]] * [[Cookbook: Saucepan|Saucepan]] * [[Cookbook: Skillet|Skillet]] or [[Cookbook: Frying Pan|frying pan]] * [[Cookbook:Blender|Blender]] or [[Cookbook: Food Processor|food processor]] * [[Cookbook: Potato Masher|Potato masher]] or [[Cookbook:Fork|fork]] * [[Cookbook:Knife|Knife ]] and [[Cookbook: Cutting Board|cutting board]] * [[Cookbook: Mixing Bowl|Mixing bowl]] * [[Cookbook: Cooking Spoon|Spoon]] or [[Cookbook: Spatula|spatula]] * [[Cookbook:Tongs|Tongs]] ==Procedure== # In a small pot over medium heat, add the potatoes and cover with water. Boil for about 30 minutes or until fork-tender. Drain, mash, and set aside. # In a medium saucepan, combine the 4 whole tomatoes, jalapeño peppers, serrano peppers, and the half of the onion left whole. Cover with water and bring to a boil. Cook until the tomatoes and peppers are soft, about 10–15 minutes. # Transfer the boiled vegetables to a blender. Add the garlic cloves and a pinch of salt. Blend until smooth, then stir in chopped cilantro. Set aside the sauce. # In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil over medium heat. Add the ground beef, chopped half onion, chopped tomato, garlic salt, black pepper, and cumin. Cook, breaking up the meat, until fully browned and cooked through. Set aside. # Heat the remaining 2 cups of vegetable oil in a frying pan over medium-high heat. # Fry the tortillas one at a time for about 15–20 seconds per side or until soft and slightly crispy. Remove and drain on paper towels. # To assemble, spread mashed potato on a tortilla, add a spoonful of the cooked beef mixture, and roll it up. Repeat with remaining ingredients. # Serve warm, topped with the prepared tomato sauce and extra cilantro if desired. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * For extra flavor, roast the tomatoes, peppers, and onion in the oven before blending. * Use gloves when handling jalapeños and serrano peppers to avoid irritation. * Adding a couple tablespoons of salt to the water when boiling the potatoes will enhance the flavor. * Substitute ground turkey or chicken for beef for a lighter version. You can also add cooked beans or vegetables like zucchini or corn to stretch the meat in the filling. * Use flour tortillas instead of corn tortillas for a softer texture. [[Category:Recipes using tortilla]] [[Category:Recipes using beef]] [[Category:Recipes using potato]] [[Category:Main course recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic salt]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using cumin]] [[Category:Recipes using cilantro]] [[Category:Recipes using tomato]] [[Category:Recipes using jalapeño chile]] [[Category:Recipes using serrano chile]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] dq78jp1kwigex6m25bnkg5hk4jckxp9 5 479462 4634868 4591249 2026-05-09T02:00:51Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Inactivity criteria */ new topic ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4634868 wikitext text/x-wiki == Recent changes criteria?? == Appearance in recent changes? This point needs more elaboration [[Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic criteria|Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic_criteria]] - depend not on the candidate but other users activity... Also de default is 50 records/7 days but whatif one use other view/filter ? [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 07:23, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Inactivity criteria == I propose that any reviewer who has not made any edit for two years or more should have their reviewer rights removed, but should we also promote this page as a guideline? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:00, 9 May 2026 (UTC) jo1sfqu4o61rpyo6yycufjxj48s1rhh 102 479564 4634904 4622704 2026-05-09T07:14:29Z SnappyDragonPennyroyal 3463904 Added substitutions 4634904 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Recipe}} {{recipesummary | Category = Beverages | Yield = >10 ounces (300 ml) syrup | Servings = 5 | Time = 30 minutes | Rating = | Energy = 80 kcal/100 g | Difficulty = 1 }} '''Cola''' is a type of soda that flavored with [[Cookbook:Citrus|citrus]] and [[Cookbook:Herbs and Spices|spices]]. The word "cola" derives from kola nuts, a plant originating in West Africa and originally used as a source of caffeine to make this soda. Most modern recipes do not contain kola nuts. This recipe is derived from John Pemberton's original 1886 formula for Coca-Cola, which currently exists in the public domain. The recipe has been downscaled to quantities suitable for a home kitchen; the outlawed coca leaf extract has been replaced with similarly flavored green tea extract. If you live in a country where coca leaf extract is still legal, you may substitute the green tea extract for coca leaf extract for a more authentic taste. Note that consuming high levels of caffeine can be very dangerous. If you are scaling the recipe up or down, make sure you scale the caffeine accordingly so that the per-serving caffeine amount stays the same or is lower. Absolutely do not use more than triple the listed proportion of caffeine. ==Ingredients== * 2 oz (60 ml) 150+ proof unflavored [[Cookbook:Spirits|spirit]] OR a mixture of 10 tsp (50 ml) water with 2 tsp (10 ml) gum arabic * 1 drop [[Cookbook:Coriander|coriander]] oil * 3 drops [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]] oil * 3 drops neroli oil * 3 drops [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]] oil * 5 drops [[Cookbook:Orange|orange]] oil * 8 drops [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] oil * ⅔ cup (160 ml) water, heated to 122°F (50°C) * 25 mg [[Cookbook:Caffeine|caffeine]] (optional) * 3 drops [[Cookbook:Caramel|caramel color]] * 4 drops [[Cookbook:Tea Extract|tea extract]] * 2 drops [[Cookbook:Vanilla|vanilla extract]] * 1½ tsp (7.5 ml) strained [[Cookbook:Lime|lime]] juice * ¼ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] (1.25 [[Cookbook:Liter|ml]]) [[Cookbook:Citric Acid|citric acid]] * 10 fl oz (300 ml) [[Cookbook:Sugar|white sugar]] * [[Cookbook:Carbonated Water|Carbonated water]], as needed ==Procedure== # Combine the spirit or gum arabic water and oils together in a small cup, mixing well. Set aside. # Combine the hot water, caffeine, caramel coloring, green tea extract, vanilla extract, lime juice, citric acid, sugar, and ¼ tsp (1.25 ml) of the oil mixture in a heat-safe container. Stir well to dissolve and make a syrup. # To make the finished soda, combine 1 volume of syrup with 5 volumes of carbonated water. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Use a clean eye dropper to measure drops. Do not use a pipette, an eye dropper previously used for dispensing medication, or a spoon to measure drops. * Use water from a carbonating machine or a brand of pure carbonated water such as Polar Original Sparkling Water, Great Value Seltzer Water, or Signature Select Seltzer Water. Do not use a brand of mineral water such as Perrier, San Pellegrino, or Mineragua because the added minerals will ruin the taste. Avoid flavored sparkling water such as La Croix or Spindrift because the preexisting fruit flavors will ruin the drink. * You can substitute the caramel color with browning the sugar in a saucepan and immediately adding the other syrup ingredients immediately afterward. * You can omit the caramel color and use brown sugar or piloncillo instead. * You can substitute the neroli oil with 14 makrut lime leaves boiled in the water. * You can make cherry cola by adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of cherry extract in step 2. * You can make vanilla cola by adding an additional teaspoon (5 ml) of vanilla extract in step 2. [[Category:Duplicate recipes]] [[Category:Public domain recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soda pop]] [[Category:Recipes using caffeine]] [[Category:Recipes using carbonated water]] [[Category:Recipes using cinnamon]] [[Category:Recipes using citric acid]] [[Category:Recipes using coriander]] [[Category:Recipes using tea]] [[Category:Recipes using gum arabic]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using lime juice]] [[Category:Recipes using neroli]] [[Category:Recipes using nutmeg]] [[Category:Recipes using orange]] [[Category:Recipes using vanilla]] [[Category:Recipes using white sugar]] behelewemj20qxoco6ir2lm1w6mkkzg 4634906 4634904 2026-05-09T07:15:07Z SnappyDragonPennyroyal 3463904 4634906 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Recipe}} {{recipesummary | Category = Beverages | Yield = >10 ounces (300 ml) syrup | Servings = 5 | Time = 30 minutes | Rating = | Energy = 80 kcal/100 g | Difficulty = 1 }} '''Cola''' is a type of soda that flavored with [[Cookbook:Citrus|citrus]] and [[Cookbook:Herbs and Spices|spices]]. The word "cola" derives from kola nuts, a plant originating in West Africa and originally used as a source of caffeine to make this soda. Most modern recipes do not contain kola nuts. This recipe is derived from John Pemberton's original 1886 formula for Coca-Cola, which currently exists in the public domain. The recipe has been downscaled to quantities suitable for a home kitchen; the outlawed coca leaf extract has been replaced with similarly flavored green tea extract. If you live in a country where coca leaf extract is still legal, you may substitute the green tea extract for coca leaf extract for a more authentic taste. Note that consuming high levels of caffeine can be very dangerous. If you are scaling the recipe up or down, make sure you scale the caffeine accordingly so that the per-serving caffeine amount stays the same or is lower. Absolutely do not use more than triple the listed proportion of caffeine. ==Ingredients== * 2 oz (60 ml) 150+ proof unflavored [[Cookbook:Spirits|spirit]] OR a mixture of 10 tsp (50 ml) water with 2 tsp (10 ml) gum arabic * 1 drop [[Cookbook:Coriander|coriander]] oil * 3 drops [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]] oil * 3 drops neroli oil * 3 drops [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]] oil * 5 drops [[Cookbook:Orange|orange]] oil * 8 drops [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] oil * ⅔ cup (160 ml) water, heated to 122°F (50°C) * 25 mg [[Cookbook:Caffeine|caffeine]] (optional) * 3 drops [[Cookbook:Caramel|caramel color]] * 4 drops [[Cookbook:Tea Extract|tea extract]] * 2 drops [[Cookbook:Vanilla|vanilla extract]] * 1½ tsp (7.5 ml) strained [[Cookbook:Lime|lime]] juice * ¼ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] (1.25 [[Cookbook:Liter|ml]]) [[Cookbook:Citric Acid|citric acid]] * 10 fl oz (300 ml) [[Cookbook:Sugar|white sugar]] * [[Cookbook:Carbonated Water|Carbonated water]], as needed ==Procedure== # Combine the spirit or gum arabic water and oils together in a small cup, mixing well. Set aside. # Combine the hot water, caffeine, caramel coloring, green tea extract, vanilla extract, lime juice, citric acid, sugar, and ¼ tsp (1.25 ml) of the oil mixture in a heat-safe container. Stir well to dissolve and make a syrup. # To make the finished soda, combine 1 volume of syrup with 5 volumes of carbonated water. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Use a clean eye dropper to measure drops. Do not use a pipette, an eye dropper previously used for dispensing medication, or a spoon to measure drops. * Use water from a carbonating machine or a brand of pure carbonated water such as Polar Original Sparkling Water, Great Value Seltzer Water, or Signature Select Seltzer Water. Do not use a brand of mineral water such as Perrier, San Pellegrino, or Mineragua because the added minerals will ruin the taste. Avoid flavored sparkling water such as La Croix or Spindrift because the preexisting fruit flavors will ruin the drink. * You can substitute the caramel color with browning the sugar in a saucepan and immediately adding the other syrup ingredients immediately afterward. * You can omit the caramel color and use brown sugar, coconut sugar, or piloncillo instead. * You can substitute the neroli oil with 14 makrut lime leaves boiled in the water. * You can make cherry cola by adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of cherry extract in step 2. * You can make vanilla cola by adding an additional teaspoon (5 ml) of vanilla extract in step 2. [[Category:Duplicate recipes]] [[Category:Public domain recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soda pop]] [[Category:Recipes using caffeine]] [[Category:Recipes using carbonated water]] [[Category:Recipes using cinnamon]] [[Category:Recipes using citric acid]] [[Category:Recipes using coriander]] [[Category:Recipes using tea]] [[Category:Recipes using gum arabic]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using lime juice]] [[Category:Recipes using neroli]] [[Category:Recipes using nutmeg]] [[Category:Recipes using orange]] [[Category:Recipes using vanilla]] [[Category:Recipes using white sugar]] bxmquobcmcul9y28h04boqbfdwltxoj 102 479567 4634905 4606742 2026-05-09T07:14:44Z SnappyDragonPennyroyal 3463904 4634905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe}} __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary | Category = Beverages | Yield = Slightly over 10 oz (300 ml) syrup | Servings = 5 | Time = 30 minutes | Rating = | Energy = 80 kcal/100 g | Difficulty = 2 }} '''Cola''' is a type of soda that flavored with [[Cookbook:Citrus|citrus]] and [[Cookbook:Herbs and Spices|spices]]. The word "cola" derives from kola nuts, a plant originating in West Africa and originally used as a source of caffeine to make this soda. Most modern recipes do not contain kola nuts. This recipe is derived from the 1923 recipe that Pepsi submitted during its bankruptcy filings, which currently exists in the public domain. The recipe has been downscaled to quantities suitable for a home kitchen. Note that consuming high levels of caffeine can be very dangerous. If you are scaling the recipe up or down, make sure you scale the caffeine accordingly so that the per-serving caffeine amount stays the same or is lower. Absolutely do not use more than triple the listed proportion of caffeine. ==Ingredients== * ¾ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] (3.75 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]]) 150+ proof unflavored food-grade [[Cookbook:Spirits|spirit]] OR a mixture of ½ tsp (2.5 ml) water with ¼ tsp (1.25 ml) food-grade gum arabic * 1 drop petit grain ([[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] leaf and twig oil) * 2 drops [[Cookbook:Coriander|coriander]] oil * 2 drops [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]] oil * 4 drops [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]] oil * 5 drops [[Cookbook:Orange|orange]] oil * 6 drops [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] oil * ¼ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] (0.75 [[Cookbook:Liter|ml]]) phosphoric acid * ¾ tsp (3.75 ml) [[Cookbook:Caramel|caramel color]] * ¾ tsp (3.75 ml) strained [[Cookbook:Lime|lime juice]] * 10 fl oz (300 ml) water * 10 fl oz (300 ml) [[Cookbook:Sugar|white sugar]] * 25 mg [[Cookbook:Caffeine|caffeine]] (optional) * [[Cookbook:Carbonated Water|Carbonated water]] as needed ==Procedure== # Combine the spirits and oils together in a small cup, mixing well. Set aside. # Combine the phosphoric acid, caramel color, lime juice, water, and sugar in a saucepan. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then boil until it becomes a thick syrup. # Remove the syrup from the heat, and stir in the caffeine and oil mixture. Let cool. # To make the finished soda, combine 1 volume of syrup with 5 volumes of carbonated water. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Use a clean eye dropper to measure drops. Do not use a pipette, an eye dropper previously used for dispensing medication, or a spoon to measure drops. * Use water from a carbonating machine or a brand of pure carbonated water such as Polar Original Sparkling Water, Great Value Seltzer Water, or Signature Select Seltzer Water. Do not use a brand of mineral water such as Perrier, San Pellegrino, or Mineragua because the added minerals will ruin the taste. Avoid flavored sparkling water such as La Croix or Spindrift because the preexisting fruit flavors will ruin the drink. * You can substitute the caramel color with browning the sugar in a saucepan and immediately adding the other syrup ingredients immediately afterward. * You can omit the caramel color and use brown sugar or piloncillo instead. * You can make cherry cola by adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of cherry extract to the oil-spirits mixture. * You can make vanilla cola by adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of vanilla extract to the oil-spirits mixture. [[Category:Duplicate recipes]] [[Category:Public domain recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soda pop]] [[Category:Recipes using caffeine]] [[Category:Recipes using carbonated water]] [[Category:Recipes using cinnamon]] [[Category:Recipes using coriander]] [[Category:Recipes using gum arabic]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using lime juice]] [[Category:Recipes using nutmeg]] [[Category:Recipes using orange]] [[Category:Recipes using phosphoric acid]] [[Category:Recipes using white sugar]] 2mktgp644pjl2zpq22qvsf7wmtkq91a 102 480539 4634755 4614599 2026-05-08T12:22:37Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 links 4634755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing categories; when do you add the seasonings?}} {{recipe}} {{recipesummary | image = [[File:Breakfast Dürüm.jpg|300px|Steak and vegetable omelet dürüm]] | category = Breakfast recipes | Servings = 1 | time = 60 minutes | difficulty = 4 }} __NOTOC__ '''Dürüm''' is a Middle Eastern fast food similar to a wrap. The variation here combines a modified [[Cookbook:Spinach Mushroom Omelet|spinach mushroom omelet recipe]], [[Cookbook:Hash Browns|hash browns]], [[Cookbook:Hummus|hummus]], and [[Cookbook:Beef|beef]] steak, all within an earthy, nutty wheat [[Cookbook:Flatbread|flatbread]] known as “lavash” or “yufka”, for an intensely spicy and greasy portable breakfast meal. == Ingredients == * 1 large sheet of lavash or yufka flatbread * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] [[Cookbook:Water|water]] * 1 russet [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]], [[Cookbook:Grater|grated]] * 4 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] hot [[Cookbook:Water|water]] * 4 tbsp [[Cookbook:Butter|butter]] or [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]], divided * ½ cup thinly [[Cookbook:Slicing|sliced]] baby bella or Crimini [[Cookbook:Mushroom|mushrooms]] * 1 handful of fresh [[Cookbook:spinach|spinach]] * 2 large [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Milk|milk]] * ¼ cup shredded sharp [[Cookbook:Cheddar Cheese|cheddar]] * ½ ea. [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]], [[Cookbook:Dice|diced]] * [[Category:Recipes for hummus|hummus]] 5 thin slices cooked [[Cookbook:Beef|beef]] sirloin or flank === Seasonings === * 2 [[Cookbook:Pinch|pinches]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2 pinches [[Cookbook:Paprika|paprika]] * 1 pinch [[Cookbook:Cumin|cumin]] * 1 pinch [[Cookbook:Chili powder|chili powder]] * 1 pinch [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]] * 2 pinches [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] == Equipment == * [[Cookbook:Cooktop|Stovetop]] * 30-cm (12-inch) diameter [[Cookbook:Skillet|skillet]] * [[Cookbook:Toaster Oven|Toaster oven]] (optional) * [[Cookbook:Colander|Colander]] * [[Cookbook:Whisk|Whisk]] * [[Cookbook:Brush|Brush]] * 2 [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatulas]] ==Procedure== # Brush the flatbread with the tablespoon of water to keep it soft. [[Cookbook:Toasting|Toast]] the bread using a skillet or in a toaster oven until brown on edges. Set aside. # Combine the grated potato with half the hot water in a bowl. Let sit for 3 minutes, then stir thoroughly and drain the water from the bowl. Repeat this process with the remaining hot water, then drain the potatoes in a colander. Shake gently in a horizontal motion to remove excess starch and water, then set aside to dry. # [[Cookbook:Sautéing|Sauté]] the mushrooms in 1 tbsp butter. Add spinach, and cook on medium heat until slightly wilted. # Whisk together the eggs and milk, then pour over the spinach and mushrooms. When the eggs are half-set, sprinkle the cheddar on top, then fold the omelet in half and remove from the skillet. # Heat the remaining butter in the skillet. Turn the heat to high, then add the potatoes, onions, and steak, evenly and fully covering the bottom of the skillet. Season to taste, then let them sear to your desired brownness and crunch, taking care to turn them over. Remove from the heat. # Assemble the dürüm by laying the bread sheet flat, with the longer edges to the left and right sides. Spreading the hummus evenly on the half of the bread farthest from you. Pile the potato mixture and the omelet evenly on the nearest half. Pinch and fold the nearest edge over, then roll into a 5-cm (2-inch) thick cylinder and serve. [[Category:Breakfast recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using egg]] [[Category:Recipes using spinach]] [[Category:Recipes using hummus]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using beef]] [[Category:Recipes using milk]] [[Category:Recipes using bread]] [[Category:Recipes using mushroom]] hjld6i253l84htkvzwhta8jp316yl8e 4634756 4634755 2026-05-08T12:22:51Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 removed [[Category:Recipes for hummus]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 4634756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing categories; when do you add the seasonings?}} {{recipe}} {{recipesummary | image = [[File:Breakfast Dürüm.jpg|300px|Steak and vegetable omelet dürüm]] | category = Breakfast recipes | Servings = 1 | time = 60 minutes | difficulty = 4 }} __NOTOC__ '''Dürüm''' is a Middle Eastern fast food similar to a wrap. The variation here combines a modified [[Cookbook:Spinach Mushroom Omelet|spinach mushroom omelet recipe]], [[Cookbook:Hash Browns|hash browns]], [[Cookbook:Hummus|hummus]], and [[Cookbook:Beef|beef]] steak, all within an earthy, nutty wheat [[Cookbook:Flatbread|flatbread]] known as “lavash” or “yufka”, for an intensely spicy and greasy portable breakfast meal. == Ingredients == * 1 large sheet of lavash or yufka flatbread * 1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] [[Cookbook:Water|water]] * 1 russet [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]], [[Cookbook:Grater|grated]] * 4 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] hot [[Cookbook:Water|water]] * 4 tbsp [[Cookbook:Butter|butter]] or [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]], divided * ½ cup thinly [[Cookbook:Slicing|sliced]] baby bella or Crimini [[Cookbook:Mushroom|mushrooms]] * 1 handful of fresh [[Cookbook:spinach|spinach]] * 2 large [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Milk|milk]] * ¼ cup shredded sharp [[Cookbook:Cheddar Cheese|cheddar]] * ½ ea. [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]], [[Cookbook:Dice|diced]] * 5 thin slices cooked [[Cookbook:Beef|beef]] sirloin or flank === Seasonings === * 2 [[Cookbook:Pinch|pinches]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2 pinches [[Cookbook:Paprika|paprika]] * 1 pinch [[Cookbook:Cumin|cumin]] * 1 pinch [[Cookbook:Chili powder|chili powder]] * 1 pinch [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]] * 2 pinches [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] == Equipment == * [[Cookbook:Cooktop|Stovetop]] * 30-cm (12-inch) diameter [[Cookbook:Skillet|skillet]] * [[Cookbook:Toaster Oven|Toaster oven]] (optional) * [[Cookbook:Colander|Colander]] * [[Cookbook:Whisk|Whisk]] * [[Cookbook:Brush|Brush]] * 2 [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatulas]] ==Procedure== # Brush the flatbread with the tablespoon of water to keep it soft. [[Cookbook:Toasting|Toast]] the bread using a skillet or in a toaster oven until brown on edges. Set aside. # Combine the grated potato with half the hot water in a bowl. Let sit for 3 minutes, then stir thoroughly and drain the water from the bowl. Repeat this process with the remaining hot water, then drain the potatoes in a colander. Shake gently in a horizontal motion to remove excess starch and water, then set aside to dry. # [[Cookbook:Sautéing|Sauté]] the mushrooms in 1 tbsp butter. Add spinach, and cook on medium heat until slightly wilted. # Whisk together the eggs and milk, then pour over the spinach and mushrooms. When the eggs are half-set, sprinkle the cheddar on top, then fold the omelet in half and remove from the skillet. # Heat the remaining butter in the skillet. Turn the heat to high, then add the potatoes, onions, and steak, evenly and fully covering the bottom of the skillet. Season to taste, then let them sear to your desired brownness and crunch, taking care to turn them over. Remove from the heat. # Assemble the dürüm by laying the bread sheet flat, with the longer edges to the left and right sides. Spreading the hummus evenly on the half of the bread farthest from you. Pile the potato mixture and the omelet evenly on the nearest half. Pinch and fold the nearest edge over, then roll into a 5-cm (2-inch) thick cylinder and serve. [[Category:Breakfast recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using egg]] [[Category:Recipes using spinach]] [[Category:Recipes using hummus]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using beef]] [[Category:Recipes using milk]] [[Category:Recipes using bread]] [[Category:Recipes using mushroom]] h38tynciztqv10355d8abs0wy6zekrq 102 481879 4634834 4621202 2026-05-08T19:22:49Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 style, format, language, links 4634834 wikitext text/x-wiki __notoc__ {{recipesummary | Category = Recipes for beverages | Yield = 1 liter | servings = 4–5 (~200–250 ml each) | time = 5 minutes | difficulty = 1 }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]] '''Oral rehydration solution''' (ORS) is a life-saving solution of sugar, salt, and water, formulated to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, heat, or vomiting. This recipe uses the public domain guidelines developed by the World Health Organization (WHO).<ref>{{Cite web |last=MD |first=Dr Ravi Kumar |date=2025-10-13 |title=Oral Rehydration for Adults: Practical Treatment Guide |url=https://drkumardiscovery.com/posts/oral-rehydration-for-adults-treatment-guide/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=The Dr Kumar Discovery |language=en-us}}</ref> It has a mild, slightly sweet taste. ==Ingredients== *1 [[Cookbook:Liter|liter]] clean water *6 level [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoons]] (~30 g) [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] *½ level teaspoon (~3.5 g) [[Cookbook:Salt|table salt]] ==Procedure== #Dissolve the salt and sugar completely in the water, stirring until fully mixed. If needed, warming the solution can help dissolve the salt and sugar. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Do not add extra salt or sugar, as this can worsen dehydration. == References == [[Category:Recipes for beverages]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] <references /> [[Category:Recipes using sugar]] m9bjp1rhv1kt4jcfpdlkijsgail9maj 0 481968 4634837 4634690 2026-05-08T19:50:11Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 4634837 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''924:''' * A = Coupe '''944:''' * A = Coupe * B = Cabriolet (1989 only) * C = Cabriolet (1990-1991) '''968/Boxster/Cayman/718:''' * A = Coupe * C = Cabriolet '''928:''' * J = Coupe (1981-1990) * A = Coupe (1991-1995) '''911:''' * A = Coupe (Except Type 930 Turbo coupe) * B = Targa (911 - Type 964/996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet (911 - Type 964/993/996/997/991/992) or Speedster (Type 964/997/991) or Roadster (Type 964) * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) * E = Targa or Cabriolet (911 [1981-1989] or 911 Turbo - Type 930 [1987-1989]) or Speedster (911 - 1989) * J = Turbo Coupe (911 - Type 930 [US: 1986-1989, Canada: 1981-1989]) '''Carrera GT / 918 Spyder:''' * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe or Cayenne Electric Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''924:''' Type 924: *A = 2.0L SOHC 8-valve Audi EA831 I4, 110 hp (924 '81-'82) Type 931: *A = 2.0L turbo SOHC 8-valve Audi EA831 I4, 154 hp (924 Turbo '81-'82) Type 924: *A = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 147 hp (924S '87) *A = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 158 hp (924S '88) '''944:''' Type 944: *A = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 143 hp (944 [base model] '83-'86) *B = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 147 hp (944 [base model] '87) *B = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 158 hp (944 [base model] '88) *A = 2.5L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 188 hp (944S '87-'88) *A = 2.7L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 163 hp (944 [base model] '89) *B = 3.0L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 208 hp (944 S2 '89 [coupe only], '90-'91 [coupe & cabriolet]) *A = 3.0L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 208 hp (944 S2 '89 [cabriolet only]) Type 951: *A = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44.51 I4, 217 hp (944 Turbo '86-'88) *A = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44.52 I4, 247 hp (944 Turbo S '88, Turbo '89) *C = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44.52 I4, 247 hp (944 Turbo '90 [Canada only]) '''968:''' *A = 3.0L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 236 hp ('92-'95) '''928:''' *A = 4.5L SOHC 16-valve Porsche M28 V8, 220 hp (928 '81-'82) *B = 4.7L SOHC 16-valve Porsche M28 V8, 234 hp (928 S '83-'84) *B = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 288 hp (928 S '85-'86) *B = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 316 hp (928 S4 '87-'90) *B = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 326 hp (928 GT '89-'90) *A = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 316 hp (928 S4 '91) *A = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 326 hp (928 GT '91) *A = 5.4L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 345 hp (928 GTS '93-'95) '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 911: (G-Series body) *B = 3.0L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/16), 172 hp (911 SC Coupe/Targa '81-'83, Cabriolet '83) *B = 3.2L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/21), 200 hp (911 Carrera '84-'86) *B = 3.2L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/25), 214 hp (911 Carrera '87-'89, Club Sport '88-'89, Speedster '89) Type 930: (G-Series body) *A = 3.3L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/60 ['81-'82], 930/66 ['83-'87]), 296 hp (911 Turbo Canada: '81-'87)<br> (Coupe: '81-'87, Targa/Cabriolet: '87) regular or slant-nose ('87 coupe & cabriolet) *B = 3.3L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/68), 282 hp (911 Turbo US: '86-'89, Canada '88-'89) (Coupe: '86-'89, Targa/Cabriolet: '87-'89) regular or slant-nose Type 964: *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 247 hp (911 Carrera 2 '90-'94, Targa '90-'94, 911 America Roadster '92-'93, RS America '93-'94, Speedster '94,<br> Carrera 4 '89-'94, Carrera 4 Widebody Coupe '94, Carrera 4 Targa '90-'93) *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 256 hp (911 Carrera Cup USA Edition '92) coupe *A = 3.3L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M30 flat-6, 315 hp (911 Turbo '91-'92) coupe *C = 3.6L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 355 hp (911 Turbo 3.6 '94) coupe *C = 3.6L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 380 hp (911 Turbo S 3.6 '94) coupe, flat-nose (slant-nose) coupe Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 270 hp (911 Carrera '95, Carrera 4 '95) *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera '96-'98, Targa '96-'98, Carrera S '97-'98, Carrera 4 '96-'98, Carrera 4S '96-'98) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 400 hp (911 Turbo '96-'97) coupe *C = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 424 hp (911 Turbo S '97) coupe Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition '04) coupe *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) (Coupe: '01-'05, Cabriolet: '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) coupe *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) coupe *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) coupe Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition coupe/cabriolet '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) (Coupe: '07-'09, Cabriolet: '08-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) (Coupe/Cabriolet), (911 Turbo S Cabriolet Edition 918 Spyder '12) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) coupe *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) coupe *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) coupe *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) coupe *D = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) coupe *E = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) coupe Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition coupe '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) coupe Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series - Coupe '18, Cabriolet '19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) coupe *E = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) coupe Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar coupe '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 cabriolet '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) coupe *D = 3.7L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) (Coupe/Cabriolet), (911 Turbo 50 Years coupe '25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) coupe '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA897 90° Diesel V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany (includes: Type 937 - 924 Carrera GTS/GTR [N/A in US/Canada], a few late '91 944 S2 coupe & cabriolet [RoW-spec]) * L: Leipzig, Germany (Cayenne '03-'18, Carrera GT '04-'05, Panamera '10-, Macan '15-, Macan Electric '24-) * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-, Cayenne Electric '26-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) (includes Type 937 - 924 Carrera GT [N/A in US/Canada]) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) Note: RoW=Rest of World (non-US/Canada markets) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' '''Select Porsche equipment codes:''' *C02 - Made for USA market (49 states thru 1990, all of USA from 1991) *C03 - Made for California market *C04 - Made for Puerto Rico market *C36 - Made for Canada market *M505 - US market Slant-nose (911 Turbo [Type 930]) *M506 - Rest of World (RoW)-market Slant-nose (911 Turbo [Type 930]) *X85 - US market Slant-nose (911 Turbo S [Type 964]) *X83 - Japan market Slant-nose (911 Turbo S [Type 964]) *X84 - Rest of World (RoW)-market Slant-nose (911 Turbo S [Type 964]) {{BookCat}} drgf24z1hd1l2n9rp64lva1vxuqzwj5 4634838 4634837 2026-05-08T20:00:23Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code */ 4634838 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''924:''' * A = Coupe '''944:''' * A = Coupe * B = Cabriolet (1989 only) * C = Cabriolet (1990-1991) '''968/Boxster/Cayman/718:''' * A = Coupe * C = Cabriolet '''928:''' * J = Coupe (1981-1990) * A = Coupe (1991-1995) '''911:''' * A = Coupe (Except Type 930 Turbo coupe) * B = Targa (911 - Type 964/996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet (911 - Type 964/993/996/997/991/992) or Speedster (Type 964/997/991) or Roadster (Type 964) * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) * E = Targa or Cabriolet (911 [1981-1989] or 911 Turbo - Type 930 [1987-1989]) or Speedster (911 - 1989) * J = Turbo Coupe (911 - Type 930 [US: 1986-1989, Canada: 1981-1989]) '''Carrera GT / 918 Spyder:''' * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe or Cayenne Electric Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''924:''' Type 924: *A = 2.0L SOHC 8-valve Audi EA831 I4, 110 hp (924 '81-'82) Type 931: *A = 2.0L turbo SOHC 8-valve Audi EA831 I4, 154 hp (924 Turbo '81-'82) Type 924: *A = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 147 hp (924S '87) *A = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 158 hp (924S '88) '''944:''' Type 944: *A = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 143 hp (944 [base model] '83-'86) *B = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 147 hp (944 [base model] '87) *B = 2.5L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 158 hp (944 [base model] '88) *A = 2.5L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 188 hp (944S '87-'88) *A = 2.7L SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44 I4, 163 hp (944 [base model] '89) *B = 3.0L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 208 hp (944 S2 '89 [coupe only], '90-'91 [coupe & cabriolet]) *A = 3.0L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 208 hp (944 S2 '89 [cabriolet only]) Type 951: *A = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44.51 I4, 217 hp (944 Turbo '86-'88) *A = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44.52 I4, 247 hp (944 Turbo S '88, Turbo '89) *C = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 8-valve Porsche M44.52 I4, 247 hp (944 Turbo '90 [Canada only]) '''968:''' *A = 3.0L DOHC 16-valve Porsche M44 I4, 236 hp ('92-'95) '''928:''' *A = 4.5L SOHC 16-valve Porsche M28 V8, 220 hp (928 '81-'82) *B = 4.7L SOHC 16-valve Porsche M28 V8, 234 hp (928 S '83-'84) *B = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 288 hp (928 S '85-'86) *B = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 316 hp (928 S4 '87-'90) *B = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 326 hp (928 GT '89-'90) *A = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 316 hp (928 S4 '91) *A = 5.0L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 326 hp (928 GT '91) *A = 5.4L DOHC 32-valve Porsche M28 V8, 345 hp (928 GTS '93-'95) '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 911: (G-Series body) *B = 3.0L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/16), 172 hp (911 SC Coupe/Targa '81-'83, Cabriolet '83) *B = 3.2L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/21), 200 hp (911 Carrera '84-'86) *B = 3.2L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/25), 214 hp (911 Carrera '87-'89, Club Sport '88-'89, Speedster '89) Type 930: (G-Series body) *A = 3.3L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/60 ['81-'82], 930/66 ['83-'87]), 296 hp (911 Turbo Canada: '81-'87)<br> (Coupe: '81-'87, Targa/Cabriolet: '87) regular or slant-nose ('87 coupe & cabriolet) *B = 3.3L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6 (Engine ID: 930/68), 282 hp (911 Turbo US: '86-'89, Canada '88-'89) (Coupe: '86-'89, Targa/Cabriolet: '87-'89) regular or slant-nose Type 964: *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 247 hp (911 Carrera 2 '90-'94, Targa '90-'94, 911 America Roadster '92-'93, RS America '93-'94, Speedster '94,<br> Carrera 4 '89-'94, Carrera 4 Widebody Coupe '94, Carrera 4 Targa '90-'93) *B = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 256 hp (911 Carrera Cup USA Edition '92) coupe *A = 3.3L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M30 flat-6, 315 hp (911 Turbo '91-'92) coupe *C = 3.6L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 355 hp (911 Turbo 3.6 '94) coupe *C = 3.6L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 380 hp (911 Turbo S 3.6 '94) coupe, flat-nose (slant-nose) coupe Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 270 hp (911 Carrera '95, Carrera 4 '95) *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera '96-'98, Targa '96-'98, Carrera S '97-'98, Carrera 4 '96-'98, Carrera 4S '96-'98) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 400 hp (911 Turbo '96-'97) coupe *C = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] SOHC 12-valve air-cooled M64 flat-6, 424 hp (911 Turbo S '97) coupe Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition '04) coupe *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) (Coupe: '01-'05, Cabriolet: '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) coupe *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) coupe *B = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) coupe Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition coupe/cabriolet '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) (Coupe: '07-'09, Cabriolet: '08-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) (Coupe/Cabriolet), (911 Turbo S Cabriolet Edition 918 Spyder '12) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) coupe *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) coupe *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) coupe *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) coupe *D = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) coupe *E = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) coupe Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition coupe '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) coupe Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series - Coupe '18, Cabriolet '19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) coupe *E = 3.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) coupe Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar coupe '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 cabriolet '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) coupe *D = 3.7L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) (Coupe/Cabriolet), (911 Turbo 50 Years coupe '25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) (Coupe/Cabriolet) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) coupe *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) coupe '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi EA897 90° Diesel V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany (includes: Type 937 - 924 Carrera GTS/GTR [N/A in US/Canada], a few late '91 944 S2 coupe & cabriolet [RoW-spec]) * L: Leipzig, Germany (Cayenne '03-'18, Carrera GT '04-'05, Panamera '10-, Macan '15-, Macan Electric '24-) * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-, Cayenne Electric '26-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) (includes Type 937 - 924 Carrera GT [N/A in US/Canada]) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) Note: RoW=Rest of World (non-US/Canada markets) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' '''Select Porsche equipment codes:''' *C02 - Made for USA market (49 states thru 1990, all of USA from 1991) *C03 - Made for California market *C04 - Made for Puerto Rico market *C36 - Made for Canada market *M505 - US market Slant-nose (911 Turbo [Type 930]) *M506 - Rest of World (RoW)-market Slant-nose (911 Turbo [Type 930]) *X85 - US market Slant-nose (911 Turbo S [Type 964]) *X83 - Japan market Slant-nose (911 Turbo S [Type 964]) *X84 - Rest of World (RoW)-market Slant-nose (911 Turbo S [Type 964]) *498 - Delete Model Designation-Rear {{BookCat}} 6o9ga8yqk5eey07czg6teabh8i2x16s 102 482053 4634907 4634541 2026-05-09T07:18:18Z SnappyDragonPennyroyal 3463904 4634907 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Recipe}} {{recipesummary | Category = Beverages | Yield = >8 ounces (251 ml) syrup | Servings = 5 | Time = 30 minutes | Rating = | Energy = 80 kcal/100 g | Difficulty = 2 }} '''Cola''' is a type of soda that flavored with [[Cookbook:Citrus|citrus]] and [[Cookbook:Herbs and Spices|spices]]. The word "cola" derives from kola nuts, a plant originating in West Africa and originally used as a source of caffeine to make this soda. Most modern recipes do not contain kola nuts. This recipe is derived from a LabCoatz video where he tries to replicate modern Coca-Cola through mass spectrometry.<ref>{{Citation |last=LabCoatz |title=Perfectly Replicating Coca Cola (It Took Me A Year) |date=2026-01-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDkH3EbWTYc |access-date=2026-03-14}}</ref> Note that consuming high levels of caffeine can be very dangerous. If you are scaling the recipe up or down, make sure you scale the caffeine accordingly so that the per-serving caffeine amount stays the same or is lower. Absolutely do not use more than triple the listed proportion of caffeine. ==Ingredients== '''Flavor solution A:''' * 1 drop [[Cookbook:Coriander|coriander]] oil * 1 drop fenchol (optional, hard to find) * 2 drops [[Cookbook:Orange|orange]] oil * 4 drops [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]] oil * 7 drops cassia oil * 12 drops tea tree oil (optional, read important warning below) * 61 drops [[Cookbook:Lime|lime]] oil * 76 drops [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] oil * 50 ml 150+ proof unflavored [[Cookbook:Spirits|spirit]] or a mixture of 25 ml water with 25 ml gum arabic '''Flavor solution B:''' * 0.08 g wine tannins * 0.0965 g caffeine (optional) * 0.1 ml or 2 drops vanilla extract * 0.1 ml or 2 drops 5% vinegar * 0.45 ml or 9 drops 85% phosphoric acid * 1.75 g glycerin * 3.2 ml or 64 drops caramel color * 10 ml water '''Syrup:''' * ½ cup (120 ml) [[Cookbook:Sugar|white sugar]] * ½ cup (120 ml) water * [[Cookbook:Carbonated Water|Carbonated water]], as needed == Procedure == # Mix the oils in flavor solution A in a container. # Transfer 1 ml of flavor solution A into another container and dilute it with the spirit or gum arabic water. # Mix flavor solution B in a third container. # Combine 1 ml of the finished flavor solution A, all of flavor solution B, the white sugar, and the water to make the syrup. # To make the finished soda, combine 1 volume of syrup with 5 volumes of carbonated water. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Tea tree oil is very dangerous in large quantities. Do not, under any circumstances, increase the proportion of tea tree oil in your beverage. You may choose to omit it as it is a minor ingredient. * Use a clean eye dropper to measure drops. Do not use a pipette, an eye dropper previously used for dispensing medication, or a spoon to measure drops. * Use water from a carbonating machine or a brand of pure carbonated water such as Polar Original Sparkling Water, Great Value Seltzer Water, or Signature Select Seltzer Water. Do not use a brand of mineral water such as Perrier, San Pellegrino, or Mineragua because the added minerals will ruin the taste. Avoid flavored sparkling water such as La Croix or Spindrift because the preexisting fruit flavors will ruin the drink. * You can substitute the caramel color with browning the sugar in a saucepan and immediately adding the other syrup ingredients immediately afterward. * You can omit the caramel color and use brown sugar or piloncillo instead. * You can substitute the wine tannins and caffeine with 1½ tsp (7.5 ml) of matcha. * You can make cherry cola by adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of cherry extract in step 4. * You can make vanilla cola by adding an additional teaspoon (5 ml) of vanilla extract in step 4. [[Category:Duplicate recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soda pop]] [[Category:Recipes using caffeine]] [[Category:Recipes using carbonated water]] [[Category:Recipes using cinnamon]] [[Category:Recipes using coriander]] [[Category:Recipes using glycerin]] [[Category:Recipes using gum arabic]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using lime juice]] [[Category:Recipes using neroli]] [[Category:Recipes using nutmeg]] [[Category:Recipes using phosphoric acid]] [[Category:Recipes using orange]] [[Category:Recipes using vanilla]] [[Category:Recipes using vinegar]] [[Category:Recipes using white sugar]] bcxk90h3tc5k6gydy4m8odzzmj7iyl9 4634908 4634907 2026-05-09T07:21:36Z SnappyDragonPennyroyal 3463904 4634908 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Recipe}} {{recipesummary | Category = Beverages | Yield = >8 ounces (251 ml) syrup | Servings = 5 | Time = 30 minutes | Rating = | Energy = 80 kcal/100 g | Difficulty = 2 }} '''Cola''' is a type of soda that flavored with [[Cookbook:Citrus|citrus]] and [[Cookbook:Herbs and Spices|spices]]. The word "cola" derives from kola nuts, a plant originating in West Africa and originally used as a source of caffeine to make this soda. Most modern recipes do not contain kola nuts. This recipe is derived from a LabCoatz video where he tries to replicate modern Coca-Cola through mass spectrometry.<ref>{{Citation |last=LabCoatz |title=Perfectly Replicating Coca Cola (It Took Me A Year) |date=2026-01-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDkH3EbWTYc |access-date=2026-03-14}}</ref> Note that consuming high levels of caffeine can be very dangerous. If you are scaling the recipe up or down, make sure you scale the caffeine accordingly so that the per-serving caffeine amount stays the same or is lower. Absolutely do not use more than triple the listed proportion of caffeine. ==Ingredients== '''Flavor solution A:''' * 1 drop [[Cookbook:Coriander|coriander]] oil * 1 drop fenchol (optional, hard to find) * 2 drops [[Cookbook:Orange|orange]] oil * 4 drops [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]] oil * 7 drops cassia oil * 12 drops tea tree oil (optional, read important warning below) * 61 drops [[Cookbook:Lime|lime]] oil * 76 drops [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] oil * 50 ml 150+ proof unflavored [[Cookbook:Spirits|spirit]] or a mixture of 25 ml water with 25 ml gum arabic '''Flavor solution B:''' * 0.08 g wine tannins * 0.0965 g caffeine (optional) * 0.1 ml or 2 drops vanilla extract * 0.1 ml or 2 drops 5% vinegar * 0.45 ml or 9 drops 85% phosphoric acid * 1.75 g glycerin * 3.2 ml or 64 drops caramel color * 10 ml water '''Syrup:''' * ½ cup (120 ml) [[Cookbook:Sugar|white sugar]] * ½ cup (120 ml) water * [[Cookbook:Carbonated Water|Carbonated water]], as needed == Procedure == # Mix the oils in flavor solution A in a container. # Transfer 1 ml of flavor solution A into another container and dilute it with the spirit or gum arabic water. # Mix flavor solution B in a third container. # Combine 1 ml of the finished flavor solution A, all of flavor solution B, the white sugar, and the water to make the syrup. # To make the finished soda, combine 1 volume of syrup with 5 volumes of carbonated water. == Notes, tips, and variations == * Tea tree oil is very dangerous in large quantities. Do not, under any circumstances, increase the proportion of tea tree oil in your beverage. You may choose to omit it as it is a minor ingredient. * Use a clean eye dropper to measure drops. Do not use a pipette, an eye dropper previously used for dispensing medication, or a spoon to measure drops. * Use water from a carbonating machine or a brand of pure carbonated water such as Polar Original Sparkling Water, Great Value Seltzer Water, or Signature Select Seltzer Water. Do not use a brand of mineral water such as Perrier, San Pellegrino, or Mineragua because the added minerals will ruin the taste. Avoid flavored sparkling water such as La Croix or Spindrift because the preexisting fruit flavors will ruin the drink. * You can substitute the caramel color with browning the sugar in a saucepan and immediately adding the other syrup ingredients immediately afterward. * You can omit the caramel color and use brown sugar or piloncillo instead. * You can substitute the wine tannins and caffeine with 1½ tsp (7.5 ml) of matcha. * You can substitute the phosphoric acid with ⅛ tsp (0.6 ml) citric acid. * You can make cherry cola by adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of cherry extract in step 4. * You can make vanilla cola by adding an additional teaspoon (5 ml) of vanilla extract in step 4. [[Category:Duplicate recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soda pop]] [[Category:Recipes using caffeine]] [[Category:Recipes using carbonated water]] [[Category:Recipes using cinnamon]] [[Category:Recipes using coriander]] [[Category:Recipes using glycerin]] [[Category:Recipes using gum arabic]] [[Category:Recipes using lemon]] [[Category:Recipes using lime juice]] [[Category:Recipes using neroli]] [[Category:Recipes using nutmeg]] [[Category:Recipes using phosphoric acid]] [[Category:Recipes using orange]] [[Category:Recipes using vanilla]] [[Category:Recipes using vinegar]] [[Category:Recipes using white sugar]] ez64ty0ry5xss827qkr70bhw58yslyg 4 482705 4634912 4634542 2026-05-09T08:10:13Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 3 threads from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] 4634912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Edit request for protected page == Hi, could an admin edit [[Template:Cite map]] and change ''<nowiki>ISBN {{{isbn}}}</nowiki>'' into ''<nowiki>{{#isbn:{{{isbn}}}}}</nowiki>'' ? The old magic links are deprecated and will one day be removed from the software. [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 11:56, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Are there active admins at this project? [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 12:54, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :: {{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you! [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 13:52, 5 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-20986-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-20986-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-20986-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 6 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by Ternera (GS). 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The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === A Brief Introduction to Expressions - Atoms, Identifiers and Operators === Below follows a brief introduction to Maxima expressions. All Maxima expressions are composed of atoms (including identifiers) and operators, and every expression has a value. With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. ==== <u>Atoms</u> ==== ==== <u>Identifiers</u> ==== Try the following using Python: <code>m + n</code><syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> >>> m + n Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'm' is not defined >>> </syntaxhighlight>or using R:<syntaxhighlight lang="r"> > m + n Error: object 'm' not found > </syntaxhighlight>or using Octave:<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> octave:1> m + n error: 'm' undefined near line 1, column 1 octave:2> </syntaxhighlight>Now, try this using Maxima:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> Maxima 5.49.0 https://maxima.sourceforge.io using Lisp SBCL 2.0.1.debian Distributed under the GNU Public License. See the file COPYING. Dedicated to the memory of William Schelter. The function bug_report() provides bug reporting information. (%i1) m + n; (%o1) n + m </syntaxhighlight>Take it on faith that the identifiers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> are in the Maxima namespace as a consequence of this expression, and that each has a value assigned by Maxima merely as a consequence of being used in the <code>m + n</code> input expression – <code>m</code> is <code>m</code> and <code>n</code> is <code>n</code> in this case.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) m; (%o2) m (%i3) n; (%o3) n </syntaxhighlight>A value for any identifier other than itself may never be assigned while using Maxima no matter how many times it is referenced. That is perfectly okay. Maxima doesn't care. But sometimes a value is assigned to an identifier – either the first time it is referenced or after it is first referenced:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) m : n; (m) n (%i5) m; (%o5) n (%i6) remvalue(m); (%o6) [m] (%i7) m; (%o7) m </syntaxhighlight>In the above expressions, the identifier <code>m</code> is assigned the value of identifier <code>n</code> (which is in this case <code>n</code>), and then the value of <code>m</code> is removed using the <code>remvalue()</code> operator. Thus, the value of <code>m</code> reverts to itself – <code>m</code>. ==== <u>Operators</u> ==== {{BookCat}} 3xuoqfbimbpmjapq9nflw7elclk19u2 0 482797 4634872 4632579 2026-05-09T02:13:25Z Omphalographer 3427146 {{rfd}} - undisclosed AI content 4634872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rfd}} This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: [https://leventbulut.com/ Levent Bulut] | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {| style="border-left: 4px solid #1a1a2e; padding: 12px; background: #f8f9fa; margin: 16px 0; width: 100%;" |- | '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. |} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {| style="border-left: 4px solid #1a1a2e; padding: 12px; background: #f8f9fa; margin: 16px 0; width: 100%;" |- | '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. |} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {| style="border-left: 4px solid #1a1a2e; padding: 12px; background: #f8f9fa; margin: 16px 0; width: 100%;" |- | '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. |} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. === Academic Sources === The theoretical foundation of this book is documented in the following academic publications: * Primary DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18689179 — Architectural Framework * OPCT v2.0: 10.5281/zenodo.19415236 — OSF: osf.io/us8bw * Narrative Entropy: 10.5281/zenodo.18652451 * Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.19511369 == License Notice == This book is published under the '''Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)''' license. You are free to: * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: * '''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. * '''ShareAlike''' — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. == Official Archive == * Site: [https://leventbulut.com leventbulut.com] * ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 '''Author:''' [[d:Q138048287|Levent Bulut]] [[Category:Writing]] [[Category:Literature]] [[Category:Narrative theory]] [[Category:Neuroscience]] [[Category:Creative writing]] o9l8rcr0kyctwagpiujgv7y3ra99rsq 0 482817 4634770 4634471 2026-05-08T14:04:37Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4634770 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The examples that follows are presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective, and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 ft/s at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. '''Note:''' The appearance of the following Maxima examples may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise, and a version of Maxima with Unicode support. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign ( = ) is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) \ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 ft/s is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> index syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An assignment operator can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution : solve(igl,\ρ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>The last input and output expression might be somewhat of a "head-scratcher" at first glance, but it is worthwhile to understand how Maxima works in this case. The identifier solution names an expression that uses the <code>solve()</code> operator on the identifier <code>igl</code> as an argument. This expression is evaluated first by Maxima. Then the <code>solve()</code> operator is applied to the result solving for <code>P</code>. The result is a list object with one solution expression. This expression is then referred to using the <code>[1]</code> index, and the output is the equation expression <code>P=R*T*ρ</code> . The expression for ρ (density) as a function of pressure (p) and temperature (°F) can be checked against known values using the following expressions: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows, * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° the calculated value for density is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Compare this resulting value of density with the the value of the table below for 0 altitude and temperature of 59.0 °F: {| class="wikitable" |+U.S. Standard Atmosphere vs. Altitude - BE Units !Altitude above Sea Level - ''h'' - ''(ft)'' !Temperature - T ''-'' ''(^oF)'' !Acceleration of Gravity - ''g -'' ''(ft/s²)'' !Pressure - ''p -'' ''(lb/in²)'' !Density - ''ρ -'' ''(10^-4 slugs/ft³)'' |- |0 |59.0 |32.174 |14.696 |23.77 |- |5000 |41.17 |32.159 |12.228 |20.48 |- |10000 |23.36 |32.143 |10.108 |17.56 |- |15000 |5.55 |32.128 |8.297 |14.96 |- |20000 | -12.26 |32.112 |6.759 |12.67 |- |25000 | -30.05 |32.097 |5.461 |10.66 |- |30000 | -47.83 |32.082 |4.373 |8.91 |- |35000 | -65.61 |32.066 |3.468 |7.38 |} It would be useful to have the means to round result values to a desired number of decimal places. Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory(); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. '''Note:''' The ''wxMaxima'' GUI makes loading packages simply a matter of a menu selection. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(\ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(\ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formula for pressure and temperatures in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> lbf/ft² <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> °R ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(\ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>This result agrees with the density value of the standard atmosphere at 20,000 ft. Using the expression for the air density as a function of altitude, an expression for dynamic pressure is as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i43) q(h,VTAS) := ((\ρ(h)*VTAS^2))/2; (%o43) q(h,VTAS):=(ρ(h)*VTAS^2)/2 </syntaxhighlight>Using the expression above, values of dynamic pressure can be calculated as a function of altitude and true airspeed as follows for 20,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 200 ft/s:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i44) q(20000,200); (%o44) 25.34079027107967 (%i45) q(15000,200); (%o45) 29.922636037412556 </syntaxhighlight>This value can be checked using the value for density from the Standard Atmosphere table at 15,000 ft and the expression for dynamic pressure as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i46) excel_round(%,2); (%o46) 29.92 (%i47) (200.0^2)*0.001496/2.0; (%o47) 29.919999999999998 (%i48) excel_round(%,2); (%o48) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>In the context of aviation and aircraft performance, airspeeds are commonly referenced to knots (nautical miles per hour) instead of ft/s. To determine dynamic pressure as a function of altitude and true airspeed in knots, the following expressions are used:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i49) VTAS(knots) := 1.687811*knots; (%o49) VTAS(knots):=1.687811*knots (%i50) excel_round(VTAS(118.49676),2); (%o50) 200.0 (%i51) q(h,knots) (%o51) q(h,knots):=(\ρ(h)*VTAS(knots)^2)/2 (%i52) excel_round(q(15000,118.49676),2); (%o52) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>So approximately 118 knots true airspeed is equivalent to 200 ft/s, and the above expression for dynamic pressure is in terms of a function of altitude in feet and true airspeed in knots. ==== Plotting ==== Maxima has several ways to do plotting. The image that follows is a simple plot of density as a function of altitude produced using the plotting operator <code>wxplot2d()</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) T(h) := 518.688 - 0.0035616*h; (%o53) T(h):=518.688-0.0035616*h (%i54) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o54) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i55) R : 1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i56) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o56) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i57) wxplot2d([\ρ(h)], [h,-100,35000])$ </syntaxhighlight> [[File:Density as a Function of Altitude.png|thumb|876x876px|'''Air Density (slugs/ft³) As a Function of Altitude (ft)'''|none]] ==== A Practical Application - True Airspeed (TAS) ==== Having the display of TAS during actual flight conditions is very useful information. With the necessary sensors and electronics, TAS can be displayed continuously to pilots during changing flight conditions. One way to accomplish this is to have aircraft sensors that measure values of dynamic pressure, air pressure, and air temperature. These measured values can be used by electronic devices designed to calculate TAS for display and use by other equipment. The essentials of how this could be implemented can be demonstrated using Maxima by way of the expressions that follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) dpe : q = 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (dpe) q=(V^2*ρ)/2 (%i2) solutions:solve(dpe,V); (solutions) [V=-(sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)),V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)] </syntaxhighlight>The above expressions result in a list of two solution expressions. The second of these two is the one that is useful in this context.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) solutions[2]; (%o3) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ) (%i4) igl : \ρ = P/(R*T); (igl) ρ=P/(R*T) (%i5) eq : subst(rhs(igl),\ρ,solutions[2]); (%o5) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>In the last of the above expressions the <code>subst()</code> operator is used to substitute an expression for density ρ in the expression for speed V.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) R :1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i7) V(q,P,T) := ''(rhs(eq)); (%o7) V(q,P,T):=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>The value for R determines the units: * dynamic pressure q is in lbf/ft² * pressure P is in lbf/ft² * T is in °R * V is in ft/s The second of the two expressions above define a Maxima function for V in terms of values of dynamic pressure q, air pressure P, and temperature T. This expression for speed can be checked using known values. At 15,000 ft if: q is 29.92 lbf/ft² P is 1194.79 lbf/ft² T is 465.24 °R then:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o8) "/home/davidmiller/Downloads/excel_round.mac" (%i9) excel_round(float(V(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o9) 200.0 </syntaxhighlight>This resulting value of 200 ft/s for the TAS agrees with previous calculations under the given conditions. However, this is TAS in ft/s. Displaying TAS in terms of knots is much more relevant. The conversion factor for this purpose is 1.687811. So TAS in terms of knots can be expressed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/1.687811; (%o10) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/1.687811 (%i11) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o11) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The result is 118.5 knots for TAS which agrees with previous calculated values. The expression for TAS could have been more general by using an identifier (cf, for example) for the conversion factor as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/cf; (%o12) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/cf (%i13) cf : 1.687811; (cf) 1.687811 (%i14) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o14) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The conversion factor for meters per second (m/s) is: 3.28084<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) cf:3.28084; (cf) 3.28084 (%i16) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o16) 61.0 </syntaxhighlight>This is TAS in meters per second. Thus, by changing the value of only the conversion factor, TAS could be determined for various units of measure. == Summary == This section provided examples of the use of Maxima expressions in an applied context. It was demonstrated that Maxima can be used effectively for numerical computations. However, unlike typical general purpose programming languages, it was also demonstrated that Maxima is capable of providing much more capability than merely "number crunching" by way of symbolic operations. The symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima extend way beyond what was demonstrated in this section. The purpose of this section is not to provide a comprehensive survey of the symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima. Rather, it is intended to be an introduction to Maxima for the sake of familiarity with the sort of expressions that are typical for using Maxima in an applied context, with the syntax that is used for Maxima expressions, and generally the important role expressions have in interacting with the Maxima interface. Three Maxima operators that should be recognized as used frequently as evidenced by the expressions of this section are: # <code>=</code> the equality operator (equation expressions) # <code>:=</code> the Maxima function definition operator # <code>:</code> the assignment operator No matter the task at hand for which Maxima is being used, these three operators are likely to be essential, so having a clear understanding of the nature of each is important. Here is what a ''wxMaxima'' "Tip of the Day" remarks about the first two:<blockquote>"Equations have several advantages over functions. For example they can be manipulated with factor(), expand() and similar functions. They can easily be introduced one into another."</blockquote>It is essential to recognize that Maxima function expressions defined using the <code>:=</code> operator (and the <code>define()</code> operator, not discussed here) are not synonymous with the mathematical concept of a function, and this is also the case with typical general purpose programming languages, and not only Maxima. The Maxima function (in the programming sense) operator can be used to define a function (in the mathematical sense), but this is not generally the case for all Maxima function expressions. Maxima function expressions can be entered that cannot be used to define a mathematical function in the technical sense. To define a mathematical function using Maxima, to be precise, would require something similar to the first two of the following expressions:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) y = f(x); (%o1) y=f(x) (%i2) f(x) := x^3; (%o2) f(x):=x^3 (%i3) y = f(x), x=3; (%o3) y=27 (%i4) y = f(3); (%o4) y=27 (%i5) is(equalp(y,f(3))); (%o5) unknown (%i6) is(y = f(3)), y = 27; (%o6) true (%i7) f(3); (%o7) 27 </syntaxhighlight>The first of the above expressions, if evaluated, will have a value of <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, depending on the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. The second of these two expressions will have a numerical value that depends only on the numerical value of <code>x</code>. This difference is essential to understand. For a function, in the mathematical sense, it is necessary for values of ''x'' and ''y'' as applied to the expression <code>y = f(x)</code>, to evaluate to <code>true</code>, that is the values of the ordered pairs of numbers ''(x,y)'' evaluate the expression <code>y = f(x)</code> to <code>true</code> if they are instances of the function, and <code>false</code> or <code>unknown</code> otherwise. The function <code>f(x)</code>, in the programming sense, can be defined in all sorts of ways as a Maxima expressions, including for the purpose of the definition of a mathematical function, but not necessarily so. The <code>:</code> assignment operator is most typical used to name another value or expression. The word "identifier" in this case is understood to be a name that is in a sense identical to a value or expression. some examples follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i08) x : 2; (x) 2 (%i09) x; (%o09) 2 (%i10) y : 3.14159; (y) 3.14159 (%i11) y; (%o11) 3.14159 (%i12) r : rationalize(0.1); (r) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i13) r; (%o13) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i14) s : "a string"; (s) "a string" (%i15) s; (%o15) "a string" (%i16) \9ofHearts : true; (\9ofHearts) true (%i17) \9ofHearts; (%o17) true </syntaxhighlight>Assignment is not limited however to simple expressions such as these. Entire expressions from simple to more complex can be assigned to identifiers. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) z : m + n +3; (z) n+m+3 (%i19) z; (%o19) n+m+3 (%i20) ex1 : a*x^2 +b*x + c; (ex1) c+2*b+4*a (%i21) ex1; (%o21) c+2*b+4*a (%i22) ex2 : 'integrate( %e^(2*t+a)*sin(t)*t,t); (ex2) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i23) ex2; (%o23) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i24) solution : ex2, integrate; (solution) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 (%i25) solution; (%o25) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 </syntaxhighlight>This sort of assignment is not possible using typical general purpose programming languages, and will result in undefined variable error messages. For example in the case of Julia:<syntaxhighlight lang="julia-repl"> julia> z = m + n + 3 ERROR: UndefVarError: `m` not defined in `Main` Suggestion: check for spelling errors or missing imports. Stacktrace: [1] top-level scope @ REPL[1]:1 </syntaxhighlight>Julia is a very capable and useful programming language, especially for numerical computations, but symbolic expressions are not what Julia was intended to be used for. Maxima on the other hand, is quite at home with symbolic expressions. Some of the output expressions in these examples are rendered in a much more readable and conventional manner by the ''wxMaxima'' GUI using typical mathematical notation. The output for <code>ex2</code> for example is rendered as: [[File:Image_of_wxMaxima_output.png]] The output for the <code>solution</code> identifier is rendered as: [[File:Another image of wxMaxima expression.png|500x500px]] The ''wxMaxima'' GUI can be configured to suppress the <code>%</code> character displayed before the special constant <code>%e</code> in the above output expressions if desired. The reader is referred to Sections 9.6 (Assignment operators) and 22 (Equations) of the Maxima Help document for more information related to these three operators and more. {{BookCat}} 1fka31wvvslyadhgy1fzqjrdkwl7zsh 4634786 4634770 2026-05-08T15:55:43Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4634786 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The examples that follows are presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective, and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 ft/s at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. '''Note:''' The appearance of the following Maxima examples may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise, and a version of Maxima with Unicode support. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign ( = ) is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) \ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 ft/s is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> index syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An assignment operator can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution : solve(igl,\ρ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>The last input and output expression might be somewhat of a "head-scratcher" at first glance, but it is worthwhile to understand how Maxima works in this case. The identifier solution names an expression that uses the <code>solve()</code> operator on the identifier <code>igl</code> as an argument. This expression is evaluated first by Maxima. Then the <code>solve()</code> operator is applied to the result solving for <code>P</code>. The result is a list object with one solution expression. This expression is then referred to using the <code>[1]</code> index, and the output is the equation expression <code>P=R*T*ρ</code> . The expression for ρ (density) as a function of pressure (p) and temperature (°F) can be checked against known values using the following expressions: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows, * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° the calculated value for density is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Compare this resulting value of density with the the value of the table below for 0 altitude and temperature of 59.0 °F: {| class="wikitable" |+U.S. Standard Atmosphere vs. Altitude - BE Units !Altitude above Sea Level - ''h'' - ''(ft)'' !Temperature - T ''-'' ''(^oF)'' !Acceleration of Gravity - ''g -'' ''(ft/s²)'' !Pressure - ''p -'' ''(lb/in²)'' !Density - ''ρ -'' ''(10^-4 slugs/ft³)'' |- |0 |59.0 |32.174 |14.696 |23.77 |- |5000 |41.17 |32.159 |12.228 |20.48 |- |10000 |23.36 |32.143 |10.108 |17.56 |- |15000 |5.55 |32.128 |8.297 |14.96 |- |20000 | -12.26 |32.112 |6.759 |12.67 |- |25000 | -30.05 |32.097 |5.461 |10.66 |- |30000 | -47.83 |32.082 |4.373 |8.91 |- |35000 | -65.61 |32.066 |3.468 |7.38 |} It would be useful to have the means to round result values to a desired number of decimal places. Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory(); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. '''Note:''' The ''wxMaxima'' GUI makes loading packages simply a matter of a menu selection. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(\ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(\ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formula for pressure and temperatures in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> lbf/ft² <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> °R ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(\ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>This result agrees with the density value of the standard atmosphere at 20,000 ft. Using the expression for the air density as a function of altitude, an expression for dynamic pressure is as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i43) q(h,VTAS) := ((\ρ(h)*VTAS^2))/2; (%o43) q(h,VTAS):=(ρ(h)*VTAS^2)/2 </syntaxhighlight>Using the expression above, values of dynamic pressure can be calculated as a function of altitude and true airspeed as follows for 20,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 200 ft/s:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i44) q(20000,200); (%o44) 25.34079027107967 (%i45) q(15000,200); (%o45) 29.922636037412556 </syntaxhighlight>This value can be checked using the value for density from the Standard Atmosphere table at 15,000 ft and the expression for dynamic pressure as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i46) excel_round(%,2); (%o46) 29.92 (%i47) (200.0^2)*0.001496/2.0; (%o47) 29.919999999999998 (%i48) excel_round(%,2); (%o48) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>In the context of aviation and aircraft performance, airspeeds are commonly referenced to knots (nautical miles per hour) instead of ft/s. To determine dynamic pressure as a function of altitude and true airspeed in knots, the following expressions are used:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i49) VTAS(knots) := 1.687811*knots; (%o49) VTAS(knots):=1.687811*knots (%i50) excel_round(VTAS(118.49676),2); (%o50) 200.0 (%i51) q(h,knots) (%o51) q(h,knots):=(\ρ(h)*VTAS(knots)^2)/2 (%i52) excel_round(q(15000,118.49676),2); (%o52) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>So approximately 118 knots true airspeed is equivalent to 200 ft/s, and the above expression for dynamic pressure is in terms of a function of altitude in feet and true airspeed in knots. ==== Plotting ==== Maxima has several ways to do plotting. The image that follows is a simple plot of density as a function of altitude produced using the plotting operator <code>wxplot2d()</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) T(h) := 518.688 - 0.0035616*h; (%o53) T(h):=518.688-0.0035616*h (%i54) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o54) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i55) R : 1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i56) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o56) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i57) wxplot2d([\ρ(h)], [h,-100,35000])$ </syntaxhighlight> [[File:Density as a Function of Altitude.png|thumb|876x876px|'''Air Density (slugs/ft³) As a Function of Altitude (ft)'''|none]] ==== A Practical Application - True Airspeed (TAS) ==== Having the display of TAS during actual flight conditions is very useful information. With the necessary sensors and electronics, TAS can be displayed continuously to pilots during changing flight conditions. One way to accomplish this is to have aircraft sensors that measure values of dynamic pressure, air pressure, and air temperature. These measured values can be used by electronic devices designed to calculate TAS for display and use by other equipment. The essentials of how this could be implemented can be demonstrated using Maxima by way of the expressions that follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) dpe : q = 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (dpe) q=(V^2*ρ)/2 (%i2) solutions:solve(dpe,V); (solutions) [V=-(sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)),V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)] </syntaxhighlight>The above expressions result in a list of two solution expressions. The second of these two is the one that is useful in this context.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) solutions[2]; (%o3) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ) (%i4) igl : \ρ = P/(R*T); (igl) ρ=P/(R*T) (%i5) eq : subst(rhs(igl),\ρ,solutions[2]); (%o5) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>In the last of the above expressions the <code>subst()</code> operator is used to substitute an expression for density ρ in the expression for speed V.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) R :1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i7) V(q,P,T) := ''(rhs(eq)); (%o7) V(q,P,T):=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>The value for R determines the units: * dynamic pressure q is in lbf/ft² * pressure P is in lbf/ft² * T is in °R * V is in ft/s The second of the two expressions above define a Maxima function for V in terms of values of dynamic pressure q, air pressure P, and temperature T. This expression for speed can be checked using known values. At 15,000 ft if: q is 29.92 lbf/ft² P is 1194.79 lbf/ft² T is 465.24 °R then:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o8) "/home/davidmiller/Downloads/excel_round.mac" (%i9) excel_round(float(V(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o9) 200.0 </syntaxhighlight>This resulting value of 200 ft/s for the TAS agrees with previous calculations under the given conditions. However, this is TAS in ft/s. Displaying TAS in terms of knots is much more relevant. The conversion factor for this purpose is 1.687811. So TAS in terms of knots can be expressed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/1.687811; (%o10) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/1.687811 (%i11) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o11) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The result is 118.5 knots for TAS which agrees with previous calculated values. The expression for TAS could have been more general by using an identifier (cf, for example) for the conversion factor as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/cf; (%o12) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/cf (%i13) cf : 1.687811; (cf) 1.687811 (%i14) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o14) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The conversion factor for meters per second (m/s) is: 3.28084<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) cf:3.28084; (cf) 3.28084 (%i16) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o16) 61.0 </syntaxhighlight>This is TAS in meters per second. Thus, by changing the value of only the conversion factor, TAS could be determined for various units of measure. == Summary == This section provided examples of the use of Maxima expressions in an applied context. It was demonstrated that Maxima can be used effectively for numerical computations. However, unlike typical general-purpose programming languages, it was also demonstrated that Maxima is capable of providing much more capability than merely "number crunching" by way of symbolic operations. The symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima extend way beyond what was demonstrated in this section. The purpose of this section is not to provide a comprehensive survey of the symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima. Rather, it is intended to be an introduction to Maxima for the sake of familiarity with the sort of expressions that are typical for using Maxima in an applied context, with the syntax that is used for Maxima expressions, and generally the important role expressions have in interacting with the Maxima interface. Three Maxima operators that should be recognized as used frequently as evidenced by the expressions of this section are: # <code>=</code> the equality operator (equation expressions) # <code>:=</code> the Maxima function definition operator # <code>:</code> the assignment operator No matter the task at hand for which Maxima is being used, these three operators are likely to be essential, so having a clear understanding of the nature of each is important. Here is what a ''wxMaxima'' "Tip of the Day" remarks about the first two:<blockquote>"Equations have several advantages over functions. For example they can be manipulated with factor(), expand() and similar functions. They can easily be introduced one into another."</blockquote>It is essential to recognize that Maxima function expressions defined using the <code>:=</code> operator (and likewise for the <code>define()</code> operator, not discussed here) is not synonymous with the mathematical concept of a function, and this is also the case with typical general-purpose programming languages, and not only Maxima. The Maxima function (in the programming sense) operator can be used to define a function (in the mathematical sense), but this is not generally the case for all Maxima function expressions. Maxima function expressions can be entered that cannot be used to define a mathematical function in the technical sense. To define a mathematical function using Maxima, to be precise, would require something similar to the first two of the following expressions:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) y = f(x); (%o1) y=f(x) (%i2) f(x) := x^3; (%o2) f(x):=x^3 (%i3) y = f(x), x=3; (%o3) y=27 (%i4) y = f(3); (%o4) y=27 (%i5) is(equalp(y,f(3))); (%o5) unknown (%i6) is(y = f(3)); (%o6) false (%i7) is(y = f(3)), y = 27; (%o7) true (%i8) f(3); (%o8) 27 </syntaxhighlight>The first of the above expressions, if evaluated, will have a value of <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, depending on the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. The second of these two expressions will have a numerical value that depends only on the numerical value of <code>x</code>. This difference is essential to understand. For a function, in the mathematical sense, it is necessary for values of ''x'' and ''y'' as applied to the expression <code>y = f(x)</code>, to evaluate to <code>true</code>, that is the values of the ordered pairs of numbers ''(x,y)'' evaluate the expression <code>y = f(x)</code> to <code>true</code> if they are instances of the function, and <code>false</code> otherwise. The function <code>f(x)</code>, in the programming sense, can be defined in all sorts of ways as a Maxima expressions, including for the purpose of the definition of a mathematical function, but not necessarily so. The <code>:</code> assignment operator is most typical used to name another value or expression. The word "identifier" in this case is understood to be a name that is in a sense identical to a value or expression. some examples follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i08) x : 2; (x) 2 (%i09) x; (%o09) 2 (%i10) y : 3.14159; (y) 3.14159 (%i11) y; (%o11) 3.14159 (%i12) r : rationalize(0.1); (r) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i13) r; (%o13) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i14) s : "a string"; (s) "a string" (%i15) s; (%o15) "a string" (%i16) \9ofHearts : true; (\9ofHearts) true (%i17) \9ofHearts; (%o17) true </syntaxhighlight>Assignment is not limited however to simple expressions such as these. Entire expressions from simple to more complex can be assigned to identifiers. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) z : m + n +3; (z) n+m+3 (%i19) z; (%o19) n+m+3 (%i20) ex1 : a*x^2 +b*x + c; (ex1) c+2*b+4*a (%i21) ex1; (%o21) c+2*b+4*a (%i22) ex2 : 'integrate( %e^(2*t+a)*sin(t)*t,t); (ex2) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i23) ex2; (%o23) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i24) solution : ex2, integrate; (solution) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 (%i25) solution; (%o25) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 </syntaxhighlight>This sort of assignment is not possible using typical general-purpose programming languages, and will result in undefined variable error messages. For example in the case of Julia:<syntaxhighlight lang="julia-repl"> julia> z = m + n + 3 ERROR: UndefVarError: `m` not defined in `Main` Suggestion: check for spelling errors or missing imports. Stacktrace: [1] top-level scope @ REPL[1]:1 </syntaxhighlight>Julia is a very capable and useful programming language, especially for numerical computations, but symbolic expressions are not what Julia was intended to be used for. Maxima on the other hand, is quite at home with symbolic expressions. Some of the output expressions in these examples are rendered in a much more readable and conventional manner by the ''wxMaxima'' GUI using typical mathematical notation. The output for <code>ex2</code> for example is rendered as: [[File:Image_of_wxMaxima_output.png]] The output for the <code>solution</code> identifier is rendered as: [[File:Another image of wxMaxima expression.png|500x500px]] The ''wxMaxima'' GUI can be configured to suppress the <code>%</code> character displayed before the special constant <code>%e</code> in the above output expressions if desired. The reader is referred to Sections 9.6 (Assignment operators) and 22 (Equations) of the Maxima Help document for more information related to these three operators and more. {{BookCat}} bdebnniaskh095gwpi3r0efet1uichf 4634812 4634786 2026-05-08T17:12:18Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4634812 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The examples that follows are presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective, and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 ft/s at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. '''Note:''' The appearance of the following Maxima examples may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise, and a version of Maxima with Unicode support. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign ( = ) is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) \ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 ft/s is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> index syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An assignment operator can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution : solve(igl,\ρ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>The last input and output expression might be somewhat of a "head-scratcher" at first glance, but it is worthwhile to understand how Maxima works in this case. The identifier solution names an expression that uses the <code>solve()</code> operator on the identifier <code>igl</code> as an argument. This expression is evaluated first by Maxima. Then the <code>solve()</code> operator is applied to the result solving for <code>P</code>. The result is a list object with one solution expression. This expression is then referred to using the <code>[1]</code> index, and the output is the equation expression <code>P=R*T*ρ</code> . The expression for ρ (density) as a function of pressure (p) and temperature (°F) can be checked against known values using the following expressions: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows, * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° the calculated value for density is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Compare this resulting value of density with the the value of the table below for 0 altitude and temperature of 59.0 °F: {| class="wikitable" |+U.S. Standard Atmosphere vs. Altitude - BE Units !Altitude above Sea Level - ''h'' - ''(ft)'' !Temperature - T ''-'' ''(^oF)'' !Acceleration of Gravity - ''g -'' ''(ft/s²)'' !Pressure - ''p -'' ''(lb/in²)'' !Density - ''ρ -'' ''(10^-4 slugs/ft³)'' |- |0 |59.0 |32.174 |14.696 |23.77 |- |5000 |41.17 |32.159 |12.228 |20.48 |- |10000 |23.36 |32.143 |10.108 |17.56 |- |15000 |5.55 |32.128 |8.297 |14.96 |- |20000 | -12.26 |32.112 |6.759 |12.67 |- |25000 | -30.05 |32.097 |5.461 |10.66 |- |30000 | -47.83 |32.082 |4.373 |8.91 |- |35000 | -65.61 |32.066 |3.468 |7.38 |} It would be useful to have the means to round result values to a desired number of decimal places. Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory(); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. '''Note:''' The ''wxMaxima'' GUI makes loading packages simply a matter of a menu selection. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(\ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(\ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formula for pressure and temperatures in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> lbf/ft² <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> °R ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(\ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>This result agrees with the density value of the standard atmosphere at 20,000 ft. Using the expression for the air density as a function of altitude, an expression for dynamic pressure is as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i43) q(h,VTAS) := ((\ρ(h)*VTAS^2))/2; (%o43) q(h,VTAS):=(ρ(h)*VTAS^2)/2 </syntaxhighlight>Using the expression above, values of dynamic pressure can be calculated as a function of altitude and true airspeed as follows for 20,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 200 ft/s:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i44) q(20000,200); (%o44) 25.34079027107967 (%i45) q(15000,200); (%o45) 29.922636037412556 </syntaxhighlight>This value can be checked using the value for density from the Standard Atmosphere table at 15,000 ft and the expression for dynamic pressure as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i46) excel_round(%,2); (%o46) 29.92 (%i47) (200.0^2)*0.001496/2.0; (%o47) 29.919999999999998 (%i48) excel_round(%,2); (%o48) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>In the context of aviation and aircraft performance, airspeeds are commonly referenced to knots (nautical miles per hour) instead of ft/s. To determine dynamic pressure as a function of altitude and true airspeed in knots, the following expressions are used:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i49) VTAS(knots) := 1.687811*knots; (%o49) VTAS(knots):=1.687811*knots (%i50) excel_round(VTAS(118.49676),2); (%o50) 200.0 (%i51) q(h,knots) (%o51) q(h,knots):=(\ρ(h)*VTAS(knots)^2)/2 (%i52) excel_round(q(15000,118.49676),2); (%o52) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>So approximately 118 knots true airspeed is equivalent to 200 ft/s, and the above expression for dynamic pressure is in terms of a function of altitude in feet and true airspeed in knots. ==== Plotting ==== Maxima has several ways to do plotting. The image that follows is a simple plot of density as a function of altitude produced using the plotting operator <code>wxplot2d()</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) T(h) := 518.688 - 0.0035616*h; (%o53) T(h):=518.688-0.0035616*h (%i54) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o54) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i55) R : 1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i56) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o56) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i57) wxplot2d([\ρ(h)], [h,-100,35000])$ </syntaxhighlight> [[File:Density as a Function of Altitude.png|thumb|876x876px|'''Air Density (slugs/ft³) As a Function of Altitude (ft)'''|none]] ==== A Practical Application - True Airspeed (TAS) ==== Having the display of TAS during actual flight conditions is very useful information. With the necessary sensors and electronics, TAS can be displayed continuously to pilots during changing flight conditions. One way to accomplish this is to have aircraft sensors that measure values of dynamic pressure, air pressure, and air temperature. These measured values can be used by electronic devices designed to calculate TAS for display and use by other equipment. The essentials of how this could be implemented can be demonstrated using Maxima by way of the expressions that follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) dpe : q = 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (dpe) q=(V^2*ρ)/2 (%i2) solutions:solve(dpe,V); (solutions) [V=-(sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)),V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)] </syntaxhighlight>The above expressions result in a list of two solution expressions. The second of these two is the one that is useful in this context.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) solutions[2]; (%o3) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ) (%i4) igl : \ρ = P/(R*T); (igl) ρ=P/(R*T) (%i5) eq : subst(rhs(igl),\ρ,solutions[2]); (%o5) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>In the last of the above expressions the <code>subst()</code> operator is used to substitute an expression for density ρ in the expression for speed V.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) R :1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i7) V(q,P,T) := ''(rhs(eq)); (%o7) V(q,P,T):=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>The value for R determines the units: * dynamic pressure q is in lbf/ft² * pressure P is in lbf/ft² * T is in °R * V is in ft/s The second of the two expressions above define a Maxima function for V in terms of values of dynamic pressure q, air pressure P, and temperature T. This expression for speed can be checked using known values. At 15,000 ft if: q is 29.92 lbf/ft² P is 1194.79 lbf/ft² T is 465.24 °R then:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o8) "/home/davidmiller/Downloads/excel_round.mac" (%i9) excel_round(float(V(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o9) 200.0 </syntaxhighlight>This resulting value of 200 ft/s for the TAS agrees with previous calculations under the given conditions. However, this is TAS in ft/s. Displaying TAS in terms of knots is much more relevant. The conversion factor for this purpose is 1.687811. So TAS in terms of knots can be expressed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/1.687811; (%o10) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/1.687811 (%i11) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o11) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The result is 118.5 knots for TAS which agrees with previous calculated values. The expression for TAS could have been more general by using an identifier (cf, for example) for the conversion factor as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/cf; (%o12) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/cf (%i13) cf : 1.687811; (cf) 1.687811 (%i14) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o14) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The conversion factor for meters per second (m/s) is: 3.28084<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) cf:3.28084; (cf) 3.28084 (%i16) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o16) 61.0 </syntaxhighlight>This is TAS in meters per second. Thus, by changing the value of only the conversion factor, TAS could be determined for various units of measure. == Summary == This section provided examples of the use of Maxima expressions in an applied context. It was demonstrated that Maxima can be used effectively for numerical computations. However, unlike typical general-purpose programming languages, it was also demonstrated that Maxima is capable of providing much more capability than merely "number crunching" by way of symbolic operations. The symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima extend way beyond what was demonstrated in this section. The purpose of this section is not to provide a comprehensive survey of the symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima. Rather, it is intended to be an introduction to Maxima for the sake of familiarity with the sort of expressions that are typical for using Maxima in an applied context, with the syntax that is used for Maxima expressions, and generally the important role expressions have in interacting with the Maxima interface. Three Maxima operators that should be recognized as used frequently as evidenced by the expressions of this section are: # <code>=</code> the equality operator (equation expressions) # <code>:=</code> the Maxima function definition operator # <code>:</code> the assignment operator No matter the task at hand for which Maxima is being used, these three operators are likely to be essential, so having a clear understanding of the nature of each is important. Here is what a ''wxMaxima'' "Tip of the Day" remarks about the first two:<blockquote>"Equations have several advantages over functions. For example they can be manipulated with factor(), expand() and similar functions. They can easily be introduced one into another."</blockquote>It is essential to recognize that Maxima function expressions defined using the <code>:=</code> operator (and likewise for the <code>define()</code> operator, not discussed here) is not synonymous with the mathematical concept of a function, and this is also the case with typical general-purpose programming languages, and not only Maxima. The Maxima function (in the programming sense) operator can be used to define a function (in the mathematical sense), but this is not generally the case for all Maxima function expressions. Maxima function expressions can be entered that cannot be used to define a mathematical function in the technical sense. To define a mathematical function using Maxima, to be precise, would require something similar to the first two of the following expressions:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) y = f(x); (%o1) y=f(x) (%i2) f(x) := x^3; (%o2) f(x):=x^3 (%i3) y = f(x), x=3; (%o3) y=27 (%i4) y = f(3); (%o4) y=27 (%i5) is(equalp(y,f(3))); (%o5) unknown (%i6) is(y = f(3)); (%o6) false (%i7) is(y = f(3)), y = 27; (%o7) true (%i8) f(3); (%o8) 27</syntaxhighlight>The first of the above expressions, if evaluated, will have a value of <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, depending on the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. The second of these two expressions will have a numerical value that depends only on the numerical value of <code>x</code>. This difference is essential to understand. For a function, in the mathematical sense, it is necessary for values of ''x'' and ''y'' as applied to the expression <code>y = f(x)</code>, to evaluate to <code>true</code>, that is the values of the ordered pairs of numbers ''(x,y)'' evaluate the expression <code>y = f(x)</code> to <code>true</code> if they are instances of the function, and <code>false</code> otherwise. The function <code>f(x)</code>, in the programming sense, can be defined in all sorts of ways as a Maxima expressions, including for the purpose of the definition of a mathematical function, but not necessarily so. The following expressions from those above, provides some insight into the way Maxima as a CAS differs in an essential way from typical general-purpose programming languages:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i5) is(equalp(y,f(3))); (%o5) unknown (%i6) is(y = f(3)); (%o6) false </syntaxhighlight> The value of the identifier <code>y</code> in these expressions is itself. because of this, <code>y</code> as an identifier represents the essence of a variable quantity, and not as merely as a name for another expression. The first of these two expressions has the value of <code>unknown</code>, because it simply is not possible to say if <code>y</code> and <code>f(3)</code> are equal. The second has a value of <code>false</code> simply because the value of <code>y</code> is itself and unless the value of <code>f(3)</code> is <code>y</code>, then this expression is obviously false. The <code>:</code> assignment operator is most typical used to name another value or expression. The word "identifier" in this case is understood to be a name that is in a sense identical to a value or expression. some examples follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i08) x : 2; (x) 2 (%i09) x; (%o09) 2 (%i10) y : 3.14159; (y) 3.14159 (%i11) y; (%o11) 3.14159 (%i12) r : rationalize(0.1); (r) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i13) r; (%o13) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i14) s : "a string"; (s) "a string" (%i15) s; (%o15) "a string" (%i16) \9ofHearts : true; (\9ofHearts) true (%i17) \9ofHearts; (%o17) true </syntaxhighlight>Assignment is not limited however to simple expressions such as these. Entire expressions from simple to more complex can be assigned to identifiers. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) z : m + n +3; (z) n+m+3 (%i19) z; (%o19) n+m+3 (%i20) ex1 : a*x^2 +b*x + c; (ex1) c+2*b+4*a (%i21) ex1; (%o21) c+2*b+4*a (%i22) ex2 : 'integrate( %e^(2*t+a)*sin(t)*t,t); (ex2) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i23) ex2; (%o23) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i24) solution : ex2, integrate; (solution) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 (%i25) solution; (%o25) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 </syntaxhighlight>This sort of assignment is not possible using typical general-purpose programming languages, and will result in undefined variable error messages. For example in the case of Julia:<syntaxhighlight lang="julia-repl"> julia> z = m + n + 3 ERROR: UndefVarError: `m` not defined in `Main` Suggestion: check for spelling errors or missing imports. Stacktrace: [1] top-level scope @ REPL[1]:1 </syntaxhighlight>Julia is a very capable and useful programming language, especially for numerical computations, but symbolic expressions are not what Julia was intended to be used for. Maxima on the other hand, is quite at home with symbolic expressions. Some of the output expressions in these examples are rendered in a much more readable and conventional manner by the ''wxMaxima'' GUI using typical mathematical notation. The output for <code>ex2</code> for example is rendered as: [[File:Image_of_wxMaxima_output.png]] The output for the <code>solution</code> identifier is rendered as: [[File:Another image of wxMaxima expression.png|500x500px]] The ''wxMaxima'' GUI can be configured to suppress the <code>%</code> character displayed before the special constant <code>%e</code> in the above output expressions if desired. The reader is referred to Sections 9.6 (Assignment operators) and 22 (Equations) of the Maxima Help document for more information related to these three operators and more. {{BookCat}} 4s56er7rp3ylbz1x3ojgjohlsbxy28w 4634820 4634812 2026-05-08T17:42:46Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4634820 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The examples that follows are presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective, and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 ft/s at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. '''Note:''' The appearance of the following Maxima examples may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise, and a version of Maxima with Unicode support. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign ( = ) is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) \ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 ft/s is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> index syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An assignment operator can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution : solve(igl,\ρ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>The last input and output expression might be somewhat of a "head-scratcher" at first glance, but it is worthwhile to understand how Maxima works in this case. The identifier solution names an expression that uses the <code>solve()</code> operator on the identifier <code>igl</code> as an argument. This expression is evaluated first by Maxima. Then the <code>solve()</code> operator is applied to the result solving for <code>P</code>. The result is a list object with one solution expression. This expression is then referred to using the <code>[1]</code> index, and the output is the equation expression <code>P=R*T*ρ</code> . The expression for ρ (density) as a function of pressure (p) and temperature (°F) can be checked against known values using the following expressions: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows, * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° the calculated value for density is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Compare this resulting value of density with the the value of the table below for 0 altitude and temperature of 59.0 °F: {| class="wikitable" |+U.S. Standard Atmosphere vs. Altitude - BE Units !Altitude above Sea Level - ''h'' - ''(ft)'' !Temperature - T ''-'' ''(^oF)'' !Acceleration of Gravity - ''g -'' ''(ft/s²)'' !Pressure - ''p -'' ''(lb/in²)'' !Density - ''ρ -'' ''(10^-4 slugs/ft³)'' |- |0 |59.0 |32.174 |14.696 |23.77 |- |5000 |41.17 |32.159 |12.228 |20.48 |- |10000 |23.36 |32.143 |10.108 |17.56 |- |15000 |5.55 |32.128 |8.297 |14.96 |- |20000 | -12.26 |32.112 |6.759 |12.67 |- |25000 | -30.05 |32.097 |5.461 |10.66 |- |30000 | -47.83 |32.082 |4.373 |8.91 |- |35000 | -65.61 |32.066 |3.468 |7.38 |} It would be useful to have the means to round result values to a desired number of decimal places. Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory(); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. '''Note:''' The ''wxMaxima'' GUI makes loading packages simply a matter of a menu selection. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(\ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(\ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from the table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formula for pressure and temperatures in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> lbf/ft² <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> °R ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(\ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>This result agrees with the density value of the standard atmosphere at 20,000 ft. Using the expression for the air density as a function of altitude, an expression for dynamic pressure is as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i43) q(h,VTAS) := ((\ρ(h)*VTAS^2))/2; (%o43) q(h,VTAS):=(ρ(h)*VTAS^2)/2 </syntaxhighlight>Using the expression above, values of dynamic pressure can be calculated as a function of altitude and true airspeed as follows for 20,000 feet and 15,000 feet at 200 ft/s:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i44) q(20000,200); (%o44) 25.34079027107967 (%i45) q(15000,200); (%o45) 29.922636037412556 </syntaxhighlight>This value can be checked using the value for density from the Standard Atmosphere table at 15,000 ft and the expression for dynamic pressure as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i46) excel_round(%,2); (%o46) 29.92 (%i47) (200.0^2)*0.001496/2.0; (%o47) 29.919999999999998 (%i48) excel_round(%,2); (%o48) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>In the context of aviation and aircraft performance, airspeeds are commonly referenced to knots (nautical miles per hour) instead of ft/s. To determine dynamic pressure as a function of altitude and true airspeed in knots, the following expressions are used:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i49) VTAS(knots) := 1.687811*knots; (%o49) VTAS(knots):=1.687811*knots (%i50) excel_round(VTAS(118.49676),2); (%o50) 200.0 (%i51) q(h,knots) (%o51) q(h,knots):=(\ρ(h)*VTAS(knots)^2)/2 (%i52) excel_round(q(15000,118.49676),2); (%o52) 29.92 </syntaxhighlight>So approximately 118 knots true airspeed is equivalent to 200 ft/s, and the above expression for dynamic pressure is in terms of a function of altitude in feet and true airspeed in knots. ==== Plotting ==== Maxima has several ways to do plotting. The image that follows is a simple plot of density as a function of altitude produced using the plotting operator <code>wxplot2d()</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) T(h) := 518.688 - 0.0035616*h; (%o53) T(h):=518.688-0.0035616*h (%i54) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o54) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i55) R : 1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i56) \ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o56) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i57) wxplot2d([\ρ(h)], [h,-100,35000])$ </syntaxhighlight> [[File:Density as a Function of Altitude.png|thumb|876x876px|'''Air Density (slugs/ft³) As a Function of Altitude (ft)'''|none]] ==== A Practical Application - True Airspeed (TAS) ==== Having the display of TAS during actual flight conditions is very useful information. With the necessary sensors and electronics, TAS can be displayed continuously to pilots during changing flight conditions. One way to accomplish this is to have aircraft sensors that measure values of dynamic pressure, air pressure, and air temperature. These measured values can be used by electronic devices designed to calculate TAS for display and use by other equipment. The essentials of how this could be implemented can be demonstrated using Maxima by way of the expressions that follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) dpe : q = 1/2*\ρ*V^2; (dpe) q=(V^2*ρ)/2 (%i2) solutions:solve(dpe,V); (solutions) [V=-(sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)),V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ)] </syntaxhighlight>The above expressions result in a list of two solution expressions. The second of these two is the one that is useful in this context.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) solutions[2]; (%o3) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt(q/ρ) (%i4) igl : \ρ = P/(R*T); (igl) ρ=P/(R*T) (%i5) eq : subst(rhs(igl),\ρ,solutions[2]); (%o5) V=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>In the last of the above expressions the <code>subst()</code> operator is used to substitute an expression for density ρ in the expression for speed V.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) R :1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i7) V(q,P,T) := ''(rhs(eq)); (%o7) V(q,P,T):=sqrt(2)*sqrt((R*T*q)/P) </syntaxhighlight>The value for R determines the units: * dynamic pressure q is in lbf/ft² * pressure P is in lbf/ft² * T is in °R * V is in ft/s The second of the two expressions above define a Maxima function for V in terms of values of dynamic pressure q, air pressure P, and temperature T. This expression for speed can be checked using known values. At 15,000 ft if: q is 29.92 lbf/ft² P is 1194.79 lbf/ft² T is 465.24 °R then:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o8) "/home/davidmiller/Downloads/excel_round.mac" (%i9) excel_round(float(V(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o9) 200.0 </syntaxhighlight>This resulting value of 200 ft/s for the TAS agrees with previous calculations under the given conditions. However, this is TAS in ft/s. Displaying TAS in terms of knots is much more relevant. The conversion factor for this purpose is 1.687811. So TAS in terms of knots can be expressed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/1.687811; (%o10) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/1.687811 (%i11) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o11) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The result is 118.5 knots for TAS which agrees with previous calculated values. The expression for TAS could have been more general by using an identifier (cf, for example) for the conversion factor as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) TAS(q,P,T) := V(q,P,T)/cf; (%o12) TAS(q,P,T):=V(q,P,T)/cf (%i13) cf : 1.687811; (cf) 1.687811 (%i14) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o14) 118.5 </syntaxhighlight>The conversion factor for meters per second (m/s) is: 3.28084<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) cf:3.28084; (cf) 3.28084 (%i16) excel_round(float(TAS(29.92,1194.79,465.24)),1); (%o16) 61.0 </syntaxhighlight>This is TAS in meters per second. Thus, by changing the value of only the conversion factor, TAS could be determined for various units of measure. == Summary == This section provided examples of the use of Maxima expressions in an applied context. It was demonstrated that Maxima can be used effectively for numerical computations. However, unlike typical general-purpose programming languages, it was also demonstrated that Maxima is capable of providing much more capability than merely "number crunching" by way of symbolic operations. The symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima extend way beyond what was demonstrated in this section. The purpose of this section is not to provide a comprehensive survey of the symbolic expression capabilities of Maxima. Rather, it is intended to be an introduction to Maxima for the sake of familiarity with the sort of expressions that are typical for using Maxima in an applied context, with the syntax that is used for Maxima expressions, and generally the important role expressions have in interacting with the Maxima interface. Three Maxima operators that should be recognized as used frequently as evidenced by the expressions of this section are: # <code>=</code> the equality operator (equation expressions) # <code>:=</code> the Maxima function definition operator # <code>:</code> the assignment operator No matter the task at hand for which Maxima is being used, these three operators are likely to be essential, so having a clear understanding of the nature of each is important. === Equations and Functions === Here is what a ''wxMaxima'' "Tip of the Day" remarks about the first two:<blockquote>"Equations have several advantages over functions. For example they can be manipulated with factor(), expand() and similar functions. They can easily be introduced one into another."</blockquote>It is essential to recognize that Maxima function expressions defined using the <code>:=</code> operator (and likewise for the <code>define()</code> operator, not discussed here) is not synonymous with the mathematical concept of a function, and this is also the case with typical general-purpose programming languages, and not only Maxima. The Maxima function (in the programming sense) operator can be used to define a function (in the mathematical sense), but this is not generally the case for all Maxima function expressions. Maxima function expressions can be entered that cannot be used to define a mathematical function in the technical sense. To define a mathematical function using Maxima, to be precise, would require something similar to the first two of the following expressions:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i1) y = f(x); (%o1) y=f(x) (%i2) f(x) := x^3; (%o2) f(x):=x^3 (%i3) y = f(x), x=3; (%o3) y=27 (%i4) y = f(3); (%o4) y=27 (%i5) is(equalp(y,f(3))); (%o5) unknown (%i6) is(y = f(3)); (%o6) false (%i7) is(y = f(3)), y = 27; (%o7) true (%i8) f(3); (%o8) 27</syntaxhighlight>The first of the above expressions, if evaluated, will have a value of <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, depending on the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. The second of these two expressions will have a numerical value that depends only on the numerical value of <code>x</code>. This difference is essential to understand. For a function, in the mathematical sense, it is necessary for values of ''x'' and ''y'' as applied to the expression <code>y = f(x)</code>, to evaluate to <code>true</code>, that is the values of the ordered pairs of numbers ''(x,y)'' evaluate the expression <code>y = f(x)</code> to <code>true</code> if they are instances of the function, and <code>false</code> otherwise. The function <code>f(x)</code>, in the programming sense, can be defined in all sorts of ways as a Maxima expressions, including for the purpose of the definition of a mathematical function, but not necessarily so. The following expressions from those above, provides some insight into the way Maxima as a CAS differs in an essential way from typical general-purpose programming languages:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i5) is(equalp(y,f(3))); (%o5) unknown (%i6) is(y = f(3)); (%o6) false </syntaxhighlight> The value of the identifier <code>y</code> in these expressions is itself. because of this, <code>y</code> as an identifier represents the essence of a variable quantity, and not as merely as a name for another expression. The first of these two expressions has the value of <code>unknown</code>, because it simply is not possible to say if <code>y</code> and <code>f(3)</code> are equal. The second has a value of <code>false</code> simply because the value of <code>y</code> is itself and unless the value of <code>f(3)</code> is <code>y</code>, then this expression is obviously false.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) g(x) := y; (%o1) g(x):=y (%i2) y = g(y); (%o2) y=y </syntaxhighlight> This is trivially obvious, but also clearly logical, and if Maxima is anything, it is logical. This is as it should be. Technically the <code>:=</code> operator is a type of assignment. The other frequently used assignment operator is <code>:</code>, and a brief discussion of this operator follows. === Assignment === The <code>:</code> assignment operator is most typical used to name another value or expression. The word "identifier" in this case is understood to be a name that is in a sense identical to a value or expression. some examples follow:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i08) x : 2; (x) 2 (%i09) x; (%o09) 2 (%i10) y : 3.14159; (y) 3.14159 (%i11) y; (%o11) 3.14159 (%i12) r : rationalize(0.1); (r) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i13) r; (%o13) 3602879701896397/36028797018963968 (%i14) s : "a string"; (s) "a string" (%i15) s; (%o15) "a string" (%i16) \9ofHearts : true; (\9ofHearts) true (%i17) \9ofHearts; (%o17) true </syntaxhighlight>Assignment is not limited however to simple expressions such as these. Entire expressions from simple to more complex can be assigned to identifiers. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) z : m + n +3; (z) n+m+3 (%i19) z; (%o19) n+m+3 (%i20) ex1 : a*x^2 +b*x + c; (ex1) c+2*b+4*a (%i21) ex1; (%o21) c+2*b+4*a (%i22) ex2 : 'integrate( %e^(2*t+a)*sin(t)*t,t); (ex2) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i23) ex2; (%o23) integrate(%e^(2*t+a)*t*sin(t),t) (%i24) solution : ex2, integrate; (solution) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 (%i25) solution; (%o25) ((10*%e^(2*t+a)*t-3*%e^(2*t+a))*sin(t)+(4*%e^(2*t+a)-5*%e^(2*t+a)*t)*cos(t))/25 </syntaxhighlight>This sort of assignment is not possible using typical general-purpose programming languages, and will result in undefined variable error messages. For example in the case of Julia:<syntaxhighlight lang="julia-repl"> julia> z = m + n + 3 ERROR: UndefVarError: `m` not defined in `Main` Suggestion: check for spelling errors or missing imports. Stacktrace: [1] top-level scope @ REPL[1]:1 </syntaxhighlight>Julia is a very capable and useful programming language, especially for numerical computations, but symbolic expressions are not what Julia was intended to be used for. Maxima on the other hand, is quite at home with symbolic expressions. Some of the output expressions in these examples are rendered in a much more readable and conventional manner by the ''wxMaxima'' GUI using typical mathematical notation. The output for <code>ex2</code> for example is rendered as: [[File:Image_of_wxMaxima_output.png]] The output for the <code>solution</code> identifier is rendered as: [[File:Another image of wxMaxima expression.png|500x500px]] The ''wxMaxima'' GUI can be configured to suppress the <code>%</code> character displayed before the special constant <code>%e</code> in the above output expressions if desired. The reader is referred to Sections 9.6 (Assignment operators) and 22 (Equations) of the Maxima Help document for more information related to these three operators and more. {{BookCat}} l8qzs725e3psbc6okr5igj6k0inqr2f 102 483088 4634829 4634311 2026-05-08T18:59:20Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 still has the same problems as before 4634829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Egusi soup with ponmo and beef.jpg|thumb|Egusi_soup_with_ponmo_and_beef]]{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing recipe templates, missing appropriate linking, missing categories, redundant information, stylistic adjustments needed}} '''Nigerian Egusi Soup''' Also Know as Melon soup is a rich, hearty West African soup made from ground melon seeds, slow-cooked with palm oil, leafy greens, and assorted meats. The undisputed king of Nigerian soups. == Ingredients == * 0.3 cups palm oil * 700 grams assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] (beef, shaki/tripe, ponmo) * 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned * 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned * 3 tablespoons ground [[Cookbook:Crawfish|crayfish]] * 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded * 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) * 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) * 2 onions * 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) * 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock * 2 seasoning cubes * 1 teaspoons [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] == Equipments == # Blender| Grinder # Cooking pot # Wooden Spoon/Ladle # Cutting Board and Knife # Bowls == Procedures == # Season and cook the meats: Place 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo) in a pot. Add half of 2 onions (roughly chopped), 1 of 2 seasoning cubes, and a pinch of 1 teaspoons salt. Add just enough water to cover. Cook on medium heat until tender shaki takes longest, so add it first, then beef, then ponmo. Reserve the meat stock; do not discard it. # Prepare the pepper blend: Blend 4 scotch bonnet peppers (rodo) and 2 tatashe (red bell pepper) together with the remaining half of one 2 onions (onion) using a blender or food processor. Do not add water, blend to a coarse, thick paste. Set aside. # Mix the egusi paste: Place 400 grams ground egusi (melon seeds) in a bowl. Add a small amount of water just enough to bind and mix into a thick, moldable paste. Alternatively, for the frying method, keep the egusi dry. The paste method gives a smoother texture; the frying method gives a more crumbly, textured result. # Fry the palm oil base: Heat 0.3 cups palm oil in a wide, heavy-bottomed pot over medium heat until it melts and shimmers about 4 minutes. Add the remaining diced 2 onions and fry until translucent and fragrant, about 3–4 minutes. Add 2 tablespoons iru (locust bean) and stir well into the oil. # Fry the egusi: Add the egusi paste (or dry egusi) directly into the hot palm oil. Stir to coat well. Fry on medium-low heat, stirring constantly to prevent burning. The egusi will gradually turn golden and begin to clump. Fry until it is fragrant and lightly toasted this step is crucial for depth of flavour. # Add pepper blend and stock: Pour the blended pepper mixture into the pot and stir well into the fried egusi. Add 1.5 cups beef or chicken stock (or reserved meat stock) to loosen the mixture. Stir thoroughly, cover, and allow to cook on medium heat. The egusi will absorb the liquid and expand. # Add protein: Add the cooked 700 grams assorted meat (beef, shaki, ponmo), 200 grams stockfish (panla), soaked and cleaned, and 150 grams smoked fish (eja igbe), deboned into the pot. Stir gently to incorporate all proteins evenly. Add 3 tablespoons ground crayfish and the remaining 2 seasoning cubes. Taste and adjust salt. If the soup is too thick, add a little more stock or water. Cover and simmer on low heat. # Add the greens and finish: Add the washed and shredded 300 grams efo tete or efo shoko (African spinach), washed and shredded to the pot. Stir in gently do not over-mix or the leaves will lose their colour. Cover for just 3–5 minutes. Do not overcook the greens. Taste one final time for salt and seasoning. The soup should be thick, rich, and deeply savoury. # Rest and serve: Turn off the heat and allow the soup to rest for 5 minutes before serving. This allows the flavours to settle and the egusi to finish absorbing. Serve hot with pounded yam (iyán), amala, ẹbà, or fufu. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Medium Difficulty recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] [[Category:Recipes by ingredient]] [[Category:Recipes by diet]] [[Category:Recipes]] 4o6nor3ek0e1mo8fvyjulnh3hh8nmod 103 483107 4634835 4634016 2026-05-08T19:24:40Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Inaccurate unit conversions */ Reply 4634835 wikitext text/x-wiki == Inaccurate unit conversions == Unfortunately, the 1952 US edition of the book that was used as the source here has attempted to convert the quantities to American units, and when I compare the conversion back to metric units here with the original 1950 Austrian edition of the book (''Wiener Küche, O. & A. Hess, 29th edition [Franz Deuticke: Vienna, Austria] 1950 (p. 430)''), I can say that the conversions in the 1952 US edition are not particularly accurate. The original quantities are, for the cake: * butter '''140g''' (not 170g) * sugar '''160g''' * chocolate '''180g''' (not 170g) * egg yolks '''8''' * egg whites, stiffly whipped '''10''' * flour '''120g''' * apricot jam '''50g''' (no idea whether that roughly corresponds to 2 tbsp or not) and for the icing: * sugar '''200g''' (not 225g) * water '''20cl''' (='''200ml'''='''0.2l''') (not 80ml, which is not even half!) * chocolate '''200g''' (I trivially converted the Austrian decagrams dkg in the book to more international grams g, 1 dkg = 10g.) [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26969-53|&#126;2026-26969-53]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-26969-53|talk]]) 04:13, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :This is good to know! So, both the volumetric and mass-based measurements of the version published here are technically incorrect? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:24, 8 May 2026 (UTC) qp2eb55vuj4f8c41ok0p16rqkivwmj6 3 483122 4634805 4634533 2026-05-08T16:58:45Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4634805 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:45, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding any more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:50, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ::How can I fix it ? [[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] ([[User talk:Itzv1ktor|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Itzv1ktor|contribs]]) 06:16, 7 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]] and [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]] give detailed instructions on how to correctly format recipes here, and I listed the issues with each recipe in the box at the top of its page. I made some corrections to [[Cookbook:Nigerian Ewa Agoyin]] so you can see a little of what I mean, but there are still some residual issues with that recipe, and I outlined them at the recipe page. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:58, 8 May 2026 (UTC) 8dwo6czndmydufmfo0bjql3pvtnwwbs 102 483139 4634803 4634537 2026-05-08T16:53:29Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 progress but still incomplete 4634803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Nigerian | Difficulty = 2 }}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=ingredients missing from procedure, unclear instructions (see talk page)}} {{Recipe}} Ewa agoyin is a popular Nigerian street food made from very soft and mashed beans with a rich, spicy, and deeply caramelized pepper sauce. Known for being simple, filling, and very flavorful, it is widely enjoyed across Nigeria, especially in cities like Lagos, where it is a common breakfast or lunch meal and is often served with bread, plantain, or yam. == Ingredients == * 4 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Nigerian Brown Bean|brown beans]] or [[Cookbook:Honey Bean|honey beans]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] to taste * 2 cups water * 8–10 dried red [[Cookbook:Chiles|chile peppers]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]] * 1 cup [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|palm oil]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth|seasoning cube]] * 1 spoon [[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|ground crayfish]] * A little [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] or [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]] * 2–3 teaspoons [[Cookbook:Locust Bean|locusts beans]] == Procedure == # Cook the beans in plenty of water until they become extremely soft and mushy. # Stir or lightly mash the cooked beans until you get a smooth, thick, porridge-like texture. Season with salt to taste, and set aside. # Blend or grind dried pepper and boil it with chopped onions. Cook in palm oil and allow it to fry slowly until it becomes dark, thick, and smoky. # Add salt and seasoning cubes if desired, and continue frying until the oil rises and the sauce is well cooked. # Spoon the hot pepper sauce over the mashed beans and serve. [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using honey bean]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] [[Category:Recipes using onion]] [[Category:Recipes using palm oil]] [[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]] [[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using ginger]] ccpcg1rat0lgc4te2pk5cdt8juk1l5v 1 483163 4634836 4634450 2026-05-08T19:36:38Z ~2026-21296-62 3574173 /* */ 4634836 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a key term section == Is this acceptable == This is about key words to study [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-21296-62|&#126;2026-21296-62]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-21296-62|talk]]) 16:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC) l59zu01szyqbhayqkp53cnppbyahxao 3 483201 4634753 2026-05-08T12:20:25Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4634753 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Pizzazilla1/sandbox]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Spam</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Pizzazilla1/sandbox|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 8 May 2026 (UTC) qtaj2euuqbfqt4meegwb3slsdnr8cia 102 483202 4634758 2026-05-08T12:27:36Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook:Broccoli Stir Fry]] to [[User:User:AlbertCahalan/Broccoli Stir Fry]]: user space for recipe that has been incomplete >1 decade with no author response 4634758 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:User:AlbertCahalan/Broccoli Stir Fry]] 5ck2et2onflqwuhrxq5sbixvho1dvic 4634761 4634758 2026-05-08T12:28:24Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 fix 4634761 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:AlbertCahalan/Broccoli Stir Fry]] n6jhkofo5zpbroossck5c6vav4kaq5b 102 483204 4634763 2026-05-08T12:32:12Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook:Cashew Chicken]] to [[User:AlbertCahalan/Cashew Chicken]]: user space for recipe that has been incomplete >1 decade with no author response 4634763 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:AlbertCahalan/Cashew Chicken]] kbvet5ig0jxdehy8pvxydyec2dz9ktk 103 483205 4634765 2026-05-08T12:32:12Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook talk:Cashew Chicken]] to [[User talk:AlbertCahalan/Cashew Chicken]]: user space for recipe that has been incomplete >1 decade with no author response 4634765 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:AlbertCahalan/Cashew Chicken]] 7b4e2wr9f38eg30ltkhxvjwe7s5hmpz 102 483206 4634767 2026-05-08T13:02:25Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this page 4634767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Mkpafere Soup''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Ibibio and Efik people of Southern Nigeria, especially in Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The soup is known for its rich native flavor and is usually prepared with waterleaf and mkpafere leaves, assorted meat, fish, palm oil, and local seasonings. It is commonly eaten with fufu, pounded yam, or garri. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Waterleaf '''Other Ingredients''' Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Dry fish or smoked fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. Add the smoked fish or dry fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''2. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the mkpafere leaves and waterleaf thoroughly to remove dirt and sand. Slice them into smaller pieces if necessary. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Waterleaf''' Add the waterleaf into the pot and allow it to cook for about 3–5 minutes until it softens. '''5. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''6. Add Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the mkpafere leaves and stir properly so they mix well with the stock. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. '''Method 2''' '''Mkpafere Soup Recipe (with Ibaba)''' Mkpafere Soup is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Ibibio and Efik people of Southern Nigeria. This version is prepared with ibaba, a yam-like tuber used as a thickener, together with mkpafere leaves, palm oil, meat, and fish. The soup is rich, filling, and commonly eaten with fufu, garri, or pounded yam. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Ibaba Other Ingredients Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Onion Crayfish Fresh pepper Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Ibaba''' Peel, wash, and boil the ibaba until soft. Pound or mash it until smooth and set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''5. Add the Pounded Ibaba''' Add the pounded or mashed ibaba into the pot little by little while stirring to avoid lumps. Allow it to dissolve properly and thicken the soup. '''6. Add the Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the washed mkpafere leaves and stir thoroughly so everything combines well. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste the soup and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes until thick and properly blended. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita 11m51s6o6pboz96aer3otqhu7qkhuws 4634768 4634767 2026-05-08T13:24:54Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words 4634768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Mkpafere Soup''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Ibibio and Efik people of [[Cookbook:Southern Cuisine|Southern]] Nigeria, especially in Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The [[Cookbook:Soup|soup]] is known for its rich native flavor and is usually prepared with waterleaf and mkpafere leaves, assorted meat, fish, palm oil, and local seasonings. It is commonly eaten with [[Cookbook:Fufu|fufu]] ([[Cookbook:Swallow|Swallow]]), pounded yam, or garri. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Waterleaf '''Other Ingredients''' Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Dry fish or smoked fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. Add the smoked fish or dry fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''2. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the mkpafere leaves and waterleaf thoroughly to remove dirt and sand. Slice them into smaller pieces if necessary. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Waterleaf''' Add the waterleaf into the pot and allow it to cook for about 3–5 minutes until it softens. '''5. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''6. Add Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the mkpafere leaves and stir properly so they mix well with the stock. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. '''Method 2''' '''Mkpafere Soup Recipe (with Ibaba)''' Mkpafere Soup is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Ibibio and Efik people of Southern Nigeria. This version is prepared with ibaba, a yam-like tuber used as a thickener, together with mkpafere leaves, palm oil, meat, and fish. The soup is rich, filling, and commonly eaten with fufu, garri, or pounded yam. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Ibaba Other Ingredients Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Onion Crayfish Fresh pepper Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Ibaba''' Peel, wash, and boil the ibaba until soft. Pound or mash it until smooth and set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''5. Add the Pounded Ibaba''' Add the pounded or mashed ibaba into the pot little by little while stirring to avoid lumps. Allow it to dissolve properly and thicken the soup. '''6. Add the Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the washed mkpafere leaves and stir thoroughly so everything combines well. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste the soup and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes until thick and properly blended. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita oftwpj1ldf0v7qsed5ml2iqtlxs2ceo 4634769 4634768 2026-05-08T13:40:14Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 Added Categories 4634769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Mkpafere Soup''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Ibibio and Efik people of [[Cookbook:Southern Cuisine|Southern]] Nigeria, especially in Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The [[Cookbook:Soup|soup]] is known for its rich native flavor and is usually prepared with waterleaf and mkpafere leaves, assorted meat, fish, palm oil, and local seasonings. It is commonly eaten with [[Cookbook:Fufu|fufu]] ([[Cookbook:Swallow|Swallow]]), pounded yam, or garri. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Waterleaf '''Other Ingredients''' Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Dry fish or smoked fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. Add the smoked fish or dry fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''2. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the mkpafere leaves and waterleaf thoroughly to remove dirt and sand. Slice them into smaller pieces if necessary. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Waterleaf''' Add the waterleaf into the pot and allow it to cook for about 3–5 minutes until it softens. '''5. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''6. Add Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the mkpafere leaves and stir properly so they mix well with the stock. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. '''Method 2''' '''Mkpafere Soup (with Ibaba)''' This version is prepared with ibaba, a yam-like tuber used as a thickener, together with mkpafere leaves, palm oil, meat, and fish. The soup is rich, filling, and commonly eaten with fufu, garri, or pounded yam. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Ibaba Other Ingredients Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Onion Crayfish Fresh pepper Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Ibaba''' Peel, wash, and boil the ibaba until soft. Pound or mash it until smooth and set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''5. Add the Pounded Ibaba''' Add the pounded or mashed ibaba into the pot little by little while stirring to avoid lumps. Allow it to dissolve properly and thicken the soup. '''6. Add the Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the washed mkpafere leaves and stir thoroughly so everything combines well. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste the soup and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes until thick and properly blended. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] dr0emiqz1xyyhlkdi7glhickf032fzd 4634795 4634769 2026-05-08T16:34:43Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Mkpafere Soup''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Ibibio and Efik people of [[Cookbook:Southern Cuisine|Southern]] Nigeria, especially in Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The [[Cookbook:Soup|soup]] is known for its rich native flavor and is usually prepared with waterleaf and mkpafere leaves, assorted meat, fish, palm oil, and local seasonings. It is commonly eaten with [[Cookbook:Fufu|fufu]] ([[Cookbook:Swallow|Swallow]]), pounded yam, or garri. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Waterleaf '''Other Ingredients''' Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Dry fish or smoked fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. Add the smoked fish or dry fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''2. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the mkpafere leaves and waterleaf thoroughly to remove dirt and sand. Slice them into smaller pieces if necessary. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Waterleaf''' Add the waterleaf into the pot and allow it to cook for about 3–5 minutes until it softens. '''5. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''6. Add Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the mkpafere leaves and stir properly so they mix well with the stock. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. '''Method 2''' '''Mkpafere Soup (with Ibaba)''' This version is prepared with ibaba, a yam-like tuber used as a thickener, together with mkpafere leaves, palm oil, meat, and fish. The soup is rich, filling, and commonly eaten with fufu, garri, or pounded yam. '''Ingredients''' Mkpafere leaves Ibaba Other Ingredients Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Onion Crayfish Fresh pepper Red palm oil Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Ibaba''' Peel, wash, and boil the ibaba until soft. Pound or mash it until smooth and set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Add a little water and cook until tender. '''3. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''4. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish or dry fish. Stir properly and allow the soup to simmer for about 10–15 minutes. '''5. Add the Pounded Ibaba''' Add the pounded or mashed ibaba into the pot little by little while stirring to avoid lumps. Allow it to dissolve properly and thicken the soup. '''6. Add the Mkpafere Leaves''' Add the washed mkpafere leaves and stir thoroughly so everything combines well. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste the soup and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes until thick and properly blended. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] mbsm76lz5r9l2wnxerh71bj4q71hmot 102 483207 4634771 2026-05-08T14:23:17Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this page 4634771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Yam and Beans Porridge''' is a delicious Nigerian meal made with yam and beans cooked together with palm oil, pepper, fish, and local seasonings. It is a rich and filling meal commonly enjoyed in many parts of Nigeria. The combination of yam and beans gives the dish a soft, creamy texture and a satisfying Ingredients '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] [[Cookbook:Beans|Beans]] '''Vegetables''' Scent leaves or spinach '''Other Ingredients''' Palm oil Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] Onion [[Cookbook:Crawfish|Crayfish]] Smoked [[Cookbook:Fish|fish]] or dry fish Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Salt Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Beans''' Pick the beans to remove dirt and stones. Wash properly and boil until it becomes soft. '''2. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. '''3. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the smoked fish or dry fish thoroughly. '''4. Cook the''' '''Yam and Beans''' Add the yam into the pot of cooked beans. Add onions, pepper, seasoning cubes, salt, and enough water if necessary. '''5. Add Crayfish and Fish''' Add the ground crayfish and smoked fish. Stir gently and carefully Allow everything to cook together until the yam becomes soft. '''6. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the palm oil into the pot and stir properly. '''Optional''' '''7. Mash Slightly''' Mash some pieces of yam lightly to thicken the porridge and give it a creamy texture. '''8. Add Vegetables''' Add the scent leaves or spinach and stir properly. Allow it to cook for about 1–2minutes. '''9. Final Taste''' Taste the porridge and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and well combined. Serve it hot and enjoy [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Bean recipes]] pq4dnay5v3lde07fr024cpesppts1al 4634794 4634771 2026-05-08T16:34:36Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Yam and Beans Porridge''' is a delicious Nigerian meal made with yam and beans cooked together with palm oil, pepper, fish, and local seasonings. It is a rich and filling meal commonly enjoyed in many parts of Nigeria. The combination of yam and beans gives the dish a soft, creamy texture and a satisfying Ingredients '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] [[Cookbook:Beans|Beans]] '''Vegetables''' Scent leaves or spinach '''Other Ingredients''' Palm oil Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] Onion [[Cookbook:Crawfish|Crayfish]] Smoked [[Cookbook:Fish|fish]] or dry fish Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Salt Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Beans''' Pick the beans to remove dirt and stones. Wash properly and boil until it becomes soft. '''2. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. '''3. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the smoked fish or dry fish thoroughly. '''4. Cook the''' '''Yam and Beans''' Add the yam into the pot of cooked beans. Add onions, pepper, seasoning cubes, salt, and enough water if necessary. '''5. Add Crayfish and Fish''' Add the ground crayfish and smoked fish. Stir gently and carefully Allow everything to cook together until the yam becomes soft. '''6. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the palm oil into the pot and stir properly. '''Optional''' '''7. Mash Slightly''' Mash some pieces of yam lightly to thicken the porridge and give it a creamy texture. '''8. Add Vegetables''' Add the scent leaves or spinach and stir properly. Allow it to cook for about 1–2minutes. '''9. Final Taste''' Taste the porridge and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and well combined. Serve it hot and enjoy [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Bean recipes]] jnmxe1wxwywflxb8n3k7zsuhv1p56fn 102 483208 4634780 2026-05-08T15:03:56Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this page 4634780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Nyembwe Chicken''' is a [[Cookbook:Traditional Pound Cake|traditional]] African meal popularly eaten in parts of Gabon, Congo and Cameroon. It is prepared with chicken, cooked in rich palm nut sauce together with local spices and seasonings. The dish is known for its rich flavor, deep color, and delicious aroma. '''Ingredient''' [[Cookbook:Chicken|Chicken]] '''Other Ingredients''' Palm nuts or palm nut paste [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Garlic|Garlic]] [[Cookbook:Ginger|Ginger]] Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Chicken''' Wash the chicken properly and season with onions, salt, garlic, ginger, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''2. Prepare the Palm Nut Sauce''' Boil the palm nuts until soft, then pound and extract the thick palm nut juice. Strain to remove chaff. '''3. Add the Palm Nut Sauce''' Pour the palm nut sauce into the cooked chicken and allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Pepper and Seasoning''' Add fresh pepper and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the sauce to simmer on low heat until the oil rises to the top and the sauce becomes rich and thick. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with rice, plantain, fufu, or boiled yam [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] ok3w6sqoksd97d74k5z6bubnekx2i92 4634782 4634780 2026-05-08T15:07:04Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words 4634782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Nyembwe Chicken''' is a [[Cookbook:Traditional Pound Cake|traditional]] African meal popularly eaten in parts of Gabon, Congo and Cameroon. It is prepared with chicken, cooked in rich palm nut sauce together with local spices and seasonings. The dish is known for its rich flavor, deep color, and delicious aroma. '''Ingredient''' [[Cookbook:Chicken|Chicken]] '''Other Ingredients''' Palm nuts or palm nut paste [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Garlic|Garlic]] [[Cookbook:Ginger|Ginger]] [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Chicken''' Wash the chicken properly and season with onions, salt, garlic, ginger, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''2. Prepare the Palm Nut Sauce''' Boil the palm nuts until soft, then pound and extract the thick palm nut juice. Strain to remove chaff. '''3. Add the Palm Nut Sauce''' Pour the palm nut sauce into the cooked chicken and allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Pepper and Seasoning''' Add fresh pepper and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the sauce to simmer on low heat until the oil rises to the top and the sauce becomes rich and thick. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with rice, plantain, fufu, or boiled yam [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] tteo2kiw3ziaoqhyv3gbj8hmejadh11 4634793 4634782 2026-05-08T16:34:30Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Nyembwe Chicken''' is a [[Cookbook:Traditional Pound Cake|traditional]] African meal popularly eaten in parts of Gabon, Congo and Cameroon. It is prepared with chicken, cooked in rich palm nut sauce together with local spices and seasonings. The dish is known for its rich flavor, deep color, and delicious aroma. '''Ingredient''' [[Cookbook:Chicken|Chicken]] '''Other Ingredients''' Palm nuts or palm nut paste [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Garlic|Garlic]] [[Cookbook:Ginger|Ginger]] [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Chicken''' Wash the chicken properly and season with onions, salt, garlic, ginger, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''2. Prepare the Palm Nut Sauce''' Boil the palm nuts until soft, then pound and extract the thick palm nut juice. Strain to remove chaff. '''3. Add the Palm Nut Sauce''' Pour the palm nut sauce into the cooked chicken and allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Pepper and Seasoning''' Add fresh pepper and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the sauce to simmer on low heat until the oil rises to the top and the sauce becomes rich and thick. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with rice, plantain, fufu, or boiled yam [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for soup]] 9kdqrr2wocx8kb5fst0ihlbg7jtidut 102 483209 4634784 2026-05-08T15:47:11Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian''' '''Atama Abak Soup''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Efik, Ibibio, and Annang people of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The soup is prepared with atama leaves, palm fruit extract, meat, fish, and local seasonings. It is known for its rich taste, smooth texture, and traditional flavor. '''Ingredient''' Atama leaves Palm fruit extract (Eyop/Banga) '''Other Ingredients''' Palm fruit or palm fruit extract Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Palm Fruit Extract''' Boil the palm fruits until soft. Pound and extract the thick palm fruit juice, then strain properly. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. Add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''3. Add the Palm Fruit Extract''' Pour the palm fruit extract into the pot of cooked meat and allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper. Stir properly and allow the soup to cook together. '''5. Add the Atama Leaves''' Wash and slice the atama leaves, use hot water to wash off the bitterness bit by bit, then add them into the soup. Stir thoroughly and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes. '''6. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the soup to simmer on low heat until thick and well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. '''Method 2''' This simple method is prepared with atama leaves, waterleaf, and red palm oil instead of palm fruit extract. The soup is easy to prepare and still has a rich traditional taste. '''Ingredients''' Atama leaves Waterleaf '''Other Ingredients''' Red palm oil Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''2. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''3. Add Waterleaf''' Wash and slice the waterleaf, then add it into the soup. Allow it to cook until soft. '''4. Add Red Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''5. Add the Atama Leaves''' Add the sliced atama leaves and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for 2-3minutes until well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow the soup to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and properly blended. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita q5tl8cv159xco84n65c3somq9esycjn 4634785 4634784 2026-05-08T15:53:18Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I added categories 4634785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian''' '''Atama Abak [[Cookbook:Soup|Soup]]''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Efik, Ibibio, and Annang people of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The soup is prepared with atama leaves, palm fruit extract, meat, fish, and local seasonings. It is known for its rich taste, smooth texture, and traditional flavor. '''Ingredient''' [[Cookbook:Atama Soup|Atama]] leaves Palm fruit extract (Eyop/Banga) '''Other Ingredients''' Palm fruit or palm fruit extract Assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Palm Fruit Extract''' Boil the palm fruits until soft. Pound and extract the thick palm fruit juice, then strain properly. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. Add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''3. Add the Palm Fruit Extract''' Pour the palm fruit extract into the pot of cooked meat and allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper. Stir properly and allow the soup to cook together. '''5. Add the Atama Leaves''' Wash and slice the atama leaves, use hot water to wash off the bitterness bit by bit, then add them into the soup. Stir thoroughly and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes. '''6. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the soup to simmer on low heat until thick and well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. '''Method 2''' This simple method is prepared with atama leaves, waterleaf, and red palm oil instead of palm fruit extract. The soup is easy to prepare and still has a rich traditional taste. '''Ingredients''' Atama leaves Waterleaf '''Other Ingredients''' Red palm oil Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''2. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''3. Add Waterleaf''' Wash and slice the waterleaf, then add it into the soup. Allow it to cook until soft. '''4. Add Red Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''5. Add the Atama Leaves''' Add the sliced atama leaves and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for 2-3minutes until well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow the soup to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and properly blended. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] cmtnr1uqzn6yleburddqep0xjxxrhae 4634792 4634785 2026-05-08T16:34:21Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian''' '''Atama Abak [[Cookbook:Soup|Soup]]''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Efik, Ibibio, and Annang people of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The soup is prepared with atama leaves, palm fruit extract, meat, fish, and local seasonings. It is known for its rich taste, smooth texture, and traditional flavor. '''Ingredient''' [[Cookbook:Atama Soup|Atama]] leaves Palm fruit extract (Eyop/Banga) '''Other Ingredients''' Palm fruit or palm fruit extract Assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Palm Fruit Extract''' Boil the palm fruits until soft. Pound and extract the thick palm fruit juice, then strain properly. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. Add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''3. Add the Palm Fruit Extract''' Pour the palm fruit extract into the pot of cooked meat and allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper. Stir properly and allow the soup to cook together. '''5. Add the Atama Leaves''' Wash and slice the atama leaves, use hot water to wash off the bitterness bit by bit, then add them into the soup. Stir thoroughly and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes. '''6. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the soup to simmer on low heat until thick and well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow it to cook for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. '''Method 2''' This simple method is prepared with atama leaves, waterleaf, and red palm oil instead of palm fruit extract. The soup is easy to prepare and still has a rich traditional taste. '''Ingredients''' Atama leaves Waterleaf '''Other Ingredients''' Red palm oil Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''2. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper, add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''3. Add Waterleaf''' Wash and slice the waterleaf, then add it into the soup. Allow it to cook until soft. '''4. Add Red Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''5. Add the Atama Leaves''' Add the sliced atama leaves and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for 2-3minutes until well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow the soup to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and properly blended. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] mx41cb372gr4vb5vlc89smgejfvoyuw 102 483210 4634787 2026-05-08T16:19:51Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Fish Sauce''' is a simple and delicious meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled ripe or unripe plantain served with rich fish sauce made from pepper, palm oil, fish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, spicy taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' Plantain Fresh fish or smoked fish '''Other ingredients''' Palm oil Fresh pepper Onion Crayfish (small quantity) Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly with salt and seasoning, then cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently so the fish does not scatter too much. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes, then allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve the fish sauce with hot boiled plantain and enjoy. 5fajhfc0zotiixv7i8491hvxoayw4pu 4634788 4634787 2026-05-08T16:22:08Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words 4634788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Fish Sauce''' is a simple and delicious meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled ripe or unripe plantain served with rich fish sauce made from pepper, palm oil, fish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, spicy taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Plantain|Plantain]] Fresh fish or smoked fish '''Other ingredients''' Palm [[Cookbook:Oil Palm Fruit|oil]] Fresh pepper Onion [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] (small quantity) Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly with salt and seasoning, then cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently so the fish does not scatter too much. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes, then allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve the fish sauce with hot boiled plantain and enjoy. 344yrk7bx09k2zeilxful2rp69fijj8 4634789 4634788 2026-05-08T16:24:05Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I added categories 4634789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Fish Sauce''' is a simple and delicious meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled ripe or unripe plantain served with rich fish sauce made from pepper, palm oil, fish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, spicy taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Plantain|Plantain]] Fresh fish or smoked fish '''Other ingredients''' Palm [[Cookbook:Oil Palm Fruit|oil]] Fresh pepper Onion [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] (small quantity) Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly with salt and seasoning, then cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently so the fish does not scatter too much. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes, then allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve the fish sauce with hot boiled plantain and enjoy. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] qz1n3bq12bcltf7e5ytbkj2gprjxwoq 4634791 4634789 2026-05-08T16:34:02Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Fish Sauce''' is a simple and delicious meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled ripe or unripe plantain served with rich fish sauce made from pepper, palm oil, fish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, spicy taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Plantain|Plantain]] Fresh fish or smoked fish '''Other ingredients''' Palm [[Cookbook:Oil Palm Fruit|oil]] Fresh pepper Onion [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] (small quantity) Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly with salt and seasoning, then cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently so the fish does not scatter too much. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes, then allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve the fish sauce with hot boiled plantain and enjoy. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] jsie5i8v2s3lyr3at1g0xq5e6w5rknv 102 483211 4634796 2026-05-08T16:35:55Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Yam and Palm Oil Sauce''' is a simple and popular meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled yam served with rich palm oil sauce made with pepper, fish, crayfish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its delicious taste and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' Yam Red Palm oil '''Other Ingredients''' Fresh/Smoked fish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Palm Oil Sauce''' Pour the red palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes. Stir properly and allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with boiled yam and enjoy fmtoitbjep1susbtojtg0qs0qje13jk 4634799 4634796 2026-05-08T16:38:51Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Boiled Yam and Palm Oil Sauce''' is a simple and popular meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled yam served with rich palm oil sauce made with pepper, fish, crayfish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its delicious taste and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' Yam Red Palm oil '''Other Ingredients''' Fresh/Smoked fish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Palm Oil Sauce''' Pour the red palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes. Stir properly and allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with boiled yam and enjoy 2lti9mw58qre4lv7xu7moh8manzf4f2 4634800 4634799 2026-05-08T16:40:24Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words 4634800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Boiled Yam and Palm Oil Sauce''' is a simple and popular meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled yam served with rich palm oil sauce made with pepper, fish, crayfish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its delicious taste and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] Red Palm oil '''Other Ingredients''' Fresh/Smoked fish [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Palm Oil Sauce''' Pour the red palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes. Stir properly and allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with boiled yam and enjoy sbg5e4273lur52zdjm2xj1z2vm08bi8 4634801 4634800 2026-05-08T16:43:35Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I added categories 4634801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Boiled Yam and Palm Oil Sauce''' is a simple and popular meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled yam served with rich palm oil sauce made with pepper, fish, crayfish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its delicious taste and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] Red Palm oil '''Other Ingredients''' Fresh/Smoked fish [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Prepare the Palm Oil Sauce''' Pour the red palm oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes. Stir properly and allow the sauce to simmer for a few minutes until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with boiled yam and enjoy [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] g6gy6m9rim0bb5omj2dqj8gwdc8puij 3 483212 4634797 2026-05-08T16:37:24Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ new section 4634797 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 8 May 2026 (UTC) s7yy75656qkyr532cx987x8x485w3xs 4634798 4634797 2026-05-08T16:38:12Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4634798 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding any more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:38, 8 May 2026 (UTC) s1t3l1yoddszsyvoyltd75jnaxxtu5f 4634802 4634798 2026-05-08T16:44:56Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4634802 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding any more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:38, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please how do I know the right recipes, some are not showing [[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] ([[User talk:Deborah Akpan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Deborah Akpan|contribs]]) 16:44, 8 May 2026 (UTC) 3gcuf1qe72im4o199vbu0r35sb6qjdr 4634807 4634802 2026-05-08T16:59:42Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4634807 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding any more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:38, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please how do I know the right recipes, some are not showing [[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] ([[User talk:Deborah Akpan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Deborah Akpan|contribs]]) 16:44, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :::Unfortunately, I don't understand the question—what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 8 May 2026 (UTC) crrlpcu1afqbawnxwfs24erfgan5emy 4634808 4634807 2026-05-08T17:00:52Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4634808 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding any more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:38, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please how do I know the right recipes, some are not showing [[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] ([[User talk:Deborah Akpan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Deborah Akpan|contribs]]) 16:44, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :::Unfortunately, I don't understand the question—what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::::Please, how do I fix the incomplete recipe? [[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] ([[User talk:Deborah Akpan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Deborah Akpan|contribs]]) 17:00, 8 May 2026 (UTC) fc50wmfm1adf8werwl7jjf71275qgjn 4634828 4634808 2026-05-08T18:56:59Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply 4634828 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Cookbook == {{mbox | type = | image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]] | imageright = | style = | textstyle = | text = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||<br>'''Additional details:''' }} | small = | smallimage = | smallimageright = | smalltext = }} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding any more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:38, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please how do I know the right recipes, some are not showing [[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] ([[User talk:Deborah Akpan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Deborah Akpan|contribs]]) 16:44, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :::Unfortunately, I don't understand the question—what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ::::Please, how do I fix the incomplete recipe? [[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] ([[User talk:Deborah Akpan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Deborah Akpan|contribs]]) 17:00, 8 May 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Deborah Akpan|Deborah Akpan]] [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]] and [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]] have detailed information explaining how to create and format a recipe. For one example of a correctly formatted recipe, see [[Cookbook:Dibi (Senegalese Grilled Meat)]]. Please do not add new recipes until your previous ones are corrected. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 8 May 2026 (UTC) h17pkulbkvdb9shinptd1zgg8f2jdi4 103 483213 4634804 2026-05-08T16:56:03Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Clarifications needed */ new section 4634804 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clarifications needed == @[[User:Itzv1ktor|Itzv1ktor]] a few questions here: * 2 cups water doesn't seem like very much, and I can't tell what step of the procedure it corresponds to—can you elaborate what this water is used for? * What do you mean by {{tq|"Blend or grind dried pepper and boil it with chopped onions"}}? I don't understand these instructions. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:56, 8 May 2026 (UTC) ijasifmylsvdr5hg351txg6dbx5knz5 102 483214 4634809 2026-05-08T17:04:23Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Vegetable Sauce''' is a delicious and healthy meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with boiled plantain served with rich vegetable sauce made with vegetables, fish or meat, pepper, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich flavor, and nutritious value. '''Ingredients''' Plantain Pumpkin leaves or spinach Scent leaves '''Other Ingredients''' Red palm oil or vegetable oil Fresh fish, smoked fish, or meat Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' 1'''. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour the oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish or Meat''' Add the cooked fish or meat together with crayfish. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add the Vegetables''' Wash and slice the vegetables, then add them into the sauce. Stir thoroughly and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with boiled plantain and enjoy iab41ksxf0m64m6079rocb2vymoghi7 4634810 4634809 2026-05-08T17:04:57Z Quinlan83 3290607 Fix 4634810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Vegetable Sauce''' is a delicious and healthy meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with boiled plantain served with rich vegetable sauce made with vegetables, fish or meat, pepper, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich flavor, and nutritious value. '''Ingredients''' Plantain Pumpkin leaves or spinach Scent leaves '''Other Ingredients''' Red palm oil or vegetable oil Fresh fish, smoked fish, or meat Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' 1'''. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour the oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish or Meat''' Add the cooked fish or meat together with crayfish. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add the Vegetables''' Wash and slice the vegetables, then add them into the sauce. Stir thoroughly and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with boiled plantain and enjoy 1iod9dmiwz4p6butzb6a7uizucavbx6 4634811 4634810 2026-05-08T17:10:33Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked and added categories 4634811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Vegetable Sauce''' is a delicious and healthy meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with boiled plantain served with rich vegetable sauce made with vegetables, fish or meat, pepper, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich flavor, and nutritious value. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Plantain|Plantain]] [[Cookbook:Pumpkin|Pumpkin]] leaves or [[Cookbook:Spinach|spinach]] Scent leaves '''Other Ingredients''' Red palm oil or [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] Fresh fish, smoked fish, or meat [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' 1'''. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour the oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish or Meat''' Add the cooked fish or meat together with crayfish. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add the Vegetables''' Wash and slice the vegetables, then add them into the sauce. Stir thoroughly and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with boiled plantain and enjoy [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] 1xricumfx6iif888gxwiqapbmilevgk 4634824 4634811 2026-05-08T18:47:45Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Boiled Plantain and Vegetable Sauce''' is a delicious and healthy meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with boiled plantain served with rich vegetable sauce made with vegetables, fish or meat, pepper, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich flavor, and nutritious value. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Plantain|Plantain]] [[Cookbook:Pumpkin|Pumpkin]] leaves or [[Cookbook:Spinach|spinach]] Scent leaves '''Other Ingredients''' Red palm oil or [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] Fresh fish, smoked fish, or meat [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' 1'''. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Sauce''' Pour the oil into a pot or pan. Add sliced onions and pepper, then allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''4. Add Fish or Meat''' Add the cooked fish or meat together with crayfish. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add the Vegetables''' Wash and slice the vegetables, then add them into the sauce. Stir thoroughly and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes. Serve it hot with boiled plantain and enjoy [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] a0jser65n2omv3vmuktki802wgvzyqz 102 483215 4634813 2026-05-08T17:20:15Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Roasted Yam and Red Oil Sauce''' is a popular local meal commonly enjoyed in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with roasted yam served with spicy red oil sauce made with pepper, fish, crayfish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its smoky taste, rich flavor, and simple preparation. '''Ingredients''' Yam Red palm oil '''Other Ingredients''' Smoked fish or dry fish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Roast over hot charcoal, firewood, or oven until soft and slightly brown. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the smoked fish or dry fish properly. '''3. Prepare the Red Oil Sauce''' Pour the red palm oil into a bowl or pot, all it to stir for 1-2minutes. Add blended or sliced pepper, onions and hold on for 2minutes, then add crayfish, salt, and seasoning cubes. '''4. Add the Fish''' Add the smoked fish into the sauce and mix properly, then allow it to stir for 2-3minutes. '''5. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve the roasted yam hot with the red oil sauce and enjoy c4u9c04rvsgfm6fdft4wciaui5z5ls0 4634814 4634813 2026-05-08T17:25:02Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked and added categories 4634814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Roasted Yam and Red Oil Sauce''' is a popular local meal commonly enjoyed in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with roasted yam served with [[Cookbook:Spicy Carrot Aioli|spicy]] red oil sauce made with pepper, fish, crayfish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its smoky taste, rich flavor, and simple preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] Red palm [[Cookbook:Oil Palm Fruit|oil]] '''Other Ingredients''' Smoked fish or dry fish [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Roast over hot charcoal, firewood, or oven until soft and slightly brown. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the smoked fish or dry fish properly. '''3. Prepare the Red Oil Sauce''' Pour the red palm oil into a bowl or pot, all it to stir for 1-2minutes. Add blended or sliced pepper, onions and hold on for 2minutes, then add crayfish, salt, and seasoning cubes. '''4. Add the Fish''' Add the smoked fish into the sauce and mix properly, then allow it to stir for 2-3minutes. '''5. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve the roasted yam hot with the red oil sauce and enjoy [[Category:Roasted recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] oey43p1gewwb2r0npwaxnl9iiq3leer 4634825 4634814 2026-05-08T18:48:00Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Roasted Yam and Red Oil Sauce''' is a popular local meal commonly enjoyed in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with roasted yam served with [[Cookbook:Spicy Carrot Aioli|spicy]] red oil sauce made with pepper, fish, crayfish, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its smoky taste, rich flavor, and simple preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] Red palm [[Cookbook:Oil Palm Fruit|oil]] '''Other Ingredients''' Smoked fish or dry fish [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Roast over hot charcoal, firewood, or oven until soft and slightly brown. '''2. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the smoked fish or dry fish properly. '''3. Prepare the Red Oil Sauce''' Pour the red palm oil into a bowl or pot, all it to stir for 1-2minutes. Add blended or sliced pepper, onions and hold on for 2minutes, then add crayfish, salt, and seasoning cubes. '''4. Add the Fish''' Add the smoked fish into the sauce and mix properly, then allow it to stir for 2-3minutes. '''5. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve the roasted yam hot with the red oil sauce and enjoy [[Category:Roasted recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] 7e9463nb8sutofcm7a3zio8e8pmzb1r 102 483216 4634815 2026-05-08T17:36:31Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Yam and Uyayak Pepper Soup''' is a popular local meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled yam served with spicy pepper soup flavored with uyayak and other local spices. The meal is loved for its rich aroma, spicy taste, and comforting flavor. '''Ingredients''' Yam Fresh fish or meat Uyayak Pepper soup spices Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Place in a pot and season with onions, salt, seasoning cubes, pepper soup spices, and fresh pepper. Steam the fish or meat for 3-5minutes '''3. Add Uyayak''' Add the uyayak into the pot and pour in water. Allow it to cook until the fish or meat becomes tender and the soup becomes flavorful. '''4. Simmer the Pepper Soup''' Allow the pepper soup to simmer for a few more minutes so the spices blend properly. '''5. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with boiled yam and enjoy qklkt92nloqa5yc8gyyyyl9vva7mya6 4634817 4634815 2026-05-08T17:39:52Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Boiled Yam and Uyayak Pepper Soup''' is a popular local meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled yam served with spicy pepper soup flavored with uyayak and other local spices. The meal is loved for its rich aroma, spicy taste, and comforting flavor. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] Fresh fish or [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] Uyayak Pepper soup spices Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Place in a pot and season with onions, salt, seasoning cubes, pepper soup spices, and fresh pepper. Steam the fish or meat for 3-5minutes '''3. Add Uyayak''' Add the uyayak into the pot and pour in water. Allow it to cook until the fish or meat becomes tender and the soup becomes flavorful. '''4. Simmer the Pepper Soup''' Allow the pepper soup to simmer for a few more minutes so the spices blend properly. '''5. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with boiled yam and enjoy [[Category:Boiled recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] ny7kfc5xpro3ke8co7b15fb5o9744c7 4634826 4634817 2026-05-08T18:48:13Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Boiled Yam and Uyayak Pepper Soup''' is a popular local meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with boiled yam served with spicy pepper soup flavored with uyayak and other local spices. The meal is loved for its rich aroma, spicy taste, and comforting flavor. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Yam|Yam]] Fresh fish or [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] Uyayak Pepper soup spices Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Yam''' Peel the yam, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. Boil with a little salt until soft. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Place in a pot and season with onions, salt, seasoning cubes, pepper soup spices, and fresh pepper. Steam the fish or meat for 3-5minutes '''3. Add Uyayak''' Add the uyayak into the pot and pour in water. Allow it to cook until the fish or meat becomes tender and the soup becomes flavorful. '''4. Simmer the Pepper Soup''' Allow the pepper soup to simmer for a few more minutes so the spices blend properly. '''5. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with boiled yam and enjoy [[Category:Boiled recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] e210i55yop0xqliatu363p23potjz4z 2 483217 4634816 2026-05-08T17:38:49Z Panic2k4 2865 added - Over‑Simplification in English Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition 4634816 wikitext text/x-wiki == Over‑Simplification in English: Why Deprecating *Insatisfaction* Means a Loss of Definition == Opening the Question It is worth asking why English once accepted the word *insatisfaction*—a term used in 17th‑ and 18th‑century theological, philosophical, and legal writing—yet no longer recognizes it as part of the modern lexicon. The disappearance is not merely historical drift. It represents a conceptual loss: English no longer has a concise word for the neutral absence of satisfaction, a state that is neither fulfilled nor displeased. Other languages preserve this category with ease. English had the word, then quietly let it fade. How the Word Fell Out of Use The decline of *insatisfaction* is tied to a broader simplification of English negative prefixes. Over time: - **in‑** became associated primarily with *logical negation* (incomplete, invisible) - **dis‑** became associated with *negative emotional valence* (dislike, displease) This shift pushed English toward a binary structure: either something is simply *not* satisfied (*unsatisfied*), or someone is *unhappy* about it (*dissatisfied*). The neutral middle ground—*insatisfaction*, the mere absence of satisfaction—lost its footing. Ironically, English still preserves related forms such as **insatisfiable**, **insatisfies**, and **insatisfaction** in historical dictionaries. These surviving forms prove that the morphological pattern remains viable. The adjective simply fell out of common use, not because it was incorrect, but because English tends to collapse parallel forms when one becomes dominant. A Concept English Still Needs The absence of *insatisfied* leaves English with an expressive gap. In many contexts, especially technical or logical ones, *unsatisfied* subtly implies a cognitive agent who is not satisfied. A constraint may be “unsatisfied,” but the phrasing often feels as though the mathematician, not the system, is the one experiencing the lack. By contrast, *insatisfied* would describe a state without implying a subject or an emotion. A system can be insatisfied. A model can be insatisfied. A biological process can be insatisfied. The term would name a condition rather than a reaction. This distinction matters. In mathematics, logic, biology, and cognitive science, the difference between a deficit and a displeasure is not trivial. A system may be incomplete without being in conflict; it may be below optimum without being in distress. English currently expresses this only through circumlocution. What Other Languages Suggest Romance languages preserve the triad cleanly. Portuguese distinguishes *satisfação*, *insatisfação*, and *insatisfeito* without implying emotional judgment. French and Spanish do the same. These languages can describe a system, a process, or a state as *insatisfatório* or *insatisfaisant* without suggesting that anyone is unhappy about it. English, by contrast, tends to anthropomorphize its adjectives. A system that is “unsatisfied” sounds as though it is waiting for someone to fix it. A person who is “dissatisfied” is expressing displeasure. The neutral middle ground—the simple absence of satisfaction—has no concise label. Illustrative Contrasts Reintroducing *insatisfied* could clarify distinctions that English currently expresses awkwardly. Example 1 The model remains insatisfied under these constraints. This indicates incompleteness without implying error or displeasure. The model is unsatisfied under these constraints. This suggests a violation or failure. Example 2 The organism enters an insatisfied state when resources are low. This describes a homeostatic deficit without emotional connotation. The organism becomes dissatisfied when stressed. This implies an aversive reaction. Example 3 Insatisfaction drives exploratory behavior in adaptive systems. This frames the state as a neutral motivator. Dissatisfaction drives avoidance behavior. This frames the state as negative and reactive. These contrasts show that the missing word is not a matter of ornamentation. It fills a conceptual gap that English otherwise bridges only with longer phrases. A Closing Reflection The question of *insatisfied* is not about correctness but about expressive precision. The form is morphologically natural, semantically useful, and historically attested. Other languages maintain the distinction effortlessly, and many fields—from biology to logic to cognitive science—would benefit from a term that names a neutral absence of satisfaction without implying emotion or agency. Whether *insatisfied* returns to English depends on whether speakers find it helpful. If the word fills a gap that readers recognize, it may gradually find its place again. If not, its absence will remain an interesting reminder of how English sometimes narrows its vocabulary even when the conceptual space remains wide open. I choose to use it. s5hbrbpjk39y3owt9k1bsen8zc1lzne 4634822 4634816 2026-05-08T17:52:36Z Panic2k4 2865 4634822 wikitext text/x-wiki == Over‑Simplification in English: Why Deprecating '''Insatisfaction''' Means a Loss of Definition == It is worth asking why English once accepted the word "insatisfaction" (a term used in 17th‑ and 18th‑century theological, philosophical, and legal writing) yet no longer recognizes it as part of the modern lexicon. The disappearance is not merely historical drift. It represents a conceptual loss: English no longer has a concise word for the neutral absence of satisfaction, a state that is neither fulfilled nor displeased. Other languages preserve this category with ease. English had the word, then quietly let it fade. The decline of '''insatisfaction''' is tied to a broader simplification of English negative prefixes. Over time: * "in‑" became associated primarily with *logical negation* (incomplete, invisible) * "dis‑" became associated with *negative emotional valence* (dislike, displease) This shift pushed English toward a binary structure: either something is simply <u>not</u> satisfied (<u>unsatisfied</u>), or someone is <u>unhappy</u> about it (*dissatisfied*). The neutral middle ground—'''insatisfaction''', the mere absence of satisfaction—lost its footing. Ironically, English still preserves related forms such as '''insatisfiable''', '''insatisfies''', and '''insatisfaction''' in historical dictionaries. These surviving forms prove that the morphological pattern remains viable. The adjective simply fell out of common use, not because it was incorrect, but because English tends to collapse parallel forms when one becomes dominant. === But the Concept is still need in English === The absence of '''insatisfied''' leaves English with an expressive gap. In many contexts, especially technical or logical ones, <u>unsatisfied</u> subtly implies a cognitive agent who is not satisfied. A constraint may be <u>unsatisfied</u>, but the phrasing often feels as though the mathematician, not the system, is the one experiencing the lack. By contrast, *insatisfied* would describe a state without implying a subject or an emotion. A system can be insatisfied. A model can be insatisfied. A biological process can be insatisfied. The term would name a condition rather than a reaction. This distinction matters. In mathematics, logic, biology, and cognitive science, the difference between a deficit and a displeasure is not trivial. A system may be incomplete without being in conflict; it may be below optimum without being in distress. English currently expresses this only through circumlocution. === What Other Languages Suggest === Romance languages preserve the triad cleanly. Portuguese distinguishes "satisfação", "insatisfação", and "insatisfeito" without implying emotional judgment. French and Spanish do the same. These languages can describe a system, a process, or a state as "insatisfatório" or "insatisfaisant" without suggesting that anyone is unhappy about it. English, by contrast, tends to anthropomorphize its adjectives. A system that is “unsatisfied” sounds as though it is waiting for someone to fix it. A person who is “dissatisfied” is expressing displeasure. The neutral middle ground—the simple absence of satisfaction—has no concise label. Illustrative Contrasts Reintroducing '''insatisfied''' could clarify distinctions that English currently expresses awkwardly. '''Example 1''' The model remains '''insatisfied''' under these constraints. This indicates incompleteness without implying error or displeasure. The model is unsatisfied under these constraints. This suggests a violation or failure. '''Example 2''' The organism enters an '''insatisfied''' state when resources are low. This describes a homeostatic deficit without emotional connotation. The organism becomes dissatisfied when stressed. This implies an aversive reaction. '''Example 3''' '''Insatisfaction''' drives exploratory behavior in adaptive systems. This frames the state as a neutral motivator. Dissatisfaction drives avoidance behavior. This frames the state as negative and reactive. These contrasts show that the missing word is not a matter of ornamentation. It fills a conceptual gap that English otherwise bridges only with longer phrases. A Closing Reflection The question of '''insatisfied''' is not about correctness but about expressive precision. The form is morphologically natural, semantically useful, and historically attested. Other languages maintain the distinction effortlessly, and many fields—from biology to logic to cognitive science—would benefit from a term that names a neutral absence of satisfaction without implying emotion or agency. Whether '''insatisfied''' returns to English depends on whether speakers find it helpful. If the word fills a gap that readers recognize, it may gradually find its place again. If not, its absence will remain an interesting reminder of how English sometimes narrows its vocabulary even when the conceptual space remains wide open. I choose to use it. nw8io6cim0pigflbsheogivcq8q6600 102 483218 4634821 2026-05-08T17:51:35Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634821 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Dry Fish Stew''' is a popular Nigerian stew commonly eaten in the South-South and South-Eastern parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with dry fish, tomatoes, pepper, onions, and local seasonings. The stew is loved for its rich smoky flavor and is commonly served with rice, boiled yam, plantain, or other local dishes. '''Ingredients''' Main Ingredient Dry fish Tomatoes Fresh pepper Onion Red palm oil or vegetable oil Crayfish Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Dry Fish''' Wash and clean the dry fish properly to remove dirt and bones. '''2. Blend the Ingredients''' Blend the tomatoes, pepper, and onions until smooth. '''3. Prepare the Stew''' Pour the oil into a pot and allow it to heat slightly. Add the blended mixture and cook for 7-10minutes, turn it overtime to avoid burnt until the water reduces. '''4. Add the Dry Fish''' Add the cleaned dry fish and ground crayfish. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes. Stir and allow the stew to simmer until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with rice, boiled yam, plantain, or any side dish of your choice. 0we0lm5lecq5p24295u1df7g0ilr8oc 4634823 4634821 2026-05-08T17:55:52Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Dry Fish Stew''' is a popular Nigerian stew commonly eaten in the South-South and South-Eastern parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with dry fish, tomatoes, pepper, onions, and local seasonings. The stew is loved for its rich smoky flavor and is commonly served with rice, boiled yam, plantain, or other local dishes. '''Ingredients''' Dry [[Cookbook:Fish|fish]] Tomatoes Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] Onion Red palm oil or [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Dry Fish''' Wash and clean the dry fish properly to remove dirt and bones. '''2. Blend the Ingredients''' Blend the tomatoes, pepper, and onions until smooth. '''3. Prepare the Stew''' Pour the oil into a pot and allow it to heat slightly. Add the blended mixture and cook for 7-10minutes, turn it overtime to avoid burnt until the water reduces. '''4. Add the Dry Fish''' Add the cleaned dry fish and ground crayfish. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes. Stir and allow the stew to simmer until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with rice, boiled yam, plantain, or any side dish of your choice. [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 658nyszkh0z4nly62pmlj1ygjvkbl8i 4634827 4634823 2026-05-08T18:48:22Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete flag 4634827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing cookbook templates, not formatted according to recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, missing quantities}} '''Nigerian Dry Fish Stew''' is a popular Nigerian stew commonly eaten in the South-South and South-Eastern parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with dry fish, tomatoes, pepper, onions, and local seasonings. The stew is loved for its rich smoky flavor and is commonly served with rice, boiled yam, plantain, or other local dishes. '''Ingredients''' Dry [[Cookbook:Fish|fish]] Tomatoes Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] Onion Red palm oil or [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Dry Fish''' Wash and clean the dry fish properly to remove dirt and bones. '''2. Blend the Ingredients''' Blend the tomatoes, pepper, and onions until smooth. '''3. Prepare the Stew''' Pour the oil into a pot and allow it to heat slightly. Add the blended mixture and cook for 7-10minutes, turn it overtime to avoid burnt until the water reduces. '''4. Add the Dry Fish''' Add the cleaned dry fish and ground crayfish. Stir properly and allow it to cook together. '''5. Add Seasoning''' Add salt and seasoning cubes. Stir and allow the stew to simmer until rich and well combined. '''6. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with rice, boiled yam, plantain, or any side dish of your choice. [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] or6qnzsis4fcgbwdy09j1uf3n8348fi 0 483219 4634833 2026-05-08T19:20:40Z Md. Muqtadir Fuad 3503056 new page add 4634833 wikitext text/x-wiki ==A little bit of history== Knowing the background sometimes helps to understand a topic deeply. That's why I'm starting this chapter with a bit of historical reference. In the early 1900s, many probability studies were involved with independent events, like coin tosses, where one event is not related to another. But the real world is different! You can't just assume, "Let's imagine the cat is square-shaped!" Similarly, one event can be interconnected to another. Around 1906, a Russian mathematician, Andrey Andreyevich Markov, approached solving this problem. Later, in 1913, he gave a famous example by analyzing vowel and consonant patterns in ''Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin''. He studied the sequence of vowels and consonants and showed that the probability of the next letter type could depend on the current letter type. This was important because it proved that probability could model patterns with dependency, not only completely random, independent events. There are two different events: (i) totally independent events and (ii) totally dependent events. But Markov chose the middle ground instead of tackling the entirely dependent event chain. He introduced a process. {{Quote|The next event depends on the present event, but not on the entire past history.}} ==Jump into theory== {{under construction}} idwr22pmlc8uyc2ln746i81b1smcfbz 4634855 4634833 2026-05-09T00:27:55Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4634855 wikitext text/x-wiki ==A little bit of history== Knowing the background sometimes helps to understand a topic deeply. That's why I'm starting this chapter with a bit of historical reference. In the early 1900s, many probability studies were involved with independent events, like coin tosses, where one event is not related to another. But the real world is different! You can't just assume, "Let's imagine the cat is square-shaped!" Similarly, one event can be interconnected to another. Around 1906, a Russian mathematician, Andrey Andreyevich Markov, approached solving this problem. Later, in 1913, he gave a famous example by analyzing vowel and consonant patterns in ''Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin''. He studied the sequence of vowels and consonants and showed that the probability of the next letter type could depend on the current letter type. This was important because it proved that probability could model patterns with dependency, not only completely random, independent events. There are two different events: (i) totally independent events and (ii) totally dependent events. But Markov chose the middle ground instead of tackling the entirely dependent event chain. He introduced a process. {{Quote|The next event depends on the present event, but not on the entire past history.}} ==Jump into theory== {{under construction}} {{BookCat}} 8wq18pgoqih326l69qh5mo10n3qegbl 14 483220 4634849 2026-05-08T23:08:07Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 create cat 4634849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cooknav}} [[Category:Recipes using vegetables]] qhd2dofr5va0gxskdtg31ul2yckzpcy 3 483222 4634859 2026-05-09T00:43:14Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4634859 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:J]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:J|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:43, 9 May 2026 (UTC) izfpqy81936u8hx5oh633axrdiqlqy1 4634862 4634859 2026-05-09T01:01:55Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4634862 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:J]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:J|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:43, 9 May 2026 (UTC) == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Last Bank (American rapper born 1979)]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Last Bank (American rapper born 1979)|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:01, 9 May 2026 (UTC) avx5djp76a0pbj8x2z1w83yzikxox1z 0 483224 4634875 2026-05-09T03:15:13Z RevvingREVVER 3581861 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...d5]] 4634875 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...d5]] m5dvfzyvd6ov3zv4snvnez4om0z4qry 0 483225 4634877 2026-05-09T03:24:09Z RevvingREVVER 3581861 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...d6]] 4634877 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...d6]] ilk37ahm9kydm0kvxvv6w31ozm1wm3b 0 483226 4634881 2026-05-09T03:43:19Z GUNGIL 3578956 Created page with "{{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 2...Nf6 == Instead of immediately fianchettoing their f8 bishop to g7, Black develops their g8 knight to f6. Black attacks the e4 pawn but at the same time allows the knight to be kicked away with [[/3. e5/]]. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}}" 4634881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 2...Nf6 == Instead of immediately fianchettoing their f8 bishop to g7, Black develops their g8 knight to f6. Black attacks the e4 pawn but at the same time allows the knight to be kicked away with [[/3. e5/]]. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} regdbz073pnojk0xv50p8h1t451o3mr 0 483227 4634882 2026-05-09T03:46:37Z GUNGIL 3578956 Created page with "{{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 3. e5 == White kicks the f6 knight with their pawn. Since [[/3...Nd5/]] allows the knight to be kicked again with 4. c4, [[/3...Nh5/]] is best. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}}" 4634882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 3. e5 == White kicks the f6 knight with their pawn. Since [[/3...Nd5/]] allows the knight to be kicked again with 4. c4, [[/3...Nh5/]] is best. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} ow4x1ch5ef2z15t4kh9t8d64v84xu6c 0 483228 4634883 2026-05-09T03:47:47Z GUNGIL 3578956 Created page with "{{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 3...Nh5 == Black moves their f6 knight to safety from the e5 pawn. The most popular move is [[/4. Be2/]], threatening to win a pawn with the sequence 5. Bxh5 gxh5 6. Qxh5. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}}" 4634883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 3...Nh5 == Black moves their f6 knight to safety from the e5 pawn. The most popular move is [[/4. Be2/]], threatening to win a pawn with the sequence 5. Bxh5 gxh5 6. Qxh5. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} sewnbmdnedj7ui224fht49ne6zow6b0 0 483229 4634884 2026-05-09T03:49:21Z GUNGIL 3578956 Created page with "{{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 4. Be2 == White develops their f1 bishop and pursues the h5 knight and threatens to win a pawn with Bxh5. However, the best and most popular move is the shocking [[/4...d6/]], allowing White to win a pawn. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}}" 4634884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position |name=Modern Defence: Norwegian Defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 4. Be2 == White develops their f1 bishop and pursues the h5 knight and threatens to win a pawn with Bxh5. However, the best and most popular move is the shocking [[/4...d6/]], allowing White to win a pawn. {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} 9em1l22lfa6rgyc1zi9eq42ufr5xi7c 10 483230 4634885 2026-05-09T03:52:12Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Test. 4634885 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; padding:8px 12px; border-left:5px solid #36c; display:flex; align-items:center;"> <div style="flex:0 0 40px; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;">[[File:Codex icon notice color-progressive.svg|30px|link=]]</div> <div style="flex:1; margin-left:10px;"> {{{text|Text.}}} </div></div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 20xdd01dkf1da0fq3z1wujiwbfn558y 4634887 4634885 2026-05-09T04:00:18Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4634887 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Xambox/styles.css" /> <div class="xambox"> <div class="xambox-image">[[File:Codex icon notice color-progressive.svg|30px|link=]]</div> <div class="xambox-text"> {{{text|Text.}}} </div></div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> cgrh097a5yn7q66907efuj2wlwhohst 4634889 4634887 2026-05-09T04:03:43Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4634889 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Xambox/styles.css" /> <div class="plainlinks {{#if:{{{noprint|}}}|noprint}} xambox xambox-type-{{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|notice}}" {{#if:{{{id|}}}| id="{{{id}}}"|}}"> <div class="xambox-image">{{#ifeq:{{{image}}}|none | <!-- no image cell --> | {{#switch:{{{image|{{{type|}}}}}} | serious = [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]] | content = [[File:Emblem-important.svg|40px]] | maintenance = [[File:Broom icon.svg|40px]] | notice = [[File:Crystal important.png|40px]] | blank = <!-- empty image cell --> | #default = {{{image|[[File:Information icon4.svg|40px]]}}} }} }}</div> <div class="xambox-text"> {{{text|Text.}}} </div></div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> etb3n5fbbd46jmt1w3sh6kzqukkyge1 10 483231 4634886 2026-05-09T03:59:14Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4634886 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; 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} 2debd6s5jp5xs8mwpcfy5lfcybrxxw2 4634892 4634891 2026-05-09T04:12:53Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Adding the margin and width. 4634892 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 75%; margin: 4px 0; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 15px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 15px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 15px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 15px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 15px solid #95b; } 6rc9isvtd3p5ax6w6v2y8ezeaeash34 4634893 4634892 2026-05-09T04:14:45Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Modifying. 4634893 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { margin: 4px 0; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 15px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 15px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 15px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 15px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 15px solid #95b; } cxba944gp7t1wggml7qugduzsn0firm 4634894 4634893 2026-05-09T04:16:35Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4634894 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 80%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 15px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 15px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 15px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 15px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 15px solid #95b; } msvgolim73luoa2bna3y3ksghi7bvd9 4634895 4634894 2026-05-09T04:18:10Z Codename Noreste 3441010 One more try at modifying. 4634895 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 75%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } ot01wztam0xbi7789qfou474wpti5kb 4634896 4634895 2026-05-09T04:19:25Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Increasing to 78. 4634896 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 78%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } m62xs282vk1ufevwy785o3zzvearoae 4634897 4634896 2026-05-09T04:20:24Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4634896|4634896]] by [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]]) 4634897 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 75%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } ot01wztam0xbi7789qfou474wpti5kb 4634898 4634897 2026-05-09T04:20:51Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4634898 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 76.75%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } 0krvygr6mygtlanyhjxqz4up8lsmlia 4634899 4634898 2026-05-09T04:21:21Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4634899 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 77%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } eptrxse3nci44oxd1tpnjlgflyav4aq 4634900 4634899 2026-05-09T04:21:46Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4634900 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 77.50%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } ehrtf1l8b0zs44kdb4tun3nuoagablz 4634901 4634900 2026-05-09T04:22:21Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Lowering to a 1/4th of a whole 77%. 4634901 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 77.25%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 8px 12px; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } 606xk0a7kdvsxnrxyrw0vrhsoc66077 4634902 4634901 2026-05-09T04:29:06Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Testing whether to reduce the padding or not. 4634902 sanitized-css text/css .xambox { width: 77.25%; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border-left: 10px solid #36c; display: flex; align-items: center; } .xambox-image { flex: 0 0 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .xambox-text { flex: 1; margin-left: 10px; } /* red */ .xambox-type-serious { border-left: 10px solid #c00; } /* orange */ .xambox-type-content { border-left: 10px solid #f63; } /* yellow */ .xambox-type-style { border-left: 10px solid #fc3; } /* purple */ .xambox-type-merge { border-left: 10px solid #95b; } 6szvw94pvcf1ogafwfa2fci9b5b23g3 0 483232 4634888 2026-05-09T04:01:46Z Y7at7Y 3582263 Created page with "{{Chess Position |name=Norwegian gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 4...d6 · Norwegian gambit == {{Chess/sideline}} Black, not caring about the fact that White can win a pawn, plays d6. The main idea of this gambit is that after 5. Bxh5 gxh5 6. Qxh5 dxe5!, Black has potential traps that they could spring. '''5. Bxh5''' is the obvious move, winning a pawn after 5...gxh5 6. Qxh5. It seems that White is simply better. Howe..." 4634888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position |name=Norwegian gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B06]] |parent=[[Chess/Modern Defence|Modern Defence]] }} == 4...d6 · Norwegian gambit == {{Chess/sideline}} Black, not caring about the fact that White can win a pawn, plays d6. The main idea of this gambit is that after 5. Bxh5 gxh5 6. Qxh5 dxe5!, Black has potential traps that they could spring. '''5. Bxh5''' is the obvious move, winning a pawn after 5...gxh5 6. Qxh5. It seems that White is simply better. However, after 6...dxe5, White may have to navigate a pitfall of traps that Black may create. '''5. exd6''' is another possible reply. White declines the gambit and decides to trade pawns. After 5...Qxd6 6. Nf3, White carries on with normal development. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| |+ ! !5 !6 !7 ! |- !Norwegian gambit |Bxh5 gxh5 |Qxh5 dxe5 |Qxe5 Rg8 |∞ |- !Norwegian gambit |exd6 Qxd6 |Nf3 Bg7 |O-O Nf4 |∞ |- ! | | | | |} == References == {{ChessMid}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} 4m7mnyd51gew0lx8urch8xqtcz8p0ei 102 483233 4634914 2026-05-09T08:20:54Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Egg and Okra Soup''' is a simple and delicious soup commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. The soup is known for its slimy (drawy) texture, rich taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' Fresh Eggs Fresh okra Fish or meat Red palm oil and vegetable oil Fresh pepper Onion Crayfish Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Okra''' Wash the okra properly and slice into tiny pieces to help increase the drawy texture. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Beat the Eggs''' Break the eggs into a bowl and whisk properly. Pour groundnut oil or palm oil into a pot or pan and fry the eggs. Turn the egg during the frying process so it breaks into small pieces. Remove it from the pot and set aside. '''4. Prepare the Soup Base''' Pour the red palm oil into a pot and add sliced onions and pepper. Allow it to cook for 1minutes. '''5. Add the Okra''' Add the sliced okra and hold on for 2-3minutes, then add a little water. '''6. Add Fish or Meat''' Add the cooked fish or meat together with crayfish, salt, and seasoning cubes. Stir continuously and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes until the soup becomes slimy. '''7. Add the Eggs''' Pour the fried egg that was set aside after frying into the soup and allow it to cook gently for 1-2minutes. '''8. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with garri, fufu, or semovita. r73txiz185u8gdzsnxf6m9k7ht21hey 4634916 4634914 2026-05-09T08:26:31Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Egg and Okra Soup''' is a simple and delicious soup commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. The soup is known for its slimy (drawy) texture, rich taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' Fresh [[Cookbook:Eggs|Eggs]] Fresh [[Cookbook:Okra|okra]] [[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] or [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] Red palm oil and [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] Fresh pepper Onion [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Okra''' Wash the okra properly and slice into tiny pieces to help increase the drawy texture. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Beat the Eggs''' Break the eggs into a bowl and whisk properly. Pour groundnut oil or palm oil into a pot or pan and fry the eggs. Turn the egg during the frying process so it breaks into small pieces. Remove it from the pot and set aside. '''4. Prepare the Soup Base''' Pour the red palm oil into a pot and add sliced onions and pepper. Allow it to cook for 1minutes. '''5. Add the Okra''' Add the sliced okra and hold on for 2-3minutes, then add a little water. '''6. Add Fish or Meat''' Add the cooked fish or meat together with crayfish, salt, and seasoning cubes. Stir continuously and allow it to cook for 2-3minutes until the soup becomes slimy. '''7. Add the Eggs''' Pour the fried egg that was set aside after frying into the soup and allow it to cook gently for 1-2minutes. '''8. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with garri, fufu, or semovita. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] mzgt4jto8dfdbutkq142p368efttjsb 102 483234 4634917 2026-05-09T08:45:18Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Plantain Porridge''' is a delicious meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with ripe or unripe plantain. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' Plantain Scent leaves or spinach Periwinkle (mfi) Red palm oil Fresh fish or smoked fish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. '''2. Prepare the Fish and Periwinkle''' Wash and clean the fish and periwinkle properly. Season the fish lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Cook the Plantain''' Place the plantain into a pot and add enough water. Add onions, pepper, salt, and seasoning cubes. Allow it to cook until the plantain begins to soften. '''4. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot and stir properly. '''5. Add Fish, Periwinkle, and Crayfish''' Add the fish, periwinkle, and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow everything to cook together. '''6. Mash Slightly''' Mash some pieces of plantain lightly to make the porridge thicker and creamier. '''7. Add the Vegetables''' Add the scent leaves or spinach and stir properly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''8. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and well combined. Serve it hot and enjoy. 0u8vyzjdppjrh8hwysf2hwkrkl4y7xf 4634919 4634917 2026-05-09T08:48:14Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634919 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Plantain Porridge''' is a delicious meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with ripe or unripe plantain. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich taste, and easy preparation. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Plantain|Plantain]] Scent leaves or spinach Periwinkle (mfi) Red palm oil Fresh fish or smoked [[Cookbook:Fish|fish]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized pieces. '''2. Prepare the Fish and Periwinkle''' Wash and clean the fish and periwinkle properly. Season the fish lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''3. Cook the Plantain''' Place the plantain into a pot and add enough water. Add onions, pepper, salt, and seasoning cubes. Allow it to cook until the plantain begins to soften. '''4. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot and stir properly. '''5. Add Fish, Periwinkle, and Crayfish''' Add the fish, periwinkle, and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow everything to cook together. '''6. Mash Slightly''' Mash some pieces of plantain lightly to make the porridge thicker and creamier. '''7. Add the Vegetables''' Add the scent leaves or spinach and stir properly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''8. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and well combined. Serve it hot and enjoy. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] nb4cjawe941grtifmv3dkkddh7rf0yt 102 483235 4634920 2026-05-09T09:13:29Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Beans and Plantain Porridge''' is a delicious and filling meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with beans and plantain cooked together with palm oil, vegetables, fish, pepper, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich taste, and nutritious value. '''Ingredients''' Beans Plantain Scent leaves or spinach Other Ingredients Red palm oil Fresh fish or smoked fish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion(Optional) Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Beans''' Pick the beans to remove dirt and stones. Wash properly and cook until soft. '''2. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized/very small pieces. '''3. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''4. Cook the Plantain''' Add the plantain into the pot of cooked beans. Add pepper, salt, and seasoning cubes. Allow it to cook until the plantain becomes soft. '''5. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot and stir properly. '''6. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow everything to cook together. '''7. Mash Slightly (Optional)''' Mash some pieces of plantain lightly to make the porridge thicker and creamier. '''8. Add the Vegetables''' Add the scent leaves or spinach and stir properly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''9. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and well combined. Serve it hot and enjoy nntib5psvmhjjuvoeud0dvk7naw2tfl 4634921 4634920 2026-05-09T09:19:29Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Beans and Plantain Porridge''' is a delicious and filling meal commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South region. It is prepared with beans and plantain cooked together with palm oil, vegetables, fish, pepper, and local seasonings. The meal is loved for its soft texture, rich taste, and nutritious value. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Nigerian Bean Porridge|Beans]] [[Cookbook:Plantain|Plantain]] Scent leaves or spinach Red palm oil Fresh fish or smoked fish [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]](Optional) Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Beans''' Pick the beans to remove dirt and stones. Wash properly and cook until soft. '''2. Prepare the Plantain''' Peel the plantain, wash properly, and cut into medium-sized/very small pieces. '''3. Prepare the Fish''' Wash and clean the fish properly. Season lightly and cook or fry slightly if desired. '''4. Cook the Plantain''' Add the plantain into the pot of cooked beans. Add pepper, salt, and seasoning cubes. Allow it to cook until the plantain becomes soft. '''5. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot and stir properly. '''6. Add Fish and Crayfish''' Add the fish and ground crayfish. Stir gently and allow everything to cook together. '''7. Mash Slightly (Optional)''' Mash some pieces of plantain lightly to make the porridge thicker and creamier. '''8. Add the Vegetables''' Add the scent leaves or spinach and stir properly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''9. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Allow it to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and well combined. Serve it hot and enjoy [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] qgderxd68kr8005ix61et21qr34mzoe 102 483237 4634922 2026-05-09T09:45:05Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Editan Soup''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Efik and Ibibio people of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The soup is prepared with editan leaves, palm oil, fish, meat, and local seasonings. It is known for its slightly bitter/no bitter taste, rich flavor, and delicious aroma. '''Ingredients''' Vegetables Editan leaves Waterleaf Red palm oil Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Editan Leaves''' Wash the editan leaves thoroughly and squeeze repeatedly to reduce the bitter taste. Taste if there’s still little/no bitterness in it, then set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''3. Add Waterleaf''' Wash and slice the waterleaf, then add it into the pot. Allow it to cook until soft. Add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''4. Add Crayfish, Pepper, meat''' Add the ground crayfish, fresh pepper, and seasonings cube together, hold on for 2-3minutes, then add smoked fish and allow it stir properly to cook '''4. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot, allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''6. Add the Editan Leaves''' Add the sliced editan leaves and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for 1-2minutes. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. 1xpay820sv2cfucazz4xbkjeov9jpby 4634924 4634922 2026-05-09T09:50:46Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories 4634924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Editan Soup''' is a traditional soup popularly eaten among the Efik and Ibibio people of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. The soup is prepared with editan leaves, palm oil, fish, meat, and local seasonings. It is known for its slightly bitter/no bitter taste, rich flavor, and delicious aroma. '''Ingredients''' Editan leaves Waterleaf Red palm oil Assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meat]] Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Editan Leaves''' Wash the editan leaves thoroughly and squeeze repeatedly to reduce the bitter taste. Taste if there’s still little/no bitterness in it, then set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. '''3. Add Waterleaf''' Wash and slice the waterleaf, then add it into the pot. Allow it to cook until soft. Add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''4. Add Crayfish, Pepper, meat''' Add the ground crayfish, fresh pepper, and seasoning cubes together, hold on for 2-3minutes, then add smoked fish and allow it stir properly to cook '''4. Add Palm Oil''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot, allow it to boil for a few minutes. '''6. Add the Editan Leaves''' Add the sliced editan leaves and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for 1-2minutes. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. [[Category:Easy recipes]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] 8hpdwqh00g2jc9qn1u5uo6q664j8fg9 102 483238 4634926 2026-05-09T10:20:07Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Ayan Ekpang''' is a traditional South-South meal popularly eaten by the people of Akwa Ibom State. It is prepared mainly with cassava wrapped in leaves known as mfang aya/mfang ukom (plantain leaves) and cooked with water. The plantain leaves are usually sliced into desired sizes before wrapping the cassava. The meal is usually served with native mashed sauce made with crayfish, dry fish, pepper, and seasonings. It is known for its soft texture and traditional homemade taste. '''Ingredients''' Cassava Leaves for wrapping Dry fish Crayfish Fresh pepper Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Cassava''' Peel, wash, and grate the cassava until smooth. '''2. Mold the Cassava''' Place small portions of the grated cassava on the leaves and mold into long shapes. Wrap properly with the leaves. '''3. Cook the Ayan Ekpang''' Arrange the wrapped cassava in a pot, add a little water, and cook until properly done. '''4. Prepare the Native Sauce''' Put the dry fish, crayfish, fresh pepper, salt, and seasoning cubes into a mortar. Mash everything together with a very small amount of water until well combined. '''5. Serve''' Remove the cooked ayan ekpang from the leaves and serve with the native mashed sauce. Serve hot and enjoy. 6uwyy008oo48fcypgida3sb7ettzzpw 4634927 4634926 2026-05-09T10:23:02Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Ayan Ekpang''' is a traditional South-South meal popularly eaten by the people of Akwa Ibom State. It is prepared mainly with cassava wrapped in leaves known as mfang aya/mfang ukom (plantain leaves) and cooked with water. The plantain leaves are usually sliced into desired sizes before wrapping the cassava. The meal is usually served with native mashed sauce made with crayfish, dry fish, pepper, and seasonings. It is known for its soft texture and traditional homemade taste. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Cassava|Cassava]] Leaves for wrapping Dry [[Cookbook:Fish|fish]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Cassava''' Peel, wash, and grate the cassava until smooth. '''2. Mold the Cassava''' Place small portions of the grated cassava on the leaves and mold into long shapes. Wrap properly with the leaves. '''3. Cook the Ayan Ekpang''' Arrange the wrapped cassava in a pot, add a little water, and cook until properly done. '''4. Prepare the Native Sauce''' Put the dry fish, crayfish, fresh pepper, salt, and seasoning cubes into a mortar. Mash everything together with a very small amount of water until well combined. '''5. Serve''' Remove the cooked ayan ekpang from the leaves and serve with the native mashed sauce. Serve hot and enjoy. [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] tqrhk68maaawnwbq3wap3dfab3yr63z 102 483239 4634931 2026-05-09T10:52:02Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Melon and Bitterleaf Soup''' is a delicious soup commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South and South-Eastern regions. It is prepared with melon, bitterleaf, fish or meat, palm oil, and local seasonings. The soup is loved for its rich taste, thick texture, and delicious traditional flavor. '''Ingredients''' Bitterleaf Ground melon (egusi) Red palm oil Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish Stockfish Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Bitterleaf''' Wash the bitterleaf thoroughly to reduce the bitter taste and set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. Add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''3. Prepare the Melon''' Mix the ground melon with a little water to form a smooth paste. '''4. Add Palm Oil and Melon''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Add the melon paste gradually and allow it to cook properly. '''5. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper. Stir properly and allow the soup to cook together. '''6. Add the Bitterleaf''' Add the washed bitterleaf and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes until well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow the soup to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and thick. Serve hot with fufu, garri, or pounded yam 9vdkewwp05uwmqbot0yg1d1y44xe81c 4634932 4634931 2026-05-09T10:54:48Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Melon and Bitterleaf Soup''' is a delicious soup commonly eaten in many parts of Nigeria, especially in the South-South and South-Eastern regions. It is prepared with melon, bitterleaf, fish or meat, palm oil, and local seasonings. The soup is loved for its rich taste, thick texture, and delicious traditional flavor. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Bitterleaf|Bitterleaf]] Ground melon (egusi) Red palm oil Assorted meat Cow skin (kanda) Smoked fish or dry fish [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]] [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Bitterleaf''' Wash the bitterleaf thoroughly to reduce the bitter taste and set aside. '''2. Cook the Meat''' Wash the assorted meat, cow skin, and stockfish properly. Season with onions, salt, and seasoning cubes. Cook until tender. Add the smoked fish during the last few minutes of cooking. '''3. Prepare the Melon''' Mix the ground melon with a little water to form a smooth paste. '''4. Add Palm Oil and Melon''' Pour the red palm oil into the pot of cooked meat and stock. Add the melon paste gradually and allow it to cook properly. '''5. Add Crayfish and Pepper''' Add the ground crayfish and fresh pepper. Stir properly and allow the soup to cook together. '''6. Add the Bitterleaf''' Add the washed bitterleaf and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes until well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the salt or seasoning if necessary. Allow the soup to simmer for a few more minutes until rich and thick. Serve hot with fufu, garri, or pounded yam [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 7boweq54q9cijzucepulgihi3je858n 102 483240 4634934 2026-05-09T11:22:08Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Efere Nsana''' is a traditional South-South soup popularly eaten by the people of Akwa Ibom State. It is prepared mainly with nsana leaves, fish or meat, palm oil, and local seasonings. A little achi can also be added to give the soup a light thick texture. The soup is known for its rich native flavor, smooth texture, and delicious aroma. '''Ingredients''' Nsana leaves Achi Red palm oil Fresh fish or assorted meat Crayfish Fresh pepper Onion Salt Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the nsana leaves properly and slice into small pieces. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Soup Base''' Pour water into the pot of cooked fish or meat, add your pepper, crayfish, salt, seasoning cubes, and palm oil. Allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Achi''' Mix a little achi with red palm oil and add into the soup. Stir properly and allow it to cook for a few minutes until the soup thickens lightly. '''5. Add the Nsana Leaves''' Add the sliced nsana leaves into the soup and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for 1-2minutes. '''6. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the soup to simmer on low heat until rich and well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. bint7xkys161zv9ry802grztz1eh0w0 4634935 4634934 2026-05-09T11:25:32Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I interlinked words, and added categories. 4634935 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Efere Nsana''' is a traditional South-South soup popularly eaten by the people of Akwa Ibom State. It is prepared mainly with nsana leaves, fish or meat, palm oil, and local seasonings. A little achi can also be added to give the soup a light thick texture. The soup is known for its rich native flavor, smooth texture, and delicious aroma. '''Ingredients''' Nsana leaves [[Cookbook:Achi|Achi]] Red palm oil Fresh fish or assorted meat [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper Onion [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) [[Cookbook:Water|Water]] '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the nsana leaves properly and slice into small pieces. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Soup Base''' Pour water into the pot of cooked fish or meat, add your pepper, crayfish, salt, seasoning cubes, and palm oil. Allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add Achi''' Mix a little achi with red palm oil and add into the soup. Stir properly and allow it to cook for a few minutes until the soup thickens lightly. '''5. Add the Nsana Leaves''' Add the sliced nsana leaves into the soup and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for 1-2minutes. '''6. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the soup to simmer on low heat until rich and well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve it hot with fufu, garri, pounded yam, or semovita. [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 3p7iamd5xxs38c2mm38zdyu15ke79jn 102 483241 4634936 2026-05-09T11:46:28Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I created this article 4634936 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Achi Soup''' is a delicious traditional soup commonly eaten in the South-South and South-Eastern parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with achi as a thickener together with asusa leaves, fish or meat, palm oil, and local seasonings. The soup is known for its smooth texture, rich taste, and delicious native flavor. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Achi|Achi]] Asusa leaves Red palm oil Fresh fish or assorted meat [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the asusa leaves properly and slice into small pieces. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Soup Base''' Pour water into a pot and add the cooked fish or meat, pepper, onions, crayfish, salt, seasoning cubes, and palm oil. Allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add the Achi''' Mix the achi with a little water and add into the soup gradually while stirring properly to avoid lumps. Allow it to cook until the soup thickens lightly. '''5. Add the Asusa Leaves''' Add the sliced asusa leaves into the soup and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''6. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the soup to simmer on low heat until rich and well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve hot with fufu, garri, or pounded yam. f5twm628ld6513gfk2js8nskpxnd3yo 4634937 4634936 2026-05-09T11:47:10Z Deborah Akpan 3581767 I added categories 4634937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigerian Achi Soup''' is a delicious traditional soup commonly eaten in the South-South and South-Eastern parts of Nigeria. It is prepared with achi as a thickener together with asusa leaves, fish or meat, palm oil, and local seasonings. The soup is known for its smooth texture, rich taste, and delicious native flavor. '''Ingredients''' [[Cookbook:Achi|Achi]] Asusa leaves Red palm oil Fresh fish or assorted meat [[Cookbook:Crayfish|Crayfish]] Fresh pepper [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] Seasoning cubes (like Maggi) Water '''Procedure''' '''1. Prepare the Leaves''' Wash the asusa leaves properly and slice into small pieces. '''2. Prepare the Fish or Meat''' Wash and clean the fish or meat properly. Season lightly and cook until tender. '''3. Prepare the Soup Base''' Pour water into a pot and add the cooked fish or meat, pepper, onions, crayfish, salt, seasoning cubes, and palm oil. Allow it to boil properly. '''4. Add the Achi''' Mix the achi with a little water and add into the soup gradually while stirring properly to avoid lumps. Allow it to cook until the soup thickens lightly. '''5. Add the Asusa Leaves''' Add the sliced asusa leaves into the soup and stir thoroughly. Allow it to cook for a few minutes. '''6. Simmer the Soup''' Allow the soup to simmer on low heat until rich and well combined. '''7. Final Taste''' Taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Serve hot with fufu, garri, or pounded yam. [[Category:African recipes]] [[Category:African cuisines]] [[Category:Nigerian recipes]] 5cz1dbbur82ooy8uaus0zie4v0keei7